Cons Mat 1docx

University of Mindanao
College of Engineering
ASTM WOOD STANDARDS

(Written Report)
Prepared by:
ALEGRE, JOREN ALEONA
ERONICO, SHARMAINE RECA
https://z-p3-cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/29212039_178225…oh=df2b4e28a71219605637e3f004841ff5&oe=5B892427&dl=1 29/08/2018, 7G45 PM

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Presented to:
ENGR. MICHELLE DAAROL
Construction of Materials and Testing Instructor
March 23, 2018

ASTM WOOD STANDARDS are instrumental in the evaluation and testing of the
physical and chemical properties of a wide range of wood and wood-based products.
Wooden materials covered here include timber, lumber, wood-base fibers,
commercial softwoods and hardwoods, wood preservatives, laminated timber, and
composite lumber to name a few. These materials are notably used in the fabrication
of construction materials such as structural panels and members, construction poles,
and log buildings. These wood standards are helpful in guiding wooden material and
product manufacturers and end-users in their proper testing and fabrication
procedures to ensure acceptable quality towards safe and satisfactory use.
List of Wood Standards developed by ASTM:
1. FIRE PERFOMANCE OF WOOD

➢ ASTM D2898-10(2017)
➢ ASTM D3201/D3201M-13
➢ ASTM D5516-17
➢ ASTM D5564-17
➢ ASTM D6305-08(2015)e1
➢ ASTM D6841-16
➢ ASTM D7857-16
➢ ASTM E69-15
2. FUNDAMENTAL TEST METHODS and PROPERTIES

➢ ASTM D143-14
➢ ASTM D198-15
➢ ASTM D1102-84(2013)
➢ ASTM D1105-96(2013)
➢ ASTM D1106-96(2013)
➢ ASTM D1107-96(2013)
➢ ASTM D1108-96(2013)
➢ ASTM D1109-84(2013)
➢ ASTM D1110-84(2013)
➢ ASTM D1166-84(2013)
➢ ASTM D1666-17
➢ ASTM D1762-84(2013)
➢ ASTM D2394-17
➢ ASTM D2395-17
➢ ASTM D4442-16
➢ ASTM D4444-13
➢ ASTM D4761-13
➢ ASTM D4933-16
➢ ASTM D6782-13
➢ ASTM D6815-09(2015)
➢ ASTM D6874-12
➢ ASTM D6958-03(2014)

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➢ ASTM D7438-13
➢ ASTM D7469-16
3. LUMBER and ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS

➢ ASTM D245-06(2011)
➢ ASTM D1990-16
➢ ASTM D2555-17a
➢ ASTM D2915-17
➢ ASTM D3737-12
➢ ASTM D3957-09(2015)
➢ ASTM D5055-16
➢ ASTM D5456-17e1
➢ ASTM D5457-17
➢ ASTM D6570-04(2010)
➢ ASTM D7031-11
➢ ASTM D7032-17
➢ ASTM D7199-07(2012)
➢ ASTM D7341-14
➢ ASTM D7374-08(2015)
➢ ASTM D7470-08(2015)
4. POLE and PILE PRODUCTS

➢ ASTM D25-12(2017)
➢ ASTM D1036-99(207)
➢ ASTM D2899-12(2017)
➢ ASTM D3200-74(2017)
➢ ASTM D7381-07(2013)
5. TREATMENTS FOR WOOD PRODUCTS

➢ ASTM D3345-17
➢ ASTM D4445-10(2015)
6. WOOD ASSEMBLIES
➢ ASTM D1761-12
➢ ASTM D5124-96(2013)
➢ ASTM D5652-15
➢ ASTM D97a(2013)
➢ ASTM D5933-96(3013)
➢ ASTM D6513-14
➢ ASTM D6555-17
➢ ASTM D7147-11
➢ ASTM D7672-14
➢ ASTM D7746-11(2016)
➢ ASTM D7989-15
➢ ASTM D8023-17

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FIRE PERFORMANCE OF WOOD
ASTM D2898 - 10(2017) - Standard Practice for Accelerated Weathering of Fire-

Retardant-Treated Wood for Fire Testing
Significance and Use
4.1 This practice describes different methods of exposing fire-retardant-treated wood

products or assemblies to controlled accelerated weathering or conditioning.
4.2 The conditioning simulates effects of leaching, drying, temperature, and, in two
methods, UV light.
4.3 Method A is the method normally specified for regulatory purposes when testing
fire-retardant-treated wood that is intended for exterior applications.
Scope
1.1 This practice addresses the durability of a fire-retardant treatment of wood

products by exposure to accelerated cycles of wetting, drying, or ultraviolet (UV)
exposure, or combination thereof, prior to evaluation by a fire response test. Four
conditioning methods are described.
1.2 This practice is applicable to wood products that have been treated with fire-
retardant chemicals by pressure impregnation.
1.3 The test specimens are to be in the form of, or suitable for fabrication into, test
specimens, such as those described in Test Methods E84, E108, and E1354 and
other standard test methods for evaluating the fire performance of fire-retardant-
treated wood products.
1.4 The text of these methods references notes and footnotes that provide
explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and
figures) shall not be considered as requirements of these test methods.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The
values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are
provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,
associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
ASTM D3201 / D3201M - 13 - Standard Test Method for Hygroscopic Properties

of Fire-Retardant Wood and Wood-Based Products
4.1 The hygroscopic properties of wood and wood-based products treated with fire-
retardant chemicals are often greater than for untreated products. This is particularly
true at the higher relative humidity conditions. This higher hygroscopicity sometimes

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is the cause for staining, decay, poor paint adhesion, and migration and exuding of
chemicals and moisture at the high humidities. Corrosion of metal fasteners
sometimes also occurs.
4.2 The results obtained with this standard are important in identifying treatments
with low hygroscopic properties.
4.3 Results can be useful in determining exposure limitations in service for specific
treated products.
4.4 Building codes and other specifications for fire-retardant-treated wood for interior
use include requirements based on this test method.
Scope
1.1 This test method prescribes the procedure for determining the hygroscopicity of
fire retardant treated wood products by determining the moisture content of fire-
retardant-treated wood and wood-based product specimens after exposure to a test
condition of 92 ± 2 % relative humidity at 81 ± 4°F [27 ± 2°C].
1.2 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes which provide
figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this test method.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded
separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact
equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.
Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the
standard.
ASTM D5516 - 17 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Flexural Properties
of Fire-Retardant Treated Softwood Plywood Exposed to Elevated
Temperatures
5.1 The flexural properties evaluated by this test method are intended to provide any
one or all of the following:
5.1.1 Data on the comparative effects of fire-retardant chemical formulations and

environmental conditions on the flexural properties of plywood.
5.1.2 Data for use in developing modification factors for the allowable design
properties of treated plywood when exposed to elevated temperatures and
humidities.
5.1.3 Data comparing variables, such as other plywood species and dimensions.

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5.2 Results obtained from tests conducted and analyzed in accordance with the
procedures of this test method may be used with other information to establish
recommended roof sheathing spans for fire-retardant treated plywood.
NOTE 1: Temperatures lower than the test temperature specified in this test method
and the cumulative effects of the elevated temperatures and humidity exposures
expected to be encountered in service should be taken into account when
recommended roof sheathing spans are established.
NOTE 2: Practice D6305 can be used to extend the laboratory strength data
obtained by this test method to design value recommendations. The test data
determined by this test method are used to develop adjustment factors for fire-
retardant treatments to apply to untreated plywood design values. The test data are
used in conjunction with climate models and other factors.
Scope
1.1 This test method is designed to determine the effect of exposure to high
temperatures and humidities on the flexure properties of fire-retardant treated
softwood plywood. In this test method, plywood is exposed to a temperature of 77°C
(170°F).
1.2 The purpose of the test method is to compare the flexural properties of fire-
retardant treated plywood relative to untreated plywood. The results of tests
conducted in accordance with this test method provide a reference point for
estimating strength temperature relationships. This test method is intended to
provide an accelerated test at elevated temperatures and controlled humidities of
plywood sheathing treated with the same chemical formulation(s) and processing
conditions as plywood used commercially.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in
parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for
information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally

recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for
the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D5664 - 17 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Effects of Fire-
Retardant Treatments and Elevated Temperatures on Strength Properties of
Fire-Retardant Treated Lumber
5.1 The mechanical properties evaluated by this test method provide the following:
5.1.1 Data for use in developing modification factors for the allowable design
properties of fire-retardant treated lumber when used at or near room temperatures
(see 6.3).
5.1.2 Data for use in developing modification factors for allowable design properties
of fire-retardant treated lumber when exposed to elevated temperatures and humidity
(see 6.4).

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5.1.3 Data (optional) for use in modifying these factors for size effects when fire-
retardant treated lumber is used at or near room temperature and when exposed to
elevated temperatures and humidity (see 6.5).
5.2 Data from the first two procedures in this test method of evaluation are indicative
only for that species.
NOTE 1: The results of the three listed species (Southern pine, Douglas fir, and
either white spruce or a Spruce/Fir mixture) are allowed to be used together to make
inference on untested wood species because the three tested species represent the
full spectrum of expected treatability.
5.3 Data from the optional third part of this three-part method of evaluation are
indicative for all species because it is primarily used to assess size effects.
Scope
1.1 This test method covers procedures for obtaining data to assess the initial
adjustments to allowable design stresses for lumber treated with candidate
commercial fire-retardant (FR) formulations and further procedures for obtaining data
to assess the effect of extended exposure to elevated temperature of 66 ± 2°C (150
± 4°F).
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally

recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for
the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D6305 - 08(2015)e1 - Standard Practice for Calculating Bending Strength

Design Adjustment Factors for Fire-Retardant-Treated Plywood Roof
Sheathing
5.1 This practice develops treatment factors that shall be used by fire retardant
chemical manufacturers to adjust bending strength design values for untreated
plywood to account for the fire-retardant treatment effects. This practice uses data
from reference thermal-load cycles designed to simulate temperatures in sloped
roofs of common design to evaluate products for 50 iterations.
5.2 This practice applies to material installed using construction practices

recommended by the fire retardant chemical manufacturers that include avoiding
exposure to precipitation, direct wetting, or regular condensation. This practice is not
meant to apply to buildings with significantly different designs than those described
in 1.3.
5.3 Test Method D5516 caused thermally induced strength losses in laboratory
simulations within a reasonably short period. The environmental conditions used in
the laboratory-activated chemical reactions that are considered to be similar to those
occurring in the field. This assumption is the fundamental basis of this practice.
Scope
1.1 This practice covers procedures for calculating bending strength design

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adjustment factors for fire-retardant-treated plywood roof sheathing. The methods
utilize the results of strength testing after exposure at elevated temperatures and
computer-generated thermal load profiles reflective of exposures encountered in
normal service conditions in a wide variety of continental United States climates.
1.2 Necessarily, common laboratory practices were used to develop the methods
herein. It is assumed that the procedures will be used for fire-retardant-treated
plywood installed using appropriate construction practices recommended by the fire
retardant chemical manufacturers, which include avoiding exposure to precipitation,
direct wetting, or regular condensation.
1.3 The heat gains, solar loads, roof slopes, ventilation rates, and other parameters
used in this practice were chosen to reflect common sloped roof designs. This
practice is applicable to roofs of 3 in 12 or steeper slopes, to roofs designed with
vent areas and vent locations conforming to national standards of practice, and to
designs in which the bottom side of the sheathing is exposed to ventilation air. These
conditions may not apply to significantly different designs and therefore this practice
may not apply to such designs.
1.4 Information and a brief discussion supporting the provisions of this practice are in
the Commentary in the appendix. A large, more detailed, separate Commentary is
also available from ASTM.2
1.5 The methodology in this practice is not meant to account for all reported
instances of fire-retardant plywood undergoing premature heat degradation.
ASTM D6841 - 16 - Standard Practice for Calculating Design Value Treatment

Adjustment Factors for Fire-Retardant-Treated Lumber
5.1 Fire-retardant-treatments are used to reduce the flame-spread characteristics of

wood. Chemicals and redrying conditions employed in treatments are known to
modify the strength properties of the wood product being treated. This practice gives
procedures for fire-retardant chemical manufacturers to use to calculate the effects
of their treatment on lumber used in normal and elevated temperature service
conditions.
5.2 The effect of fire-retardant treatments on the strength of lumber used in roof
framing applications is time related. In this practice, the cumulative effect on strength
of annual thermal loads from all temperature bins is increased 50 times to establish
treatment adjustment factors for fire-retardant treated lumber roof framing.
5.3 The procedures of Test Method D5664 employ an elevated temperature intended
to produce strength losses in a short period of time. Although the exposure is much
more severe than that which occurs in an actual roof system, the chemical reactions
that occur in the laboratory test are considered to be the same as those occurring
over long periods of time in the field.

