ANZ Work Instruction

ANZ-WI-P-2305 Rev. 0

PIPE STRESS GUIDELINES

FOR PIPING DESIGNERS

Approved STEVEN VINING

CHIEF ENGINEER – PIPING

Rev Effective Author Document Checked Description

Date Initial and Date Initial and Date

0 Nov 2014 DR Nov 2014 JWP Nov 2014 Issued for ANZ Region

This document is uncontrolled if printed or downloaded

Copyright 2014 by Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved. The contents of this document are proprietary and produced for
the exclusive benefit of Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. and its affiliated companies. No part of this document may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without the prior written approval of Jacobs Engineering Group Inc.

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CONTENTS

1. PURPOSE....................................................................................................................... 3

2. SCOPE............................................................................................................................ 3

3. ASSOCIATED PROCEDURES.......................................................................................3

4. ASSOCIATED STANDARD DRAWINGS.........................................................................3

5. FLEXIBILITY REVIEW....................................................................................................4

5.1 General....................................................................................................................... 4

5.2 Method........................................................................................................................ 4

6. PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS..............................................................................................6

6.1 Stress Nomograph......................................................................................................6

6.2 Empirical Equation......................................................................................................7

6.3 Preliminary Expansion Loop Sizing.............................................................................9

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1. PURPOSE

To provide guidelines for Piping Designers to account for thermal expansion or

contraction during design.

To provide acceptable methods for use by Piping Designers, that will achieve an
economic layout by using the minimum pipe and fittings in the design, necessary
to provide adequate piping flexibility.

2. SCOPE

This document applies to all piping design work undertaken by Piping Design
Group for chemical and hydrocarbon plant.

The scope of this practice is to define the calculation methods to be used by

piping designers when reviewing piping for potential stress problems

The scope of this procedure is simple ‘rule of thumb’ calculations that provide
good indications of when a rigorous analysis is required. The method outlined
shall not be considered as formal calculations and shall not relieve the piping
stress engineer of their responsibilities.

The designer shall only use the methods outlined in this procedure for reviewing
pipelines and shall not apply any other criteria from alternative sources or
design guides without consulting the pipe stress engineer.

3. ASSOCIATED PROCEDURES

ANZ-WI-P-2303 Piping Layout Design Guide - Process Plants

ANZ-WI-P-2306 Guidelines for Design, selection and Documentation of Pipe

Supports

ANZ-WI-P-2307 Stress Sketch Guidelines

Copies of these Procedures may be obtained from Jacobs ® Intranet site.

4. ASSOCIATED STANDARD DRAWINGS

ANZ-DR-P-5096 Chart 1 Stress Nomograph

ANZ-DR-P-5097 Chart 2 Allowable Pipe Spans

Copies of these standard drawings may be obtained from Jacobs Intranet site.

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5. FLEXIBILITY REVIEW

5.1 General

It is the joint responsibility of the Piping Designer and the Piping Stress Engineer
to provide adequate piping flexibility during the development of piping design.

A large amount of piping in conventional layouts inherently possesses

satisfactory flexibility for the intended service. The empirical stress analysis
methods outlined in Section 6.2 are intended to allow the Piping Designer to
minimise the attention to each line necessary to ensure that the minimum rework
will be required when the line is formally analysed. The results obtained cannot
be expected to compare with rigorous analytical methods, but will assist the
Designer in the recognition of inadequate flexibility.

5.2 Method

The method of approach for pipe flexibility analysis shall be as follows:

 Obtain design data for piping under consideration

 Assess preliminary piping arrangement and pipe support locations

 Calculate thermal movement

 Select anchor and restraint locations

 Carry out preliminary analysis

 Locate pipe supports

 Iterate support location and analysis to achieve satisfactory design and

flexibility.

5.2.1 Design Data

Design temperature shall be obtained from the Piping Line List. The Designer
shall take into account operational cases such as when one pump is in service
and hot while the standby pump is shut down, or a cold bypass around a hot
valve. Short-term operational cases such as ‘steam out’ shall be discussed with
the Stress Engineer.

5.2.2 Assess Preliminary Piping Arrangement and Pipe Support Location

The preliminary arrangement of the piping is to be determined in accordance

with the Engineering Procedures for piping layout. Thermal expansion stresses
and the means of pipe support shall be taken into consideration at this time.

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The preliminary analysis methods described in Section 6.0 shall be used in

evaluating piping layout. The Allowable Pipe Spans described in Standard
ANZ-DR-P-5097 shall be used.

When routing pipes, the designer should take surrounding structures into
consideration, so that the piping may be adequately supported without
unnecessary addition of support structures.

5.2.3 Thermal Movement

The linear deflection due to thermal expansion/contraction may be calculated as

follows:
 Carbon Steel 1mm per metre per 100°C temperature
differential
 Stainless Steel grades 304, 1.6mm per metre per 100°C temperature
316, 304L, 316L differential

The Stress Engineer shall be consulted for expansion data on other materials.

