Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects

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Energy Audit of a Spinning Textile Industry in Pakistan: A

Case Study
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Journal: Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects

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Manuscript ID UESO-2016-0967

Manuscript Type: Original Article

Date Submitted by the Author: 26-Oct-2016

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Complete List of Authors: Malik, Muhammad Sohail; GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and
Technology, Mechanical Engineering; GIKI Institute Topi Pakistan
Amjad, Danial; GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology,
Mechanical Engineering
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Iftikhar, Muhammad Asim; GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and

Technology, Mechanical Engineering
Saleem, Hammas; GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology,
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Mechanical Engineering

Electricity Accountancy, Compressor System, Lighting System, Fans

Keywords: Energy, Energy Management Tool, Textile Energy, Energy Savings,
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Preliminary Energy Audit, Spinning Mills

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Page 1 of 24 Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects

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3 Energy Audit of a Spinning Textile Industry in Pakistan: A Case Study
4 Abstract:
5 This study involves method to conduct a preliminary energy audit of spinning textile industry
6 in the absence of utility bills. It shows the world’s energy consumption and fuel relation to
7
show the importance of energy audit for modern age industries where major cost of
8
9 production is fuel. Afterwards, it involves the overview of major areas of energy
10 consumption in textile industries. It involves electricity accountancy for selected appliances
11 used in general production industries. The presented work is break down into three parts.
12 Firstly, calculating how much energy is consumed over a selected period of time. Secondly,
13 cost analysis of electricity consumed. Thirdly, comparison of electricity production sources
14 available in the present market to produce comparatively cheaper electricity. It involves
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15 energy analysis of different utilities used in spinning textile industry. All of these steps were
16 done using different utilities like compressor, motor, lights and fans which are the main
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energy utilizing entities in any industry. The case study was assisted by tool that was
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developed to help energy managers easily conduct energy audit of different utilities used in
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20 ordinary industries of Pakistan in the absence of utility bills. This gives a way to conduct
21 energy audit, increase performance, pin point areas of improvement, sets Standard Operating
22 Procedure (SOP) and paves the way for further establishment of Energy Management Cell for
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23 stabilized future planning.
24
25 Key words:
26
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27 Electricity Accountancy;
28 Compressor System;
29 Motors energy;
30 Lighting System conservation;
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31 Fans energy;
32
Energy Management Software;
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34 Textile Industry;
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35 Energy Savings;
36
37 1. Introduction:
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38 For production of any plant or industry, energy is a key element. It is very important that how
39 we produce and then energy used in process industries. All over the world electric energy is
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major source of energy used for production. With passage of time, due to unstable fossil fuel
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42
economy and increasing cost of electricity it is becoming important to make energy efficient
43 industries. An industrial sector uses more energy than any other end-use sectors and currently
44 this sector is consuming about 37% of the world’s total delivered energy (Abdelaziz, Saidur,
45 and Mekhilef 2011). The textile industry of Pakistan contributes 54 % to the total export
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46 earnings of Pakistan. The textile and clothing industry accounts for 46 % of the total
47 manufacturing and provides employment to 38 % of the manufacturing labor force (Nawab
48 2010). But due to the recent acute crisis of energy in Pakistan demand- supply deficiency has
49 increased. Industry is the second largest energy consumer unit after domestic group. Uptill
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30th June, 2015 alone, total 315116 industries are recorded which consumed 21,085 GWh out
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52
of total 78,113 GWh of energy. This is second in the list after domestic usage that was 34,600
53 GWh (NTDC 2014). From these statistics 27% of total consumption goes to industry, where
54 textile being the major one. Textile exports are constantly decreasing mainly due to the acute
55 energy crisis mentioned. In the last financial year alone (2015-16), annual fabric textile
56 export decreased to 1421402 kg from previous annual export of 1896667 kg (EXPORTS BY
57 COMMODITIES AND COUNTRIES PAKISTAN (2014-2015) 2016), causing a huge
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 Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects Page 2 of 24