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5.4 Treatment adjustment factors developed under this practice apply to lumber
installed in accordance with construction practices recommended by the fire-
retardant chemical manufacturer which include avoidance of direct wetting,
precipitation or frequent condensation. Application of this practice is limited to roof
applications with design consistent with 1.3.
Scope
1.1 This practice covers procedures for calculating treatment adjustment factors to
be applied to design values for fire-retardant-treated lumber used at ambient
temperatures [service temperatures up to 100°F (38°C)] and as framing in roof
systems.
1.2 These design value treatment adjustment factors for the properties of extreme
fiber in bending, tension parallel to grain, compression parallel to grain, horizontal
shear, and modulus of elasticity are based on the results of strength tests of matched
treated and untreated small clear wood specimens after conditioning at nominal
room temperatures [72°F (22°C)] and of other similar specimens after exposure at
150°F (66°C). The test data are developed in accordance with Test Method D5664.
Guidelines are provided for establishing adjustment factors for the property of
compression perpendicular to grain and for connection design values.
1.3 Treatment adjustment factors for roof framing applications are based on
computer generated thermal load profiles for normal wood roof construction used in
a variety of climates as defined by weather tapes of the American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE).2 The solar loads,
moisture conditions, ventilation rates, and other parameters used in the computer
model were selected to represent typical sloped roof designs. The thermal loads in
this practice are applicable to roof slopes of 3 in 12 or steeper, to roofs designed with
vent areas and vent locations conforming to national standards of practice and to
designs in which the bottom side of the roof sheathing is exposed to ventilation air.
For designs that do not have one or more of these base-line features, the
applicability of this practice needs to be documented by the user.
1.4 The procedures of this practice parallel those given in Practice D6305. General
references and commentary in Practice D6305 are also applicable to this practice.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI
units listed in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered
standard.
ASTM D7857 - 16 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Flexural Properties
and Internal Bond Strength of Fire-Retarded Mat-Formed Wood Structural
Composite Panels Exposed to Elevated Temperatures
5.1 The properties evaluated by this test method are intended to provide
comparative information on the effects of fire-retardant chemical formulations and
environmental conditions on the flexural properties and IB strength of FRSC panels.
5.2 This practice uses a controlled elevated-temperature environment to produce

temperature-induced losses in the mechanical properties of FRSC panels and

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untreated panels.
5.3 Prediction of performance in natural environments has not been directly

correlated with the results of this test method.
5.4 The reproducibility of results in elevated-temperature exposure is highly

dependent on the type of specimens tested and the evaluation criteria selected, as
well as the control of the operating variables. In any testing program, sufficient
replicates shall be included to establish the variability of the results. Variability is
often observed when similar specimens are tested in different chambers even
though the testing conditions are nominally similar and within the ranges specified in
this test method.
Scope
1.1 This test method is designed as a laboratory screening test. It is intended to

establish an understanding of the respective contributions of the many wood
material, fire-retardant, resin and processing variables, and their interactions, upon
the mechanical properties of fire-retarded mat-formed wood structural composite
(FRSC) panels as they affect flexural and internal bond (IB) performance and as they
are often affected later during exposure to high temperature and humidity. Once the
critical material and processing variables have been identified through these small-
specimen laboratory screening tests, additional testing and evaluation shall be
required to determine the effect of the treatment on the panel structural properties
and the effect of exposure to high temperature on the properties of commercially
produced FRSC panels. In this test method, treated structural composite panels are
exposed to a temperature of 77°C (170°F) and at least 50% relative humidity.
1.2 The purpose of the preliminary laboratory-based test method is to compare the
flexural properties and IB strength of FRSC panels relative to untreated structural
composite panels with otherwise identical manufacturing parameters. The results of
tests conducted in accordance with this test method provide a reference point for
estimating strength temperature relationships for preliminary purposes. They
establish a starting point for subsequent full-scale testing of commercially produced
FRSC panels.
1.3 This test method does not cover testing and evaluation requirements necessary
for product certification and qualification or the establishment of design value
adjustment factors for FRSC panels.
NOTE 1: One potentially confounding limitation of this preliminary screening test

method is that it may be conducted with laboratory panels that may not necessarily
represent commercial quality panels. A final qualification program should likely be
conducted using commercial quality panels and the scope of the review should
include evaluation of the effects of the treatment and elevated temperature exposure
on all relevant mechanical properties of the commercially produced panel.
1.4 This test method is not intended for use with structural plywood.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in
parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for
information only and are not considered standard.

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ASTM E69 - 15 - Standard Test Method for Combustible Properties of Treated
Wood by the Fire-Tube Apparatus
4.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide a relative measurement of the
combustibility of fire-retardant-treated wood specimens based on their percentage
loss in weight under controlled fire exposure conditions (1).3 In addition, other
possible data include rate of weight loss, time of flaming and after glowing, increase
in temperature, and maximum vertical flame progress.
4.2 This test method is not sufficiently large scale to evaluate the suitability of a
given treated product for building construction, but it is a convenient method to use
for purposes of development or as a quality-control test during manufacture.
4.3 This test method gives a procedure for sampling and preparation of test
specimens from a lot of treated material in which complete penetration is a
requirement. A procedure is also given for the sampling of charges at a treating plant
for purposes of quality control of the treatment process.
4.4 This test method has proven useful for evaluating comparative fire performance
effectiveness of fire-retardant chemicals and treatment formulations for wood and
wood products (2-5).
4.5 In this test method, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of
laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the anticipated
end-use conditions are changed, it may not be possible by or from this test method
to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the
results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.
Scope
1.1 This test method covers fire-tube test procedures for fire tests for combustible
properties of wood treated to reduce flammability. This test method relates to
properties of treated wood, as such, rather than to the performance of a fabrication
used as an element of construction. Performance under this test method shall be as
prescribed in requirements applicable to materials intended for specific uses.
1.2 This test method is a fire-test-response standard.
1.3 The SI values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials,
products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not
by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the
materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.6 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and
property shall be employed in conducting these tests.

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FUNDAMENTAL TEST METHODS and PROPERTIES
ASTM D143 - 14 - Standard Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of Timber

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4.1 These test methods cover tests on small clear specimens of wood that are made
to provide the following:
4.1.1 Data for comparing the mechanical properties of various species,
4.1.2 Data for the establishment of correct strength functions, which in conjunction
with results of tests of timbers in structural sizes (see Test Methods D198 and Test
Methods D4761), afford a basis for establishing allowable stresses, and
4.1.3 Data to determine the influence on the mechanical properties of such factors
as density, locality of growth, position in cross section, height of timber in the tree,
change of properties with seasoning or treatment with chemicals, and change from
sapwood to heartwood.
Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of various strength and related
properties of wood by testing small clear specimens.
1.1.1 These test methods represent procedures for evaluating the different
mechanical and physical properties, controlling factors such as specimen size,
moisture content, temperature, and rate of loading.
1.1.2 Sampling and collection of material is discussed in Practice D5536. Sample

data, computation sheets, and cards have been incorporated, which were of
assistance to the investigator in systematizing records.
1.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The
provided for information only and are not considered standard. When a weight is
prescribed, the basic inch-pound unit of weight (lbf) and the basic SI unit of mass
(Kg) are cited.
1.2 The procedures for the various tests appear in the following order:
Sections
Photographs of Specimens 5
Control of Moisture Content and Temperature 6
Record of Heartwood and Sapwood 7
Static Bending 8
Compression Parallel to Grain 9
Impact Bending 10
Toughness 11
Compression Perpendicular to Grain 12
Hardness 13

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Shear Parallel to Grain 14
Cleavage 15
Tension Parallel to Grain 16
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 17
Nail Withdrawal 18
Specific Gravity and Shrinkage in Volume 19
Radial and Tangential Shrinkage 20
Moisture Determination 21
Permissible Variations 22
Calibration 23
ASTM D198 - 15 - Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in

Structural Sizes
6.1 The flexural properties established by this test method provide:
6.1.1 Data for use in development of grading rules and specifications;
6.1.2 Data for use in development of design values for structural members;
6.1.3 Data on the influence of imperfections on mechanical properties of structural

members;
6.1.4 Data on strength properties of different species or grades in various structural

sizes;
6.1.5 Data for use in checking existing equations or hypotheses relating to the
structural behavior;
6.1.6 Data on the effects of chemical or environmental conditions on mechanical

properties;
6.1.7 Data on effects of fabrication variables such as depth, taper, notches, or type of
end joint in laminations; and
6.1.8 Data on relationships between mechanical and physical properties.
6.2 Procedures are described here in sufficient detail to permit duplication in different
laboratories so that comparisons of results from different sources will be valid.

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Where special circumstances require deviation from some details of these
procedures, these deviations shall be carefully described in the report (see
Section 11).
Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of lumber and wood-based products in
structural sizes by various testing procedures.
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:
Sections
Flexure 4 – 11
Compression (Short Specimen) 13 – 20
Compression (Long Specimen) 21 – 28
Tension 29 – 36
Torsion 37 – 44
Shear Modulus 45 – 52
1.3 Notations and symbols relating to the various testing procedures are given
in Appendix X1.
ASTM D1102 - 84(2013) - Standard Test Method for Ash in Wood
2.1 The ash content is an approximate measure of the mineral content and other
inorganic matter in wood.
Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of ash, expressed as the percentage
of residue remaining after dry oxidation (oxidation at 580 to 600°C), of wood or wood
products.
ASTM D1105 - 96(2013) - Standard Test Method for Preparation of Extractive-

Free Wood

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2.1 Extractives are materials soluble in neutral solvents. They are not generally
considered part of the wood polymer structure. These materials should be removed
before any chemical analysis of the wood. Ethanol-benzene extracts waxes, fats,
some resins, and portions of wood gums. Hot water extracts tannins, gums, sugars,
starches, and coloring matter.
Scope
1.1 This test method covers the preparation of extractive-free wood and is applicable
to all North American woods. Extractives in wood consist of materials that are
soluble in neutral solvents and that are not a part of the wood.
ASTM D1106 - 96(2013) - Standard Test Method for Acid-Insoluble Lignin in

Wood
4.1 Wood contains approximately 20 to 30 % lignin. Removal of the lignin is the
primary objective of pulping and bleaching procedures. Determination of the lignin
content provides information for the evaluation and application of these processes.
Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the acid-insoluble lignin content of
wood.
ASTM D1107 - 96(2013) - Standard Test Method for Ethanol-Toluene Solubility

of Wood
2.1 The ethanol-toluene extract of wood consists of the soluble materials not
generally considered part of the wood polymeric structure. They are primarily the
waxes, fats, resins, and some gums, as well as some water-soluble substances. The
amounts are influenced by seasoning and drying.
Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ethanol-toluene soluble content
of wood, which is a measure of the waxes, fats, resins, and oils, plus tannins and
certain other ether-insoluble components.
ASTM D1108 - 96(2013) - Standard Test Method for Dichloromethane Soluble in

Wood
2.1 Dichloromethane extractable content of wood is a measure of such substances

as waxes, fats, resins, phytosterols, and nonvolatile hydrocarbons. The amount is
influenced by seasoning or drying the wood.
Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dichloromethane soluble
content of wood, which is a measure of the waxes, fats, resins, oils, and similar

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materials.
ASTM D1109 - 84(2013) - Standard Test Method for 1 % Sodium Hydroxide
Solubility of Wood
2.1 Hot alkali extracts low molecular weight carbohydrates consisting mainly of
hemicellulose and degraded cellulose in wood. This solubility of wood is an
indication of the degree of fungal decay, or degradation by heat, light, oxidation, and
so forth. The more decay or degradation, the higher the solubility.
Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the solubility of wood in a hot dilute
alkali solution. A1 % solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is used. One application is
in determining the degree of fungus decay that has taken place in a given wood
sample. As the wood decays, the percentage of alkali-soluble material increases in
proportion to the decrease in pulp yield caused by the decay.
ASTM D1110 - 84(2013) - Standard Test Methods for Water Solubility of Wood
2.1 Cold water removes a part of such extraneous materials as tannins, gums,
sugars, and coloring matters. Hot water removes these plus the starches.
Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the water solubility of wood. Two
methods are given, as follows:
1.1.1 Method A—Cold-Water Solubility—This method provides a measure of the

tannins, gums, sugars, and coloring matter in the wood.
1.1.2 Method B—Hot-Water Solubility—This method provides a measure of the

tannins, gums, sugars, coloring matter, and starches in the wood.
ASTM D1166 - 84(2013) - Standard Test Method for Methoxyl Groups in Wood
and Related Materials
3.1 Most of the methoxyl in wood is attributable to the lignin. This test method is
used extensively in the study of lignin.

