CRITICAL JOURNAL REVIEW

DERIVATIONAL AND INFLECTIONAL ENGLISH MORPHEMES

ARRANGED BY:

ALFA KHAIRANI (0304162134)

ANITA HIRAH (0304163207)

INDAH CHAIRANI (0304161033)

SITI MAISYARAH (0304163203)

LECTURER : RATNA SARI DEWI,SS,MA

CLASS : PBI-II / FOURTH SEMESTER

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHING TRAINING

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA

2018
 PREFACE

Praise and Gratitude we say for the presence of Allah SWT, for His grace and
guidance so that we can make and complete this critical journal review task in good health.
Not forgetting also Shalawat and Salam always we devote to the lord of the great Prophet
Muhammad SAW.

This task we arrange to set the course 'Derivational and Inflection English
Morphemes'. Our hope of the results of this critical journal review can be useful for anyone
who reads it and in particular also on friends in English education courses.

Thus this critical journal review we compiled, we are aware that critical journal
review is still very far from the word perfection. Therefore, constructive suggestions and
criticisms are highly desirable. Upon the attention of Lecturers and friends, thank you.

Medan, July 21,2018

Writer

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE…………………………………………………………......................................... 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS.......................................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION............................................................................................... 4

CJR BOOK I

A. IDENTITY OF THE JOURNAL I……………………………………………….........….. 5

B. SUMMARY OF THE JOURNAL I……………………………………………………..... 5
C. ADVANTAGES OF THE JOURNAL I………………………………………………...... 7
D. DISADVANTAGES OF THE JOURNAL I…………………………………………....... 7

CJR BOOK II

A. IDENTITY OF THE JOURNAL II…………………………………………….............… 8

B. SUMMARY OF THE JOURNAL II…………………………………............................... 8
C. ADVANTAGES OF THE JOURNAL II………………..................................................... 9
D.DISADVANTAGES OF THE JOURNAL II….................……………………………… 10

CHAPTER II
A.COMPARISON JOURNAL I AND JOURNAL II............................................................ 11

CHAPTER III
A. CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................. 12
B. SUGGESTION................................................................................................................... 12

REFERENCE.......................................................................................................................... 13

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

In morphology, a derivational morpheme is an affix that's added to a word to create a

new word or a new form of a word. Compare with inflectional morpheme.

Derivational morphemes can change the grammatical category (or part of speech) of a
word. For example, adding -ful to beauty changes the word from a noun to
an adjective (beautiful), while adding -(e)r to merge changes the word from a verb to a noun
(merger).The form that results from the addition of a derivational morpheme is called
a derived word or a derivative.

Derivational morphemes are used to change the grammatical categories of words. For
example, the derivational morpheme -er is used to transform the verb bake into
the noun baker. The morpheme -ly changes the adjective quick into the adverb quickly. We
can change adjectives such as happy into nouns such as happiness by using the derivational
morpheme -ness. Other common suffixes include -ism, -tion, -able, -ment and -al.
Derivational morphemes can also be prefixes, such as un-, in-, pre- and a-.
Derivational morphemes can be added to free morphemes or to other derivational
morphemes. For example, the verb transform consists of the root word form and the
prefix trans-, a derivational morpheme. It can become the noun transformation by adding the
derivational morpheme -ation.

The difference between derivational and inflectional morphemes is worth

emphasizing. An inflectional morpheme never changes the grammatical categoryof a word.
For example, both old and older are adjectives. The -er inflection here (from Old English -ra)
simply creates a different version of the adjective. However, a derivational morpheme can
change the grammatical category of a word. The verb teach becomes the noun teacher if we
add the derivational morpheme -er (from Old English -ere). So, the suffix -er in modern
English can be an inflectional morpheme as part of an adjective and also a distinct
derivational morpheme as part of a noun. Just because they look the same (-er) doesn't mean
they do the same kind of work.Whenever there is a derivational suffix and an inflectional
suffix attached to the same word, they always appear in that order. First the derivational (-er)
is attached to teach, then the inflectional (-s) is added to produce teachers."

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 CJR JOURNAL I

A. IDENTITY FOR JOURNAL I

Journal Title : An Analysis Of Derivational and Inflection English Morphemes
Author: Amosi Halawa
Publication year: -
Thick Page: 13

B. SUMMARY OF THE JOURNAL I

Derivation and inflection Morpheme is one of the elements present in the field of
morphology. Where the morphology is the study of morphemes, and morphemes are elements
of language that have the meaning of the free element and bound elements. The problems that
exist in this research is to analyze the morpheme of derivation and inflection. By
understanding the derivation and morpheme inflection it can easily develop vocabulary, from
one word can gain many meanings.
This research is a type of research belonging to linguistic field. The research also used
qualitative descriptive research method. This research method is a method that refers to the
form of words taken from the data source by explaining the intent of data intention. In
addition, this research also uses research libraries (library research). This literature research
only discusses existing data data by processing and developing data by using morphological
theory that supports the research.
The first step used by the author is to collect data taken from the source, after that the
data are all collected then the writers classify the data in several groups. Since in this study
only discusses the three topics of the problem, the first is to classify all types of derivation
and morpheme inflection found in the newspaper, the second is the function of each
morpheme, and the last is the rule that belongs to the derivation and morpheme inflection.
Based on this study, the writers found the uniqueness caused by derivation and
morpheme inflection when combined with other morphemes. If the morpheme derivation is
compared with the free morpheme it will have a different meaning and sometimes even
change the word class. While morpheme inflection when compared with free morpheme it
will have a grammatical function.
Morpheme is defined as the smallest meaningful unit of a language (Lim Kiat Boey,
1975:37). The morphemes which can meaningfully stand alone are called free morphemes

