Temporary Structures

Module VI: Construction Material And Technology

Introduction
Temporary Structures – Structures / systems that allow or enable construction of, protect, support or
provide access to, the permanent works and which might or might not remain in place after the
completion of the works.

TEMPORARY STRUCTURES IN CONSTRUCTIONS

• Concrete Formworks
• Scaffolding
• Falsework/shoring
• Cofferdams
• Earth Retaining Structure
• Construction Ramp, runway and platform
• Diaphragm / Slurry wall Fig. 30m high PERI VARIOKIT heavy-duty
• Underpinning shoring towers serve as falsework for the
construction of the bridge edge sections
Temporary Structures In Constructions : Some Pics

Coffer Dam Horizontal Shoring Underpinning

Temporary Structures In Constructions : Some Pics
Design Requirements
1. Strength: Forms and shutters have to be designed to support dead weight, live load and
hydrostatic pressure. Sheathing must be rigid enough to resist bulging.
2. Speedy erection and dismantling: The formwork design and the methods of assembly must be as
simple as possible to reduce time spent in erection and dismantling. The formwork should be
simple to remove without causing damage to the concrete.
3. Tightness of joints: The liquid retaining properties of the formwork must be adequate to prevent
leakage of cement and fine aggregate from the concrete.
4. Rigidity: Brace formwork and support to ensure no movement may take place under wind
pressure, or when the concrete is being placed and vibrated. The shutters must be rigid enough
to keep the concrete member within the allowable tolerances.
5. Reuse: Design for unit construction, if possible, so that you can strike and reuse as soon as
possible. Use clamps, wedges, and similar devices to hold sections of formwork in place. Avoid
nailing as much as possible, nail holes and bruising of the timber will spoil formwork for further
use. The formwork material must be durable and capable of producing a good surface finish.
6. Ease of handling: Forms and shutters must be of a size and weight that can be handled by the
labour and plant available on site.
Formwork Tolerances and variations in alignment

S. No. Member Tolerances

1 Columns Up to 3m high 6 mm
2 Piers 3m to 6m 10 mm
3 Walls Above 6 m 18 mm
4 Variations from level 6 mm in 6m 10 mm max.
Variations from plan (Not to position 6 m bay 12 mm
5
encroach over boundary.) over 6m bay 25mm
6 Variations in size and position of openings, sleeves 6 mm
Variations in cross‐sectional size Up to 600mm + 6mm or – 3 mm
7
Over 600 mm ± 6 mm
Variations in footings + 25mm or – 12mm
8
Thickness 0.05 of dimension
Variations in consecutive steps Rise 1.5 mm
9
Tread 3 mm
Concrete Formwork
Concrete Formwork
Concrete formwork are temporary
structures which is used to safely support
freshly placed concrete so as to form it
into the required shape and dimensions
and support it till it gains adequate
strength.

• Beam form
• Column form
• Slab form
• Wall form

Concrete Column Formwork

Requirement for Good Formwork

• QUALITY
• Properly designed & built accurately so that the desired size, shape, position, location, quality
and finish of accepted quality of the cast concrete is attained.
• Joints in concrete should be tight enough to prevent slurry leakage.

• SAFETY
• Designed to support all dead load, live load, horizontal loads, erection loads without danger
to the workmen and concrete surface.
• Should have arrangement for working platform where the workers can work without danger
of injury.

• ECONOMY
Formwork System Classification

• Horizontal / Vertical formwork • Traditional Classification

• Conventional formwork system
• Patented / Proprietary system
• Modular formwork system
Formwork System Classification

Classification according to sizes Classification according to location of use

• Small-sized formwork: • Different elements in the structure have
• Operation by workers manually different design and performance
• Timber and aluminum requirements in the use of formwork.