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Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of methoxyl groups in wood and
related materials (1-7). The test method is applicable to wood sawdust and, by
suitable adjustment in size of the test specimen, to fractions isolated from wood and
lignin.
ASTM D1666 - 17 - Standard Test Methods for Conducting Machining Tests of

Wood and Wood-Base Panel Materials
4.1 Machining tests are made to determine the working qualities and characteristics
of different species of wood and of different wood-based panel materials under a
variety of machine operations such as are encountered in commercial manufacturing
practice. The tests provide a systematic basis for comparing the behavior of different
products with respect to woodworking machine operations and of evaluating their
potential suitability for certain uses where these properties are of prime importance.
Scope
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for planning, routing/shaping, turning,
mortising, boring, and sanding, all of which are common wood-working operations
used in the manufacture of wood products. These tests apply, in different degrees, to
two general classes of materials:
1.1.1 Wood in the form of lumber, and
1.1.2 Wood-base panel materials such as plywood and wood-base fiber and particle
panels.
1.2 Because of the importance of planning, some of the variables that affect the
results of this operation are explored with a view to determining optimum conditions.
In most of the other tests, however, it is necessary to limit the work to one set of fairly
typical commercial conditions in which all the different woods are treated alike.
1.3 Several factors enter into any complete appraisal of the machining properties of
a given wood or wood-base panel. Quality of finished surface is recommended as
the basis for evaluation of machining properties. Rate of dulling of cutting tools and
power consumed in cutting are also important considerations but are beyond the
scope of these test methods.
1.4 Although the methods presented include the results of progressive developments
in the evaluation of machining properties, further improvements may be anticipated.
For example, by present procedures, quality of the finished surface is evaluated by
visual inspection, but as new mechanical or physical techniques become available
that will afford improved precision of evaluation, they should be employed.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The
metric equivalents of inch-pound units may be approximate.
ASTM D1762 - 84(2013) - Standard Test Method for Chemical Analysis of Wood
Charcoal
4.1 Low quality wood and wood residues are used for wood charcoal. This test
method is used for evaluating the charcoal to assess the methods of production and

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assist in developing new methods.
Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of moisture, volatile matter, and ash in
charcoal made from wood. The test method is applicable to lumps and briquettes
and is designed for the evaluation of charcoal quality. The test method employs
apparatus that is found in most laboratories and is adapted to routine analyses of a
large number of samples.
ASTM D2394 - 17 - Standard Test Methods for Simulated Service Testing of

Wood and Wood-Based Finish Flooring
3.1 The test methods presented herein are intended to provide both a factual and
comparative means of appraising the suitability of finish flooring. The procedures
developed simulate some conditions of use that may require either maintenance
beyond that considered normal or replacement of the floor surface material.
3.2 It is important for some of the evaluations that the substrate to be used beneath
the finish flooring be duplicated because the type and degree of support will have a
direct influence on the value obtained from test. For example, in some present-day
construction, low-density materials are used for sound-deadening immediately below
the finish flooring. The way this substrate distributes loading and absorbs energy will
have an influence on evaluations such as those in rolling and concentrated loads.
3.3 The test methods presented herein may be used to compare different finish
floorings as to their resistance to severe and ordinary service loads and also may
serve as the means to set specification limits. The properties obtained by these test
methods are needed in addition to such basic material properties as stiffness,
strength, hardness, and dimensional stability.
3.4 All tests may not be required for any specific investigation. There may be an
interrelation between two tests, and when it has been demonstrated what the
interrelation is, a complete evaluation is only required as a final stage of a study. In
each instance, therefore, it is necessary to determine which evaluations shall be
made to fulfill the objectives.
Scope
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for measuring the performance of finish
flooring under the following service loadings and conditions:
Section
Loading Tests
Concentrated Loading 7
Floor Surface Indentation from Small Area Loads 12
Falling-Ball Indentation 18
Rolling Load 23
Mechanical Tests

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Abrasion Resistance 28
Coefficient of Friction 33
Moisture Tests
Surface Wetting 38
ASTM D2395 - 17 - Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity
(Relative Density) of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
5.1 Density and specific gravity are cornerstone terms that help define many useful
properties of wood and wood-based materials. These terms designate concepts that
have distinct definitions though they relate to the same characteristic (mass in a unit
volume). Generally, in the US and Canada, density of wood is measured in terms
of specific gravity, or relative density. In the wood-based composites industry and
internationally the term density is often preferred.
5.2 The basic density and basic specific gravity of wood are used in the forestry
industry for calculating the oven-dry weight of wood fiber contained in a known wood
volume of various wood species. Thus, it serves as an indicator of the amount of
wood pulp that could be produced, the workability of the material or its shipping
weight. This information is referenced in various resources, including Wood
Handbook.5 Note that specific gravity varies within a tree, between trees, and
between species. Since the specific gravity of wood cell wall substance is practically
constant for all species (approximately 1.53), it is apparent that individual specific
gravity value is indicative of the amount of wood cell wall substance present. It
affords a rapid and valuable test method for selection of wood for specific uses. In
US and Canadian building codes, the oven-dry specific gravity is correlated to
various strength characteristics of wood products (for example, compression
perpendicular to grain, shear strength and fastener holding capacity).
5.3 It is often desirable to know the density or specific gravity of a living tree, a
structural member already in place, a log cross section, a segment of a research
element, or the early wood or latewood layer. Therefore, it is possible that specimens
will be large or small, regular or irregular in shape, and at a variety of moisture
contents. These test methods give procedures that include all of these variables and
provides for calculation of density and specific gravity values to degrees of precision
generally needed.
5.4 In the wood-based composites industry, the product density or specific gravity
also provides an important indicator of potential product attributes. For wood-based
materials, the same test methods are used; however, the measurements typically
combine the mass from the wood substance with any resin, wax, or other solid
additives present in the material. These properties are not to be confused
with equivalent specific gravity of structural composite lumber used to characterize
its fastener-holding capacity determined in accordance with Specification D5456.
Scope

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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the density and specific gravity
(relative density) of wood and wood-based materials to generally desired
degrees of accuracy and for specimens of different sizes, shapes, and moisture
content conditions. The test method title is indicative of the procedures used or
the specific area of use.
Section
Test Method A—Volume by Measurement 8
Test Method B—Volume by Water Immersion 9
Test Method C—Flotation Tube 10
Test Method D—Forstner Bit 11
Test Method E—Increment Core 12
Test Method F—Chips 13
Test Method G—Full-Size Members 14
ASTM D4442 - 16 - Standard Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content

Measurement of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
4.1 Moisture content is one of the most important variables affecting the properties of
wood and wood-based materials. The procedures in these test methods are
structured to permit the full range of use from fundamental research to industrial
processing. Method A is designed for obtaining the most precise values of moisture
content consistent with the needs of the user. It also provides means of assessing
variability contributed by the oven or specimen hygroscopicity, or both. In addition,
criteria are described for defining the endpoint in oven-drying. Method A is the
reference (primary) standard for determining moisture content of wood and wood-
based materials. Methods B through D are secondary methods to permit relatively
simple procedures of measuring moisture content, but with less precision than
Method A.
Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the moisture content (MC) of
wood, veneer, and other wood-based materials, including those that contain
adhesives and chemical additives. The test methods below describe primary (A) and
secondary (B through D) procedures to measure moisture content:
Method A—Primary Oven-Drying Method
Method B—Secondary Oven-Drying Method
Method C—Distillation (Secondary) Method
Method D—Other Secondary Methods.

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1.2 The primary oven-drying method (Method A) is intended as the sole primary
method. It is structured for research purposes where the highest accuracy or degree
of precision is needed.
1.3 The secondary methods (B through D) are intended for special purposes or
under circumstances where the primary procedure (Method A) is not desired or
justified. In these procedures, moisture content values cannot be reported with an
accuracy greater than integer percentage values (that is, lower than in Method A).
1.4 Distillation (secondary) method is intended for use with materials that have been
chemically treated or impregnated such that the oven-drying procedures introduce
greater error than desired in the results.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of
measurement are included in this standard.
ASTM D4444 - 13 - Standard Test Method for Laboratory Standardization and

Calibration of Hand-Held Moisture Meters
4.1 Hand-held meters provide a rapid means of sampling MC of wood-based

materials during and after processing to maintain quality assurance and compliance
with standards. These measurements are influenced by actual MC, a number of
other wood variables, environmental conditions, geometry of the measuring probe
circuitry, and design of the meter. The maximum accuracy can only be obtained by
an awareness of the effect of each parameter on the meter output and correction of
readings as specified by this test method.
4.1.1 This test method employs controlled conditions and straight-grain, clear wood
specimens to provide measurements that are reproducible in a laboratory. The
controlled conditions prevent moisture and temperature gradients in the test
specimen.
4.1.2 In laboratory calibration, the reference direct moisture measurements (for

example, Test Methods D4442) shall be made only in the area of direct
measurement of the meter. This minimizes error associated with sampling of differing
areas of measurement between this test method and that of the reference (Test
Methods D4442).
4.2 Most uses of hand-held moisture meters’ employ correlative (predictive)

relationships between the meter reading and wood areas or volumes that exceed
that of the direct meter measurement (for example, larger specimens, pieces of
lumber, or lots). These correlative relationships are beyond the scope of this test
method. (See Practice D7438.)
Scope
1.1 This test method applies to the measurement of moisture content (MC) of solid
wood products, including those containing additives (that is, chemicals or adhesives)
for laboratory standardization and calibration of hand-held moisture meters
1.2 This test method makes no distinction between meter measurement technologies
for standardization and calibration requirements. Provision is made for test specimen
size to accommodate specific meters. Appendix X1 provides an explanatory
discussion and history corresponding to the mandatory sections. Fundamental
measurement technologies are described in Appendix X2 when available.
1.2.1 Meters employing differing technologies may not provide equivalent readings
under the same conditions. When this test method has been applied, it is assumed

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that the referenced meter is acceptable unless otherwise specified. Meters shall be
calibrated with respect to MC by direct measurement as determined by Test
Methods D4442.
ASTM D4761 - 13 - Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Properties of

Lumber and Wood-Base Structural Material
4.1 These test methods provide procedures that are applicable under true field
conditions, such as in a plant with specimens not at moisture equilibrium.
4.2 The data established by these test methods can be used as follows:
4.2.1 Develop strength and stiffness properties for the population represented by the
material being tested (that is, individual grades, grade combinations, species,
species groups, or any other defined, identifiable sample).
4.2.2 Confirm the validity of strength and stiffness properties for the population
represented by the material being tested.
4.2.3 Investigate the effect of parameters that may influence the strength and
stiffness properties of the material, such as moisture content, temperature, knot size
and location, or slope of grain.
4.3 The procedures chosen in accordance with these test methods shall be fully
documented in the report to facilitate correlation with test results obtained through
the use of traditional procedures, such as those set forth in Test Methods D198.
Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the mechanical properties of
stress-graded lumber and other wood-base structural material.
1.2 These test methods appear in the following order:
Section
Bending edge-wise 6
Bending flat-wise:
Center point loading 7
Third point loading 8
Axial strength in tension 9
Axial strength in compression 10

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ASTM D4933 - 16 - Standard Guide for Moisture Conditioning of Wood and
Wood-Based Materials
4.1 Many physical and mechanical properties of wood and wood-based materials
change in response to the environmental equilibrium moisture content, and any
comparison of these properties must take moisture content into account. A
consistent base for comparison among different test samples and different
laboratories is necessary. Shrinkage and dimensional change in particular are
dependent on moisture content, and tests involving their measurement must be
conducted with good equilibrium moisture content control. Conditioning can also be
important in industrial settings where there are optimum moisture content levels for
many products and processes, and conformance to these levels can reduce losses
in quality and yield.
Scope
1.1 This guide covers standard procedures for conditioning and equilibrating wood
and wood-based materials to constant moisture content. The procedures apply to
solid wood, wood-based fiber and particulate materials and panels, and wood
products containing adhesives. They are intended for use in research and
development activities, testing laboratories, quality control, and for all other classes
of producers and users. This guide includes background material on the importance
of moisture content control, important definitions and technical data, possible types
of apparatus, procedures, and the importance of conditioning time. Users should
recognize that the necessary degree of precision and bias varies with the intentions
of the users. Some research and testing, for example, might require very close
control of moisture content, whereas control in an industrial storage facility might not
require such close control. This guide offers procedures that include these different
requirements.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of
measurement are included in this standard.
ASTM D6782 - 13 - Standard Test Methods for Standardization and Calibration

of In-Line Dry Lumber Moisture Meters
4.1 In-line meters provide a rapid means of detecting moisture content of lumber or
wood products in processing (that is, on a continuous production line). Two major
uses are monitoring the performance of the drying process (air drying, kiln drying),
and providing sorting or identification of material at predetermined levels of moisture
content. These measurements are inferential in the sense that physical
measurements are made and compared against calibration curves to obtain an
indirect measure of moisture content. These measurements may be influenced by
one or more physical properties such as actual moisture content, density, surface
moisture, chemical composition, size, and temperature of wood. In addition, the
measurements may also be influenced by environmental conditions and the design
specifications of the meter. The best performance is obtained by an awareness of
the effect of each parameter on the meter output and correction of readings as
specified by these test methods.
4.2 The two major anticipated users of these test methods are instrument
manufacturers whose primary concern is laboratory standardization and calibration,
and instrument owners who may have a primary focus on field standardization and
calibration. These test methods present the laboratory and the field as separate