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while the morphemes such as –er and –s, which cannot meaningfully stand alone are called
bound morphemes. Bound morphemes must be attached to free morphemes. Bound
morphemes are also called affixes which can beclassified into prefix, infix, and suffix.
English only has two kinds of bound morphemes namely prefixes and suffixes. There are not
infixes in English. Prefix is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or changes its
meaning such as re, un, dis, re, un. A suffix is an affix attached after a root (or stem or base)
like –ly, -er,-or, -ist, -s, -ing and -ed. For example: kind-ly, wait-er, book-s, walk-ed
(Katamba, 1994:44). In morpheme, there are derivational and inflectional morphemes. They
only refine and give extra grammatical information about the already existing meaning of
words which they are attached. Derivational morpheme is a bound morpheme that changes
the part of speech. The bound morpheme like –ness is called derivational morpheme. A
derivational morpheme is the morpheme which produces a new lexeme from a base while
Inflectional morpheme is do not create new meaning. These morphemes never change the
syntactic category of the words to which it is attached (Bauer, 1988:12). In English,
derivational and inflectional morphemes can be prefixes or suffixes.
In English, derivational morphemes can be prefixes or suffixes. All prefixes in
English are derivational. All prefixes in English modify the meaning although they do not
modify the syntactic category. For examples, the derivational prefix in- in inefficient, un- in
undo, re- in rewrite, dis- in dislike and a- in amoral modify the positive meaning to the
negative meaning but do not change the syntactic category of the derived words; efficient is
an adjective and the derived word inefficient is also an adjective; do is a verb and the derived
word undo is also a verb; write is a verb and the derived word rewrite is also a verb; moral is
an adjective and the derived word amoral is also and adjective. All the derivational prefixes
explained above have the meaning ‘not’. Most derivational suffixes change both the syntactic
category and the meaning. Only a few of them do not change the syntactic category. The
derivational suffixes which change the syntactic category can be noun forming suffixes, verb
forming suffixes, adjective forming suffixes, and adverb forming suffixes. The derivational
suffixes which do not change the part of speech are –ist in artist and dentist; -ism in terrorism
and librarian.
Inflectional morphemes are those which do not create new meaning. These
morphemes never change the syntactic category of the words or morphemes to which they are
attached (Bauer, 1988: 12). They only refine and give extra grammatical information about
the already existing meaning of words which they are attached to. The word books, for
example, consists of a free morpheme book and an inflectional morpheme –s. The bound

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morpheme –s does not change the syntactic category of the morpheme book. The bound
morpheme –s does not change the lexical meaning of book. It only gives grammatical
meaning which shows that the word books is plural. Book is a noun and books is still a noun.

C. ADVANTAGES OF THE JOURNAL I

-The journal is very interesting to read.
- This journal is very important, especially as a student in the faculty of teachers, this book
can be a reference to learn derivational and inflectional lessons in morphology
- The pages in this book are also not too thick so readers want to read them when viewing this
book
- The author explains this book correctly, solid and clear.

D. DISADVANTAGES OF THE JOURNAL I

- The book is mostly explanatory there are no tables and so there are only examples.
- In this book there is no summary so the reader does not know the key points of each
discussion.

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 CJR BOOK II

A. IDENTITY FOR JOURNAL II

Book Title : The Analysis of Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes in Lyric of Songs
Adele Albums.
Author: Nurul Endang S.
Publication year: 2014
Thick Page: 14

B.SUMMARY OF THE JOURNAL II

Morpheme is defined as the smallest meaningful unit of a language (Lim Kiat Boey,
1975:37). Words are made up of morphemes. The morphemes which can meaningfully stand
alone are called free morphemes while the morphemes such as –er and –s, which cannot
meaningfully stand alone are called bound morphemes. Bound morphemes must be attached
to free morphemes. Bound morphemes are also called affixes which can be classified into
prefix, infix, and suffix. English only has two kinds of bound morphemes namely prefixes
and suffixes. There are not infixes in English. Bound morphemes are classified into two
namely derivational and inflectional morphemes. This article tries to discuss derivational
morphemes. These morphemes are complicated so that understanding what derivational
morphemes are is important.

The differences between derivational and inflectional morphology are somewhat

ambiguous to explain in some languages. This is also what Bybee (1985:81) stated in his
book, “One of the most persistent undefinables in morphology is the distinction between
derivational and inflectional morphology”. It is said so since both deal with morphemes that
are usually affixes, either prefixes or suffixes.