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3 percentage decrease in a span of only year. Other than Pakistan, energy demand and textile
4 industry deficits in USA and around the globe are elaborated in the coming text.
5
6 1. 1. Industrial Energy Consumption by Fuel:
7
Fuel prices shape the mix of fuel consumption in the industrial sector, as industrial
8
9 enterprises are assumed to choose the cheapest fuels available to them, whenever possible.
10 Because liquid fuels are more expensive than other fuels, world industrial sector liquid fuels
11 use increased at an average annual rate of only 0.68% and the share of liquid fuels in the
12 industrial fuel mix declined. From Figure 1-4, the liquid fuels share is displaced primarily by
13 electricity use, which grows by an average of 3.5% per year from 2006 to 2030 globally
14 (Abdelaziz, Saidur, and Mekhilef 2011). Figure 1 shows world marketed energy consumption
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15 to be about 200000 ZW in 2030. In figures 2 – 4 world industrial energy consumption by fuel
16 in 2006 and relative forecast in 2030 is shown. Increased demand of energy makes it vital to
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optimize energy consumption to make profit, thus energy audit plays important role in this
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aspect.
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20 1.2. Textile Industry:
21 The textile industry has one of the most complicated industrial chains in the manufacturing
22 industry. It is a fragmented and heterogeneous sector dominated by SMEs, with a demand
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23 mainly driven by three dominant end-uses: clothing, home furnishing and industrial use.
24 Characterizing the textile manufacturing is complex because of the wide variety of substrates,
25 processes, machinery and components used, and finishing steps undertaken (Hasanbeigi
26 2010).
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27
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29 There are significant losses of energy within textile plants. Around 36% of the energy input
30 to the U.S. textile industry is lost onsite (Hasanbeigi 2010). From Figure 5, motor driven
systems have the highest share of onsite energy waste (13%), which will be dealt with in this
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32 stated work. The share of losses could vary for the textile industry in other countries
33 depending on the structure of the industry in those countries but this gives a picture of the
34 relative importance of each loss in a general textile industry.
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35 In Pakistan, these losses must be higher due to either absence or mild implement of energy
36 codes and standards. This study contributes to make textile systems generally and spinning
37
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sector specifically in Pakistan, more efficient and energy conscious.

38
39
40 2. Energy Audit Process:
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41 The scope of an energy audit, the complexity of calculations, and the level of economic
42 evaluation are all issues that may be handled differently by each individual auditor and
43 should be defined prior to beginning any audit activities.
44 An energy audit is a process to evaluate where a building or plant uses energy, and identify
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opportunities to reduce consumption. The strategy of adjusting and optimizing energy, using
46 systems and procedures are so as to reduce energy requirements per unit of output while
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holding constant or reducing total costs of producing the output from these systems
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49 (Thumann, Albert 2008). Energy audit case studies for different industries are done in
50 (Dongellini, Marinosci, and Morini 2014) and (Price et al. 2015). An energy audit just for
51 lightening is done in (Malkiat Singh 2013). For educational sector, energy audits are reported
52 in (Singh, Seera, and Mohamad Idin 2012) and (Alajmi 2012).
53 There is very little awareness of energy management and no proper records of energy
54 consumption in Pakistan. Thus this study contributes its part to conduct energy audit and set
55 proper Standard operating procedures for energy management specifically focusing on
56 Pakistan Spinning Mills Industry. Some of these benefits achieved after energy audit are
57
(Abdelaziz, Saidur, and Mekhilef 2011):
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Page 3 of 24 Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects

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3 • Reduction in specific energy consumption and environmental pollution.
4 • Reduction in operating costs (approximately 20–30%) by systematic analysis.
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• Improves the overall performance of the total system and the profitability and
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7
productivity.
8 • Slower depletion of natural resources and narrowing demand supply gap.
9 • Averts equipment failure.
10 Energy Audit is performed based on (Thumann, Albert 2008):
11 • Function and type of industry
12 • Depth to which final audit is needed, and
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14 • Potential and magnitude of cost reduction desired
Energy Audit can be classified into Preliminary, General and Detailed Audit (Abdelaziz,
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16 Saidur, and Mekhilef 2011). This work followed the techniques which are a mix of
17 Preliminary and General Audit. Hardware Tools used in our energy audit are Portable
18 tachometer, Ammeter, Voltmeter, Stop watch and Anemometer for recording different data.
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20 2.1. Energy Audit Procedure, Results and Discussion:
21 Energy audit was divided into following main sections;
22
• Energy Accountancy
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24 • Compressor Analysis
25 • Motor Analysis
26 • Light system Analysis
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27 • Fan Analysis
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29
2.1.1. Energy Accountancy:
30
To start energy audit it is very important to calculate total consumption of electricity in that
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32 facility. For this purpose, normally electric bills are analyzed. As the audit was conducted for
33 only a selected unit of the mill and electricity bills were for the complete mill, we had to go
34 for an alternative solution. Alternate solution was to make an accountancy software tool and
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35 log the manually measured consumption. The idea was that this account of energy
36 consumption should be kept save for further energy audits and inter facility audit.
37 The software was developed in an environment that it is compatible with general document
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38 based environments and it can be operated by a person with basic computer understanding.
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This will help the industry in future by making use of it without hiring a specialized resource.
40
Figure 6 shows the interface of the tool developed.
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43 Using the developed tool, we were able to calcite the monthly consumption giving first time a
44 clear picture to the administration for their high load times and an urge to think about
45 solutions to cope with the problem. Figure 7 shows the month wise consumption for the
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46 industrial unit under audit.