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tracks.
4.2.1 Laboratory Standardization and Calibration—This portion of these test methods

is intended for guidance of equipment manufacturers. Specific test recommendations
are tailored to the capabilities of a laboratory environment.
4.2.2 Field Standardization and Calibration—The predominant use of in-line meters

is in production in which lumber characteristics and environmental conditions reflect
actual mill processes. Field standardization and calibration is essential to address or
encompass much of the variability in production.
4.2.3 Applications using the output of the in-line moisture meter may modify the
meter output signals or have inherent response characteristics that are not
representative of the meter.
Scope
1.1 These test methods apply to instruments designed to detect, or measure,

moisture in wood which has been dried below the fiber saturation point. The purpose
of these tests is to provide a unified standard against which such systems can
demonstrate their suitability for their intended use.
1.1.1 Sensitivity to thin layers of surface moisture such as caused by dew or brief
rain exposure is not addressed by these methods. Applications, such as screening
material for surface adhesion, may require additional assessment methodology and
criteria.
1.2 The standard is configured to support tests by moisture meter manufacturers as

well as end-users of such systems, therefore the text follows two tracks.
1.3 Test methods specified for manufacturers are generally designed for laboratory
settings and are intended to provide a standard against which a manufacturer
certifies calibration and general system conformance.
1.4 Test methods for end-users are generally designed for field settings and are
intended as a standardized set of procedures for determining the suitability of a
specific machine for a particular use.
1.5 Applications such as lumber marking or sorting systems utilizing the output of the
in-line meter are not part of this standard.
1.6 Applications requiring sensitivity to and identification of localized wet areas are
limited to general recommendations. The presence of wet-spots is the subject
of Appendix X8.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values
given in parentheses are for information only.
ASTM D6815 - 09(2015) - Standard Specification for Evaluation of Duration of

Load and Creep Effects of Wood and Wood-Based Products
Abstract
This specification covers the procedure for testing and evaluating duration of load
and creep effects of wood and wood-based materials relative to an accepted
duration of load adjustment model. This specification is proposed for use for
products that are covered by a consensus standard such as lumber, structural
composite lumber and structural use panels. The procedure covered in this

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specification, however, is not intended to evaluate performance of products under
impact loading.
Scope
1.1 This specification provides a procedure for testing and evaluating duration of
load and creep effects of wood and wood-based materials relative to an accepted
duration of load adjustment model. This specification was created for products that
are currently covered by a consensus standard (for example, lumber, structural
composite lumber, and structural-use panels). This procedure is intended to
demonstrate the engineering equivalence to the duration of load and creep effects of
visually graded lumber as specified in Practice D245for a product under evaluation
used in dry service conditions. This procedure is not intended to evaluate the
performance of products under impact loading. Quantification of specific duration of
load or creep factors is beyond the scope of this specification. For further guidance
regarding the applicability of this specification refer to X1.1 in the Commentary.
1.2 Use of the procedure in this specification to determine equivalence to the

Practice D245 duration of load relationship is limited to solid wood and wood-based
products whose long term load behavior is similar to that of solid wood. Equivalence
demonstrated in this specification is dependent upon evaluation of a product's 90-
day (minimum) creep-rupture performance. In this evaluation, three criteria must be
satisfied: (1) adequate strength over a 90-day period, (2) decreasing creep rate, and
(3) limited fractional deflection. A summary of the development of these criteria and
the underlying assumptions behind them is provided in the Commentary in Appendix
X1 and Appendix X2.
1.3 Long term degradation phenomena not described by a creep-rupture model are
not addressed in this specification.
ASTM D6874 - 12 - Standard Test Methods for Nondestructive Evaluation of

Wood-Based Flexural Members Using Transverse Vibration
5.1 The dynamic modulus of elasticity provided by these test methods is a

fundamental property for the configuration tested. This value can be related to static
and other dynamic moduli of elasticity as measured on the same configuration.
5.1.1 The rapidity and ease of application of these test methods facilitate its use as a
substitute for static measurements.
5.1.2 Dynamic modulus of elasticity is often used for surveys, for segregation of
lumber for test purposes, and to provide indication of environmental or processing
effect.
5.2 The modulus of elasticity, whether measured statically or dynamically, is often a

useful predictor variable to suggest or explain property relationships.
Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the flexural stiffness and modulus
of elasticity (E) properties of wood-based materials by nondestructive testing using
transverse vibration in the vertical direction.
1.2 The test methods are limited to specimens having solid, rectangular sections.

Page 26 of 54
ASTM D6958 - 03(2014) - Standard Test Methods for Evaluating Side-Bonding

Potential of Wood Coatings
4.1 This test method was originally designed as a means of quantitatively measuring
the level of adhesion of the wood-wood interface caused by a wood coatings system
applied to the substrate. The tensile test is useful in measuring bonding strength of
coatings, such as gymnasium coatings, in which the wood strip flooring primarily
expands or contracts in response to changes across the cross-sectional width of the
strip floor.
4.2 This test method was further designed as a means of measuring the side-
bonding potential of wood coating systems.
Scope
1.1 These test methods describe an evaluation procedure for the determination of
undesirable side-bonding of coatings for wood flooring. They provide two mechanical
properties tests for the quantitative determination of the cohesive strength of wood
coatings (tensile and lap shear); they also provide a wood floor simulation test for the
qualitative determination of side-bonding potential of wood coatings.
ASTM D7438 - 13 - Standard Practice for Field Calibration and Application of

Hand-Held Moisture Meters
4.1 Hand-held meters provide a rapid means of sampling moisture content of wood-
based materials during and after processing to maintain quality assurance and
compliance with standards. However, these measurements are inferential; that is,
electrical parameters are measured and compared against a calibration to obtain an
indirect measure of moisture content. The electrical measurements are influenced by
actual moisture content, a number of other wood variables, environmental
conditions, geometry of the measuring probe circuitry, and design of the meter. The
maximum accuracy can only be obtained by an awareness of the effect of each
parameter on the meter output and correction of readings as specified by these test
methods. Appendix X1 is a commentary that provides explanation of the mandatory
sections and discussion of historical practices. Appendix X2 addresses the influence
of process and wood variables.
4.1.1 This practice provides for calibration and application of wood products that
contain commercial characteristics and that reflect the manufacturing environment.
4.2 Most uses of hand-held moisture meters’ employ correlative (predictive)

relationships between the meter reading and wood areas or volumes that exceed
that of the direct meter measurement (for example, larger specimens, pieces of
lumber, lots). The field calibration section of this practice anticipates the potential

Page 27 of 54
need for this type of sampling. These correlative uses are examined in Appendix X3.
Scope
1.1 This practice applies to the measurement of moisture content of solid wood,
including solid wood products containing additives, that is, chemicals or adhesives,
by hand-held moisture meters under conditions of end-use.
1.1.1 This practice includes calibration, use, and interpretation of meters for
conditions that relate to wood product characteristics, such as nonuniform grain and
growth ring orientation, and to end-use process conditions, such as moisture
gradients.
1.1.2 Meters employing differing technologies may not provide equivalent readings
under the same conditions. When this practice has been applied, it is assumed that
the referenced meter is acceptable unless otherwise specified. Meters shall have
been calibrated by Test Methods D4444.
ASTM D7469 - 16 - Standard Test Methods for End-Joints in Structural Wood

Products
4.1 These test methods are applicable to specimens with or without specific
conditioning regimens. Tests are permitted to be performed on specimens that are
not at moisture equilibrium, such as under production conditions in a plant, or on
specimens that have been conditioned to specified moisture content or durability
conditioning prior to testing.
4.2 These test methods can be used as follows:
4.2.1 To standardize the determination of strength properties for the material and
joint being tested.
4.2.2 To investigate the effect of parameters that may influence the structural
capacity of the joint, such as joint profile, adhesive type, moisture content,
temperature, and strength-reducing characteristics in the assembly.
4.3 These test methods do not intend to address all possible exposure or
performance expectations of end-joints. The following are some performance
characteristics not considered:
4.3.1 Long-term strength and permanence of the wood adhesive.
4.3.2 Time dependent mechanical properties of the joint.
4.3.3 Elevated temperature performance of the joint.

Page 28 of 54
Scope
1.1 This standard provides test methods for evaluating the structural capacity and
integrity of end-joints in structural wood products.
1.2 End-joints are manufactured by adhesive bonding of machined, mated surfaces

at the ends of two pieces of lumber to form a joint. Typical end-joint configurations
include finger joints and scarf joints. The combination of one or more end-joints and
the adjoining sections of the structural wood product within the assembly is
considered to be the test specimen.
1.3 Off-line test methods include: (1) Axial Tension, (2) Bending, and (3) Cyclic
Delamination.
1.4 In-line test methods include: (1) Tension Proof load and (2) Bending Proof load.
LUMBER and ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS
ASTM D245 - 06(2011) - Standard Practice for Establishing Structural Grades

and Related Allowable Properties for Visually Graded Lumber
Need for Lumber Grading:
Individual pieces of lumber, as they come from the saw, represent a wide range in
quality and appearance with respect to freedom from knots, cross grain, shakes, and
other characteristics. Such random pieces likewise represent a wide range in
strength, utility, serviceability, and value. One of the obvious requirements for the
orderly marketing of lumber is the establishment of grades that permit the
procurement of any required quality of lumber in any desired quantity. Maximum
economy of material is obtained when the range of quality-determining
characteristics in a grade is limited and all pieces are utilized to their full potential.
Many of the grades are established on the basis of appearance and physical
characteristics of the piece, but without regard for mechanical properties. Other
grades, called structural or stress grades, are established on the basis of features
that relate to mechanical properties. The latter designate near-minimum strength and
near-average stiffness properties on which to base structural design.
The development of this practice is based on extensive research covering tests of

small clear specimens and of full-sized structural members. Detailed studies have
included the strength and variability of clear wood, and the effect on strength from
various factors such as density, knots (See Terminology D9), and other defects,
seasoning, duration of stress, and temperature.
How Visual Grading is Accomplished— Visual grading is accomplished from an

examination of all four faces and the ends of the piece, in which the location as well
as the size and nature of the knots and other features appearing on the surfaces are
evaluated over the entire length. Basic principles of structural grading have been
established that permit the evaluation of any piece of stress-graded lumber in terms
of a strength ratio for each property being evaluated. The strength ratio of stress-

Page 29 of 54
graded lumber is the hypothetical ratio of the strength property being considered
compared to that for the material with no strength-reducing characteristic. Thus a
piece of stress-graded lumber with a strength ratio of 75 % in bending would be
expected to have 75 % of the bending strength of the clear piece. In effect, the
strength ratio system of visual structural grading is thus designed to permit
practically unlimited choice in establishing grades of any desired quality to best meet
production and utilization requirements.
Classification of Stress-Graded Lumber:
The various factors affecting strength, such as knots, deviations of grain, shakes,
and checks, differ in their effect, depending on the kind of loading and stress to
which the piece is subjected. Stress-graded lumber is often classified according to its
size and use. Four classes are widely used, as follows:
Dimension Lumber—Pieces of rectangular cross section, from nominal 2 to 4 in.

thick and 2 or more in. wide, graded primarily for strength in bending edgewise or
flatwise, but also frequently used where tensile or compressive strength is important.
Dimension lumber covers many sizes and end uses. Lumber graded for specific end
uses may dictate a special emphasis in grading and require an identifying grade
name.
Note 1—For example, in North American grading under the American Lumber
Standards Committee, stress graded dimension lumber categories that reflect end
use include Light Framing, Structural Light Framing, Structural Joists and Planks,
and Studs.
Beams and Stringers—Pieces of rectangular cross section, 5 in. nominal and thicker,
nominal width more than 2 in. greater than nominal thickness, graded for strength in
bending when loaded on the narrow face.
Posts and Timbers—Pieces of square or nearly square cross section, 5 by 5 in.,

nominal dimensions and larger, nominal width not more than 2 in. greater than
nominal thickness, graded primarily for use as posts or columns.
Stress-Rated Boards—Lumber less than 2 in. nominal in thickness and 2 in. or wider
nominal width, graded primarily for mechanical properties.
The assignment of names indicating the uses for the various classes of stress-
graded lumber does not preclude their use for other purposes. For example, posts
and timbers may give service as beams. The principles of stress grading permit the
assignment of any kind of allowable properties to any of the classes of stress-graded
lumber, whether graded primarily for that property or not. Recommendations for
allowable properties may include all properties for all grades or use classes. While
such universal application may result in loss of efficiency in some particulars, it offers
the advantage of a simpler system of grades of stress-graded lumber.
Essential Elements in a Stress-Grade Description:
A stress grade formulated by this practice contains the following essential elements:
A grade name that identifies the use-class as described in 3.3.
A description of permissible growth characteristics that affect mechanical properties.