As mentioned above, bound morphemes consist of inflectional and derivational

morphemes. Inflectional morphemes are those which do not create new meaning. These
morphemes never change the syntactic category of the words or morphemes to which they are
attached (Bauer, 1988:12). They only refine and give extra grammatical information about
the already existing meaning of words which they are attached to. Derivational Morpheme is
a bound morpheme that changes the form of the word classes in a sentence. The bound
morpheme like –ness is called derivational morpheme. A derivational morpheme is the

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morpheme which produces a new lexeme from a base (Bauer, 1988:12). In English,
derivational morphemes can be prefixes or suffixes.

This research used a descriptive qualitative because is descriptive qualitative research.

Moleong (1983:3) states that qualitative research is a type of research visited results in
descriptive data in the forms of written or oral from observing people the behavior. In
descriptive research, there are many steps of qualitative research. There are selecting topics
for the study by reading the Morpheme and applied is song lyrics.

There are two kinds of derivational morphemes and inflectional morpheme found in
Adele Album. They are derivational prefix, derivational suffix and inflectional morpheme.
the result of the kinds of derivational and inflectional morpheme is that are fourteen data
belonging to derivational suffix (30%), and thirty tree data belonging to derivational suffix
(70%). So, the total of the whole data found in Adele Album are the fourty seven data
(100%).

The meaning of derivational morphemes are bound morphemes which derive (create)
new words by either changing the meaning or the part of speech or both. Whereas,
inflectional morphemes never change the syntactic categoryof the words or morphemes to
which they are attached.

There are two kinds of Morphology from fourty seven data found in Adele Album.
They are Derivational and Inflectional morpheme, in data found Adele Album derivational
morpheme consist of derivational suffix (14 data/30%), and inflectional morpheme (33
data/70%). The meaning of derivational and inflectional morpheme are bound morphemes
which derive (create) new words by either changing the meaning or the part of speech or
both. Whereas, inflectional morphemes never change the syntactic category of the words or
morphemes to which they are attached.

C. ADVANTAGES OF THE JOURNAL II

1. The author explains this book correctly, solidly and clearly.
2. The author wrote the book neatly
3. The author uses a language that the reader can understand..

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D. DISADVANTAGES OF THE JOURNAL II
1. The authors don’t put the lyrics of the Adele-song, so it makes it difficult for the
reader to know whether the data analysis here is accurate or not.

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 CHAPTER II
COMPARISON JOURNAL I AND JOURNAL II

The two books are great for everyone to read, especially for students currently in
the Teacher Training Faculty. Because these two books can be used as a reference or
guidance in the learning process.

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 CHAPTER III
A. CONLUSION
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units of language. They are meaningful
because they have a function to change part of speech or grammatical meaning. In English,
derivational morphemes can be prefixes and suffixes, while inflectional morpheme suffix
only. In this research the writer finds 23 kinds of morphemes which derivational morphemes
prefix consist of–un, –in, -re –dis, derivational suffix consist of -er, -ment, -ful, ness, -tio/ion,
ence/ance, -able, -ity, -al, -ize, -ism, -ist, and ly. and inflectional morpheme consist–s or es, -
‘s, er, -est, -ed, en, s or es and ing. The research finds some function of derivational and
inflectional English morphemes as negative meaning, as again meaning, as noun, as
adjective, as verb, as adverb, plural mark, comparative, superlative, present perfect form, past
form, present participle and past participle.
The last part can be viewed as the rule of the morphemes. In this part describe about
how the formation result of the rules caused by combined between bound morphemes and
free morphemes that’t can produce new lexem or new part of speech. Suggestion In this part,
this research would like to contribute some suggestions for the other writers based on the
research finding and discussion. This thesis is specially proposed to the students who have
interest to put linguistics as field of study is concerned with the morpheme. It is suggested
that this research can be a reference, beside that more interesting to discuss about another
morpheme. Maybe the next research will be finding a new research that can make as a
reference. Hopefully, there will be any further research of how to complete this research and
make this research more better and can use for any further writers.

B. SUGGESTION
The author must increase the creativity of the contents of the book for example the
author add a picture or table, in order to be understood and complete the curiosity of the
reader to explain

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Arikunto, Suharsima.1998. Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktek. PT. Rineka Cipta:
Jakarta.
Atkinson, Martin and friends. 1982. Foundation of General Linguistics, London: George
Allen & Unwin.
Bauer, Laurie. 1988. English Word Formation, City of Cambridge: Cambridge
UniversityPress Decapua, Andrea. 2008.

University of New York Press. Katamba, Francis.1993. Morfologi. seri linguistik University
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Cowley Road, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Srijono, Djoko. 2010.

Lado, Robert. 1964. Language Teaching a Scientific Approach, New York: McGraw-Hill,
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Haspelmath, Martin. 2002. Understanding Morphology (Understanding Language)”.Oxford

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Rachmadie, Sabrony. 1986. Buku Materi Pokok Vocabulary Ping 4432/2sks/Modul 1-3.
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