• Large-sized formwork: • Some systems are more adaptive for specific

location of use, such as
• Crane facilities are required in the
operation • Irregular frame structure – traditional
timber form or aluminum form
• Reduce the number of jointing and to
• Cross wall – gang form, climb form or
minimize the number of lift.
jump form
• Stiffening components - studs and soldier.
• Floor – table form
• Repeated regular section – tunnel form
Formwork System Classification

Classification according to materials of construction Classification according to nature of

operation
• Timber form:
• Most popular formwork material low initial • Manually operated formwork
cost • Self-lifted formwork
• High adaptability to complicated shape • Crane-lifted formwork
• Labour intensive and environmental unfriendly
• Gantry, traveling and tunnel type
Plywood form:
formwork system
• Steel form:
• Hot-rolled or cold-formed sections heavy
weight
• Suitable for large-sized panels
• Aluminum form:
• Stiff and light weight
• Higher material and labour cost
• Excellent finish
 Scaffolding Systems

Scaffolding: A raised
platform used for
execution of
construction works.

Fig. PERI UP Flex Facade Scaffolding

Column Formwork
Plywood Column Formwork
Column Formwork

Square and rectangular columns with F-4 MAX Column Formwork

Circular Column Formwork
Circular Formwork
Slab Formwork
Slab Formwork

Slab Formwork Systems From ULMA

Slab Formwork Video
DOKAMATIC Video
Slab Formwork
Slab Formwork
Metal Beam Slab Formwork
Slab-formwork and Shoring
Shoring System
Slab Form – Shoring System
Shoring Tower
Shoring Tower
Timber Shoring
WALL FORMWORK
Wall Formwork
Self-climbing Formwork
Self Climbing Formwork
Self Climbing Formwork
Slipform Video
Slipform
Tunnel Formwork System
Tunnel Formwork System
Tunnel Formwork System
Circular Formwork System
Circular Formwork System
Considerations when Selecting Formwork Systems

Construction related considerations Design related considerations

• Complexity of the built environment • Shape of the building
• Speed of work • Architectural features on building exterior
• No. of possible reuses • Internal layout
• Construction planning and arrangement • Structural form
• Area or volume of cast per pour • Consistence in building dimensions
• Involvement of other construction technique • Span and Headroom
• Dependence of work • Repetitive nature
• Provision of construction joint • Finishing standard
• Accessibility to work
• Feasibility of introducing alternative design
Period of Removal of Formworks

S. No. DESCRIPTION OF STRUCTURAL MEMBER PERIOD OF TIME

1. Walls, columns and vertical sides of beams 1-2 days
2. Slabs(props left under) 3 days
3. Beam soffits (props left under) 7 days
4. Removal of props to slabs
a) For slabs spanning upto 4.5 m 7 days
b) For slabs spanning over 4.5 m 14 days
5. Removal of props to beams and arches
a) Spanning upto 6 m 14 days
b) Spanning over 6 m 21 days
Formwork for Precast Concrete
Formwork for precast wall panels

BATTERY MOULD
Formwork for precast wall panels

Column Mould Beam Mould

Stairs Mould
Failure of Formwork
Causes of Formwork Failure

 Improper Stripping and Shore Removal

▪ Early stripping of forms
▪ Early removal of shores
▪ Improper reshoring

 Inadequate Lateral Bracing

▪ Inadequate cross bracing and lateral bracing

 Vibration Due to Concrete Placing Equipment

 Unstable Soils under Mudsills,
 Shoring not in Plumb
 Concrete Placing Technique – Overloading in One Area, Sudden drop of concrete from height
 Lack of Attention to Formwork Details
Formwork Design
Loads on Formwork
• LOADS ON FORMWORK • LOADS ON FORMWORK
• Self weight of formwork
• Wind Load
• Any ancillary temporary work
connected or supported by • Seismic Load
DEAD LOAD formwork

• Weight of freshly placed

• Earth Pressure
concrete
Environmental
• Lateral Pressure of freshly Loads
placed concrete • Water Pressure
• Unsymmetrical placement of
IMPOSED LOAD concrete
• Workers/plant/machinery/ • Snow and Ice Load
equipment / impact of
machine delivered concrete