Characteristics that do not affect mechanical properties may also be included.
One or more allowable properties for the grade related to its strength ratio.
Scope
1.1 This practice (1,2) covers the basic principles for establishing related unit

Page 30 of 54
stresses and stiffness values for design with visually-graded solid sawn structural
lumber. This practice starts with property values from clear wood specimens and
includes necessary procedures for the formulation of structural grades of any desired
strength ratio.
1.2 The grading provisions used as illustrations herein are not intended to establish
grades for purchase, but rather to show how stress-grading principles are applied.
Detailed grading rules for commercial stress grades which serve as purchase
specifications are established and published by agencies which formulate and
maintain such rules and operate inspection facilities covering the various species.
1.3 The material covered in this practice appears in the following order:
Section
Scope 1
Significance and Use 3
Basic Principles of Strength Ratios 4
Estimation and Limitation of Growth Characteristics 5
Allowable Properties for Timber Design 6
Modification of Allowable Properties for Design Use 7
Example of Stress-Grade Development 8
1.4 The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
ASTM D1990 - 16 - Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for

Visually-Graded Dimension Lumber from In-Grade Tests of Full-Size
Specimens
4.1 The procedures described in this practice are intended to be used to establish
allowable stress and modulus of elasticity values for solid sawn, visually graded
dimension lumber from In-Grade type test data. These procedures apply to the
tested and untested sizes and grades when an adequate data matrix of sizes and
grades exists. In addition, the methodology for establishing allowable stress and
modulus of elasticity values for combinations of species and species groups is
covered. Allowable stress and modulus of elasticity values may also be developed
for a single size or a single grade of lumber from test data.
4.2 Methods for establishing allowable stress and modulus of elasticity values for a
single size/grade test cell are covered in Practice D2915. The appropriateness of
these methods to establish allowable stress and modulus of elasticity values is

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directly dependent upon the quality and representativeness of the input test data.
4.3 A monitoring program shall be established to periodically review the continued

applicability of allowable properties derived by this practice. A monitoring program
will establish data sets that are either the same as, above, or below the data that
was used to develop the current allowable properties. Upon detection of a
statistically significant downward shift, evaluation of the data and confirmation of
remedial actions shall be undertaken. When evaluation is not undertaken or the
results of the evaluation indicate an adjustment to allowable properties is
appropriate, a reassessment shall be conducted to re-establish allowable properties.
NOTE 5: It is recognized that over time there is the potential for changes in the raw
material or product mix. In response to this a monitoring program must be conducted
to ensure design values derived by this practice are not invalidated by such changes.
If the data collected with a monitoring provides evidence of an statistically significant
downward shift in lumber properties an evaluation program in accordance with the
procedures of this practice is needed to detect and confirm that responses to such
changes are appropriate. Evaluation, if undertaken, provides a means for responding
to the data and assessing if the actions taken are sufficient. Following the
confirmation of a statistically significant downward shift, reassessment of values shall
be conducted if evaluation is either not undertaken or does not adequately address
the downward shift.
Scope
1.1 This practice covers the principles and procedures for establishing allowable
stress values for bending, tension parallel to grain, compression parallel to grain and
modulus of elasticity values for structural design from “In-Grade” tests of full-size
visually graded solid sawn dimension lumber. This practice also covers procedures
for periodic monitoring, and additional procedures, if needed, for evaluation and
possible reassessment of assigned design values. This practice is focused on, but is
not limited to, grades which used the concepts incorporated in Practice D245 and
were developed and interpreted under American Softwood Lumber PS 20.
1.2 A basic assumption of the procedures used in this practice is that the samples
selected and tested are representative of the entire global population being
evaluated. This approach is consistent with the historical clear wood methodology of
assigning an allowable property to visually-graded lumber which was representative
of the entire growth range of a species or species group. Every effort shall be made
to ensure the test sample is representative of population by grade and size.
1.3 Due to the number of specimens involved and the number of mechanical
properties to be evaluated, a methodology for evaluating the data and assigning
allowable properties to both tested and untested grade/size cells is necessary.
Sampling and analysis of tested cells are covered in Practice D2915. The
mechanical test methods are covered in Test Methods D198 and D4761. This
practice covers the necessary procedures for assigning allowable stress and
modulus of elasticity values to dimension lumber from In-Grade tests. The practice
includes methods to permit assignment of allowable stress and modulus of elasticity
values to untested sizes and grades, as well as some untested properties. The
practice includes procedures for periodic monitoring of the species or species group
to quantify potential changes in the product and verification of the assigned design
values through, evaluation, and reassessment.
NOTE 1: In the implementation of the North American In-Grade test program,

allowable stress values for compression perpendicular to grain and shear parallel to
grain for structural design were calculated using the procedures of Practice D245.
1.4 This practice only covers dimension lumber.

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ASTM D2555 - 17a - Standard Practice for Establishing Clear Wood Strength
Values
Abstract
This practice presents the two standard methods for determining the strength values
of clear wood of different species in the unseasoned condition, unadjusted for end
use, applicable to the establishment of working stresses for different solid wood
products such as lumber, laminated wood, plywood, and round timbers. Method A
provides for the use of the results of surveys of wood density involving extensive
sampling of forest trees, in combination with the data obtained from standard
strength tests. The average strength properties are obtained from wood density
survey data through linear regression equations establishing the relation of specific
gravity to the several strength properties. Method B, on the other hand, provides for
the establishment of tables of strength values based on standard tests of small clear
specimens in the unseasoned condition for use when data from density surveys are
not available. Separate tables are employed to present the data on woods grown in
the United States and on woods grown in Canada. Guidelines for the interpretation
of the data in terms of assigned values, information basic to the translation of the
clear wood values into working stresses, presently available data with appropriate
provisions for their application and use, and methods for estimating some useful
mechanical properties by relating them to other properties are presented herein as
well.
Scope
1.1 This practice covers the determination of strength values for clear wood of
different species in the unseasoned condition, unadjusted for end use, applicable to
the establishment of design values for different solid wood products such as lumber,
laminated wood, plywood, and round timbers. Presented are:
1.1.1 Procedures by which test values obtained on small clear specimens may be
combined with density data from extensive forest surveys to make them more
representative,
1.1.2 Guidelines for the interpretation of the data in terms of assigned values for
combinations of species or regional divisions within a species to meet special
marketing needs, and
1.1.3 Information basic to the translation of the clear wood values into design values
for different solid wood products for different end uses.
1.1.4 For species where density survey data are not as yet available for the re-
evaluation of average strength properties, the presently available data from tests
made under the sampling methods and procedures of Test Methods D143 or
Practice E105 are provided with appropriate provision for their application and use.
Because of the comprehensive manner in which the density survey is undertaken, it
follows that the re-evaluated strength data are intended to be representative of the
forest stand, or rather large forest subdivisions.
1.1.5 Some useful mechanical properties (tensile strengths parallel and

perpendicular to grain, modulus of rigidity for a longitudinal-transverse plane, and
transverse modulus of elasticity) have not been extensively evaluated. Methods are
described for estimating these properties by their relation to other properties.

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ASTM D2915 - 17 - Standard Practice for Sampling and Data-Analysis for

Structural Wood and Wood-Based Products
Abstract
This practice covers sampling and analysis procedures for the investigation and
evaluation of allowable properties of specified populations of stress-graded structural
lumber. This practice generally assumes that the population is sufficiently large so
that, for sampling purposes, it may be considered infinite. The population shall be
clearly defined where it may be necessary to specify the following: (1) grade name
and description, (2) geographical area over which sampling will take place, (3)
species or species group, (4) time span for sampling (5) lumber size, and (6)
moisture content. Two statistical techniques are described under this practice,
namely: parametric and nonparametric analysis. The sampling methods include: (1)
random sampling, (2) sampling with unequal probabilities, and (3) sequential
sampling. Selection and method of determining sample size are detailed. The results
of the tests performed shall be presented as (1) a set of summarizing statistics, and
(2) an appendix of unadjusted individual test specimen results. The procedures and
requirements for analysis of results are detailed and includes the following: (1)
adjustment factors used to reduce the test statistics to the level of allowable
properties, (2) formula for calculating apparent modulus of elasticity, sample mean,
sample standard deviation, and confidence interval for the mean (3) sample
nonparametric percent point estimate, (4) nonparametric lower tolerance limit, (5)
parametric point estimate, (6) lower parametric tolerance limit, and (7) histogram and
empirical cumulative distribution function. This practice does not specify the action to
be taken after the results have been analyzed.
Scope
1.1 This practice covers sampling and analysis procedures for the investigation of
specified populations of wood and wood-based structural products referred to in this
standard as products. Appropriate product standards should be referenced for
presentation requirements for data. Depending on the interest of the user, the
population from which samples are taken may range from the products produced at
a specific manufacturing site to all the products produced in a particular grade from a
particular geographic area, during some specified interval of time. This practice
generally assumes that the population is sufficiently large so that, for sampling
purposes, it may be considered infinite. Where this assumption is inadequate, that is,
the population is assumed finite, many of the provisions of this practice may be
employed but the sampling and analysis procedure must be designed to reflect a
finite population. The statistical techniques embodied in this practice provide
procedures to summarize data so that logical judgments can be made. This practice
does not specify the action to be taken after the results have been analyzed. The
action to be taken depends on the particular requirements of the user of the product.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This practice does not purport to address the adjustment factors needed to
adjust test data to standardized mechanical and environmental conditions (that is,
temperature, moisture, test span, or load duration). Additionally, it provides a basis
for statistical estimates that will typically require further adjustment to determine
design values for use with an accepted design methodology (that is, allowable
stress, limit states, or load and resistance factor design). It shall be the responsibility

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of the user to seek out the appropriate adjustments in specific product standards.
ASTM D3737 - 12 - Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for

Structural Glued Laminated Timber
Abstract
This practice details the standard procedures for establishing the allowable
properties for structural glued laminated timber (glulam). Allowable properties
include: stress indexes; stress modification factors associated with slop of grain;
stresses for bending, tension and compression parallel to the grain; horizontal shear;
compression perpendicular to the grain; radial tension and compression stresses in
curved members; grade adjustment factors; modulus of elasticity; and modulus of
rigidity. This practice is limited to the calculation of allowable properties subject to the
given procedures for the selection and arrangement of grades of lumber of the
species considered. It does not cover the requirements for production, inspection
and certification, but in order to justify the allowable properties developed using
procedures in this practice, manufacturers must conform to recognized
manufacturing standards.
Scope
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for establishing allowable properties for
structural glued laminated timber. Included are the allowable stresses for bending,
tension and compression parallel to the grain, horizontal shear, compression
perpendicular to the grain, and radial tension and compression in curved members.
Also included are modulus of elasticity and modulus of rigidity.
1.2 This practice is limited to the calculation of allowable properties subject to the
given procedures for the selection and arrangement of grades of lumber of the
species considered.
1.3 Requirements for production, inspection and certification are not included, but in
order to justify the allowable properties developed using procedures in this practice,
manufacturers must conform to recognized manufacturing standards. Refer to
ANSI/AITC A190.1 and CSA O122.
ASTM D3957 - 09(2015) - Standard Practices for Establishing Stress Grades for
Structural Members Used in Log Buildings
Abstract
These practices cover the visual stress-grading principles applicable to structural

wood members of nonrectangular shape, as typically used in log buildings. The
grading provisions presented herein are not intended to establish grades for
purchase, but rather to show how stress-grading principles are applied to members
used in log buildings.
Scope
1.1 These practices cover the visual stress-grading principles applicable to structural
wood members of nonrectangular shape, as typically used in log buildings. These
practices are meant to supplement the ASTM standards listed in Section 2, which

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cover stress-grading of sawn lumber and round timbers. Pieces covered by these
practices may also be used in building types other than log buildings.
1.2 The grading provisions used as illustrations herein are not intended to establish
grades for purchase, but rather to show how stress-grading principles are applied to
members used in log buildings. Detailed grading rules for commercial stress grades
which serve as purchase specifications are established and published by agencies
that formulate and maintain such rules and operate inspection facilities covering the
various species.
ASTM D5055 - 16 - Standard Specification for Establishing and Monitoring

Structural Capacities of Prefabricated Wood I-Joists
Abstract
This specification gives procedures for establishing, monitoring, and reevaluating

structural capacities of prefabricated wood I-joists. Capacities considered are shear,
moment, and stiffness. Procedures for establishing common details are given and
certain design considerations specific to wood I-joists are itemized. Qualification is
required for certain common details of I-joist application since they often influence
structural capacities. All capacities are to be reported with three significant digits.
Shear capacity qualification, moment capacity qualification, end joint qualification,
stiffness capacity and creep qualification, and details of end use shall be established
to meet the requirements prescribed. Design values are determined from the
analysis and capacities as specified. The bearing capacity and regarded solid sawn
lumber flanges shall be reevaluated to meet the requirements prescribed. The shear
and flange material, and empirical moment capacity shall be tested to meet the
requirements prescribed.
Scope
1.1 General—This specification gives procedures for establishing, monitoring, and

reevaluating structural capacities of prefabricated wood I-joists. Capacities
considered are shear, reaction, moment, and stiffness. Procedures for establishing
common details are given and certain design considerations specific to wood I-joists
are itemized.
ASTM D5456 - 17e1 - Standard Specification for Evaluation of Structural

Composite Lumber Products
Abstract
This specification recognizes the complexity of structural glued products. This

specification, or parts thereof, shall be applicable to structural composite lumber
portions of manufactured structural components. Tests shall be performed to
determine the properties of the material in accordance to the following test methods:
moisture content measurement; bending; tension parallel to grain; compression

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parallel to grain; compression perpendicular to grain; longitudinal shear; connections;
bond quality; product durability; edgewise bending durability; lateral edge nail
durability; thickness swell; and density gradient through the thickness.
Scope
1.1 This specification recognizes the complexity of structural glued products.