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48 2.1.2. Compressor Analysis:
49
Compressor are major utilities to produce compressed air used in the production of yarn on
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51 spinning machines. There is a great scope of energy saving as energy loss is because of
52 leakages in compressor systems. Leaks can be a significant source of wasted energy in an
53 industrial compressed air system, sometimes wasting 20-30% of a compressor’s output. A
54 typical plant that has not been well maintained will likely have a leak rate equal to 20% of
55 total compressed air production capacity. On the other hand, proactive leak detection and
56 repair can reduce leaks to less than 10% of compressor output (U.S Department of Energy
57 2003). Figure 8 shows life cycle costs of compressed-air energy use;
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 Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects Page 4 of 24

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4 Method used for Leaks Quantification
5 Test was conducted when no equipment was using compressed air.
6 The compressor is allowed to charge the system up to the pressure of operation.
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The sub-sequent time taken for ‘load’ and ‘unload’ cycles of the compressors is noted.
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9 The system leakage is calculating using (U.S Department of Energy 2003):

10 %  = × 100
( )
11
Or
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13 System leakage quantity ( )== ×
 ( )
14
Where
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17 T= Time on load in minutes
18 t= Time on unload in minutes
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19 Figure 9 shows selected Compressor Consumption in load/unload controls.
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21 Calculations
22 Cut in pressure (bars) = 7.9
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24
25
Cutout pressure (bars) = 8.5
26 Load (kW) drawn = V*I = 133*440 = 58.5
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28 Unload (kW) drawn = V*I = 65*440 = 28.6
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30 Average ‘Load’ time, T (min) = 2
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32 Average ‘Unload’ time, t (min) = 8
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34 
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35 Compressor Capacity () = 12.01

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37
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38 Leakage quantity () = q =  ∗  =  ∗ 12.01 = 2.402
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40 
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41 Leakage quantity per day ( ) = q =2.402*24*60 = 3458.88


42
43 !"# 
44 Specific Power for compressed air generation (  ) = 58.5 (kW)/12.01*60 ( # ) = 0.081
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46 !"#
47 Energy lost due to leakage per day (  ) = q*0.081= 3458.88*0.081= 280.16
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49 !"#
Energy lost due to leakage per year ( ) = 280.16*365= 102258.4
50 $%
51
52 &'( !"# &'(
Financial Losses because of leakage = 19 (!"#) * 102258.4 ( ) = 1942909.6 ( )
53 $% $%
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55 Leakage Cost Analysis of Compressors:
56 The main loss occurring in the compressor came from the unidentified leakages during the
57 leak quantification test.
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Page 5 of 24 Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects

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4 !"#
Energy lost due to leakages per year = 102258.4 ( )
5 $%
6
7 &'(
Financial loss because of leakages = 1942909.6 ( $%
)
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9
10 Recommendations for Setting up a Compressed Air Leak Detection Survey
11 1. Ultrasonic detector to be employed on permanent basis to successfully detect leaks.
12 2. Test all leaks after they have been repaired. Sometimes leaks can be fixed and new ones
13 created inadvertently. 

14
3. Calculate your savings using data logs and appropriate charts. 