The temperature differential is the difference between the site ambient and the
design temperature. Site ambient temperature will be defined in the project
procedures. If this temperature is not defined, 20°C shall be used.

The thermal deflection shall be calculated at major changes of direction in

horizontal runs, and at major changes of elevation.

5.2.4 Anchor and Restraint Locations

At this stage of design, Restraints and/or anchors shall be provided to achieve

the following:

 Protect strain sensitive equipment

Requirements for and location of restraints placed close to connections on

equipment such as pumps and compressors, in order to limit the forces applied
to the equipment by the piping system, should be in consultation with the Stress
Engineer.

 Control pipe deflection (expansion/contraction)

Piping expansion/contraction should be calculated using the expansion

coefficients given in section 5.2.4 and anchors located to limit the movement at
branches or elbows. The piping engineer shall be consulted whenever
necessary to resolve problems.

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5.2.4.1 Piperack/Track Piping

The Designer and the Stress Engineer are to consult with the Structural
Engineer to decide the location of Anchor bays.

Bays will also be nominated for the location of guides (based on guidelines
given in Standard ANZ-DR-P-5100), where guides should be located, if
practicable

5.2.4.2 Other than Piperack/Track Piping

The Designer shall be responsible for the initial design and location of anchors
and restraints, based on these guidelines and his knowledge and experience.

6. PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS

Two preliminary stress analysis methods are described below (6.1 and 6.2),
together with a checking mechanism for expansion loops. The most appropriate
method of analysis shall be chosen depending on the configuration of the pipe.

6.1 Stress Nomograph

The Stress Nomograph, Standard ANZ-DR-P-5096 is a simplified method of

analysis for 'L' shaped piping which has the following limitations.

 It applies only to carbon steel pipe API 5L Gr B and ASTM A106B.

 It indicates only that the stress in the pipe is acceptable and does not give
information about the terminal loads.

 It is only valid when the ends consist of straight pipe, either anchored or
connected to a flanged joint. If one of the ends consists of a Tee, the
nomograph method needs adjustment to consider the stress intensification
at the Tee.

 It assumes right angle (non radiused) square corners. This will not
produce significant error in piping and conventional long radius welded
elbows. However, the nomograph is not applicable for systems with radius
greater than 1.5D.

 Within these limitations, the nomograph gives a rapid means of

establishing a layout.

The output of the nomograph is:

 The amount of expansion of a given length of carbon steel pipe from an

ambient temperature of 20°C to a higher temperature.

 The length of pipe required to absorb a given deflection without

overstress.

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The method of use is:

 Enter at Column 1 with expansion Leg L1 (longer leg) and connect with a
straight line to the design temperature in Column 2.

 Project this line to Column 3 to obtain expansion.

 Connect expansion to Column 3 with nominal pipe size in Column 4.

 Project this line Column 5 and read off required leg length L2 (shorter leg).

The stress in the pipe will be acceptable if the nomograph shows that the
deflection of the longer leg can be absorbed by the shorter leg.

The thermal deflection should generally be limited to about 50mm. In areas with
available space, this limit may be increased up to about 100mm. Restraints and
expansion loops may be necessary to control the amount of thermal movement.
Expansions of less than 1mm shall be ignored.

It should be noted that items of equipment will also expand thermally both in the
axial and the transverse direction. This expansion shall be considered in the
layout of both hot, cold and ambient temperature lines. For example, a
compressed air line running up a hot column could be subject to the thermal
expansion of the column, even though the line itself is operating at ambient
temperature.

6.2 Empirical Equation

This equation may be used where the piping system is single plane, of uniform
size, has no more than two points of fixation and no intermediate restraints.

D = Pipe outside diameter (mm)

y = Resultant of total displacement strains (mm)

L = Developed length of piping between anchors (m), to be absorbed by

the piping system.

U = Anchor distance, straight line between anchors (m).

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c
y

Example:

a = 2m b = 3m c = 2m Dia. = 88.9 mm

material = stainless steel

line temperature = 120°C

L = a + b + c= 7m
U = 5m (Pythagaoras)
y = U x expansion rate for 1200C (refer para 6.2.3)
= 5.0 x 1.6
= 8mm
Hence,

88.9 x 8
(7 – 5)2 = 178 < 200
Therefore line is acceptable

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6.3 Preliminary Expansion Loop Sizing

Expansion loop sizes shall be assessed for layout purposes by assuming an

anchor at the corner point of the loop as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

Using half the length between actual anchors as the expansion leg L1 then the
loop width L2 can be evaluated from the stress nomograph. This loop width will
probably be conservative because no credit is being allowed for the elbow
flexibility of the torsion of vertical legs (if installed). For preliminary
arrangements, square expansion loops are to be used, and lateral guides shall
not be positioned within 40 diameters of the loop corners.

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