Consequently, this specification covers both specific procedures and statements of
intent that sampling and analysis must relate to the specific product.
1.2 This specification was developed in the light of currently manufactured products
as defined in 3.2. Materials that do not conform to the definitions are beyond the
scope of this specification.
1.3 Details of manufacturing procedures are beyond the scope of this specification.
NOTE 1: There is some potential for manufacturing variables to affect the properties
of members that are loaded for sustained periods of time. Users of this specification
are advised to consider the commentary on this topic in Appendix X2.
1.4 This specification primarily considers end use in dry service conditions, such as
with most protected framing members, where the average equilibrium moisture
content for solid-sawn lumber is less than 16 %. The conditioning environment
of 6.3 is considered representative of such uses.
1.5 The performance of structural composite lumber is affected by wood species,

wood element size and shape, and adhesive and production parameters. Therefore,
products produced by each individual manufacturer shall be evaluated to determine
their product properties, regardless of the similarity in characteristics to products
produced by other manufacturers. Where a manufacturer produces product in more
than one facility, each production facility shall be evaluated independently. For
additional production facilities, any revisions to the full qualification program in
accordance with this specification shall be approved by the independent qualifying
agency.
1.6 This specification is intended to provide manufacturers, regulatory agencies, and

end users with a means to evaluate a composite lumber product intended for use as
a structural material.
1.7 This specification covers initial qualification sampling, mechanical and physical
tests, analysis, and design value assignments. Requirements for a quality-control
program and cumulative evaluations are included to ensure maintenance of
allowable design values for the product.
1.8 This specification, or parts thereof, shall be applicable to structural composite

lumber portions of manufactured structural components.
ASTM D5457 – 17 - Standard Specification for Computing Reference

Resistance of Wood-Based Materials and Structural Connections for Load and

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Resistance Factor Design
Abstract
This specification covers procedures for computing the reference resistance of

wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance
factor design (LRFD). Parameters required for the derivation of reference resistance
are presented. These parameters include the distribution percentile, coefficient of
variation, data confidence factor, and reliability normalization factor. The shape and
scale parameters of the two-parameter Weibull distribution shall be established to
define the distribution of the material resistance. The data confidence factor
accounts for uncertainty associated with data sets. This factor, which is a function of
coefficient of variation, sample size, and reference percentile, is applied as a
multiplier on the distribution estimate. The reliability normalization factor is used to
adjust the distribution estimate to achieve a target reliability index. The reliability
normalization factor is the ratio of the computed resistance factor to the specified
resistance factor, adjusted by a scaling factor.
Scope
1.1 This specification covers procedures for computing the reference resistance of
wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance
factor design (LRFD). The format conversion procedure is outlined in Section 4. The
test-based derivation procedure is outlined in Annex A1. The reference resistance
derived from this specification applies to the design of structures addressed by the
load combinations in ASCE 7-10.
ASTM D6570 - 04(2010) - Standard Practice for Assigning Allowable Properties

for Mechanically Graded Lumber
The procedures described in this practice are intended to be used to establish

appropriate allowable unit stresses, moduli of elasticity, and specific gravity for
mechanically graded solid sawn lumber. An on-going quality control program to
monitor compliance with the assigned grade properties is required.
Scope
1.1 This practice covers the methodology of grade qualification, assignment of

design properties, and requirements for the quality control of mechanically graded
solid sawn lumber.
1.2 This practice acknowledges alternative methods for the assignment of specific
properties. These methods are assignment by test, relationship to other properties,
and by procedures in other appropriate standards.
ASTM D7031 - 11 - Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical and Physical

Properties of Wood-Plastic Composite Products
WPCs are intended for use in both structural and non-structural applications. The
test methods described within are intended to address products that are
manufactured from virgin or recycled wood and thermoplastic sources. These
methods provide a reference for the evaluation of several mechanical and physical
properties important for structural and non-structural uses of WPCs.

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Scope
1.1 This guide covers test methods appropriate for evaluating a wide range of
performance properties for wood-plastic composite (WPC) products. It was
developed from evaluations of both experimental and currently manufactured
products, and is not intended to suggest that all the tests listed are necessary or
appropriate for each application of a WPC. The user must determine which test
methods apply to the particular application being evaluated.
1.2 Details of manufacturing processes may be proprietary and are beyond the
scope of this guide.
ASTM D7032 - 17 - Standard Specification for Establishing Performance

Ratings for Wood-Plastic Composite and Plastic Lumber Deck Boards, Stair
Treads, Guards, and Handrails
Abstract
This specification presents the standard procedures for establishing the performance
rating of wood-plastic composite (WPC) deck boards and guardrail systems (guards
or handrails). The purpose of this specification is to establish the basis for code
recognition of these products or systems in exterior applications where combustible
construction is allowed. The general requirements for these products shall be
dictated by their performance in the following test methods: flexural tests;
temperature and moisture effects; ultraviolet resistance test; freeze-thaw resistance
test; bio deterioration tests; and fire performance tests. Deck boards shall
additionally have examined by: creep-recovery test; determination of unadjusted
allowable load; mechanical fastener holding tests; and slip resistance test. In the
same manner, guards and handrails shall additionally be analyzed through
concentrated load tests, and one- and two-family dwelling requirements.
Scope
1.1 This specification covers procedures to establish a performance rating for wood-
plastic composite and plastic lumber for use as exterior deck boards, stair treads,
guards, and handrails. The purpose of this specification is to establish a basis for
code recognition of these products or systems in exterior applications. The products
addressed in this specification are considered combustible.
NOTE 1: While wood-plastic composites contain wood or other cellulosic materials,

the presence of wood or other cellulosic materials in plastic lumber is not required by
this specification. Due to non-wood materials in wood-plastic composites and plastic
lumber the structural, physical, fire, and other attributes may not be similar to those
of wood.
1.1.1 The plastic component of wood-plastic composites and plastic lumber covered
by this specification shall consist primarily of thermoplastics.
1.2 Deck boards, stair treads, guards, and handrails covered by this specification are
permitted to be of any code compliant shape and thickness (solid or non-solid).
1.3 Wood-plastic composites and plastic lumber are produced in a broad range of
fiber and/or resin formulations. It is recognized that the performance requirements in
this specification are valid for any material or combination of materials used as deck
boards, stair treads, guards, or handrails.
1.7 Table of Contents:

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Section
Scope 1
Referenced Documents 2
Terminology 3
General Requirements 4
Sampling 4.1
Sample Size 4.2
Conditioning 4.3
Flexural Tests 4.4
Temperature and Moisture Effects 4.5
Ultraviolet (UV) Resistance Test 4.6
Freeze-Thaw Resistance Test 4.7
Biodeterioration Tests 4.8
Fire Performance Tests 4.9
Deck Board Performance Requirements 5
General 5.1
Flexural Performance Tests 5.2
Determination of the Unadjusted Allowable Load 5.3
Creep-Recovery Test 5.4
Mechanical Fastener Holding Tests 5.5
Slip Resistance Test 5.6
Guard and Handrail Performance Requirements 6
General 6.1
Guardrail System Test Requirements 6.2
One- and Two-Family Dwelling Requirements 6.2.1.1
Handrail Test Requirements (Concentrated Load) 6.3
Report 7
Independent Inspection 8
Manufacturing Standard 9
Precision and Bias 10
Keywords 11
Two-Span Test Method Annex A1
Commentary Appendix X1
ASTM D7199 - 07(2012) - Standard Practice for Establishing Characteristic

Values for Reinforced Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam) Beams Using
Mechanics-Based Models
Abstract
This practice covers mechanics-based models for calculating characteristic values

for the strength and stiffness of reinforced structural glued laminated timbers
(glulam). The mechanics-based analyses shall account for the following: (1) stress-
strain relationships for wood laminations and reinforcement; (2) strain compatibility;
(3) equilibrium; (4) variability of mechanical properties; (5) volume effects; (6) finger-
joint effects; (7) laminating effects; and (8) stress concentrations at the termination of
reinforcement in beams with partial length reinforcement. This practice also provides
for minimum physical test requirements to validate mechanics-based models. A

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minimum set of performance-based durability test requirements for reinforced
glulams is also herein described. Additional durability test requirements shall be
considered in accordance with the specific end-use environment.
Scope
1.1 This practice covers mechanics-based requirements for calculating characteristic

values for the strength and stiffness of reinforced structural glued laminated timbers
(glulam) manufactured in accordance with applicable provisions of ANSI/AITC
A190.1, subjected to quasi-static loadings. It addresses methods to obtain bending
properties parallel to grain, about the x-x axis (Fbx and Ex) for horizontally-laminated
reinforced glulam beams. Secondary properties such as bending about the y-y axis
(Fby), shear parallel to grain (F vx and Fvy), tension parallel to grain (Ft), compression
parallel to grain (Fc), and compression perpendicular to grain (Fc ) are beyond the
scope of this practice. When determination of secondary properties is deemed
necessary, testing according to other applicable methods, such as Test
Methods D143, D198 or analysis in accordance with Practice D3737, is required to
establish these secondary properties. Reinforced glulam beams subjected to axial
loads are outside the scope of this standard. This practice also provides minimum
test requirements to validate the mechanics-based model.
1.2 The practice also describes a minimum set of performance-based durability test
requirements for reinforced glulams, as specified in Annex A1. Additional durability
test requirements shall be considered in accordance with the specific end-use
environment. Appendix X1 provides an example of a mechanics-based methodology
that satisfies the requirements set forth in this standard.
1.3 Characteristic strength and elastic properties obtained using this standard may
be used as a basis for developing design values. However, the proper safety,
serviceability and adjustment factors including duration of load, to be used in design
are outside the scope of this standard.
1.4 This practice does not cover unbonded reinforcement, prestressed

reinforcement, nor shear reinforcement.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The mechanics
based model may be developed using SI or in.-lb units.
ASTM D7341 - 14 - Standard Practice for Establishing Characteristic Values for

Flexural Properties of Structural Glued Laminated Timber by Full-Scale Testing
10.1 Full-scale bending testing is an effective way to determine flexural properties of

structural glued laminated timber (glulam) beams. However, testing of large glulam
members is cost prohibitive. Mathematical models, when confirmed by full-scale test
results, are useful tools to assign flexural properties for glulam. This practice
provides guidelines for sampling and testing full-scale glulam beams to determine
their flexural properties and to validate mathematical models intended for use in
assigning flexural design values.
Scope
1.1 This practice describes procedures for full scale testing of structural glued