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16 Figure 10 shows general dependence of power loss if a defect in the form of hole diameter at
17 (600 kPa) (Saidur, Rahim, and Hasanuzzaman 2010).
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19 2.1.3. Motor Analysis:
20 The large amount of electricity consumption in the industrial sector is by electric motors.
21 Activities and processes in the industry depend mainly on electric motors including for
22 compacting, cutting, grinding, mixing, spinning, cradling, fans, pumps, materials conveying,
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23
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air compressors and refrigeration. Figure 11 shows that energy is the main cost in life cycle
25 of motor. The two important parameters in a motor are efficiency and power factor. A
26 motor’s efficiency tends to decrease dramatically below about 50% load (US Department of
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27 Energy 1997). When a motor has a higher rating than that required by the equipment, motor
28 operates at part load resulting as in reduced efficiency. Replacement of under loaded motors
29 with smaller motors will allow a fully loaded smaller motor to operate at a higher efficiency.
30 Different motors at site are reported in Table 1.
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32 The efficiency of the motor is given by (US Department of Energy 1997):
33
*+, *.+//
34 )= =1−
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35 * *
36 Where
37 *+, = Output power of the motor.
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38 * = Input power of the motor.

39 *.+// = Losses occurring in motor.
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42
Motor Loading:
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44 892: 1;3267 15 1< 2ℎ >1213
01213 41567 % = × 100
45 ?25 9;962@ 1< 2ℎ >1213
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47 Determining Motor Loading by Input Power Measurements (US Department of Energy 1997)
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49
First input power * was measured with a hand held power meter
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51 AB = Three- phase power in kW
52 The rated kW and efficiency was noted from the motor name plate.
53 The figures of kW mentioned in the name plate is for output conditions so it is calculated for
54 input
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56 C$D.$ E,.. %$ !"
*% =
57 FGH
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 Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects Page 6 of 24

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3 )E. = Efficiency at fully − rated load
4 *% = Input power at full-rated load in kW
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6
The percentage load is then calculated (US Department of Energy 1997)
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8
9
10 *
415 = × 100%
11 *%
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Data Collection and Calculation
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Power of humidifier motor = 7 kW
17 Current drawn under loading = 7.5 Amp
18 Power drawn under loading (W) = 7.5*440 = 3300
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W.X×YYZ
19 % age load = × 100 = 47.14 %
WZZZ
20
21
22 Power of fan motor = 2200 W
Current drawn under loading = 3.1 Amp
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24 Power drawn under loading (W) = 3.1*440 = 1364
25 \.]×YYZ
% age load = × 100 = 62%
26 ZZ
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28 Power of spindle motor = 220 W
29 Current drawn under loading = 0.36 Amp
30 Power drawn under loading (W) = 0.35*440 = 154
Z.\_×YYZ
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31 % age load = Z × 100 = 72%

32
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34 Annual Loss Because of Under loaded Motors
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35 Power loss in humidifier motor = 7 kW – 3.3 kW = 3.7 kW

36 Power loss in fan motor = 2.2 kW – 1.364 kW = 0.836 kW
37 Power loss in spindle motor = 0.22 kW – 0.154 kW = 0.066 kW
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39 Recommendations:
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1. Motors <40HP and >15 years old (or prev. rewound) have significantly lower efficiencies,
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42 hence it is best to replace them(Keith Forsman and Robert Hart 2013).
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44 2. If the rewind cost exceeds 50% to 65% of a new high efficiency motor price, buy a new
45 high efficiency motor. Increased reliability and efficiency should quickly recover price
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46 premium.
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48 3. Air resistance and bearing friction are essentially independent of motor load that can be
49 reduced by improving bearing and seal selection, air flow and fan design. Energy efficient
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motors produce less heat and use a smaller fan.
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53 4. Heating in the rotor winding can be reduced by increasing the size of the conductive bars
54 and end rings to produce lower resistance.
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Page 7 of 24 Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects

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3 5. Energy required overcoming opposition to change magnetic fields in the core material can
4 be decreased by using better quality steel and by lengthening the core to reduce magnetic
5 flux density.
6
7
2.1.4. Lights System Analysis:
8
9 Lighting is an area, which provides sufficient scope to achieve energy efficiency by
10 incorporation of modern energy efficient lamps and good operational practices. The power
11 consumption by industrial lightning varies between 2 to 10% of the total fixed power costs
12 (Chase 1978). Gadoon Textile Mill had very good monitoring practices as far as lightning is
13 concerned. But the biggest problem with the lighting system was that it was very old
14 fashioned.
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16 Data Collection and Calculations
17
Current Lighting System of Gadoon Textile Mill:
18
No of 36 watts Tube lights in Spinning Hall 1 = 468
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20 No of 36 watts Tube lights in Spinning Hall 2 = 400
21 No of 36 watts Tube lights in Spinning Hall 3 = 435
22 No of 36 watts Tube lights in Spinning Hall 4 = 520
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23 No of 36 watts Tube lights in Spinning Hall 5 = 480
24 No of 36 watts Tube lights in Spinning Hall 6 = 490
25 No of 36 watts Tube lights in Spinning Hall 7 = 350
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Operating Hours:
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29 Approximate operating hours of Tube lights per day = 24
30 Approximate operating hours of Tube lights per year = 24*30*12 = 8640 Hours
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32 Power Consumption:
33 Power consumed by 36-watts Tube lights in Spinning Hall 1 = 468*36 = 16848 watts =16.85
34 kW
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35 Power consumed by 36-watts Tube lights in Spinning Hall 2 = 400*36 = 14400 watts = 14.40
36 kW
37
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Power consumed by 36-watts Tube lights in Spinning Hall 3 = 435*36 = 15660 watts = 15.66
38
39 kW
40 Power consumed by 36-watts Tube lights in Spinning Hall 4 = 520*36 = 18720 watts = 18.72
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41 kW
42 Power consumed by 36-watts Tube lights in Spinning Hall 5 = 480*36 = 17280 watts = 17.28
43 kW
44 Power consumed by 36-watts Tube lights in Spinning Hall 6 = 490*36 = 17640 watts = 17.64
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kW
46 Power consumed by 36-watts Tube lights in Spinning Hall 7 = 450*36 = 12600 watts = 12.60
47
kW
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49
50 kWh Consumption per Year:
51 kWh consumed by 36-watts Tube lights per year of Spinning Hall 1 = 16.85 kW*8640
52 hours= 145584 kWh/year
53 kWh consumed by 36-watts Tube lights per year of Spinning Hall 2 = 14.40 kW*8640
54 hours= 124416 kWh/year
55 kWh consumed by 36-watts Tube lights per year of Spinning Hall 3 = 15.66 kW*8640 hours
56 = 135302.4 kWh/year
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3 kWh consumed by 36-watts Tube lights per year of Spinning Hall 4 = 18.72 kW*8640 hours
4 = 161740.8 kWh/year
5 kWh consumed by 36-watts Tube lights per year of Spinning Hall 5 = 17.28 kW*8640 hours
6 = 149299.2 kWh/year
7
kWh consumed by 36-watts Tube lights per year of Spinning Hall 6 =17.64 kW*8640 hours
8
9 = 152409.6 kWh/year
10 kWh consumed by 36-watts Tube lights per year of Spinning Hall 7 = 12.60 kW*8640 hours
11 = 108864 kWh/year
12
13 Total kWh consumption per Year:
14 Total kWh consumed by 36-watts Tube lights per year of all Spinning Halls = 977616
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15 kWh/year
16
17
Cost Analysis:
18
Total expenditure per year =19 (PKR/year) * 977616 (kWh/year) = 18574704 PKR/year
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19
20
21 Recommendations:
22 1. All further extensions or new buildings to be built based on solar orientation to allow
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23 maximum light coming from Sun.
24
25 2. Old Fashioned lights to be replaced with T8 18-watts 120 cm LED tube light whose
26 financial effect is shown further in the text.
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27
28
29 Operating Hours:
30 Approximate operating hours of Tube lights per day = 24
Approximate operating hours of Tube lights per year = 24*30*12 = 8640 Hours
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33 Power Consumption:
34 Power consumed by 18-watts LED Tube lights in Spinning Hall 1 = 468*18 = 8424 watts
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35 =8.424 kW
36 Power consumed by 18-watts LED Tube lights in Spinning Hall 2 = 400*18 = 7200 watts =
37
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7.200 kW
38
39 Power consumed by 18-watts LED Tube lights in Spinning Hall 3 = 435*18 = 7830 watts =
40 7.830 kW
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41 Power consumed by 18-watts LED Tube lights in Spinning Hall 4 = 520*18 = 9360 watts =
42 9.360 kW
43 Power consumed by 18-watts LED Tube lights in Spinning Hall 5 = 480*18 = 8640 watts =
44 8.640 kW
