MACHINE-CONDITION MONITORING AND
DIAGNOSIS
Vibration Severity Criteria
-given by standards such as ISO 2372, can be
used as a guide to determine the condition of a
machine.
Machine Maintenance Techniques
Breakdown maintenance.- The machine is
allowed to fail, at which time the failed machine
is replaced by a new one.
Preventive maintenance -Maintenance is
performed at fixed intervals such as every 3000
Condition-based maintenance- The fixed-
interval overhauls are replaced by fixed interval
measurements
Machine-Condition Monitoring Techniques
Aural and visual method-, can identify a failure
simply by listening
operational-variables method- known as
performance or duty-cycle monitoring,
Temperature monitoring- measuring the
operational or surface temperature
Wear debris- generated at relative moving
surfaces of load-bearing machine elements
Vibration analysis- is most commonly used for
machine-condition monitoring.
Time-Domain Analysis
Time Waveforms- Time-domain analysis uses
the time history of the signal (waveform).
Indices-indices, used to identify damage in
machine-condition monitoring
Orbits- patterns known as Lissajous figures can
be obtained by displaying time waveforms
obtained from two transducers whose outputs
are shifted by 90°in phase.
Statistical Methods
Probability Density Curve- the probability of
finding its instantaneous amplitude within a
certain range, divided by the range.
Moments - the moments of the probability
density curve can be used for the machine-
condition monitoring.
Frequency-Domain Analysis
frequency-domain signal or frequency spectrum
is a plot of the amplitude of vibration response
versus the frequency and can be derived by
using the digital fast Fourier analysis of the time
waveform.
Quefrency-Domain Analysis.
Quefrency serves as the abscissa (x-axis) for a
parameter known as cepstrum
cepstrum was defined as the power spectrum
of the logarithm of the power spectrum.
Vibration signal anlaysis
Vibration analysis can be used as a trouble
shooting tool. To avoid catastrophic failure
1. Spectrum Analysis
spectrum is generated by the
waveforms.
Spectrum analyzer
These devices analyze a signal in the
frequency domain by separating the
energy of the signal into various
frequency bands.
2. Time wave form analysis
3. Phase: Visualizing Vibration
Frequency-Measuring Instruments
are of the mechanical type and are based on
the principle of resonance.
Single-Reed Instrument or Fullarton Application
Tachometer - This instrument consists of a
variable length cantilever strip with a mass  Aerospace
 Acoustic
attached at one of its ends.
 Architectural
Multireed-Instrument or Frahm Tachometer-  Automotive
This instrument consists of a number of  Biological
cantilevered reeds carrying small masses at  Calibration
their free ends  Hard
 disk
Stroboscope- is an instrument that produces  diagnostics
light pulses intermittently.  Dental
 Land
Accelerometer and Vibrometer
 mine
Accelerometer- an instrument for  detection
measuring acceleration  Security

 piezoelectric effect- These crystals Types of vibrometer

create a voltage from the stress, and
the accelerometer interprets the 1. Single point vibrometer
voltage to determine velocity and 2. Scanning vibrometers
orientation 3. 3-D vibrometers
 capacitance accelerometer- senses 4. Rotational vibrometers
changes in capacitance between 5. Differential vibrometers
microstructures located next to the 6. Multi-beam vibrometers
device. 7. Self-mixing vibrometers
8. Continuous scan laser Doppler
Application vibrometry
 Engineering
 Biology
 Industry
 Building and structural monitoring
 Medical applications
 Navigation
 Transport
 Volcanology
 Consumer electronics
 Gravimetry
Vibrometer - A laser Doppler
vibrometer (LDV) is a scientific instrument
that is used to make non-
contact vibration measurements of a surface.