GCV401 - Structural Analysis - Chapter VIII - Deflection

Chapter
VIII :
Chapter VIII: Deflection

Deflection
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Subjects:
VIII.1 Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve. (Ref. P. 299-304)
VIII.2 Elastic-Beam Theory. (Ref. P. 305-306)
VIII.3 The Double Integration Method. (Ref. P. 307-315) TDM
VIII.4 Moment-Area Theorems. (Ref. P. 316-325)
VIII.5 Conjugate-Beam Method. (Ref. P. 326-354)
VIII.1 Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve
 Goals: Determine the Elastic Deflection Function for a beam

 Used Methods: Double integration; Geometric Methods (Moment-Area
Theorems & Conjugate-Beam Method).

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 Cons & Pros for each Methods, Conditions to be verified and Appropriated
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Fields and Areas.
 Analytic Methods & Geometric
 Various Sources of Deformation: Loads, Settlements, Temperature,
Fabrication defects, etc…
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 Elastic Deformation:  Linear deformation of materials – Elastic strain

“Linear elastic material response.”
 Structure subjected to a load will return to its original un-deformed position
after the load is removed.

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 Internal forces produce the deformations (M, V, P, T) Suj I
 For beams and frames, however, the greatest deflections are most often
caused by internal bending, whereas internal axial forces cause the
deflections of a truss.
 This deflection diagram represents the elastic curve or locus of points which
defines the displaced position of the centroid of the cross section along the 4
members.
 Deformation Shapes are related to support types and

connections.
 Slope and section rotations are to be defined according
to type of supports.
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 According toi Bending moment diagrams, the Suj I
deformations will be established.

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Example 8.1: Draw the deflected shape of each of the beams as shown

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Example 8.2: Draw the deflected shape of each of the frames as shown
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VIII.2 Elastic‐Beam Theory
 Develop two important differential equations that relate the internal

moment in a beam to the displacement and slope of its elastic curve.

 Conditions to be verified:
1. An initially straight beam that is elastically deformed
2. Loads applied perpendicular to the beam’s x axis and lying in the x-v TDM
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plane of symmetry for the beam’s cross-sectional area,
3. Beam has a length that is much greater than its depth, the greatest
deformation will be caused by bending
4. Deflections caused by shear will be discussed later in the chapter.
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 Beam subjected to Loading

 dx elements at N.A.  there is no stresses neither
strain.
 dθ angle formed between two sections
perpendicular to Element Axis distanced of dx. TDM
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 Radius of Curvature  measured from intersection
of two sections to dx (Element axis)
 Any other element ds between the two sections at y
distance from N.A will be subjected to a
deformation (Strain & Stress)
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 Hook’s Law: & relation between stress and

Moment:
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 EI is the “flexural rigidity” with dx=.dθ:

 The curvature, 1/ will be expressed in terms of x & v, the elastic curve is:
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 Nonlinear second-order differential equation, with:
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With
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VIII.3 The Double Integration Method
 Moment M function of x, the first integration

gives:
 Elastic curve comes|:

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 Many functions to be defined based on different
loading:
 Sign conventions:
1. Moment conventions as seen
2. Shear Considered positive upward
3. θ positive for counter clockwise
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 Boundary & Continuity Conditions  Define the Integration Constants

 Conditions are used when the function value at a specific point is known.
 Deflection and slopes are different for some different parts, points and
locations.
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 Continuity conditions  two constants will be defined (Slope and

deflection.
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 Procedure for Analysis:

Conditions
1. Suitable for Elastic Deflection.
2. Slope and deformation are very small.
3. Additional deformation due to shear is too small and neglected TDM
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Elastic Curve:
a. zero displacement occur at a fixed support, and zero displacement
occurs at pin and roller supports.
b. Establish the x and v coordinate axes.
c. If several discontinuous loads are present, establish x coordinates that
are valid for each region of the beam between the discontinuities.
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d. In all cases, the associated positive v axis should be directed upward.
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Example 8.3: Each simply supported floor joist shown in the photo is
subjected to a uniform design loading of 4 kN/m, refer to Figure. Determine

the maximum deflection of the joist. EI is constant.
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Example 8.3: Solution

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Example 8.4: The cantilevered beam shown in figure here under is subjected
to a couple moment M0 at its end. Determine the equation of the elastic curve.
EI is constant.
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Example 8.5: The beam in Figure shown here under is subjected to a load P at
its end. Determine the displacement at C. EI is constant
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VIII.4 Moment‐Area Theorems
 The two moment-area theorems were developed by Otto Mohr and later

stated formally by Charles E. Greene in 1873.
 semi graphical technique for determining the slope of the elastic curve and
its deflection due to bending.
 To develop the theorems, draw the moment diagram for the beam and then TDM
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divide it by the flexural rigidity, EI, the “M/EI diagram” is established.
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 Theorem 1: The change in slope between any two points on the elastic
curve equals the area of the M/EI diagram between these two points.
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 Theorem 2: The vertical deviation of the tangent at a point (A) on the

elastic curve with respect to the tangent extended from another point (B)
equals the “moment” of the area under the M/EI diagram between the two
points (A and B). This moment is computed about point A (the point on the
elastic curve), where the deviation is to be determined. TDM
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 θB/A = - θA/B ; While no relation between tA/B and tB/A.

 Positive M/EI area from A to B indicates that the tangent at point A is above
the tangent to the curve extended from point B.
 Similarly, negative M/EI areas indicate that the tangent at A is below the
tangent extended from B. TDM
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 Calculation procedures are related to geometric curve shapes and according
to points with function values (displacement, rotation) well defined.
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Example 8.6: Determine the slope at points B and C of the beam shown here
under. Take E = 29.103 Ksi & I = 600 in4.
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Example 8.7: Determine the deflection at points B and C of the beam shown
here under. Values for the moment of inertia of each segment are indicated in
the figure. Take E = 200 GPa
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Moment diagram for the beam is a rectangle.

Here we will construct the M/EI diagram
relative to IBC, realizing that IAB = 2.IBC
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Example 8.8: Determine the slope at point C of the beam as shown.

E = 200 Gpa, I = 6.(106) mm4.
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Example 8.9: Determine the slope at point C of the beam as shown.

E = 29 (103) Ksi, I = 600 in4.
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Angle at C, Define the variation between slope at A and B, and then θC/A.
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Example 8.10: Determine the deflection at C of the beam as shown.

E = 29 (103) Ksi, I = 21 in4.
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Example 8.11: Determine the deflection at C of the beam as shown.

E = 200 GPa, I = 250 (106) mm4.
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Example 8.12: Determine the deflection at B of the beam as shown.

E = 200 GPa, I = 18 (106) mm4.
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VIII.5 Conjugate‐Beam Method
 The conjugate-beam method was developed by H. Müller-Breslau in 1865.

 Requires the same amount of computation as the moment-area theorems to

determine a beam’s slope or deflection.
 Relies only on the principles of statics.
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 Here the shear V compares with the slope the moment M compares with the

displacement , and the external load w compares with the M/EI diagram.
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 Theorem 1: The slope at a point in the real beam is numerically equal to

the shear at the corresponding point in the conjugate beam.
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 Theorem 2: The displacement of a point in the real beam is numerically
equal to the moment at the corresponding point in the conjugate beam.
 Conjugate-Beam Supports
• When drawing the conjugate beam it is important that the shear and
moment developed at the supports of the conjugate beam account for the
corresponding slope and displacement of the real beam at its supports, a
consequence of Theorems 1 and 2. TDM
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• a pin or roller support at the end of the real beam provides zero
displacement, but the beam has a nonzero slope  the conjugate beam
must be supported by a pin or roller, since this support has zero moment
but has a shear or end reaction.
• When the real beam is fixed supported, both the slope and displacement
at the support are zero  conjugate beam has a free end, since at this
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end there is zero shear and zero moment.
• Always the conjugated beams are statically determinate & in equilibrium

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Example 8.13: Determine the slope and deflection at point B of the steel beam
As shown. The reactions have been computed.