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Power consumed by 18-watts LED Tube lights in Spinning Hall 6 = 490*18 = 8820 watts =
46 8.820 kW
47
Power consumed by 18-watts LED Tube lights in Spinning Hall 7 = 450*18 = 8100 watts =
48
49 8.100 kW
50
51 kWh Consumption per Year:
52 kWh consumed by 18-watts Tube lights per year of Spinning Hall 1 = 8.424 kW*8640
53 hours= 72783.36 kWh/year
54 kWh consumed by 18-watts Tube lights per year of Spinning Hall 2 = 7.200 kW*8640
55 hours= 62208 kWh/year
56 kWh consumed by 18-watts Tube lights per year of Spinning Hall 3 = 7.830 kW*8640 hours
57
= 67651.2 kWh/year
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3 kWh consumed by 18-watts Tube lights per year of Spinning Hall 4 = 9.360 kW*8640 hours
4 = 80870.4 kWh/year
5 kWh consumed by 18-watts Tube lights per year of Spinning Hall 5 = 8.640 kW*8640 hours
6 = 74649.6 kWh/year
7
kWh consumed by 18-watts Tube lights per year of Spinning Hall 6 = 8.820 kW*8640 hours
8
9 = 76204.8 kWh/year
10 kWh consumed by 18-watts Tube lights per year of Spinning Hall 7 = 8.100 kW*8640 hours
11 = 69984 kWh/year
12
13 Total kWh consumption per Year:
14 Total kWh consumed by 18-watts LED Tube lights per year of all Spinning Halls =
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15 504351.36 kWh/year
16
17
Cost Analysis:
18
Total expenditure per year =19 (PKR/year) * 504351.36 (kWh/year) = 9582675.84 PKR/year
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19
20
21 Savings:
22 Saving = Total expenditure by 36-watts tube light per year – Total expenditure by 18-watts
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23 LED tube light per year = 18574704 (PKR/year) – 9582675.84 (PKR/year) = 8992028.16
24 PKR/year
25
26 Pay Back Period:
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LED tube light price = 836.23 PKR
28
29 Total no. of LED tube lights required = 3143
30 Total Cost = 836.23 PKR * 3143 = 2628270.89 PKR
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31
+. a+/ ] +#/
32 *@ `9 *3615 = ∗
33 bcd $%
efegehi.gj ke lmnopq
34 = gjjeieg.kf *
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rstu
35
36
= 3.50 months
37 Figure 12 shows the Payback/Saving graph for the recommendations of lightening systems
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38 along with operating cost comparison of Tube Lights and LEDs in Figure 13.
39
40 3. Conclusion:
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41 A tool was developed for energy accountancy in the selected site in absence of separate
42 utility bills with enhanced features of energy analysis for various utilities in a spinning
43 industry. Energy analysis of motors, compressors, fans and lightening system was done over
44
a period of time with intensive calculations to find out responsible factors for energy losses.
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Appropriate recommendations were given for improvement in future. Additionally, for
47 lightening systems, alternate solution was provided with calculated savings per annum and
48 payback period. This preliminary audit paves the ground for organized energy management
49 as suggested in (Schulze et al. 2016).
50
51 References:
52 Abdelaziz, E.A., R. Saidur, and S. Mekhilef. 2011. “A Review on Energy Saving Strategies
53 in Industrial Sector.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (1): 150–68.
54
55
doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.003.
56 Alajmi, Ali. 2012. “Energy Audit of an Educational Building in a Hot Summer Climate.”
57 Energy and Buildings 47: 122–30. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.11.033.
58 Chase, J., N. J. D. Lucas, W. Murgatroyd, and B. C. Wilkins. "Industrial energy use—II:
59
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1
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3 Energy use in a light engineering factory." International Journal of Energy Research 2,
4 no. 4 (1978): 375-388.
5 Dongellini, Matteo, Cosimo Marinosci, and Gian Luca Morini. 2014. “Energy Audit of an
6 Industrial Site: A Case Study.” In Energy Procedia, 45:424–33.
7
doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.046.
8
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12 Keith Forsman, and Robert Hart. 2013. Motor Efficiency, Selection, and Management: A
13 Guidebook for Industrial Efficiency Programs.
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Fo
15 ndustry/agriculture/industrial_guidebook.pdf.
16 Malkiat Singh, Gurpreet Singh, Harmandeep Singh. 2013. “ENERGY AUDIT: A CASE
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4 Monthly Energy Consumption
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Page 23 of 24 Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects

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6 Lights System Saving
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 Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects Page 24 of 24

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4 Lights Comparision by Operating Cost
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7 18000000
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