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laminated timber (glulam) to determine or verify characteristic values used to
calculate flexural design properties. Guidelines are given for: (1) testing individual
structural glued laminated timber lay-ups (with no modeling), (2) testing individual
glulam combinations (with limited modeling), and (3) validating models used to
predict characteristic values.
1.2 This practice is limited to procedures for establishing flexural properties (Modulus
of Rupture, MOR, and Modulus of Elasticity, MOE). Some of the principles for
sampling and analysis presented may be applicable to other properties. However,
other properties may require additional testing considerations that are beyond the
scope of this practice.
1.3 This practice is not intended to supersede the provisions of Practice D3737, but
provides an alternative method for establishing characteristic values. Lay-up
combinations developed in accordance with Practice D3737 are not required to be
governed by this standard.
NOTE 1—The models described by Practice D3737 have been developed and
modified based on more than 50 years of experience and many test programs. In
some cases, however, it may be desirable to develop a new model based on other
input properties or using lumber materials or grades not covered by that standard.
1.4 Details of production, inspection, and certification are beyond the scope of this
document. However, for test results to be representative of production, quality control
systems shall be in place to ensure consistent quality. Manufacturing shall conform
to recognized manufacturing standards such as ANSI A190.1 or CSA O122.
1.5 Adjustments to characteristic values to determine reference values for design

shall be in accordance with Practice D2915 for allowable stress design (ASD) or
Specification D5457 for load and resistance factor design (LRFD).
1.6 Adjustments to ASD reference values for end-use conditions intended for design
purposes shall be performed in accordance with Practice D3737. The same
adjustment factors shall apply to LRFD reference values, except that the ASD load
duration factor shall be replaced by an appropriate LRFD time effect factor as
determined in accordance with recognized industry practice.
1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other
units of measurement are included in this standard.
ASTM D7374 - 08(2015) - Standard Practice for Evaluating Elevated

Temperature Performance of Adhesives Used in End-Jointed Lumber
5.1 End-jointed lumber studs used in fire resistance-rated assemblies shall be able
to support the superimposed design load for the specified time under an elevated
temperature exposure, when a wall assembly is exposed to a standard fire specified
in Test Methods E119. Light-weight wood assemblies utilize gypsum wallboard or
other types of membrane protection to accomplish a requisite fire resistance rating
for the assembly. However, wood studs and the end-joints in the studs shall resist
the developed elevated temperature environment for the duration of the rating. This
practice provides a method for evaluating the elevated temperature performance of

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an adhesive used in end-jointed lumber as compared with the elevated temperature
performance of solid wood.
Scope
1.1 This standard practice is to be used to evaluate the elevated temperature

performance of adhesives used in end-jointed lumber.
1.2 A symmetric wall assembly containing end-jointed lumber studs is exposed to a

standard fire exposure specified in Test Methods E119.
1.3 The wall assembly shall sustain the applied load during a standard fire exposure
specified in Test Methods E119 for a period of 60 min or more.
1.4 This practice is used to evaluate the performance of adhesives used in end-
jointed lumber to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but it does not by itself
incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment under actual
fire conditions.
ASTM D7470 - 08(2015) - Standard Practice for Evaluating Elevated

Temperature Performance of End-Jointed Lumber Studs
5.1 End-jointed lumber studs used in fire resistance-rated assemblies shall be able
to support the superimposed design load for the specified time under an elevated
temperature exposure, when a wall assembly is exposed to a standard fire specified
in Test Methods E119. Light-weight wood assemblies utilize gypsum wallboard or
other types of membrane protection to accomplish a requisite fire resistance rating
for the assembly. However, wood studs and the end-joints in the studs shall resist
the developed elevated temperature environment for the duration of the rating. This
practice provides a method for evaluating the elevated temperature performance of
an assembly constructed with end-jointed studs having fire performance comparable
to an assembly constructed with solid-sawn studs.
Scope
1.1 This practice is to be used to evaluate the elevated temperature performance of

end-jointed lumber studs.
1.2 A symmetric wall assembly containing end-jointed lumber studs is exposed to a

standard fire exposure specified in Test Methods E119.
1.3 End-jointed lumber studs are deemed qualified if the wall assembly resists a
standard fire exposure specified in Test Methods E119 for a period of 60 min or
more. Qualification of end-jointed lumber studs are restricted to the joint
configuration and adhesive tested.
1.4 This practice is used to evaluate the performance of end-jointed lumber studs to
heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all
factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment under actual fire conditions.

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1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The
values given in parentheses are for information only.
POLE and PILE PRODUCTS
ASTM D25 - 12(2017) - Standard Specification for Round Timber Piles
Abstract
This specification deals with the standards for unused round timber piles to be used
either treated or untreated. This specification, however, does not cover preused piles
unless the piles have the quality and design stresses equal to or greater than those
prescribed herein. The piles shall be made of sound wood, free of decay, insect
attacks, marine borer attack, and Limnoria damage. The piles shall also be cut
above the ground swell and have a tapered tip.
Scope
1.1 This specification covers the physical characteristics of unused round timber
piles to be used either treated or untreated.
1.2 This specification is not intended for preused piles unless the piles have the
quality specified by this specification and design stresses equal to or greater than
those derived from Method D2899.
ASTM D1036 - 99(2017) - Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Wood Poles
4.1 Tests of wood poles are made to determine:
4.1.1 Data for use in establishing allowable stresses,
4.1.2 Data upon which to base economical pole line design,

Page 44 of 54
4.1.3 Data on the strength properties of different species in pole sizes,
4.1.4 Data as to the influence of defects on the strength properties of poles,
4.1.5 Data as to the effect of preservatives and preservative treatments on the

strength properties of poles, and
4.1.6 Data for correlating the strength properties of full-size poles with those of small
clear specimens of the same species.
4.2 Treating procedures to which poles have been subjected may introduce variables
that prohibit direct comparisons between different groups of data. Complete
information on the treating techniques shall form a part of the test records.
Scope
1.1 These test methods cover determination of the bending strength and stiffness of
wood poles. Knowledge of these properties is used in providing for reliable and
economical design with poles of different species, size, or grade.
1.2 Two test methods are included: the cantilever test method and the machine test
method.
1.3 Provision is also made for extracting small clear specimens from the butt section
and determining static bending and compression parallel to grain strength values in
accordance with Test Methods D143.
1.4 The procedures specified in these test methods apply to tests of either treated or
untreated material.
ASTM D2899 - 12(2017) - Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Stresses

for Round Timber Piles
4.1 This practice is intended for use by associations, technical societies and other
groups that develop national design standards and use recommendations for round
timber piles.
4.2 In using allowable stresses established under this practice, factors specific to
each end use which may affect the performance of the pile system shall be
considered. Such factors include the location of the critical section, the bearing
capacity of the soil, the ability of the pile to withstand driving forces and conditions of
service.
Scope
1.1 This practice contains procedures for establishing allowable stresses for round
timber piles starting with clear wood strength properties.
1.2 Stresses established under this practice are applicable to piles conforming to the
quality, straightness, spiral grain, knot, check, shake, and split provisions of
Specification D25.

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ASTM D3200 - 74(2017) - Standard Specification and Test Method for
Establishing Recommended Design Stresses for Round Timber Construction
Poles
Scope
1.1 This specification covers the physical characteristics of round timber construction
poles to be used either treated or untreated.
1.2 This test method covers basic principles for establishing recommended design
stress values for round timber construction poles that are applicable to the quality
described.
ASTM D7381 - 07(2013) - Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Stresses

for Round Timbers for Piles from Tests of Full-Size Material
4.1 This practice is primarily intended for use by associations, third-party grading
agencies, technical societies and other groups that develop national design
standards and use recommendations for round timber piles.
4.2 This practice provides procedures for establishing compression parallel to grain
and bending stresses for round timber piles including: sampling of material for
testing; methods of test and property calculation procedures; distribution analysis of
test data; procedures for determining adjustments for critical section location; pile
oversize, load sharing and treatment; and procedures for deriving allowable
stresses.
4.3 In using allowable stresses established under this practice, factors specific to
each end use which may affect the performance of the pile system shall be
considered by the designer. Such factors include the location of the critical section,
the bearing capacity of the soil, the ability of the pile to withstand driving forces, the
properties of the cap or load distributive element tying piles together and the loading
and conditions of service.
Scope
1.1 This practice contains procedures for establishing allowable compression parallel
to grain and bending stresses for round timbers used for piling, based on results
from full-size tests.
NOTE 1—Allowable stresses for compression perpendicular to grain and shear

properties are established in accordance with the provisions of Practice D2899.
1.2 Stresses established under this practice are applicable to piles conforming to the
size, quality, straightness, spiral grain, knot, shake and split provisions of
Specification D25.
1.3 A commentary on the practice is available from ASTM International.
TREATMENTS OF WOOD PRODUCTS

Page 46 of 54
ASTM D3345 - 17 - Standard Test Method for Laboratory Evaluation of Solid
Wood for Resistance to Termites
Abstract
This test method covers the laboratory evaluation of treated or untreated cellulosic
material for its resistance to subterranean termites. This test should be considered
as a screening test for treated material and further evaluation by field methods is
required. Different kinds of equipment and materials to be used in the evaluation of
the cellulosic material include containers, glass or clean plastic, tray, enamel,
stainless steel, paper towels, and volatile chemicals. Southern yellow pine (SYP)
sapwood with no visible defects and smoothed surfaces shall be evaluated by using
reagents like benzalkonium chloride solution and distilled water. Other wood species
may be used, but in each separate test using other species as the major test wood,
five SYP sapwood blocks should be used as additional controls to permit the
correlation of test results among laboratories. A block evaluation with corresponding
rating system shall be performed by visualization method.
Scope
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory evaluation of treated or untreated solid
wood for its resistance to subterranean termites. This test is considered as a
screening test for treated material and further evaluation by field methods is
required.
ASTM D4445 - 10(2015) - Standard Test Method for Fungicides for Controlling
Sapstain and Mold on Unseasoned Lumber (Laboratory Method)
Scope
1.1 This (laboratory) test method is used for determining the minimum concentration
of fungicide, or formulation of fungicides, that is effective in preventing
biodeterioration by sapstain fungi and molds in selected species of wood under
optimum laboratory conditions.
NOTE 1: From the results of this test, commercial treating solution concentrations
cannot be estimated without further field tests.
WOOD ASSEMBLIES
ASTM D1761 - 12 - Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Fasteners in Wood

Page 47 of 54
4.1 The resistance of a species of wood or a wood-base product to direct withdrawal

of nails, staples, or screws is a measure of its ability to hold or be held to an
adjoining object by means of such fasteners. Factors that affect this withdrawal
resistance include the physical and mechanical properties of the wood; the size,
shape, and surface condition of the fasteners; the speed of withdrawal; physical
changes to wood or fasteners between time of driving and time of withdrawal;
orientation of fiber axis; and the occurrence and nature of pre-board lead holes.
4.2 By using a standard size and type of nail, staple, or screw, withdrawal resistance
of a wood species or wood product can be determined, and such values for two or
more wood species or wood products can be compared. Throughout the method this
is referred to as the basic withdrawal test. Similarly, comparative performances of
different sizes or types of nail, staple, or screw can be determined by using a
standard procedure with a particular wood or wood product, which eliminates the
wood or the wood product as a variable. Since differences in test methods can have
considerable influence on results, it is important that a standard procedure be
specified and adhered to, if test values are to be related to other test results.
Scope
1.1 These test methods provide a basic procedure for evaluating the resistance of
wood and wood-base materials to direct withdrawal of nails, staples, and screws.
Spikes are included as nails in this standard.
1.2 The tests also provide a basis for determining comparable performance of
different types and sizes of nails, staples, and screws in direct withdrawal from wood
and wood-base materials.
ASTM D5124 - 96(2013) - Standard Practice for Testing and Use of a Random
Number Generator in Lumber and Wood Products Simulation
Scope
1.1 This practice gives a minimum testing procedure of computer generation routines
for the standard uniform distribution. Random observations from the standard
uniform distribution, RU, range from zero to one with every value between zero and
one having an equal chance of occurrence.
1.2 The tests described in this practice only support the basic use of random number
generators, not their use in complex or extremely precise simulations.
1.3 Simulation details for the normal, lognormal, 2-parameter Weibull and 3-
parameter Weibull probability distributions are presented.
ASTM D5652 - 15 -Standard Test Methods for Single-Bolt Connections in Wood

and Wood-Based Products
Scope
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for evaluating the strength and stiffness of
single-bolt connections in wood or wood-based products when subjected to short-
term static loading. These test methods serve as a basis for determining the effects
of various factors on the strength and stiffness of the connection. Long-term loading
and creep displacement characteristics are outside the scope of this protocol.
1.2 These test methods are intended for situations employing a smooth shank bolt
with a constant diameter.