E = 29(103) ksi, I = 800 in4.
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The negative signs indicate the slope of the
beam is measured clockwise and the
displacement is downward
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Example 8.14: Determine the maximum deflection of the steel beam as

shown. The reactions have been computed.
E = 200GPa, I = 60.(106) mm4
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Max Deflection  zero Slope:
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Example 8.15: The girder as shown is made from a continuous beam and
reinforced at its center with cover plates where its moment of inertia is larger.
The 12-ft end segments have a moment of inertia of I = 450 in4 and the center
portion has a moment of inertia of I’=900in4
Determine the deflection at the center C. TDM
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Take E = 29.(103) Ksi
The reactions have been calculated.
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Example 8.16: Determine the displacement of the pin at B and the slope of each
beam segment connected to the pin for the compound beam as shown.
E = 29(103) ksi, I = 30 in4.
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GCV401 - Structural Analysis - Chapter VIII - Deflection

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GCV401 - Structural Analysis - Chapter VIII - Deflection

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Chapter

Chapter VIII: Deflection

VIII.1 Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve. (Ref. P. 299-304)

VIII.2 Elastic-Beam Theory. (Ref. P. 305-306)

VIII.3 The Double Integration Method. (Ref. P. 307-315) TDM

VIII.4 Moment-Area Theorems. (Ref. P. 316-325)

VIII.5 Conjugate-Beam Method. (Ref. P. 326-354)

VIII.1 Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve

 Goals: Determine the Elastic Deflection Function for a beam

 Used Methods: Double integration; Geometric Methods (Moment-Area

Theorems & Conjugate-Beam Method).

Fields and Areas.

 Analytic Methods & Geometric

 Various Sources of Deformation: Loads, Settlements, Temperature,

Fabrication defects, etc…

 Elastic Deformation:  Linear deformation of materials – Elastic strain

Chapter VIII: Deflection

 Structure subjected to a load will return to its original un-deformed position

after the load is removed.

 Internal forces produce the deformations (M, V, P, T) Suj I

caused by internal bending, whereas internal axial forces cause the

VIII.1 Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve

 Deformation Shapes are related to support types and

 Slope and section rotations are to be defined according

 According toi Bending moment diagrams, the Suj I

deformations will be established.

VIII.1 Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve

Chapter VIII: Deflection

VIII.1 Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve

VIII.2 Elastic‐Beam Theory

 Develop two important differential equations that relate the internal

moment in a beam to the displacement and slope of its elastic curve.

 Beam subjected to Loading

Chapter VIII: Deflection

VIII.2 Elastic‐Beam Theory

 Hook’s Law: & relation between stress and

VIII.2 Elastic‐Beam Theory

 EI is the “flexural rigidity” with dx=.dθ:

 Nonlinear second-order differential equation, with:

 Moment M function of x, the first integration

Chapter VIII: Deflection

 Elastic curve comes|:

VIII.3 The Double Integration Method

 Boundary & Continuity Conditions  Define the Integration Constants

 Continuity conditions  two constants will be defined (Slope and

VIII.3 The Double Integration Method

 Procedure for Analysis:

Chapter VIII: Deflection

VIII.3 The Double Integration Method

subjected to a uniform design loading of 4 kN/m, refer to Figure. Determine

VIII.3 The Double Integration Method

Example 8.3: Solution

Example 8.3: Solution

Chapter VIII: Deflection

VIII.3 The Double Integration Method

VIII.3 The Double Integration Method

Example 8.4: Solution

Example 8.4: Solution

Chapter VIII: Deflection

VIII.3 The Double Integration Method

Example 8.4: Solution

VIII.3 The Double Integration Method

its end. Determine the displacement at C. EI is constant

Example 8.5: Solution