Page 48 of 54
ASTM D5764 - 97a(2013) - Standard Test Method for Evaluating Dowel-Bearing
Strength of Wood and Wood-Based Products
5.1 The localized crushing behavior of wood or wood-base products beneath a

fastener where the fastener does not bend provides a material property that is used
in theoretical models for connections where crushing or fastener bending, or both,
occur. These theoretical models are used to establish design values for wood and
wood-base connections. The tests are appropriate when studying the effects of such
variables as fastener diameter, fastener hole size, moisture content, specific gravity,
and grain direction on the dowel-bearing strength.
Scope
1.1 This test method provides the basic procedure for evaluating dowel-bearing
strength of wood and wood-based products. The bearing test results are used to
determine the static load resistance and deformation characteristics of connections
in wood and wood-base products resulting from the application of a load transmitted
by a fastener inserted into a predrilled hole, or driven without drilling. Methods are
given for preparing specimens with predrilled holes larger than the fastener diameter
and specimens with holes produced by inserting fasteners in holes smaller than the
fastener diameter. The methods apply to fasteners such as dowels, bolts, nails,
spikes, drift pins, screws, lag screws, and staples.
1.2 This test method also provides the basis for determining the compression
behavior of wood products beneath a laterally loaded fastener where the thickness of
the product and the diameter of the fastener are such that minimal bending of the
fastener occurs during testing.
ASTM D5933 - 96(2013) - Standard Specification for 2 5/8-in. and 4-in. Diameter
Metal Shear Plates for Use in Wood Constructions
Scope
1.1 This specification covers standardizing the dimensions and materials for the
5
manufacture of 2 /8 and 4-in. diameter steel or cast iron shear plates used in the
fabrication of connections in wood constructions. The referencing of this specification
in design, construction, and purchase order documents gives the using parties
ensurance that the shear plates to be used in an assembly meet minimum materials
quality standards and that dimensions for fabrication and finish can be relied on to
ensure connection performance. This specification provides regulatory agencies with
a set of standards by which to judge the acceptability of shear plates encountered in
the field and in fabricators' shops.
values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 Safety Hazards—There are no known hazards with the use of this specification.

Page 49 of 54
The products manufactured to this specification should not be brittle or difficult to
install with proper tools.
ASTM D6513 - 14 - Standard Practice for Calculating the Superimposed Load

on Wood-frame Walls for Standard Fire-Resistance Tests
Scope
1.1 This practice covers procedures for calculating the superimposed axial load
required to be applied to load-bearing wood-frame walls throughout standard fire-
resistance and fire and hose-stream tests.
1.2 The calculations determine the maximum load allowed by design for wood-frame
wall assemblies under nationally recognized structural design criteria.
1.3 This practice is only applicable to those wood-frame assemblies for which the
nationally recognized structural design criteria is the National Design Specification
for Wood Construction (NDS).2
1.4 The system of units to be used is that of the nationally recognized structural
design criteria. For the NDS, the units are inch-pound.
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide
figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
ASTM D6555 - 17 - Standard Guide for Evaluating System Effects in Repetitive-

Member Wood Assemblies
Scope
1.1 This guide identifies variables to consider when evaluating repetitive-member

assembly performance for parallel framing systems.
1.2 This guide defines terms commonly used to describe interaction mechanisms.
1.3 This guide discusses general approaches to quantifying an assembly adjustment

including limitations of methods and materials when evaluating repetitive-member
assembly performance.
1.4 This guide does not detail the techniques for modeling or testing repetitive-
member assembly performance.
1.5 The analysis and discussion presented in this guideline are based on the
assumption that a means exists for distributing applied loads among adjacent,
parallel supporting members of the system.
1.6 Evaluation of creep effects is beyond the scope of this guide.
1.7 This guide does not purport to suggest or establish appropriate safety levels for

Page 50 of 54
assemblies, but cautions users that designers often interpret that safety levels for
assemblies and full structures should be higher than safety levels for individual
structural members.
NOTE 1: Methods other than traditional safety factor approaches, such as reliability
methods, are increasingly used to estimate the probability of failure of structural
elements. However, the extension of these methods to assemblies or to complete
structures is still evolving. For example, complete structures will likely exhibit less
variability than individual structural elements. Additionally, there is a potential for
beneficial changes in failure modes (i.e., more ductile failure modes in systems).
These considerations are beyond the scope of this guide.
ASTM D7147 - 11 - Standard Specification for Testing and Establishing

Allowable Loads of Joist Hangers
Scope
1.1 This specification covers a procedure for evaluating metal devices used for
wood-to-wood, wood-to-concrete, wood-to-concrete masonry, and wood-to-steel
connections. This method is intended for use with devices used to connect joists,
beams, and girders together. These devices are commonly described as joist
hangers.
1.2 This specification describes test methods for evaluating the capacities of joist
hangers subject to vertical and torsional loading.
1.3 This specification provides a method of assigning allowable loads to joist

hangers based on measured strength and deformation characteristics. Information
obtained by the provisions of this specification is applicable to design when using the
Allowable Stress Design method.
ASTM D7672 - 14 - Standard Specification for Evaluating Structural Capacities

of Rim Board Products and Assemblies
Scope
1.1 This specification provides procedures for testing and establishing the structural
capacities of proprietary rim board products and assemblies for use in light-frame
wood construction using I-joist or structural composite lumber joist framing. This
specification does not apply to commodity rim board products.
1.2 This specification was developed in light of currently manufactured panel,

structural composite lumber, and pre-fabricated I-joist rim board products as defined
in 3.2. Materials that do not conform to the definitions of 3.2are beyond the scope of
this specification.
1.3 Fire safety, sound transmission, building envelope performance, and

cutting/notching attributes of rim board products and assemblies fall outside the
scope of this specification.
1.4 This specification primarily considers end use in dry service conditions, such as
most protected framing members, where the equilibrium moisture content for solid-
sawn lumber is less than 16 %.
1.5 This specification provides methods to establish “allowable stress” design

resistances for use with the National Design Specification for Wood Construction

Page 51 of 54
(NDS). Derivation of design resistances from the test data in accordance with “load
and resistance factor design” or “limit states design” are beyond the scope of this
specification.
1.6 Quality control requirements are outside the scope of this Specification.
1.7 The performance of a rim board product will be affected by the constituent wood
species, geometry, adhesive, and production parameters. Therefore, rim board
products produced by each individual manufacturer shall be evaluated to determine
their product properties, regardless of the similarity in characteristics to products
produced by other manufacturers.
1.8 Where a manufacturer produces product in more than one facility, each
production facility shall be evaluated independently. For additional production
facilities, any revisions to the full qualification program in accordance with this
specification shall be approved by an accredited, independent qualifying agency.
ASTM D7746 - 11(2016) - Standard Practice for Calculating the Superimposed

Load on Wood-frame Floor-Ceiling Assemblies for Standard Fire-Resistance
Tests
Scope
1.1 This practice covers procedures for calculating the superimposed load required
to be applied to load-bearing wood-frame floor-ceiling assemblies throughout
standard fire-resistance tests.
1.2 These calculations determine the maximum superimposed load to be applied to

the floor-ceiling assembly during the fire resistance test. The maximum
superimposed load, calculated in accordance with nationally-recognized structural
design criteria, shall be designed to induce the maximum allowable stress in the
wood floor-ceiling fire test configuration being tested.
1.3 This practice is only applicable to those wood-frame floor-ceiling assemblies for
which the nationally recognized structural design criteria are the NDS (National
Design Specification for Wood Construction).
ASTM D7989 - 15 - Standard Practice for Demonstrating Equivalent In-Plane

Lateral Seismic Performance to Wood-Frame Shear Walls Sheathed with Wood
Structural Panels
Scope
1.1 This practice establishes a method for alternative shear wall systems to compare
seismic equivalency parameters (SEP) derived from cyclic in-plane racking tests to
performance targets derived from tests of light-frame shear walls constructed with
wood structural panel (WSP) sheathing attached to dimension lumber framing using
nails.
1.2 This practice considers only the performance of shear walls subject to cyclic
lateral loading, parallel to the plane of the shear wall. Design of walls with openings
and performance for other wall functions, such as out-of-plane bending, combined
shear and uplift, etc. are not considered.

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1.3 This practice is applicable only to shear walls where all vertical-load-supporting
elements are intact at the end of the in-plane lateral load test and remain capable of
supporting gravity loads. Wall assemblies whose vertical-load-supporting elements
buckle or otherwise become incapable of supporting gravity loads during the lateral
load test are outside the scope of this practice. In addition, for bearing wall systems,
this practice assumes that the shear wall system under evaluation has documented
design procedures to ensure that vertical-load-supporting elements have adequate
resistance to the combined effect of compression loads caused by overturning and
gravity loads.
1.4 This practice does not address height limitations, detailing requirements, wall
openings, derivation of design values for strength and stiffness, or other
requirements and limitations that may be necessary for an alternative shear wall
system. These requirements shall be provided elsewhere, such as by a suitable
product standard for the alternative shear wall system.
1.5 This practice assumes that the stiffness or deformation of the alternative shear
wall system can be estimated, and that design loads within a structure will be
distributed among seismically equivalent wall systems based on their relative
stiffness.
1.6 This practice is not intended to preclude other rational means of evaluating
seismic performance.
1.7 This practice assumes that the alternative shear wall system may be used alone
or in combination with wood-frame shear walls sheathed with wood structural panels.
ASTM D8023 - 17 - Standard Specification for Round Wood Dowels (Pegs) for
Use in Wood Construction
Scope
1.1 This specification covers standardizing the dimensions and materials for the
manufacture of round wood dowels (pegs) used in the fabrication of connections in
wood construction. The referencing of this specification in design, construction, and
purchase order documents is intended to provide some assurance that the round
wood dowels to be used in an assembly meet minimum materials quality standards
and that dimensions for fabrication and finish can be relied on to ensure connection
performance. This specification provides regulatory agencies with a set of standards
by which to judge the acceptability of round wood dowels encountered in the field
and in fabricators’ shops.
1.2 This specification only addresses the standardization and manufacture of round
wood dowels. Other types of wood dowels, such as sawn or cleaved pegs, are
outside the scope of this specification.
values in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 Safety Hazards—There are no known hazards with the use of this specification.
The products manufactured to this specification should not be brittle or difficult to
install with proper tools.

Page 53 of 54
References
ASTM wood mechanical properties. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wood Products Technical
Services (Forest Biomaterials-NC State University):
https://research.cnr.ncsu.edu/sites/wptechservices/home/
ASTM Wood Standards. (n.d.). Retrieved from American National Standards
Institute: https://webstore.ansi.org/ASTM/wood-standards.aspx
Wood Standards. (n.d.). Retrieved from ASTM International:

https://www.astm.org/Standards/wood-standards.html

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ASTM WOOD STANDARDS

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March 23, 2018

List of Wood Standards developed by ASTM:

1. FIRE PERFOMANCE OF WOOD

2. FUNDAMENTAL TEST METHODS and PROPERTIES

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3. LUMBER and ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS

4. POLE and PILE PRODUCTS

5. TREATMENTS FOR WOOD PRODUCTS

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ASTM D2898 - 10(2017) - Standard Practice for Accelerated Weathering of Fire-

Significance and Use

4.1 This practice describes different methods of exposing fire-retardant-treated wood

1.1 This practice addresses the durability of a fire-retardant treatment of wood

ASTM D3201 / D3201M - 13 - Standard Test Method for Hygroscopic Properties

Significance and Use

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Significance and Use

5.1.1 Data on the comparative effects of fire-retardant chemical formulations and

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1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally

Significance and Use

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1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally

ASTM D6305 - 08(2015)e1 - Standard Practice for Calculating Bending Strength

Significance and Use

5.2 This practice applies to material installed using construction practices

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ASTM D6841 - 16 - Standard Practice for Calculating Design Value Treatment

Significance and Use

5.1 Fire-retardant-treatments are used to reduce the flame-spread characteristics of

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Significance and Use

5.2 This practice uses a controlled elevated-temperature environment to produce

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5.3 Prediction of performance in natural environments has not been directly

5.4 The reproducibility of results in elevated-temperature exposure is highly

1.1 This test method is designed as a laboratory screening test. It is intended to

NOTE 1: One potentially confounding limitation of this preliminary screening test

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Significance and Use

1.2 This test method is a fire-test-response standard.

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4.1.1 Data for comparing the mechanical properties of various species,

1.1.2 Sampling and collection of material is discussed in Practice D5536. Sample

Control of Moisture Content and Temperature 6

Record of Heartwood and Sapwood 7

Compression Parallel to Grain 9

Compression Perpendicular to Grain 12

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Tension Parallel to Grain 16

Tension Perpendicular to Grain 17

Specific Gravity and Shrinkage in Volume 19

Radial and Tangential Shrinkage 20

ASTM D198 - 15 - Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in

Significance and Use

6.1 The flexural properties established by this test method provide:

6.1.1 Data for use in development of grading rules and specifications;

6.1.3 Data on the influence of imperfections on mechanical properties of structural

6.1.4 Data on strength properties of different species or grades in various structural

6.1.6 Data on the effects of chemical or environmental conditions on mechanical

6.1.8 Data on relationships between mechanical and physical properties.

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1.2 The test methods appear in the following order: