Buddhist councils
MUGHAL DYNASTY
Important Facts regarding Buddhist Councils
In total, 6 Buddhist councils were convened.
1. First Buddhist Council/
-It was held soon after the Mahaparinirvan of
the Buddha.
-The council was held in the Sattapani cave at
Rajgriha.
-Around 483 BC under the patronage of King
Ajatshatru.
-Its objective was to preserve the Buddha's
sayings (suttas) and the monastic discipline or
rules (Vinaya).
2. Second Buddhist Council
-It was held at Vaishali.
-Under the patronage of King Kalasoka and the
presidency of Sabakami.
-This council settled down the disputes on the
Vinaya Pitaka and code of discipline.
3. Third Buddhist Council/
-It was held in 250 BC at Pataliputra.
-Under the patronage of King Asoka and the
monk leadership.
- Its objective was to purify the Buddhist
movement, particularly from opportunistic
factions which had been attracted by the royal
patronage.
4. Fourth Buddhist Council:
-It was held in 72 AD at Kundalvana, Kashmir.
-Under the patronage of Kushan King Kanishka of
Kushan Empire.
-It was presided by Vasumitra,
while Asvaghosa was his deputy.
-This council distinctly divided the Buddhism
into 2 sects Mahayana and Hinayana.
5. Fifth Buddhist Council:
-It was held in Mandalay, Burma in the year
1871.
-Under the patronage of King Mindon.
-It was presided over by three Elders, the
Venerable Mahathera Jagarabhivamsa, the
Venerable Narindabhidhaja, and the Venerable
Mahathera Sumangalasami.
-The chief objective of this meeting was to
recite all the teachings of the Buddha and
examine them in minute detail to see if any of
them had been altered, distorted or dropped.
6. Sixth Buddhist Council/
-It was held in 1954 in Burma at Kaba Aye,
Yangoon.
-Under the patronage of Burmese government.
-It was presided by Prime Minister U Nu.
-After the Council had officially approved all
of the books of the Tipitaka and their
commentaries were prepared for printing on
modern presses and published in the Burmese
script.
1
Babur (AD 1526-1530):
Birth: 1483, Fargana (Afganistan)
Father:Umer sheikh Mirja
Mother:Kutlug nigar( Mangol)
Facts:
-Founder of Mughal empire
-Introduced gunpowder in India
-He wrote Tuzuk-i-Baburi (Autobiography of
Babur) in the Turkish language.
-Babur declared Jehad and adopted the title,
Ghazi(After the Khanva War)
-According to Tuzuk-i-Baburi, Babur Died in
1530 in Lahore and buried at Aram Bagh (Agra).
-Later his body was taken to Afghanistan
(Kabul).
Battles:
-Defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the First Battle of
Panipat (AD 1526)
-Defeated Rana Sanga (Sangram Singh) at Battle
of Khanwa (AD 1527)
-Defeated Medini Rai of Chanderi at Battle of
Chanderi (AD 1528)
-Defeated Mahmud Lodi at Battle of Ghagra (AD
1529) (Last war of the Babur)
Humayun (AD 1530-1556)
Born:6 March 1508,Kabul (present-day
Afghanistan)
Father:Babur
Mother:Maham Begum
Died:27 January 1556 (aged 47),Delhi
Facts:
-Built Dinpanah at Delhi as his second capital.
-Humayun passed 15 years in exile
-Again invaded India in 1555 with the help of
his officer Bairam Khan.
-Gulbadan Begum, Humayun’s half-sister wrote
Humayun-nama(Biography of Humayun).
Battles:
Two battles with Sher Shah Suri-
-Battle of Chausa (AD 1539)
-Battle of Kannauj (AD 1540)
Akbar (AD 1556-1605)
Born:15 October 1542,Umerkot
Father:Humayun
Mother:Hamida Banu Begum
Died:27 October 1605 (aged 63),Fatehpur Sikri,
Agra
Facts:
-Coronated at the young age of 14 by Bairam
Khan
-Buland Darwaza was constructed at Fatehpur
Sikri after victory over Gujarat in AD 1572.
-Married to Harkha Bai, daughter of Rajput
ruler Bharmal
-Ralph Fitch (in AD 1585) was the first
Englishman to visit Akbar’s court.
-Abolished Jaziyah (AD 1564)
-Believed in Sulh-i-Kul (peace to all)
-Built Ibadat Khana (Hall of prayer) at
Fetehpur Sikri
-Issued ‘Decree of Infallibility (AD 1579)
-Formulated religious oder Din-i-Ilahi (AD
1582)
-Land revenue system was called Todar Mal
Bandobast or Zabti System measurement of land,
classification of land and fixation of rent
-Introduced Mansabdari System (holder of rank)
to organise nobility and army.
-The Navratnas included Todar Mal, Abul Fazal,
Faizi, Birbal, Tansen, Abdur Rahim Khana-i-
Khana, Mullah-do-Pyaza, Raja Man Singh and
Fakir Aziao-Din.
Battles:
-Defeated Hemu at the Second Battle of Panipat
(AD 1556)
-Conquered Malwa (AD 1561) defeating Baz
Bahadur
-Followed by-Garh-Katanga (ruled by Rani
Durgawati),Chittor (AD 1568), Ranthambhor and
Kalinjar (AD 1569), Gujarat (AD 1572), Mewar
(Battle of Haldighati, AD 1576 Akbar and Rana
Pratap), Kashmir (AD 1586), Sindh (AD 1593) and
Asirgarh (AD 1603).
Jahangir (AD 1605-1627)
Born:31 August 1569,Fatehpur Sikri
Father:Akbar
Mother:Mariam-uz-Zamani
Died:28 October 1627 (aged 58),Rajauri, Rajouri
district,Kashmir.
Facts: /
-Executed the fifth Sikh guru, Guru Arjun Dev.
-Greatest failure was the loss of Kandahar to
Persia in AD 1622.
-AD 1622
-Married Mehr-un-Nisa in AD 1611 and conferred
the title of Nurjahan on her.
- He established Zanjir-i-Adal at Agra Fort for
the seekers of royal justice..
-Captain Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe visited his
court.
-Famous painters in his court-Abdul Hassan,
Ustad Mansur and Bishandas.
- Jahangir had a deep interest in matters
relating to arts and culture.
-He successfully ended an ongoing war with the
Rajput principality of Mewar, in 1614.
Battles:
-Battle of Haldighati : Jehangir and Shakti
Singh
Shahjahan/ Khurram (AD 1628-1658)
Born:January 5, 1592, Lahore
Father: Jahangir
Mother: princess Manmati
Died: January 22, 1666, Agra
Facts: /
2 Mughal emperor of India (1628–58) who built the
Taj Mahal.
-The Taj Mahal is the masterpiece of his reign
and was erected in memory of the favourite of
his three queens, Mumtaz Mahal (the mother of
Aurangzeb).
-Shah Jahan’s reign was notable for successes
against the Deccan (peninsular Indian) states.
-Shah Jahan transferred his capital from Agra
to Delhi in 1648, creating the new city of
Shahjahanabad there.
-Shah Jahan had an almost insatiable passion
for building.
-At his first capital, Agra, he undertook the
building of two great mosques, the Moti Masjid
(Pearl Mosque) and the Jami Masjid (Great
Mosque).
-At Delhi, Shah Jahan built a huge fortress-
palace complex called the Red Fort as well as
another Jama Masjid, which is among the finest
mosques in India.
-In September 1657 Shah Jahān fell ill,
precipitating a struggle for succession between
his four sons, Dārā Shikōh, Murād Bakhsh, Shah
Shujāʿ, and Aurangzeb.
-The Aurangzeb, declared himself emperor in
1658 and strictly confined Shah Jahān in Agra
Fort until his death.
- The following monuments were also
constructed by Shah Jahan during his rule::
• Red Fort or Lal Quila (Delhi)
• Sections of the Agra Fort /
• Jama Masjid (Delhi) /
• Moti Masjid or Pearl Mosque (Lahore) /
• Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)
• Sections of the Lahore Fort (Lahore) / •
Jahangir Mausoleum /
• Takht-e-Taus
• Shahjahan Mosque (Thatta)
Aurangzeb (Alamgir) (AD 1658-1707)
Born:
4 November 1618,Dahod
Father:Shah Jahan
Mother : mumtaaz mahal
Died:3 March 1707,Ahmednagar
Facts:
Born:4 November 1618,Dahod
Father:Shah Jahan
Mother : mumtaaz mahal
Died:3 March 1707,Ahmednagar
Facts:
-Aurangzeb became victorious after the brutal
war of succession among his brother Dara, Shuja
and Murad.
- Rebellions during his rule – Jat Peasantry at
Mathura, Satnami peasantry in Punjab and
Bundelas in Bundelkhand.
- -The annexation of Marwar in AD 1658 led to a
serious rift between Rajput and Mughals after
the death of Raja Jaswant Singh.
-Ninth Sikh Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur was
executed by him in AD 1675.
-Mughal conquests reached territorial climax
during his reign. Charkula Ottam Thullal
-It stretched from Kashmir in North to Jinji in 3 Jawara Chavittu Natakam
South, from the Hindukush in West to Chittagong Grida dance Kaikotti Kalai
in East. Gaur maria dance Koodiyattam
- -He was called Darvesh or a Zinda Pir. He 19.Odisha Krishnavattam
forbade Sati. Conquered Bijapur (AD 1686) and Savari Mudiyettu
Golconda (AD 1687) and reimposed Jaziya in AD Ghumara Tappatri Kai
1679. Gotipua Theyyam
-He built Biwi ka Makbara on the tomb of his 13.Jharkhand 14.Lakshadweep
queen Rabaud-Durrani at Aurangabad; Moti Masjid Karma Lava
within Red Fort, Delhi; and the Jami or 19.Odisha 16.Mizoram
Badshahi Mosque at Lahore. Savari Chiraw (Bamboo Dance)
Ghumara
Bahadur Shah II(Jafar) (1837-57) Gotipua
17.Manipur 18.Maharashtra
Born: Dhol cholom Lavani
24 October 1775,Delhi Thang ta Lezim
Father:Akbar Shah II 29.West Bengal 20.Puducherry
Mother: Lal Bai Jatra Garadi
Died: 7 November 1862 (aged 87),Rangoon, Kathi
British Burma Chau
21.Punjab 24.Tamil Nadu
Facts: Bhangra Bharatnatyam
Bahadur Shah Zafar, also known as Bahadur Shah Giddha Kolattam
II, was the last Mughal emperor of India who Jhumar Kavadi
reigned from 1837 to 1857 for a period of 20 Malwai Karagattam
years. Dhaman Theru koothu
-Zafar played a prominent role during the
23.Sikkim 22.Rajasthan
Indian Rebellion of 1857, fighting for India’s
Singhi chham Ghumar
independence from British Rule.
Yak Chaam Gangaur
-He had written a large number of ghazals and
Maruni Kalbelia
his court was home to several Urdu writers of
Rechungma Suisini
great repute including Mirza Ghalib, Dagh,
25.Telangana 26.Tripura
Mumin, and Zauq.
Lambadi Hojagiri
Andra Pradesh 2.Assam
Perini Thandavam Goria
Kuchipudi Ojapali
27.Uttarakhand 28.Uttar Pradesh
Kottam Bihu
Chholiya Kajri
Ankia Nat
Jagars Jhora
3.Arunachal Pradesh 4.Bihar Thali-Jadda Chhapeli
Lion and Peacock dance Jata Jatin
Chalo Faguna or Fag The British Rule
Popir Purbi
Bardo Chham Bidesia 1.Sir Robert Clive
Aji Lamu Governor of Bengal → Sir Robert Clive.
5.Chhatisgarh 6.Gujarat
Panthi Dandya Ras
Raut Nacha Garba Lasya Nritya He was the first & last Governor of Bengal. He
10.Jammu and Kashmir Bhavai remained the Governor of Bengal twice.
Rouf Garba He started the concept of the Dual Government
Chakri Rasila or “Diarchy" in Bengal.
Trippan He was known as the Kingmaker of the Bengal.
7.Goa 8.Haryana
Fugdi Swang He committed suicide after returning back to
Dekhnni Khoria England in 1772.
Tarangamel Gugga dance
Dhalo Loor 2.Sir Warren Hastings
Dhama Governor General of Bengal → Sir Warren
9.Himachal Pradesh 11.Karnataka Hastings(1772 – 1785)
Luddi Dance Yakshagana  Regulating Act was the first law passed by
Munzra Bayalata Britisher in India.(1773)
Kanayala Simha Nutrya
Giddha Parhaun Dollu Kunitha  Under this:-(i) The concept of dual govt. &
Hikat Veeragase Diarchy ended in Bengal.(ii) The supreme court
15.Madhya Pradesh 12.Kerala was set up at Calcutta (1774) with total 4
Macha Chakiarkoothu judges.
Pandvan Kathakali  He started the Asiatic Society of Bengal
Tertali Mohiniattam (1784), with the help of William Jones.
 During his period, Geeta was translated into
English by “Charles Wilkins”.
4 the efforts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
 The first newspaper of India “Bengal Gazette”
was started in 1780 by “Mr. James Hickey”.
 2nd Anglo-Mysore war was fought.
 He had a friendship with “Maharaja Chaith
Singh” of Benaras & he was caught taking the
bribe. This leads to the “Impeachment of Warren
Hastings” in England. However, after 13 yrs. Of
Impeachment proceedings, he was removed from
all the charges.
3.Lord Cornwallis → (1786 – 1793)
 He started civil service Examination in India
in 1786. That is why he is known as the father
of the civil services. Mr. Satyendra Nath
Tagore became the first person to qualify the
civil services examination.
 He started permanent settlement system in
Bengal under which the King collected the taxes
of his area and then he distributed these taxes
into 11 equal parts out of which 10 parts were
kept by Britishers & 1 part by the king.
 3rd Anglo-Mysore war was started (1789-1792)
Lord Wellesley (1798-1809)
 He started the concept of Subsidiary alliance
system in the year 1798 under which the British
forces expanded in whole India and the whole
expense of the forces was beared by the King
himself.
 The Nizams of Hyderabad were the first ruler
who excepted the subsidiary alliance system.
 4th Anglo-Mysore war was fought in 1799 and
Tipu Sultan was killed.
Sir George Burlow (1805 – 1807)
 First Sipahi Vidroh - The “Mutiny of Sepoys”
took place in the year 1806 at vellore (T.N) on
the issue of the dress code. However the mutiny
was very small and was suppressed by the
Britishers in only few days.
Lord Minto I (1807-1813)
 He signed the famous Treaty of Amritsar in
the year 1809 with Maharaja Ranjeet Singh after
which it was decided that the Sikh empire will
be concentrated upto the Satluj River.
 He passed the charter Act of 1813. Under
this: (a) The Britishers decided to give 1 lakh
Rs. every year for education in India.(b) The
trading Monopoly of the Britishers ended in
India except trading of Tea & opium and trading
with China.
Lord William Bentinck (1828 – 1835)
 Starting of the Brahmo Samaj in the year 1828
by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. “Mughal king Akbar-II
gave him title Raja”.
 Abolition of the “Sati Practice” in 1829 on
 Suppression of Thugs, 1830.
 He declared “English” as the official
language of India in the year 1835, on the
advice of Lord Macaulay(Father of India
Judicial System).
 He passed the Charter Act of 1833. Under
this:-(a)The trading Monopoly of the Britishers
Completely ended in India.(b)The post of
Governor General of Bengal ended and the
Governor General of India started. Thus he
became the first “Governor General of India”.
Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835-1836)
 He removed all the restrictions on the
vernacular press Act and made the press
Independent. Owe to this he is known as
“Liberator of Press in India”.However, he was
removed from his post.
Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856)
 He started the first Indian Railways 16 April
1853 from “Bombay to Thane”.
 He started the first Telegraph Service of
India, 1853 from “Calcutta to Agra”.
 He issued the first Postal Stamp of India
(1854).
 He started the Public Works Department (PWD)
in India.
 He started the first Engineering College at
Roorkee. (Presently IIT Roorkee)
 He made Shimla as summer capital.
 He passed the “Widow Remarriage Act”1856 on
the efforts of “Eshwar Chandra Vidyasagar”.
 He appointed the Education Commission known
as “Wood’s Dispatch” in 1854 in order to
improve the university level education in
India.
 He passed “Doctrine of Lapse”, under this the
adopted son of the king, after the death of his
father cannot become the king and the whole
empire will be under the Britishers. Under this
policy he captured
1. Satara → 1848
2. Sambalpur & Jaitapur → 1849
3. Udaipur → 1852
4. Jhansi → 1853(Lakshmi Bai was killed by Sir
Hugh Rose)
5. Nagpur → 1854
6. Awadh (Wajid Ali Shah) →1856
Q1.Who started the concept of Subsidiary
Alliance?
Ans:Lord Wellesly
Q2.Who passed the Charter Act of 1813?
Ans:Lord Minto I
Q3.Which Mughal king gave the title "Raja" to
Raja Ram Mohan Roy?
Ans:Akbar-II

Q4.Who passed the Charter Act of 1833?
Ans:Lord William Bentinck
Q5.Who is known as Liberator of Press in
India”?
Ans:Sir Charles Metcalfe
Q6.Who and when first Indian Railways started?
Ans:Lord Dalhousie 16 April 1853
Q7.Name the first Princely state captured under
Doctrine of Lapse?
Ans:Satara
Q8.Which British ruler killed Rani Kakshmi Bai? Commerce in India.
Ans:Sir Hugh Rose
Q9.Who started the first Engineering College at
Roorkee. (Presently IIT Roorkee)?
Ans:Lord Dalhousie
Q10.Which briitish ruler passed the Widow
Remarriage Act”1856?
Ans:Lord Dalhousie
Lord Canning (1856 – 1862)
 3 universities were set up in India in the
year 1857 at Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras.
 Mutiny of sepoys (Revolt of 1857) by a
soldier named Mangal Panday at “Barrackpur in
Bengal”
 Indigo Revolt or Nil Darpan took place in
Bengal in 1859 by “Digambar Biswas & Bishnu
Charan Biswas”
 Starting of the ASI → Archaeological Survey
of India in 1861.
 He passed the Indian Council Act. Under this,
the British Viceroy has the power to declare
the emergency in India and during the
emergency, he has the power to pass any new law
without anybody’s permission.
Important People in the revolt of 1857.
Delhi → Bahadur Shah Jaffar II & Bakht khan
Kanpur → Nana Saheb (Dondhu Panth) & Tatya
Tope
Lucknow → Begum Hazrath Mahal
Jhansi → Maharani Laxmibai
Bihar → Kunwar Singh & Amar Singh
Barrackpore → Mangal Pandey
Meerat → Kadam Singh
Mathura → Devi Singh
Impact :-
The govt. of India Act 1858 was passed and the
power to control over India was shifted from
the East India company to Queen Victoria in
England and the post of Governor general of
India Ended & “Viceroy” of India started. Thus,
“Lord Canning” became the first viceroy of
India.
Lord Elgin I (1862-1864)
Three High Courts were set up in India in 1862.
At Calcutta, Bombay and Madras.
Sir John Lawrence (1864-1869)
 He started the Indian Forest department,
1865.
 He extended the telegraphic communication
5 upto the European countries.
Lord Mayo (1869-1872)
 “Mohan Das Karamchand Gandhi” was born 2nd
October, 1869 at Porbandar in the royal family
of “Karamchand Gandhi” & “Putli Bai”.
 Lord Mayo conducted the first census of
India. (1871)
 He started the department of Agriculture and
 He started the statistical survey of India
(SSI) which later on became (ISI) (India
statistical Institute)
 He started the famous “Mayo College” at Ajmer
and Rajkot College at Gujarat for Indian Prince
and Princess.
 He was the only viceroy to be killed during
his term of office by a Pathan known as “Sher
Afridi” at Andaman, 1872.
Lord Lytton (1876-1880)
 He is known as the viceroy of the reverse
character.
 “The Grand Delhi Darbar” of “1877” was setup
for the welcome of queen Victoria where she was
given the title of “Kaiser-i-Hind”(Queen of
India)
 Mr. Gopal Hari Deshmukh who wear the Khadi
clothes during the grand Delhi Darbar of 1877.
 Lord Lytton reimposed all the Restrictions on
the Press through “Vernacular Press, Act” in
1878.
 He reduced the Maximum age for the Indians to
quality the civil services exam from (21 to 18
yrs)
 He passed the Arm’s Act 1878. Under this it
was mandatory to acquire the licence for
keeping the arms.
 He appointed the “famine commission” in 1876
under “Sir Richard Strachey” and he also gave
relief to the farmers by waving off their
taxes.
 Q1.Name the two persons involved in Indigo
Revolt?
 Ans:Digambar Biswas & Bishnu Charan Biswas
Q2.When was Mahatama Gandhi born?
Ans: 2nd October, 1869.
Q3.Who conducted the first census of India?
 ANs:Lord Mayo
 Q4.When was the first Census conducted?
 Ans:1871
 Q5.Who built the Mayo College at Ajmer?
 Ans:Lord Mayo
 Q6.Who is known as the viceroy of the
reverse character.
 Ans:Lord Lytton
 Q7.When Queen Victoria was given the title
of "Kaiser-i-Hind"?
  Ans:At “The Grand Delhi Darbar” of “1877”
6
 Q8.Name the Viceroy who was murdered at
Andaman?
 Ans:Lord Mayo
 Q9.Who was the Governor General at the time
of Revolt of 1857.
 Ans:Lord Canning
 Q10.Who was the first viceroy of India.
 Ans:Lord Canning
Lord Ripon (1880 – 1884)
 He passed the first factory Act, 1881,
under this the child Labour was prohibited in
India.
 He passed the Ilbert Bill, 1883, under
this the Indian judges got the power to
sentence the Europe Criminals but later on this
Bill was withdrawn by the Britishers.
 He appointed the education commission,
known as “Hunter commission” in 1882 in order
to improve the secondary level education in
India.
 He passed the local self-government Act
in 1882 under this the Panchayati Raj system
started in India. That is why he is known as
the “father of the Panchayati Raj” or father of
Local self Government.
Lord Dufferin (1884-1888)
 Formation of Indian National Congress
(INC) in the year 1885 at Gokul Das Tejpal
Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya, Bombay by Mr. A. O.
Hume with total 72 members.
Lord Lansdowne(1888-1894)
 He passed the second factory Act 1891,
under this:-(i) There was a weekly holiday for
the workers (Sunday Holiday). (ii) Fixed time
period of working. (iii) He appointed the high-
level Durand commission in 1893 to draw the
political boundary between India &
Afghanistan.(Now between Pakistan &
Afghanistan).
 In the year 1892, he divided the civil
services examination into 3 parts:-(a) Imperial
services → IAS (b)Provincial services → State
PCS (c)Subordinate Services → Tehsildar
 In 1893 → Swami Vivekanand deliver speech
at Chicago on Zero.
 Gandhiji was thrown out of the train, in
South Africa at the famous St. Pietermaritzburg
Railway station.
 Q1.Who is Known as "father of Local Self
Government"?
 Ans:Lord Ripon
Q2.Name the college where INC Formed?
 Ans:Gokul Das Tejpal Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya,
Bombay.
 Q3.How many memebers were present at the
time of formation of INC?
 Ans:72
 Q4.Name the First President of INC?
 Ans:Mr. Womesh Chandra Bannerjee (W.C.
Bannerjee)
 Q5.Name the first Muslim President of INC?
 Ans:Badruddin Taiyabji
 Q6.At which Congress session,Congress split
into Extrimist and moderates?
 Ans:Surat Session(1907) under Raas Bihari
Bose.
 Q7.Name the First Indian Women Presidentof
INC?
 Ans:Sarojini Naidu
 Q8.At which congress session Declaration of
Purna Swaraj?
 Ans:Lahore session
 Q9.Name that Railway station where Gandhiji
Was thrown out of the train in South Africa?
 Ans:St. Pietermaritzburg Railway station.
 Q10.In which year Swami Vivekanand Delivered
Speech at Chicago?
 Ans:1893
History Notes: 1857 Revolt
General facts-
PM of England – Palmerston
Governor general – Lord Canning of India
Emperor of India – Bahadur Sah Jafar
Commander of Britishers –Campbell
REASONS OF REVOLT
A. Reason between 1757 – 1857
Wellesely – Treaty of Subsidiary Alliance
Dallousive – Doctrine of lapse
Revenue System- Exploitation of Peasents
Education → Modernity → Analysis
Indian Industries → closed
Rural Industries → closed
Conversion into Christan
Social interference → Sati, Slave, widow
remarriage Act.
Sepoy dissatisfaction
B. Immediate Cause
Use of rifle, cartridges of this rifle were
made from cow and pig fat.
Nature of Revolt
Lorentz & Seele : Sepoy movement
Reege : Revolt against Christianity
Home: A war between cirilisation and anarchasim
Taylor : Hindu – Muslim conspiracy
Disraeli : National movement dietetics, and beneficial effects of milk have
R. C. majumdar : Neither first nor national and 7 also been elaborately dealt with.
freedom struggle
V. D. Sawarkar : First war of Independence BHELA SAMHITA (800 BCE) A codification of
medicine scattered in the Vedas. Atreya is
//Important Sessions of INC known as the writer of Bhela Samhita
Remarks (If
S.No. Year Place President AGNIVESA SAMHITA (700 BCE) A codification of
any)
Mr. Womesh medicine by Agnivesa (a disciple of Atreya -
Chandra First founder of Ayurveda).
1. 1885 Bombay Bannerjee President of
(W.C. INC KASHYAP SAMHITA (600 BCE) Deals with
Bannerjee) paediatrics.
Also known as CHIVARAVASTU (500 BCE) Mentions the court
“Grand Old
physician of Bimbisara (King of Magadha) as a
Man of India”
Dadabhai marvelous physician and surgeon. Describes
2. 1886 Calcutta the gave the
Naoroji difficult surgical operations e.g. opening of
famous theory
the brain and eye surgery.
of “Drain of
wealth” HIPPOCRATIC OATH (460 TO 370 BCE) Hippocrates
First Muslim is considered to be the father of western
Badruddin
3. 1887 Madras President of medicine. The Oath is thought to have been
Taiyabji
INC written by the Greek physician Hippocrates. In
Sir George First British some medical colleges around the world this
4. 1888 Allahabad
Yule President oath is taken by graduating doctors.
Gopal
Swadeshi
5. 1905 Benaras Krishna HUANGDI NEICHING (450 BCE) The first book on
Movement
Gokhle medicine in China.
Swaraj (Self-
6. 1906 Kolkata Dadabhai CHARAKA SAMHITA (100 CE) A classical exposition
governance)
Raas Bihari Split of of Indian medicine. It deals with almost all
7. 1907 Surat branches of medicine.
Bose Congress
A. C. Reunion of
8. 1916 Lucknow CELSUS (100 TO 200 CE) A treatise on medicine
Majumdar Congress
and surgery from Alexandria and Rome.
First Women
Annie
9. 1917 Calcutta President of SUSRUTA SAMHITA (200 TO 300 CE) A treatise on
Besant
INC Ayurveda like the Charaka Samhita. Susruta is
Maulana Youngest described as a disciple of Dhanwantari.
10. 1923 Delhi Abul kalam President of
Azad INC VAGHATA (500 TO 600 CE) A concise and
11. 1924 Belgaum Gandhi Ji scientific exposition of Ayurveda in verse
First Indian from. It is distinguished by its knowledge of
Sarojini
12. 1925 Kanpur Women chemical reactions and laboratory processes
Naidu
President etc.
Formation of
Motilal All India VEDUKUNTA (600 TO 750 CE) A tratise on the rasa
13. 1928 Calcutta chikitsa system of ancient medicine, which
Nehru Youth
Congress considers mercury as the king of all medicines.
Declaration It explains various preparations of mercury and
Jawahar Lal other metals, alloys, metallic compounds,
14. 1929 Lahore of Purna
Nehru salts, and sulphur.
Swaraj
Faizpur Jawahar Lal First Session
15. 1937 MADHAVACHARAYA (700 TO 800 CE) A compilation
(Maharashtra) Nehru in village
Subhash from earlier works of Agnivesa, Charaka,
Haripura Susruta, and Vaghata and is famous all over
16. 1938 Chandra
(Gujarat) India as the best treatise on Ayurveda and
Bose
diagnosis of disease.
Acharya J.
17. 1946 Meerut
B. Kriplani
P. Sitara Socio - Religious reform movements
18. 1948 Jaipur
Mayya
Important Ancient Books on Science A. BrahmoSamaj Movement:
and Medicine
 Founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1828.
ATHARVAVEDA (1000 BCE) Treatise on health,  He earlier started Atmiya Sabha in 1814.
longevity, and curative treatment. Hygiene,
 Criticized Sati Pratha, casteism and
advocated widow remarriage.
8 was based on this principle of reason.
 He gave enthusiastic assistance to David
Hare, who founded the famous Hindu College in
Calcutta.
 Established a Vedanta College in which
courses both in Indian and Western social and
physical sciences were offered.
 He was a gifted linguist. He knew more than
dozen languages including Sanskrit, Persian,
Arabic, English, French, Latin, Greek and
Hebrew.
 He was opposed to Sanskrit system of
education; because he thought it would keep the
country in darkness.
 Other important leaders were Devendranath
Tagore (father of Rabindranath Tagore) and
Keshab Chandra Sen.
 Tagore dismissed Keshab Chandra in 1865.
 Keshab started Sangat Sabha, PrarthanaSamaj
and BrahmoSamaj of India.
 Tagore’s organization came to be known as
Tattvabodhini Sabha and AdiBrahmoSamaj.
 Anand Mohan Bose started the
SadharanaBrahmoSamaj.
 Justice M.G. Ranade founded the Prarthana
Sabha.
Rammohan Roy (1771-1833)
 He was horn at Radhanagar in Bengal in 1772.
He is regarded as the first great leader of
modern India. He opposed idol worship and
pressed on Doctrine of the Unity of God. He
believed that basically all religions preach a
common message. He was deeply influenced by
monotheism, anti-idolatry of Islam, Sufism, and
ethical teachings of Christianity & liberal &
rationalist doctrines of the west. He was one
of the earliest propagators of modern
education.
 Started the Atmiya Sabha in 1814
 The Brahma Sabha in 1829, (BrahmoSamaj).
Based on the twin pillars of-reason, the Vedas
and the Upanishads. Laid emphasis on human
dignity, opposed idolatry, and criticised
social evils. Succeeded in persuading Lord
Bentick to abolish sati in 1829
 He gave enthusiastic assistance to David
Hare, who founded the famous Hindu college in
Calcutta.
 Established a Vedanta College (1825) in which
courses both in Indian and western social and
physical sciences were offered
 Wrote in Persian his famous work ,4 Gift to
Monotheists or Tuhafat-ul-Muwahidin— 1809
 Launched a movement for the abolition of Sati
through his journal SabadKaumudi (1819)
 Published his Precepts of Jesus— 1820
 He believed that the philosophy of Vedanta
 Was opposed to Sanskrit system of education ,
because he thought it would keep the country in
darkness.
B. ARYA SAMAJ
 Founded by Swami Dayanand (or, Moolshankar)
in 1875.
 His motto was ‘Go back to the Vedas’ & ‘India
for the Indians’. He disregarded Puranas, idol
worship, casteism and untouchability. He
advocated widow remarriage.
 Dayanand’s views were published in his famous
work, Satyarth Prakash. He also wrote Veda
BhashyaBhumika and Veda Bhashya.
 Established a large number of educational
institutions in India, viz., Gurukuls, DAV
schools etc.
 Also started the ‘Siddhi’ movement to convert
non – Hindus to Hinduism.
 Other prominent persons of Arya Samaj were
Lala Hans Raj, Pt. Guru Dutt, LalaLajpat Rai,
SwamiShraddhanand.
Swami Dayananda
 Swami DayanandSaraswati (or Mulashankar) was
born in 1824 in Gujarat. He received education
from Swami Virajonanda at Math lira . Formally
organised the first Arya Samaj unit at Bombay
in 1875
 He was known as the earliest Neo-nationalist.
 His ideal was to unite India religiously,
socially and nationally, lie looked on the
Vedas as India’s “Rock of Ages,” the true
original seed of Hinduism. His motto was “Go
back to Vedas”.
 He condemned idol worship and preached unity
of God.
C. RAMAKRISHNA MISSION
 Founded by Vivekanand (earlier, Narendranath
Dutta) (1863 – 1902) in 1897, 11 years after
the death of his guru Ram Krishna Paramhans.
 Vivekanand attended the Parliament of Religion
at Chicago in 1893.
 He published two papers :Prabhudha Bharat in
English and Udbodhana in Bengali.
 Irish woman Margaret Noble (Known as sister
Nivedita) popularized Ramakrishna Mission after
Vivekanand’s death.
Ram Krishna (1836-1886)
 His original name was Gadoidhar
Chattopadhyay. He was born in 1836 in
Kamarpukar village in Hooghly district of VVest
Bengal.
 He was a priest in Dakshineshwar temple
of Goddess Kali near Calcutta.
9
 He sought religious salvation in
traditional ways of renunciation, meditation &
devotion
 Emphasized that service to man was
service to god
 His thinking was rooted deeply in Indian
thought and culture although he emphasized the
truth in all religions.
Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902)
His original name was Narendranath Dutta and
was burn at Calcutta in 1863. He was a disciple
of Ramakrishna Paramhansa.
 He attended the Parliament of Religions
held at Chicago in 1893 and published two
papers— PrabhudhaBharata in English and
Udbodhana in Bengali.
 Social ideas He stressed on social action
& proclaimed the essential oneness of all
religions and condemned any narrowness in
religious matters.
 He believed that only in uplifting the-
masses lay the vitality of the nation.
 He urged people to imbibe spirit of
liberty, equality & freethinking
 Wanted new social order based on freedom
& equality.
 He was champion of emancipation of women
& was of the view that “no social progress is
possible without improving condition of women,
who were most important instrument of social
change”.
 He said, “So long as millions live in
hunger and ignorance I hold every man a traitor
who, having been educated at their expense,
pays not the least heed to them.”
Religious ideas
 Felt Hinduism needs reinterpretation
 He subscribed to Vedanta, which he declared
to be a fully rational system & reinterpreted
the vedant which led to Neo-Vedantism
 Condemned the caste system and the Hindu
emphasis on rituals and superstitions
 Preached humanistic religion and was of the
view that best form of worship was service to
humanity.
Nationalism
 Contributed to the rise of nationalism. His
nationalism was based on 4 pillars of
 Awakening of masses
 Development of physical and moral strength
 Unity based on common spiritual ideas
 Pride in ancient Indian glory
 Wanted modernization of India through
Science & Technology
 In 1807, he founded the Ramakrishna Mission
to carry on humanitarian relief and social
work. Belur became the headquarters of his
mission and Matha. An Irish woman Margaret
Noble popularized the teachings of the Mission.
 Vivekananda died in 1902.
YOUNG BENGAL MOVEMENT
During the late 1820 and early 1830, there
emerged a radical intellectual trend among the
youth in Bengal, which came to be known as the
‘Young Bengal Movement’.
 Founded by Henry Louis Vivian Derozio (1809 –
31). He was a teacher in Hindu College in
Calcutta.
 He also edited the papers, Hesperus and
Calcutta Literary Gazette and was connected
with the India Gazette.
 He urged the students to live and die for
truth. He also supported women’s education and
their rights.
VEDA SAMAJ
 Called BrahmoSamaj of South. Started by
Sridharalu Naidu.
 He translated books of Brahmo Dharma into
Tamil and Telegu.
DHARMA SABHA
Initiated by Radhakant Deb in 1830.
 Was opposed to reforms and protected
orthodoxy, but played an active role in
promoting western education even to girls.
DRAIN OF WEALTH THEORY
 R.C. Dutta and DadabhaiNaoroji first cited
the drain of wealth theory. Naoroji brought it
to light in his book titled “Poverty and
Unbritish Rule in India”. R C Dutt blamed the
British policies for economic ills in his book
“Economic History of India”.
 Drain of wealth refers to the portion of
national product of India, which was not
available for consumption of Indians.
 Drain of wealth began in 1757 after the
Battle of Plassey when the Company’s servants
began to extort fortunes from Indian rulers,
zamindars, merchants and common people and send
home.
 In 1765, the Company acquired the Diwani of
Bengal and began to purchase the Indian goods
out of the revenue of Bengal and exported them.
These purchases were known as Company’s
investments.
 Duty free inland trade provided British
merchants a competitive edge over their Indian
counterparts.
 The actual drain, as a part of the salaries 4.He adopted the titles of Chhatrapati,
and other incomes of the English officials and
10HaindavaDharmodharak& Kshatriya Kulavatamsa.
the trading fortunes of English merchants, was
even more. 5.He had confrontation with Afzal Khan of
Bijapur in 1659.
 The drain of wealth stunted the growth of
Indian enterprise and checked and retarded 6.He also had confrontation with Shayista Khan
capital formation in India. in 1660.
LOKAHITAWADI
Started by Gopal Hari Deshmukh. Advocated 7.He sacked Surat in 1664 again in 1670.
western education and a rational outlook. He
8.Died in 1680.
advocated female education for the upliftment
of women.
The Ashtapradhan (Ministers)
 As a vptary of national self – reliance,
he attended Delhi durbar in 1876, wearing Peshwa / Mukhiya Pradhan -Prime Minister,
handspun khadi cloth. General administration both civil and military.
INDIAN (NATIONAL) SOCIAL CONFERENCE
Founded by M.G. Ranade and Raghunath Rao. It Sar-i-Naubat -Chief of armed forces
held its first session in 1887.
Majumdar/ Amatya -Finance , Revenue , Accounts
 Its main focus was on abolition of polygamy
and kulinism and it encouraged intercaste Sachiv/Surunavis/Chitnis -Royal Correspondence
marriages. It also pledged to fight child
marriages. Dabir/Sumant -Foreign Affiars/ Royal ceremonies
 The Conference is sometimes referred as the Mantri/Waqla-Nawis/Wakins -Incharge of records,
social reform cell of the Indian National intelligence and looked after king’s private
Congress. affairs.
SERVANTS OF INDIA SOCIETY
Formed by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1915. NayayadhishPandit Rao -Justice Religious
affairs and Charities
 It did notable work in providing famine
relief and in improving the condition of the THE PESHAWAS
tribal.
SEVA SAMITI 1. BalajiViswanath 1713-20
HridayanathKunzru, a member of the Servants of
India Society, organized the Samiti at 2. Baji Rao I 1720-40
Allahabad in 1914, to improve the status of the
suffering classes, reform criminals and to 3. BalajiBaji Rao 1740-61
rescue those suffering in society.
4. Mahadev Rao 1761-72
 Radhaswami Movement:
5. Narayan Rao 1772-73
 Founded in 1861 by a banker of Agra, Tulsi
Ram, popularly known as Shiv DayalSaheb or 6. Swami Madhav Rao 1773-95
Swami Maharaj.
 The sect preached belief in one Supreme 7. Baji Rao Ji 1795-1818
Being, the Guru’s supreme position and a simple
social life for the believers (the Satsangis). Maratha Families and Their Headquarters
DEVA SAMAJ 1. Pashwa Poona
Founded by Shiv NarainAgnihotri in 1887. it
preached high moral and social conduct like, 2. Scindia Gwalior (Initially Ujjain)
for instance, keeping oneself away from
gambling and intoxicants. 3. Gaekwad Baroda
 Deva Shastra tells us about the ideals of Deva
4. Bhonsle Nagpur
Samaj.
The Marathas :Study Notes 5. Holker Indore

6. Pawar Dhar
Shivaji
Maratha Confederacy
1.Shivaji belonged to Bhonsle Clan.
BalajiViswanath
2.Guru Ramdas was his political Guru.
1.The first Peshwa, in 1713.
3.His coronation was held at Raigarh in 1674.
His kingdom was called Swaraj.
2.Induced Zulfiquar Khan to pay Chauth and
Sardeshmukhi of Deccan.
3.Helped the Sayyid brothers to overthrow
Farruksiyar
4.Introduced Saranjami System
Baji Rao I
1.The greatest exponent of Guerrilla tactics
after Shivaji
2.Worsted Nizam-ul-Mulk twice.
Shivaji
111.Shivaji belonged to Bhonsle Clan.
2.Guru Ramdas was his political Guru.
3.His coronation was held at Raigarh in 1674.
His kingdom was called Swaraj.
4.He adopted the titles of Chhatrapati,
HaindavaDharmodharak& Kshatriya Kulavatamsa.
5.He had confrontation with Afzal Khan of
Bijapur in 1659.
6.He also had confrontation with Shayista Khan
in 1660.
7.He sacked Surat in 1664 again in 1670.
8.Died in 1680.

3.Compaigned against the Portuguese-captured The Ashtapradhan (Ministers)

Salsette&Bassein Peshwa / Mukhiya Pradhan Prime Minister,
General administration both civil and military.
4.Compaigned against the Sidis of Janjira Sar-i-Naubat Chief of armed forces
Majumdar/ Amatya Finance , Revenue , Accounts
5.Propounded concept of Hindu Pad Padshahi, Sachiv/Surunavis/Chitnis Royal Correspondence
Real architect of Maratha Empire. Dabir/Sumant Foreign Affiars/ Royal ceremonies
Mantri/Waqla-Nawis/Wakins Incharge of records,
BalajiBaji Rao (Nana Sahib) intelligence and looked after king’s private
affairs.
1.Maratha families came into prominence. NayayadhishPandit Rao Justice Religious affairs
and Charities.
2.By the will of the king Shahu the Peshwa
became the official head. THE PESHAWAS
1. BalajiViswanath 1713-20
3.Capital was shifted to Poona from Satara. 2. Baji Rao I 1720-40
3. BalajiBaji Rao 1740-61
4.Invaded Bengal repeatedly – gained Orissa. 4. Mahadev Rao 1761-72
5. Narayan Rao 1772-73
5.Helped Imad-ul-mulk to become Wazir. 6. Swami Madhav Rao 1773-95
7. Baji Rao Ji 1795-1818
6.Invasion of Ahmed Shah Abdali – Battle of
Panipat 1761 – the nominal head of the Maratha
Maratha Families and Their Headquarters
army was Viswas Rao and the actual commander
1. Pashwa Poona
was Sadasiva Rao Bhao (killed in the battle).
2. Scindia Gwalior (Initially
Artillery was under the command of Ibrahim
Ujjain)
Gardi.
3. Gaekwad Baroda
Madhav Rao 4. Bhonsle Nagpur
5. Holker Indore
1.Defeated Haider Ali. 6. Pawar Dhar

2.Brought back the Mughal Emperor Shah and Maratha Confederacy

became their Pensioner. BalajiViswanath
1.The first Peshwa, in 1713.
Narayan Rao 2.Induced Zulfiquar Khan to pay Chauth and
Sardeshmukhi of Deccan.
1.Conflict for power with Raghunath Rao. 3.Helped the Sayyid brothers to overthrow
Farruksiyar
2.Raghunath Rao tried to capture power with the 4.Introduced Saranjami System
British help.
Baji Rao I
3.First Anglo-Maratha war. 1.The greatest exponent of Guerrilla tactics
after Shivaji
Baji Rao II 2.Worsted Nizam-ul-Mulk twice.
3.Compaigned against the Portuguese-captured
1.Son of Raghunath Rao. Salsette&Bassein
4.Compaigned against the Sidis of Janjira
2.MahadjiSchindia rose to prominence. He 5.Propounded concept of Hindu Pad Padshahi,
established control over Shah Alam and secured Real architect of Maratha Empire.
the appointment of Peshwas as the emperor’s BalajiBaji Rao (Nana Sahib)
deputy. 1.Maratha families came into prominence.
2.By the will of the king Shahu the Peshwa
became the official head.
3.Capital was shifted to Poona from Satara.
4.Invaded Bengal repeatedly – gained Orissa.  The Vajrayana Buddhist Literatures
5.Helped Imad-ul-mulk to become Wazir. 12
6.Invasion of Ahmed Shah Abdali – Battle of 1.Vinaya Pitaka - Rules of the order or
Panipat 1761 – the nominal head of the Maratha Buddha's disciplinary code
army was Viswas Rao and the actual commander
was Sadasiva Rao Bhao (killed in the battle). 2.Sutta Pitaka - Sermons on matter of doctrines
Artillery was under the command of Ibrahim and ethics, Buddha's teachings
Gardi.
3.Abhidhamma Pitaka - On metaphysics and
Madhav Rao philosophy.
1.Defeated Haider Ali.
2.Brought back the Mughal Emperor Shah and Co Chairmans Development
became their Pensioner. un hip

Place
ci

Time

King
Narayan Rao l
1.Conflict for power with Raghunath Rao.
2.Raghunath Rao tried to capture power with the Mahakassa Vinay Pitaka

Sattapani

Rajagriha

Ajatshatr
British help. pa compiled by Upali

, Bihar)
3.First Anglo-Maratha war. and Sutta Pitaka

483 BC
First

Cave(
compiled by
Baji Rao II Ananda

u
1.Son of Raghunath Rao.
2.MahadjiSchindia rose to prominence. He Sabakami Permanent split

Vaishali(

Kalashoka
established control over Shah Alam and secured of the Buddhist
the appointment of Peshwas as the emperor’s order into

Second

383 BC

Bihar)
deputy. Sthavirmadins and
Mahasanghikas
Short Notes on Buddhism
Moggalipu The third Pitak-

Patalip

(Bihar)
Birth 563 BC( According to some 250 BC ttaTissa Abhidhamma pitaka

Ashoka
Third

Historians) was compiled

Birth Place Lumbini( Now in Nepal) near utra
kapilvastu, the capital of the
Vasumitra Division of
Shakyas
Buddhism into the
Real Name Siddhartha Mahayana and the
Father’s Name Suddhodanana, elected chief of the Hinayana sects.
Codification of
Kundalvana

Shakyas
(Kashmir)

Sarvastivadin
Kanishka

Mother’s Name Mahamaya

doctrine as
Fourth

72 AD

Step Mother Prajapati Gautami Mahavibhasa took

Wife Yashodhara place
Son Rahul
Caste Kshatriya The Doctrine of Buddha
His Horse Kantaka
Charioteer Channa  Four Great Truths (Aryasatya)
Four Signs Aged man, sick man , corpse ,  The World is full of sorrow and misery.
Mendicant  The cause of all pain and misery is desire
Teacher(Guru) Asita was first Guru, Alana Kalama  Pain and misery can be ended by controlling
taught hi mediation and Upanishads the desire.
Great Going Mahabhiniskramana at the age of 29  Desire can be controlled by following the
Forth eight-fold path.
The Eight-Fold Path ( Ashtang Marga) Consists
Place of Beneath a Pipal tree in Gaya(Bodh of :
Enlightnment( Gaya) at Niranjana river at the
Nirvana) age of 35  Right Faith,Right Thought,Right Action
First Sermon Dharmachakra pravartana , Sarnath
 Right Means of Livelihood,Right exertion of
near Varanasi
efforts,Right Speech,Right Remembrance,Right
Death( Kushinagar, at Kasiya village in Concentration or Meditation
Parinirvana) Deoria district of U.P at the age
of 80 in 487 BC.
Study Notes on Jainism
Buddhist Sects
 Vardhamana Mahavira was believed to have born
 The Hinayana in 540 BC in KundalaGrama in Vaishali the
 The Mahayana
capital of Vajji. Now it is in Mussafar
district in Bihar.
 He belonged to Jnatrika Kshatriya clan.
 Mahavira’s family was connected with the
royal family of Magadha.
 The word ‘Jaina’ was originated from the word
‘Jina’ which means conqueror.
 Jainism speaks about 24 thinthankaras.
Mahavira was the 24th Thirthankara, who is
considered as the founder of Jainism.
 Rishabha was the first Thirthankara. Neminath
and Parswanatha were the 22nd and 23rd
Thirthankaras respectively.
 Bhagavatapurana, Vishnupurana, Vayupurana,etc
mentions about Rishabhadeva.
 Sidhartha, ruler of Nandadynasty which ruled
Kundalapuri, was the father of
VardhmanaMahavira.
 Mahavira’s mother was Trissala and Yasodha
was his wife.
 Jameli was the daughter of Mahavira.
 Mahavira is also known as ‘Vaishalia’ as he
was born in Vaishali.
 He got Kaivalya at the age of 42 under a Sal
tree on the bank of river Rajpalika near
Village Jimbhrikagrama.
 At first Mahavira followed the practice of
an ascetic group called Nirgrandhas , which
earlier led by Parswanath.
 MakhaliGosala was a companion of Mahavira,
Who later founded the Ajivika sect.
 Mahavira attained Nirvana at the age of 72
at Pavapuri near Rajagriha in 468 BC.
 Jains observe the day of his nirvana as
Dipavali.
 Gautama Indrabhuti is considered as his
first desciple.
 Jain sacred texts are called Angas.
 Jain texts were written under Bhadrabahu in
BC 296.
 Jain tests were written in the Prakrit
language of Ardhamagadhi.
 Jain Temple at Sravanabelgola in Hassan
district in Mysore is known as ‘Kasi of the
Jains’.
 Names of Rishabhadeva and Arishtanemi are
also mentioned in the Rigveda.
 Chandragupta Maurya the founder of the
Mauryan Empire, abdicated the throne towards
the end of his life, accepted Jainism reached
Sravanabelgola and died there.
 ‘Ahimsa Paramo Dharma’ is the sacred hymn of
Jainism.
 Ahimsa, Satya, Asateya, Aparigriha and
Brahmacharya are the five major principles of
Jainism.
 Brahmacharya is the principle added by
13Mahavira.
 Mahavira taught the three Jewels of
Jainism(Triratna) - Right Faith, Right
Knowledge and Right Conduct.
 The Jains repudiated the authority or
infallibility of the vedas. The Jains rejected
the concept of Universal soul or a supreme
power as the creator and sustainer of the
Universe.
 Jainism does not condemn the Varna
system.Mahavira believed that all individuals
irrespective of caste can strive for liberation
through good deeds and living.
 First Jain council was held at Pataliputra in
the fourth century BC under the leadership of
Stulabahu.
 Second Jain council was held at Vallabhipur
in third Century BC under the leadership of
AryaskandilNagarjuna Suri.
 Third Jain council was held at Vallabhipur in
Gujarat in 5th Century AD under the leadership
of DevardhiKshamasramana.
 Jainism was divided into two sects
Swetambaras and Digambaras after the first Jain
Council.
 Digambaras are sky-clad or naked and
swetambaras are clad in white.
 Gomateshwara statue is situated in
Sravanabelgola.
 ‘Syad Vada’ is a Jain philosophy of
Knowledge.
 Kharavela of Kalinga gave patronage to
Jainism.
 Mahavir Jayanti and Rakshabandan are the
festive occassions of Jainism.
 Temple on the Mount Abu in Rajasthan is a
famous centre of Jain worship.
 Jain Temple at Sravanabelgola in Hassan
district in Mysore is known as ‘Kasi of the
Jains’.
 Names of Rishabhadeva and Arishtanemi are
also mentioned in the Rigveda.
 Chandragupta Maurya the founder of the
Mauryan Empire, abdicated the throne towards
the end of his life, accepted Jainism reached
Sravanabelgola and died there
List of Jain Thirthankaras
1.Rishabhdev
2.Ajitnath
3.Sambhavnath
4.Abhinandan
5.Sumitnath
6.Padmaprabhu
7.Suparsavanath 7. First Battle of Panipat 1526— Babur defeated
14Ibrahim Lodhi. This laid the foundation of the
8.Suridhi Mughal rule in India.
9.Chandraprabh 8. Second Battle of Panipat 1556—Bairam Khan
(Akbar's General) defeated Hemu (the Hindu
10.SheetalNath General and right-hand man of Mohd. Adil Shah).
It also ended the Afghan Rule and Mughal Rule
11.Shreyanshanath began instead.
12.Vasupujya 9. Third Battle of Panipat 1761—Ahmed Shah
Abdali defeated Marathas. It gave a terrible
13.Vimalnath
blow to the Maratha power. It made the field
14.Anandanath clear for the English.

15.Dharmanath 10. Battle of Khanwah 1527— Babar defeated Rana

Sanga of Mewar. This battle resulted in the
16.Shantinath defeat of the powerful Rajput confederacy.

17.Kunthunath 11. Battle of Talikota 1564- 65—United alliance

between Bijapur, Bidar, Ahmednagar and Golkonda
18.Arnath under Hussain Nizam Shah defeated Ram Raja of
Vijayanagar. It destroyed the Hindu Kingdom of
19.Mallinath Vijayanagar.

20.Munisuvratanath 12. Battle of Haldighati 1576—Akbar's forces

21.Neminath
22.Arishtanemi
23.Parshvanath
24.Mahavira
IMPORTANT BATTLES AND WARS IN INDIA
1. Battle of Chausa: 1539 A.D. - The battle of
Chausa was fought between Mughal emperor
Humayun and Sher Shah Suh. In this battle
Humayun was defeated. It facilitated Sher Khan
to march on to Delhi at Agra.
2. Battle of Hydaspes 326 B.C.—Alexander the
Great, defeated Porus, the Paurava king.
3. Battle of Kannauj (1540 A.D.) – Sher Shah
Suri defeated Humayun. After this battle,
Humayun fled to Iran and Sher Shah Suri
occupied Delhi.
4. Battle of Kalinga 261 B.C.— Ashoka defeated
the king of Kalinga. Ashoka embraced Buddhism
and preached r during the rest of his life
after this war.
5. First Battle of Tarain or Thaneswar A.D.
1191 - Prithvi Raj Chauhan defeated Mohammed
Ghori.
6. Second Battle of Tarain A.D. 1192 - Mohammed
Ghori defeated Prithvi Raj Chauhan. Ghori's
victory paved the way for the establishment of
Muslim rule in India
headed by Raja Man Singh defeated Rana Pratap,
the brave Rajput king. Though defeated, Rana
Pratap refused to accept Mughal authority and
carried on warfare till his death.
13. Battle of Plassey 1757— The English under
Lord Clive defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah. It brought
Muslim Rule in Benga to an end and laid
foundations of the British Rule in India.
14. Battle of Wandiwash 1760—The English
defeated the French. The battle sealed the fate
of the French in India and paved the way for
English rule in India.
15. Battle of Buxar 1764— Fought in 1764
between the forces of the English and the
combined forces of Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-Daulah
(Nawab of Oudh) and the Mughal Emperor Shah
Alam. The English victory at Buxar finally
riveted the shackles of the Company's rule upon
Bengal.
16. First Mysore War (1767- 68)—In 1768, Haider
All was defeated by the English relinquishing
all his rights over Mysore in favour of the
English.
17. Second Mysore War 1780— A grand alliance
between Haider Ali, the Nizam and the Marathas
was formed and Haider Ali. He defeated the
English and took possession of Arcot and became
the undisputed master of the Carnatic.
18. Third Mysore War 1790- 92—Fought between
the English and Tipu Sultan. Tipu Sultan had to
submit and was compelled to sign the Treaty of
Seringapattam stripped him of half his
territory.
19. Fourth Mysore War 1799— The British forces
under Arthur Wellesley defeated Tipu Sultan,
which brought the end of the Tipu Sultan.
 15Series on Delhi Sultanate
20. First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782)- was
the first of three Anglo-Maratha wars fought
between the British East India Company and
Maratha Empire in India. The war began with 1) The Slave Dynasty
theTreaty of Surat and ended with the Treaty of
Salbai. 2) Khalji Dynasty

21. Second Anglo Maratha War 1803-05—It 3) Tughlaq Dynasty

weakened the Maratha power. The English annexed
4) The SaiyyidDynasty
Tanjore, Surat and Carnatic.
5) Lodhi Dynasty
22. Third Anglo Maratha War 1817- 18—The
British forces defeated Marathas and this 1. The Slave Dynasty
campaign finally extinguished the Maratha
Empire. Qutubbudin Aibakbegan his reign with the modest
title Malik and Siphasalar that had been
23. Battle of Cheelianwala 1849—Forces of the conferred upon him by Muhammad Ghori.The rise
East India Company under Lord Hugh Gough of Qutubuddin roused jealousy of Yildoz of
defeated the Sikhs under Sher Singh. Ghazni.Aibak charged him with exercising undue
influence on Mahmud of FerozKhoh and marched
24. Burmese War 1885—As a result of this War,
against him. In 1208 he even occupied Ghazni
the whole of Burma was occupied by the English
and also won over Sultan Mahmud to his own
and made a part of India.
side. During his brief reign of 4 years he did
25. Afghan War III 1919—As a result of this not make any fresh conquests because his entire
War, Treaty of Rawalpindi was signed by which attention was devoted to the establishment of
Afghanistan was recognised as an independent law and order and strengthening of his army of
State. occupation. Aibak died in 1210 AD.He earned the
title of Lakh Baksh.
S.no War/Battle Year Result
 The defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan in the
1. Battle of 326 Alexander defeated
second battle of Tarain in 1192 by Muhammad
Hydaspas B.C. Porus
Ghori laid the foundation of Muslim rule in
2. Asoka won the war
Kalinga War
261
but after the war India. After the death of Muhammed Ghori, his
B.C. slave QutubuddinAibak took the charge and
he adapts Buddhism
3. Mohammed-bin-Qasim became the first sultan of Delhi.
Invasion of 712
invades from the  For his generosity, he earned the sobriquet
Sind A.D.
west
Lakh-Bakhsh (giver of Lakhs.).
4. Prithviraj Chauhan
First Battle of 1191
defeated Mohammed  He built two mosques-Quwat-ul-Islam at Delhi
Tarain A.D.
Ghori and Adhai din kaJhonpra at Ajmer.
5. Second Battle 1192 Ghori defeated
of Tarain A.D. Prithviraj Chauhan  He started the construction of QutubMinar
6. Ghori defeated which was dedicated to famous Sufi Saint
Battle of 1194 KhwajaQutubuddinBakhityar Kaki.
Jaichandra of
Chhandwar A.D.
Kannauj
 He died while playing Polo in the year 1210.
7. First Battle of 1526 Babar defeated
Panipat A.D. Ibrahim Lodhi
8. Battle of 1527 Babar defeated Rana Iltutmish was the greatest of the slave kings.
Khanua A.D. Sanga He was the real founder of the Sultanate. At
9. Battle of 1529 Babar defeated the the time of Qutubbudin's death he was the
Ghaghara A.D. Afghans governor of Badaun.He made Delhi the capital of
10. Battle of 1539 Sher Shah Suri d his empire. The reign of Iltutmish saw the
Chausa A.D. defeated Humayun decline of Lahore and the rise of Delhi. Delhi
11. Battle of gradually became the greatest centre of
1540 Sher Shah Suri
Kannauj (or learning and culture in India. The Delhi
A.D. defeated Humayun
Bilgram) Sultanate owes the outlines of its
12. Bairam Khan administrative system to Iltutmish.He organized
Second Battle 1556 (representing
of Panipat A.D. Akbar) defeated
the Revenue and Finance depts. Although
Hemu Iltutmish had many sons but all of them were
13. Vijaynagar empire incompetent. He appointed his daughter Raziya
(represented by as his successor.
Sadasiva) lost
Battle of
Talikota (or
1565 against an alliance  He divided his empire into Iqtas, known as
A.D. formed by Iqtadari system under which land were assigned
Banihatti)
Ahmednagar, to nobles and officers in lieu of salary.
Bijapur, Golkonda
and Bidar  He introduced the silver tanka and the copper
jital - the two basic coins of the Sultanate
period.
 He built the Hauz-i-Shamsi reservoir in
Mehrauli in 1230.
16was inefficient and incapable. JalaluddinKhilji
 He completed the QutubMinarin the year 1231-
32.
 He formed Turkan-i-Chahalgani or Chalisa (a
group of 40 powerful Turkish nobles).
 He saved Delhi Sultanate from the wrath of
Chengiz Khan, the Mongol leader.
Raziya is the first and the last woman ruler of
medieval India. She assumed the title of sultan
and did her best to play the part of a man. Her
reign lasted for 3 years and six months. She
aimed at removing the uncalled for interference
and influence of Turkish chiefs on
administration. She discarded Purdah and began
to adorn the attire of the male. Raziya tried
to concentrate power in her own hands and
succeeded. This provoked serious opposition
that took the shape of a protest against her.
 She succeeded her father Iltutmish in 1236.
 She was the first lady to sit on the throne
of Delhi.
 She was the first and the last Muslim lady
who ever ruled India'.
 Her promotion of Jalaluddin Yakut, an
Abyssinian, to the important offices provoked
the Turkish officers.
 She was killed along with her husband
Altunia by Bahram Shah, a son of Iltutmish.
Alauddin Masud Shah also met the same fate of
Bahram Shah who succeeded Raziya's successor.
Bahram Shah was weak and incompetent ruler and
was overthrown by the nobles after a brief
reign of 2 years.
Balban sat on the throne of Delhi in 1266 AD
and adopted the name of GhiyasuddinBalban. With
his accession the line of rulers of the family
of Iltutmish ended. He started the era of
strong centralized government. He increased the
power and position of sultan.Balban ascended
the throne in 1266. He introduced Persian
ceremonies and etiquettes in his court and
allowed no manner of levity here. He suppressed
the revolts in the Doab and Oudh and tracked
down elements in Rohilkhand.The Mongols invaded
again in 1279 and 1285 but were defeated and
driven away. In 1286 the Mongols reappeared and
this time Prince Muhammad was killed. Balban
could not recover from this tragedy and died in
1286 AD.
 His real name was Baharuddin.
 He crushed the power of Turkan-i-Chahalgani
or Chalisa which stabilized the Sultanate rule.
 He established the military department
Diwani-i-Arz.
 For defeating the Mongols he got the
sobriquet Ulagh Khan
He was succeeded by his grandson Kaikubad.He
placed himself at the head of a powerful
faction and routed the Turkish amirs. He
eventually murdered Kaikubad and seized the
throne.
Gupta Period One Liners
1. Where was the capital of Srigupta?
Ans. Patliputra.
2. To whom Chandragupta I was married?
Ans. He married a princess Kurnaridevi of
Lichhavi republic of Vaishali.
3. Which city Chandragupta I got in dowry by
marryin, Lichhavi princess?
Ans. Patliputra.
4. Who started the Gupta era?
Ans. Chandragupta 1 in 320 AD.
5.Mcghavarman, the king of Cylone sent an
ambassador which Gupta ruler and sought
permission to build Buddhist Monastry at Bodh
Gaya?
Ans. Samudragupta.
6. In Indian history who is known as 'Napolean
of India?
Ans. Samudragupta.
7. Which Gupta ruler was a great musician and
an exper player on Veena?
Ans. Samudragupta,
8. Who was shown in some of the gold coins as
seated 01 a couch and playing on the Veena?
Ans. Samudragupta.
9.What is the main source of information of the
conquests of Samudragupta?
Ans. Inscriptions engraved on a pillar at
Allahabad.
10. Where has been this engraved pillar kept?
Ans. The engraved inscriptions on a pillar of
Ashoka has be& kept in Allahabad fort.
11.Who authored the inscriptions engraved on
the pillar at Allahabad?
Ans. Harisena.
12. Who was Harisena?
Ans A court poet of Samudragupta.
13. In which language the inscriptions are
engraved on Allahabad pillar?
Ans. Sanskrit.
14. Who was the galaxy of scholars in the court
of Samudragupta?
Ans. Harisena, Vasubandhu and Asanga.
15. Samudragupta was the follower of which
religion?
Ans. He was a staunch Hindu and worshiper of
Vishnu.
16. Who was the most famous ruler of Gupta
dynasty?
Ans. Chandragupta Vikramaditya.
17. Which Gupta ruler is known as Sakari and
why?
Ans. Chandragupta Vikramaditya, because he
conquered the Saka.
18. Which city was the most important city for
trade during the reign of Samudragupta?
Ans. Ujjain.
19. Which was the second capital of
Chandragupta Vikramaditya?
Ans. Ujjain
20. A Chinese pilgrim, 'Fahyan' visited India
during the reign of which Gupta ruler?
Ans. Chandragupta Vikramaditya.
21. Who was the galaxy of scholars in the court
of Chandragupta Vikramaditya?
Ans. Aryabhatta, Kalidasa, Varahmihira,
Dhanvantri, Amar Singh and Brahmagupta.
22. Who was Kalidasa?
Ans. Kalidasa was a great poet of Sanskrit.
23. Which are the important books written by
Kalidasa?
Ans. Meghdoot, Raghuvansham, Kumarasambhavam.
24. Who was Varahamihira?
Ans He was as a great astrologer.
25. Who wrote the famous book Vrihat Sanhita'?
Ans. Varahamihira, it deals with astrology and
physical geography.
26.Who was Dhanavantri?
Ans. He was a great Physician in the court of
Chandragupta Vikramaditya.
27.Who was Aryabhatta?
Ans. He was a great Mathematician and
Astrologer in the court of Chandragupta
Vikramaditya. He invented the Decimal system.
28. Who wrote the famous book 'Aryabhatta'?
Ans. Aryabhatta.
29. Which was the second capital of
17Chandragupta Vikramaditya?
Ans. Ujjain
30.Who wrote the famous book 'Surya Siddhanta'?
Ans. Aryabhatta.
31. What was the main contribution of
Aryabhatta in this field of science?
Ans. He was the first astrologer who explained
that the earth rotates on its own axis but
revolves round the sun
32. Who established Nalanda University?
Ans. Kumargupta.
33.To which period cave paintings of Ajanta
belonged?
Ans. Gupta period.
34.Where was the centre of higher education
during Gupta period?
Ans. Nalanda University.
35. Why Nagarjuna was famous during Gupta
period?
Ans. He was a renowned chemist.
36.What was the main occupation of people
during Gupta period?
Ans. Agriculture.
37. What was the land revenue during Gupta
period?
Ans. It was from 1/6 to 1/4 th of the total
produce of the land.
38.When did the art of making temples started?
Ans. During Gupta period.
39.During which period the iron pillar at
Mehrauli built?
Ans. Gupta period.
40.Which ruler of the Gupta period is
associated with pillar at Mehrauli?
Ans. Chandragupta Vikramaditya.
41. During which period the great epics the
Ramayan and the Mahabharat were given the final
form?
Ans. During Gupta period.
42. During which period the famous Sanskrit
book "Panchtantra" a collection of tales had
been written?
Ans. Gupta period.
43. Which period is known as 'golden age of
Indian history'?
Ans. Gupta period.
44. Which were the famous trade centers during
Gupta period?
Ans. Ujjain, Patliputra, Banaras and Mathura.
45. Which was the famous sea-port on the east
coast of India during Gupta period?
Ans. Tamralipti.
46. Which was the famous sea-port on the west
coast of India during Gupta Period?
Ans. Broach.
47.Of which religion the rulers of Gupta
dynasty were followers?
Ans. Hindu religion.
48. What was the official language during Gupta
period?
Ans. Sanskrit
Mauryan Empire
a) The Mauryan Empire was one of the largest
empires to rule India.
b) It was established in 321 BC by Chandragupta g) The Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt under king
Maurya and dissolved in 185 BC with the death 18Philadelphus sent the ambassador Dionysius to
of the last Maurayan king Bhrihadrata Maurya.
c) The capital of the Mauryan Empire
was Pataliputra.
d) The Mauryan Empire is known for
the Arthasastra by Kautilya (Chanakya),
the Rock Edicts of Asoka, and the Lion Capital
of Asoka at Sarnath which today serves as the
emblem of India.
Some of the rulers of Mauryan Dynasty
Chandragupta Maurya
a) He was the founder of the Mauryan Empire.
b) He was known in Greek and Latin accounts as
Sandrokyptos, Sandrokottos or Androcottus.
c) He established the empire by overthrowing
the Nanda dynasty of Magadha under Dhana Nanda.
d) Chanakya was the Prime Minister of
Chandragupta while Rakhshasa was his chief
advisor.
e) After his conquests, the Empire stretched
from Assam to Afghanistan, from Kashmir to the
Deccan
f) Chandragupta defeated the Seleucus I
Nicator, the successor of Alexander in
Macedonia. As part of the agreement reached
later, Chandragupta married a daughter of
Seleucus and in return gifted 500 war
elephants.
g) Seleucus sent an ambassador to
Chandragupta’s court called Megasthenes.
h) Towards the end of his life, Chandragupta
embraced Jainism and migrated south with
Acharya Bhadrabahu to Shravanabelgola in
Karnataka.
Bindusara
a) He was the successor to Chandragupta.
b) He was the son of Chandragupta and the
father of Asoka.
c) He was also known as Amitraghata or
Ajathasetru
d) He expanded the Mauryan Empire south beyond
the Deccan, as far south as Mysore
e) During his reign, the Empire included all of
India except Kalinga and the southern kingdoms
of Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas.
f) The Seleucid ambassador to Bindusara’s court
was Deimakos
Asoka the Great
a) Successor to Bindusara
b) Also known as Devanampriya and Priyadarshin
c) Conquered Kalinga and added it to the
Mauryan Empire.
d) Was initially an Ajivaka but later embraced
Buddhism after the conquest of Kalinga.
e) Asoka organized the Third Buddhist Council
at Pataliputra in 250 BCE. It was conducted by
the monk Mogaliputta-Tissa, who was also the
spiritual teacher of Asoka.
f) He is known for the Asoka Chakra, the Asoka
Pillars and the Lion Capital at Sarnath
the court of Asoka
Chanakya
a) Also known as Kautilya, Vishnugupta.
b) He was the advisor and trainer of
Chandragupta.
c) He later served as the Prime Minister of the
Mauryan Empire under Chandragupta and his son
Bindusara.
d) Author of the Arthasastra and the
Nitishastra. The Arthashastra discusses
monetary policies, warfare and international
relations while the Nitishastra is a treatise
on the ideal way of life and philosophy.
Ending of the Dynasty
The Mauryan Empire was dissolved in c. 185 BC
with the assassination of the last ruler
Brihadrata by his commander-in-chief
Pushyamitra Sunga.
Viceroys of India
Lord Canning (1856 − 1862)
The last Governor General and the first
Viceroy. Mutiny took place in his time. On Nov,
1858, the rule passed on to the crown. Withdrew
Doctrine of Lapse. The Universities of
Calcutta, Bombay and Madras were established in
1857. Indian Councils Act was passed in 1861.
Lord Elgin (1862 − 1863)
Lord Lawrence (1864 − 1869)
Telegraphic communication was opened with
Europe. High Courts were established at
Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1865. Expanded
canal works and railways. Created the Indian
Forest department.
Lord Mayo (1869 − 1872)
Started the process of financial
decentralization in India. Established the
Rajkot college at Kathiarwar and Mayo College
at Ajmer for the Indian princes. For the first
time in Indian history, a census was held in
1871. Organised the Statistical Survey of
India. Was the only Viceroy to be murdered in
office by a Pathan convict in the Andamans in
1872.
Lord Northbrook (1872 − 1876)
Lord Lytton (1876 − 1880)
Known as the Viceroy to reverse characters.
Organised the Grand ‘Delhi Durbar’ in 1877 to
decorate Queen Victoria with the title of
‘Kaiser-I-Hind’ Arms Act (1878) made it
mandatory for Indians to acquire license for
arms. Passed the infamous Vernacular Press Act
(1878).
Lord Ripon (1880 − 1884)
Liberal person, who sympathized with Indians.
Repeated the Vernacular Press Act (1882) Passed
the local self-government Act (1882) Took steps
to improve primary & secondary education (on
William Hunter Commission's recommendations).
The I Factory Act, 1881, aimed at prohibiting
child labour. Passed the libert Bill (1883)
which enabled Indian district magistrates to
try European criminals. But this was withdrawn
later.
Lord Dufferin (1884 − 1888)
Indian National Congress was formed during his
tenure.
Lord Lansdowne (1888 − 1894)
II Factory Act (1891) granted a weekly holiday
and stipulated working hours for women and
children, although it failed to address
concerns such as work hours for men.
Categorization of Civil Services into Imperial,
Provincial and Subordinate. Indian Council Act
of 1892 was passed. Appointment of Durand
Commission to define the line between British
India and Afghanistan.
Lord Elgin II (1894 − 1899)
Great famine of 1896 − 1897. Lyall Commission
was appointed.
Lord Curzon (1899 − 1905)
Passed the Indian Universities Act (1904) in
which official control over the Universities
was increased. Partitioned Bengal (October 16,
1905) into two provinces 1, Bengal (proper), 2.
East Bengal & Assam. Appointed a Police
Commission under Sir Andrew Frazer to enquire
into the police administration of every
province. The risings of the frontier tribes in
1897 − 98 led him to create the North Western
Frontier Province (NWFP). Passed the Ancient
Monuments Protection Act (1904), to restore
India's cultural heritage. Thus the
Archaeological Survey of India was established.
Passed the Indian Coinage and Paper Currency
Act (1899) and put India on a gold standard.
Extended railways to a great extent.
Lord Minto (1905 − 1910)
There was great political unrest in India.
Various acts were passed to curb the
revolutionary activities. Extremists like Lala
Laipat Rai and Ajit Singh (in May, 1907) and
Bal Gangadhar Tilak (in July, 1908) were sent
to Mandalay jail in Burma. The Indian Council
Act of 1909 or the Morley-Minto Reforms was
passed.
Lord Hardinge (1910 − 1916)
19
Held a durbar in dec, 1911 to celebrate the
coronation of King George V. Partition of
Bengal was cancelled (1911), capital shifted
from Calcutta to Delhi (1911). A bomb was
thrown at him; but he escaped unhurt (Dec 23,
1912). Gandhiji came back to India from S.
Africa (1915). Annie Besant announced the Home
Rule Movement.
Lord Chelmsford (1916 − 1921)
August Declaration of 1917, whereby control
over the Indian government would be gradually
transferred to the Indian people. The
government of India Act in 1919 (Montague-
Chelmsford reforms) was passed. Rowlatt Act of
1919; Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13,
1919). Non-Cooperation Movement. An Indian Sir
S. P. Sinha was appointed the Governor of
Bengal. A Women's university was founded at
Poona in 1916. Saddler Commission was appointed
in 1917 to envisage new educational policy.
Lord Reading (1921 − 1926)
Rowlatt act was repeated along with the Press
act of 1910. Suppressed non-cooperation
movement. Prince of Wales visited India in Nov.
1921. Moplah rebellion (1921) took place in
Kerala. Ahmedabad session of 1921. Formation of
Swaraj Party. Vishwabharati University started
functioning in 1922. Communist part was founded
in 1921 by M N Roy. Kakory Train Robbery on Aug
9, 1925. Communal riots of 1923 − 25 in Multan,
Amritsar, Delhi, etc. Swami Shraddhanand, a
great nationalist and a leader of the Arya
Samajists, was murdered in communal orgy.
Lord Irwin (1926 − 1931)
Simon Commission visited India in 1928.
Congress passed the Indian Resolution in 1929.
Dandi March (Mar 12, 1930). Civil Disobedience
Movement (1930). First Round Table Conference
held in England in 1930. Gandhi-Irwin Pact (Mar
5, 1931) was signed and Civil Disobediance
Movement was withdrawn. Martydorm of Jatin Das
after 64 days hunger strike (1929).
Lord Willington (1931 − 1936)
Second Round Table conference in London in
1931. On his return Gandhiji was again arrested
and Civil Disobedience Movement was resumed in
Jan 1932. Communal Awards (Aug 16, 1932)
assigned seats to different religious
communities. Gandhiji went on a epic fast in
protest against this division. Third Round
Table conference in 1932. Poona Pact was
signed. Government of India Act (1935) was
passed.
Lord Linlithgow (1936 − 1944)
Govt. Of India Act enforced in the provinces.
Congress ministries formed in 8 out of 11
provinces. They remained in power for about 2
years till Oct 1939, when they gave up offices 20Indian soldiers and adopted the policy of
on the issue of India having been dragged into
the II World War. The Muslim League observed
the days as‘Deliverance Say’ (22 December)
Churchill became the British PM in May, 1940.
He declared that the Atlantic Charter (issued
jointly by the UK and US, stating to give
sovereign rights to those who have been
forcibly deprived of them) does not apply to
India. Outbreak of World War II in 1939. Cripps and Muslim soldiers and resulted in immediate
Mission in 1942. Quit India Movement (August 8, launch of movement.
1942).
Lord Wavell (1944 − 1947)
Arranged the Shimla Conference on June 25, 1945
with Indian National Congress and Muslim
League; failed. Cabinet Mission Plan (May 16,
1946). Elections to the constituent assembly
were held and an Interim Govt. Was appointed
under Nehru. First meeting of the constituent
assembly was held on Dec. 9, 1946. Lord
Mountbatten (Mar. 1947-Aug. 1947) Last Viceroy
of British India and the first Governor General
of free India. Partition of India decided by
the June 3 Plan. Indian Independence Act passed
by the British parliament on July 4, 1947, by
which India became independent on August 15,
1947. Retried in June 1948 and was succeeded by
C. Rajagopalachari (the first and the last
Indian Governor General of free India).
The Revolt of 1857
The Revolt of 1857 is an important landmark in
the history of India. As per the British
historians it was the ―Sepoy Mutiny, it was the
―First war of independence.
Causes of the Revolt
Political— The problem created during the reign
of Lord Dalhausie. He annexed various states
and Doctrine of Lapse became the most powerful
instrument in annexation of Indian states.
According to Doctrine of Lapse, an Indian state
was annexed by British if the ruler had no
natural heir.
Economic-- The economic policy of the British
Raj destroyed the Indian economy on all fronts.
The high tax rates from the cultivators,
introduction of new land revenue arrangements
in India without proper understanding of the
ground realities, forcibly evictions and cruel
methods to extract the land revenue resulted in
breakdown of traditional agrarian economy.
Socio-religious--The racial discrimination by
British against Indians, forceful conversion to
Christianity and social reforms like abolition
of sati, 1829; legalization of widow
remarriage, 1856 etc. offended the orthodox
elements of Indian society.
Military--British discriminated against the
exclusion in the service conditions and
promotion by which the high and key posts were
reserved only for the Europeans.
Immediate cause: The introduction of Enfield
greased rifles whose cartridges were said to
have a greased cover made of beef and pork
sparked off the revolt. It agitated both Hindu
The course of events
• On March 29, 1857, an Indian sepoy of 34
Native Infantry, Mangal Pandey, killed two
British officers- Hugeson and Baugh-on parade
at Barrack pore (near Calcutta).
• The mutiny really started at Meerut on 10th
May 1857. The 3rd Native Infantry revolted. The
occasion was the punishment of some Sepoy for
their refusal to use the greased
cartridges. The soldiers along with other
groups of civilians, went on a rampage
shoutingMaro Firangi ko. They broke open jails,
murdered Europeans, burnt their houses and
marched to Delhi after sunset.
• The appearance of the marching soldiers next
morning (i.e. 11th May) in Delhi was a signal
to the local soldiers, who in turn revolted,
seized the city and proclaimed the 82-year old
Bahadur Shah Zafar‘ , as Shahenshah-i-Hindustan
(i.e. Emperor of India).
• The British allies during the revolt were
Sindhia, the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Begum
of Bhopal.
Impact of the Revolt of 1857
1. The major impact of the revolt was the end
of East India Company‘s rule in India. By the
Government of India Act 1858, the British
government took over the rule of India in its
own hand. A minister of the British government,
called the Secretary of state for India was
made responsible for the governance of India.
2. The British Governor-General of India was
now also given the title of Viceroy.
LEADERS OF REVOLT OF 1857 IN INDIA
Mangal Pandey:
Mangal Pandey joined the Sepoy force of the
British East India Company in the year 1849 at
the age of 22. Pandey was part of the 34th
Bengal Native Infantry and is primarily known
for his involvement in an attack on his senior
British officers on 29th March 1857 at
Barrackpore. This incident marked an opening
stage of Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 or the First War
of Indian Independence.
Nana Sahib
21
At Kanpur, the revolt was led by Nana Sahib,
the adopted son of exiled Maratha Peshwa Baji
Rao II.
Rani Lakshmibai
Rani Lakshmibai (Manikarnika) was married to
Raja Gangadhar Rao Newalkar, the Maharaja of
Jhansi in 1842, and became the queen of Jhansi.
After their marriage, She gave birth to a son
Damodar Rao in 1851.
Tatya Tope
Tatya Tope was Nana Sahib‘s close associate and
general. During the Siege of Cawnpore in 1857,
Nana Sahib‘s forces attacked the British
entrenchment at Kanpur in June 1857.
Veer Kunwar Singh
Veer Kunwar Singh, the king of Jagdispur,
currently a part of Bhojpur district, Bihar,
was one of the leaders of the Indian revolt of
1857.
Shah Mal
Shah Mal lived in a large village in pargana
Barout in Uttar Pradesh. He mobilised the
headmen and cultivators of chaurasee des,
moving at night from village to village, urging
people to rebel against the British.
Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah
Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah was one of the many
maulvis who played an important part in the
revolt of 1857. Educated in Hyderabad, he
became a preacher when young. In 1856, he was
seen moving from village to village preaching
jehad (religious war) against the British and
urging people to rebel. When he reached
Lucknow in 1856, he was stopped by the police
from preaching in the city. Subsequently, in
1857, he was jailed in Faizabad.
Delhi-Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah, but real
command lay with Bakht Khan (was from the
Barreily unit of the army). Kanpur-Nana Sahib
(from Kanpur, along with Tantia Tope and
Azimullah)
Lucknow-Begum Hazrat Mahal of Awadh (declared
her son as the Nawab of Awadh).
Bareilly--Khan Bahadur
Excavator -Daya Ram Sahni
Montgomery district of Punjab (Now in
Pakistan) on the left bank of Ravi river
•City followed grid planning.
•Two rows of six granaries.
•Dancing Natraja (stone)
•Only place having evidences of coffin
burial.
•no. of Cemetery H and cemetery R - 37.
Name of site -Mohenjo-Daro
Year of Excavation -1922
Excavator -RD Banerjee
Larkana district in Sindh on the right bank
of Indus (Now in Pakistan)
•City followed grid planning.
•A large granary, great bath and a collage.
•Human skeletons
showing invasion and massacre.
•Evidence of horse comes iron superficial
level.
•A piece of woven cotton along with spindle
whorls and needles.
•A bearded man in steatite and a bronze
dancing girl are found.
•Town was flooded more than seven times.
•A seal representing Mother Goddess with a
plant growing from her wombe and a woman to
be sacrificed by a man with a knife.
Name of site -Sutkagendor
Year of Excavation -1927
Excavator -RL. Stein
Situated in Baluchistan on Dask river
•Trade point between Harappa and Babylon, to
mature phase.
•Citadel was fortified, Evidence of horse
Name of site -Chanhudaro
Year of Excavation -1931
Excavator -N Gopal Majumdar, Mackey
Situated in Sindh on the bank of left Indus
•The city has no citadel.
•Famous for bead makers shop.
•A small pot, possibly an inkpot.
•Foot prints of a dog chasing a cat.
•Evidence of copper or bronze tools of carts
with seated drivers.
•Three different cultural layers-Indus,
Jhukar and Jhangar.
Name of site -Amri
Year of Excavation -1935
Excavator -NG Majumdar
Situated in Sindh on the bank of Indus
•Evidence of antelope.

Bihar (Arrah)--Kunwar Singh, Zamindar of Name of site -Kalibangan

Jagdishpur. Year of Excavation -1953
Excavator -A Ghosh
Allahabad - Liaquat ali Situated in Rajasthan on the left bank
of Ghaggar
Major Harappan Sites and their Excavators •Shows both Pre-Harappan and Harappan
phase.
•Evidence of Furrowed land.
Name of site- Harappa
•Evidence of seven fire altars and camel
Year of Excavation-1921
bones.
 •Many houses had their own well.
•Kalibangan stands for black bangles.
•Evidence of wooden furrow.
•Evidence of two types of burials (i)
Burials in a rectangular grave and (ii)
Burials in a circular grave.
Name of site -Kot Diji
Year of Excavation -1953
Excavator -Razal Ahmed
Situated on the left bank of Indus
•Wheel made painted pottery.
•Trace of a defensive wall and well aligned
streets.
•Knowledge of metallurgy, artistic toys
etc.
•Five figurines of mother Goddess
discovered.
Name of site -Rangpur
Year of Excavation -1953
Excavator -MS Vats, BB Lal and SR Rao
Situated on the left bank of Mahar river
(Gujarat)
•Rice was cultivated
Name of site -Ropar
Year of Excavation -1953
Excavator -YD Sharma
Situated in Punjab on the banks of Sutlej
•Evidence of burying a dog below the human
burial.
•One example of rectangular mud rick chamber
was noticed.
•Fivefold culture–Harappan, PGW, NBP,
Kushana-Gupta and Medieval.
Lothal 1953
SR Rao
•A tiled floor which bears intersecting design
of circles.
•Remains of rice husk (other than Rangpur).
•Evidence of horse from a terracotta figurine.
•A ship designed on a seal.
•Beads and trade ports. A Terracotta ship.
•An instrument for measuring angles, pointing
to modern days compass.
•Houses with entrances on the main street a
unique feature as the houses of all other
Harappan cities had side entries.
•First man-made port in the world and a dock.
•Evidence of joint burial.
•A jar depicting scene from the story ‘cunning
fox’ of Panchatantra.
Alamgirpur 1958
YD Sharma
Situated in Meerut on the bank of Hindon River
•The impression of cloth on a trough is
discovered.
•Usually considered to be Eastern boundary of
the Indus culture.
Surkotada 1964
JP Joshi
Situated in Kutch (Bhuj) (Gujarat)
22 •Bones of horse, bead making shops.
Banawali 1974
RS Bisht
Situated in Hissar (Haryana)
•A jar depicting scene from the story cunning
fox of panchatantra.
•Show both Pre-Harappan and Harappan phase.
•Good quantity of barley found here.
•Pottery.
Balakot 1963 - 76
George F Dales Situated in the Arabian Sea
•Remain of Pre-Harappan and Harappan
Civilisation.
•The mounds rise to the height of about 9.7 m
and are spread 2.8 sq. hectare of area. Beads
manufactures and shale’s industry.
Dholavira 1985-90
RS Bisht
Situated in Rann of Kutch (Gujarat)
•Seven cultural stages. Latest site to be
discovered
•Remains of horse.
•Largest site.
•Three parts of city are citadel, middle twon
and Lenten town
•Unique water management.
Rakhigarhi 1963
Prof Surajbhan
Drishdavati (Hissar district Haryana) on
Ghaggar river
•Two distinct cultures i.e, early Harappan and
mature Harappan.
•One of the largest Harappan site provincial
capital.
Smart Facts
. Until 1920s. Indian History began with the
advent of Aryans, as no information was
available to reconstruct the history of India
before that.
. The efforts of the Indian Archaeologist of
the first half of the 20th Century have pushed
back the starting point of the study of Indian
History.
. The earliest recorded reference to the
civilisaiton is given by Charles Masson, who
visited the site Harappa in 1826 and wrote
about a running brick castle but its
significance was not realized until much
later.
. In 1857, the British Authorities used
Harappan bricks in the construction of East
Indian Railway line connecting Karachi and
Lahore.
. In 1912, Harappan seals with then unknown
symbols were discovered by J Fleet which
trigged an excavation campaign under Sir John
Marshall in (1921-22), resulting in the
discovery of a hitherto unknown civilization by
Dayaram Sahni. By 1931, much of Mohenjo-Daro
was excavated, but minor campaigns continued,
such as that led by Mortimer Wheeler in 1950.
Ancient India
23stages of life- found in 'Jabala Upanishad'
Ancient India can be studied under other heads
like Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and
Chalcolithic period – based on the type of
stone/ metal tools people used.There were
activities of proto humans (Homo erectus) in
the Indian subcontinent 20 lakh years (2
million years) ago, and of Homo sapiens since
70,000 BC. But they were gathers/hunters.The
first inhabitants of Indian subcontinent might
have been tribals like Nagas (North-East),
Santhals (East-India), Bhils (Central India),
Gonds (Central India), Todas (South India) etc.
Most of them are speakers of the Austric, pre-
Dravidian languages, such as Munda and Gondvi.
Dravidians and Aryans are believed to be
immigrants who came later to the sub-continent.
Paleolithic Period (2 million BC – 10,000 BC)
Fire,
Tools made up of lime stone,
Ostrich Eggs,
Important Paleolithic sites : Bhimbetka (M.P),
Hunsgi, Kurnool Caves, Narmada Valley
(Hathnora, M.P), Kaladgi Basin
Mesolithic Period (10,000 BC – 8,000 BC)
Major Climatic Change happened
Domestication of animals ie Cattle rearing
started
Microliths found at Brahmagiri (Mysore),
Narmada, Vindya, Gujarat
Neolithic Period (8000 BC – 4,000 BC)
Agriculture Started,
Wheel discovered,
Inamgaon = An early village,
Important Neolithic Sites : Burzahom(Kashmir),
Gufkral(Kashmir), Mehrgarh(Pakistan),
Chirand(Bihar), Daojali Hading(Tripura/Assam),
Koldihwa(UP), Mahagara(UP), Hallur(AP),
Paiyampalli(AP), Maski, Kodekal, Sangana
Kaller, Utnur, Takkala Kota.
NB: Megalithic Sites: Brahmagiri, Adichanallur
Chalcolithic Period (4000 BC – 1,500 BC)
Copper Age, can be considered part of Bronze
Age. (Bronze = Copper + Tin)
Indus Valley Civilization (BC 2700 – BC 1900).
Also cultures at Brahmagiri, Navada Toli
(Narmada region), Mahishadal (W.Bengal),
Chirand (Ganga region)
Iron Age (BC 1500 – BC 200)
Vedic Period (Arrival of Aryans ie. BC 1600 –
BC 600) – Nearly 1000 years (Basic books of
Hinduism, ie Vedas were composed, might have
written down later.)
Later Vedic Age ( 1000-600 BC)
- Later Vedic Age- Also known as PGW (Painted
Grey Ware)- Iron Age
- They knew two seas- The Arabian and the
Indian Ocean
- Gandak was known as 'Sadanira'
- Position of Women Declined
- Earliest reference to four ashrams or four
Society
Eight Types of Marriages
1. Brahma: Marriage of a duly dowried girl to a
man of the same verna.
2. Daiva: Father gives the daughter to the
priest as a part of his fee.
3. Arsa: A Token bride price of a cow and a
bull is given as dowry.
4. Prajapati: Marriage- without dowry and bride
price.
5. Gandharva: By consent of two parties
analogous to modern love marriage.
6. Asura: Marriage by Purchase
7. Rakshsa: Marriage by Capture
8. Paishacha: Seduction of a girl while asleep,
mentally deranged or drunk.
Marriage on the Basis of Varna
1. Anuloma: Marriage of a man in his verna or
below his verna
2. Pratiloma: Marriage of a girl or woman in
lower rank than his own verna.
Polity
The term 'Rastra' First appeared in this
period.
Economy: Rice is called 'Vrihi'
- Niksha, Satmana, Krsnala-were used as
convenient units of values, but were not coins.
Four Types of Pottery
- Black and Red ware
- Black and Slipped ware
- Painted grey ware
- Red ware
Religion:
Prajapati ( the creator) comes to occupy
supreme position.
- Rudra and Vishnu gained their position
Vedas: First three vedas are called "Trayi"-
three fold knowledge.
Rigveda: Recited by Priest 'Hotri'-1028 Hyms
(10 Mandals) -Atraya and Kaushitak Brahamns are
attached to it.
Samveda: Receited by Priest 'Udgatri'- All the
verses except 75 taken from Rigveda- Tandayam
and Janmejaya Brahamns are attached to it.
Yajur Veda: Receited by 'Ardhyawahu'- Procedure
for performance of sacrifice. Shatpath and
Taitriya Brahamns are attached to it.
Athrva Veda: Magical Formulae and sacrifices
Brahamnas: Science of Sacrifice
Aranyaks: Forest Books: Meant for forest
dwelling hermits
Upanishads: Upanishad means the inner or mystic
teaching. The term Upanishad is derived from
upa (near), ni (down) and s(h)ad (to sit),
i.e., sitting down near. Groups of pupils sit
near the teacher to learn from him the secret
doctrine. In the quietude of the forest
hermitages
Vedangas
- Shiksha ( Phonetics)
- Kalpa ( Ritualistic Science)
- Jyotish ( Astronomy)
- Vyakarana ( Grammar)
- Nirukta ( Etymology)
- Chhanda (Metrics)
(Nirukta from Yaksha is the oldest Indian
Linguistic Text)
Sutra:
Shranta Sutra: Large public sacrifices
Guhya Sutra: Birth, Naming, Marriages
Salva Sutra: Measurement
Upaveda:
- Aurveda
- Dhaurveda
- Gandharvaveda
- Shilpaveda
Rituals and Sacrifices
Rajasuya: Royal consecration, conferred supreme
powers on him
Ashwamedha:Horse Sacrifice' that King Dasharath
is supposed to have performed.
Vajpaye: Race of horces (chariots)
Vritasyoma: to convert a Nishd into Arya
Important Places During India's
Freedom Struggle
1. ChauriChaura
Importance
The place in Uttar Pradesh, near Gorakhpur
which came into news when a frenzied mob set
fire to a police station killing 23 people
inside. Gandhiji had given a call for non-
cooperation movement in 1920. Since the
movement was to be non-violent, Gandhiji was
deeply hurt by the violence of the people and
hastily called off the non-cooperation
movement. The incident occurred on 04 Feb 1922.
2. Kakori
Importance
The place in Lucknow district of Uttar Pradesh.
The famous Kakori Train Dacoity took place on
09 Aug 1925. Revolutionaries led by Ram Prasad
Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Chandrasekhar Azad and
others stopped a train carrying British
government money. The train was looted of the
treasury by the revolutionaries who needed the
money to run the freedom struggle.
3. Chittagong
Importance
Located in present day Bangladesh, the place is
well-known for Chittagong Armoury Raid. The
raid was led by revolutionary Surya Sen. Surya
Sen had organised a group of young
revolutionaries and together they planned to
lay a siege to police armouries in Chittagong.
On 18 April 1930, Surya Sen alongwith his troop
24captured the police armoury, cut off telegraph
lines and hoisted the National Flag.
4. Champaran
Importance
In the year 1917, Gandhiji began his active
involvement in India's politics from this place
in Bihar. At Champaran, the farmers were being
forced to grow unremunerative indigo plant
which yielded blue dye. Gandhiji was called
upon by some activists to solve the problem of
the cultivators. Gandhiji for the first time
used the tool of non-violence. He toured the
villages and compelled the government to pass
the ChamparanAgraria Law in 1918.
5. Dandi
Important Points to Remember
A small village on the coast of Gulf of
Khambhat, Arabian Sea. The place shot to world
fame when Gandhiji led the famous Dandi March
from Sabarmati Ashram near Ahmedabad on 12
March 1930. On the 24th day, i.e. 06 April
1930, Gandhiji reached Dandi and made salt as a
protest against the tax imposed on salt by the
British. The incident also marked the beginning
of the Civil Disobedience Movement. Recently
Time magazine listed the Salt Satyagraha in its
list of Top 10 Most Influential Protests of all
time.
6. Port Blair
Important Points to Remember
The present capital of Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, Port Blair played an important role
during the freedom struggle. Firstly, the
British had constructed the huge Cellular Jail
on the island. Indian prisoners, especially
political ones, were sent to the jail, the
punishment being popularly known as Kala Pani.
SachindranathSanyal, the author of Bandi
Jeevan, and VinayakDamodarSavarkar were such
freedom fighters who were sent to the Cellular
Jail. Secondly, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
hoisted the National Flag on 30 Dec 1943 and
declared it to be the headquarters of the
Provisional Government of India. The Airport at
Port Blair is named Veer Savarkar International
Airport.
7. Bardoli
Important Points to Remember
In 1925, the taluka of Bardoli in Gujarat
suffered from floods and famine, causing crop
production to suffer and leaving farmers facing
great financial troubles. However, the
Government had raised the tax rate by 30% that
year. The farmers protested in vain.
SardarVallabhbhai Patel in consultation
organised the Bardoli Satyagraha in which the
farmers refused to pay the taxes despite the Mohammad-bin Tughlaq (1325-1351 AD)
threat of confiscation of property. In the end 25
the Government relented and enhanced taxes were Mohammad bin Tughlaq is best remembered as a
withdrawn. Vallabhbhai Patel earned the title ruler who undertake a number of bold
of Sardar from this Satyagraha. experiments, and showed a keen interest in
agriculture. He was deeply read in religion and
8. Amritsar philosophy and had a critical and open mind. He
had deep interest in philosophy, astronomy,
Important Points to Remember logic and mathematics. He conversed not only
with the muslim mystics, but also with the
JallianwalaBagh in Amritsar, well known for the Hindu yogis and Jain saints such as Junaprabha
massacre of innocent and peaceful gathering of Suri.
people who had gathered in the park for a
public meeting. On 13 April 1919 (Baisakhi  Taxation in the Doab: The Sultan made an
Day), a crowd of about 20,000 people had ill-advised financial experiment in the Doab
gathered in the small park, when troops between the Ganges and Jamuna. He not only
surrounding the park were ordered by Brig Gen increased the rate of taxation but also revived
REH Dyer to open fire. The official figures put and created some additional Abwabs or cessess.
the casualty at 379, but unofficial figures Although the share of the state remained half
have been much higher. Michael O'Dyer the Lt. as in the time of Alauddin, it was fixed
Governor of Punjab was shot dead by Udham Singh arbitrarily and not on the basis of actual
21 years later. In protest against the incident produce.
Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood  Transfer of Capital (1327): It appears that
bestowed upon him by the British in 1915. the Sultan wanted to make Deogir second capital
so that he might be able to control south India
The Tughlaq Dynasty better. Deogir was named Daulatabad. However,
after a couple of years, Muhammad Tughlaq
GhiyasuddinTughlaq 1320-24 AD decided to abandon Daulatabad largely because
Muhammad Tughlaq 1324-51 AD he soon found that just as he could not control
south India from Delhi, he could not control
Firoz Shah Tughlaq 1351-88 AD North from Daulatabad.
Mohammad Khan 1388 AD  Introduction of Token Currency (1330):
Muhammad Tughlaq decided to introduce bronze
GhiyassuddinTughlaq Shah II 1388 AD coins, which were to have the same value as the
silver coins. Muhammad Tughlaq might have been
Abu Baqr 1389-90 AD successful if he could prevent people from
Nasiruddin Muhammad 1390-94 AD forging the new coins. He was not able to to do
so and so on the new coins began to be greatly
Humayun 1394-95 AD devalued in markets.
Nasiruddin Mahmud 1395-1412 AD  Transfer of the capital from Daultabad,
earlier known as Devagiri.
GhiyasuddinTughlaq (1320-1325 AD)  Introduction of token copper currency to
replace gold and silver coins.
 Ghazni Malik the last king of the Khilji  Unsuccessful expedition to subjugate
dynasty, Khusrau Khan and assumed the title Quarajal-the region identified as the modern
GhiyasuddinTughlaq. Kulu in Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh.
 He founded the city Tughlaqabad.  Futile plan to conquer Khurasan and Iraq.
 Khusrau Khan, the last king of the Khilji  Creation of Diwan-i-Kohi
dynasty was killed by Ghazni Malik, and Ghazni
 Independence of dinar (a gold coin) and adl(a
Malik ascended the throne assuming the title
silver coin).
GhiyasuddinTughlaq.
 Establishment of city of Jahanpanah.
 He died in an accident and his soneJauna
(Ulugh Khan) succeeded him under the title  Arrival of an envoy from the Chinese ruler,
Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq. ToghanTimur(1341)
 Reintroduced the food laws of Ala-ud-Din  The famous Moroccon traveller Ibn Batuta
visited India during his reign.
 Supressed the rebellions in the distant
provinces with strong hand and resorted the
peace and order Firoz Shah Tughlaq(1351-1388 AD)
 Organised better postal system
 Encouraged agriculture He was a cousin of Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq. After
In 1323, he defeated the ruler of Warrangal and his death the nobles and the theologians of the
annexed his territory. A war of succession was court selected Firoz Shah as the next Sultan.
going on in Bengal. Ghiyas-ud-din took an
advantage of such a situtation and invaded  Established of Diwan-i-Khairat (department
Bengal. He suppressed the rebels and in this for poor and needy people) and Diwan-l-Bundagan
way Bengal also became a part of his empire. (department of slaves)
 Making Iqtadari system hereditary.
26
 Construction of canals for irrigation from
 Yamuna to the city of Hissar
 From the Sutlej to the Ghaggar
 From the Ghaggar to Firuzabad
 From Mandvi and Sirmour Hills to Hansi in
Haryana.
 Establishment of four new towns, Firuzabad,
Fatebabad, Jaunpur and Hissar.
 He rebuilt two storeys of QutubMinar which
were damaged by lightening in 1368 AD.
After Firoz Shah Tughlaq(1388-1414 AD
 The Tughlaq dynasty would not survive much
after Firoz Shah's death. The Malwa, Gujarat
and Sharqi (Jaunpur) Kingdoms broke away from
the Sultanate.
 TimurInvasion: (1398-99)Timur, a Turk,
invaded India in 1398 during the reign of
Muhammad Shah Tughlaq , the last ruler of
Tughlaq dynasty. His army mercilessely sacked
and plundered Dellhi. Timur returned to Central
Asia, leaving a nominee to rule to Punjab which
ended the Tughlaq dynasty.
The Sayyid Dynasty (1414-50 AD)
The Sayyid Dynasty (1414-50 AD)
Khizr-Khan, a lieutenant of Timur, was a Sayyid
and so his dynasty is called Sayyid Dynasty.
Khizr Khan ruled till 1421, but his whole reign
was marked by utter chaos and disorder. He was
succeeded, after his death, by his son Mubarak
Shah (1421-1434). During his reign the subedars
of Punjab, bhatinda and Doab broke out in
revolt and the whole of his period was spent in
trying to supress them. He died in 1434 and was
succeeded by his son Mohammad Shat (1434-1443).
During his reign, the ruler of Malwa invaded
Delhi, which was however, saved by the valiant
Subedar of Lahore, Bahlol Lodhi
Sayyid Dynasty Rulers
Khizr Khan 1414-21 AD
Mubarak Shah 1421-33 AD
Muhammad Shah 1421-43 AD
AlauddinAlam Shah 1443-51 AD
Khizr Khan(1414-1421):Timur's nominee
captured Delhi and was proclaimed the new
Sultan and the first of the Sayyid Dynasty.
They ruled over Delhi and surroundings
districts.He was a lieutenant of Timur.
He was a Sayyid and so his dynasty is called
Sayyid Dynasty.
Mubarak Shah(1421-1434):He succeeded Khizr at  The Afghan nobility was brave and freedom-
the throne after his successful expeditions
against Mewatis, Katehars and the Gangetic Doab
area. He was killed by the nobles in his own
court.
Muhammad Shah(1434-1443):The nobles put
Muhammad Shah on the throne, but could not
survive the in-fighting among the nobles in the
court. He was authorized to rule a meagre area
of around 30 miles and rest of the Sultnate was
ruled by the nobles.
Alam Shah (1443-1451):The last Sayyid king
descended in favour of Bahlol Lodhi and himself
retired. Thus began the Lodhi dynasty, which
confined to Delhi and a few surrounding areas.
Lodhi or Pathans Sultans
Bahlol Lodhi (1451-88 AD)
 Bahlol Lodhi was one of the Afghan sardars
who established himself in Punjab afer invasion
of Timur
 He founded the Lodhi dynasty. He founded the
rule of the Lodhi dynasty by usurping the
throne from the last of the Sayyid rulers.
 Bahlol belonged to the Shahu Khel clan of the
Lodhi Pashtun tribe.
 He was a strong and brave ruler. He tried to
restore the glory of Delhi by conquering
territories around Delhi and after continuous
war for 26 years, he succeeded in extending his
authority over Jaunpur, Rewail, Itawah, Mewar,
Sambhal, and Gwalior etc.
 He was a kind and generous ruler. He was
always prepared to help his subjects. Though he
was himself illiterate, he extended his
patronage to art and learning. He died in 1488.
Sikandar Lodhi (1489-1517 AD)
 Sikandar Lodhi was the son of Bahlol Lodhi
who conquered Bihar and Western Bengal.
 He shifted his capital from Delhi to Agra in
1504, a city founded by him.
 Sikandar was a fanatical Muslim and he broke
the sacred images of the Jwalamukhi Temple at
Naga Kot and ordered the temples of Mathura to
be destroyed.
 He took a keen interest in the development of
agriculture. He introduced the Gaz-i-Sikandari
(Sikandar's yard) of 32 digits for measuring
cultivated fields.
 He was a staunch Sunni and a Muslim fanatic.
He lacked religious tolerance. In the name of
religion, he perpetuated untold cruelties on
the Hindus.
Ibrahim Lodhi (1517-26 AD)
 He was the last king of Lodhi dynasty and the
last Sultan of Delhi
 He was the son of Sikandar Lodhi
loving people but it was because of its
fissiparous and individualistic tendencies that
the Afghan monarchy was weakened. Moreover,
Ibrahim Lodhi asserted the absolute power of
the Sultan.
 At last DaulatKan Lodhi, the governor of
Punab invited Babur to poverthrow Ibrahim
Lodhi, Babur accepted the offer and inflicated
a crushing defeat on Ibrahim Lodhi in the first
battle of Panipat in 1526.
 No Sultan of India except Sultan Ibrahim had
been killed on the battle field.
 Causes of Decline of Delhi Sultanate:
 The main causes were:-
 Deposite and military type of government
which did not have the confidence of the people
 Degeneration of Delhi Sultans (esp. the wild
projects of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq,Incompetence
of FirozTughlaq)
 War of succession as there was no fixed law
of it
 Greed and incompetency of nobles
 Defective military organisation
 Vastness of empire and poor means of
communication
 Finanical instability
 Number of slaves increased to 1,80,000 in
FirozTughlaq's time which was a burden on the
treasury
 Invasion of Timur
Study Notes
DADABHAI NAOROJI (1825 – 1917)
 First to demand ‘Swaraj’ from the INC
Platform (Calcutta session, 1906).
 Wrote a book ‘Poverty &Un British Rule
in India’ (in 1901) in which he brought out the
connection between the draining of wealth from
India by the British and rampant poverty in
India.
 Also known as ‘Indian Gladstone’ and
‘Grand Old Man of India’.
 Selected to ‘House of Commons’ on Liberal
Party ticket (First Indian to do so).
 GOPAL KRISHNA GOKHALE (1886 – 1915)
 Gandhiji considered him as his political
guru.
 He served as the President of the INC at
its Banaras session in 1905.
 Laid the foundation of Servants of Indian
Society in 1905. (Objective was to train people
who would work as national missionaries).
BAL GANGADHAR TILAK (1857 – 1920)
Collaborated with Agarkar, and set up
institutions to give cheap education to people.
 First nationalist leader who tried to
27establish a close contact with the masses.
 Started Akharas, Lathi clubs and anti – cow
killing societies to build his rapport.
 Founded two newspapers – The Maharatta (in
English) and Kesari (in Marathi).
 First congress leader who went to prison
several times. He joined the INC in 1891.
 Formed the Bal, Pal, Lai group of extremists
and caused a split in the Surat Congress in
1907.
 Founded the Home Rule League in 1916, and
helped in ushering in the Lucknow Pact and the
Reforms Act at the Amritsar Congress in 1919.

 Valentine Shirol described him as the ‘Father
of Indian Unrest’.
 In the Nagpur session of 1920, the INC
demanded Swaraj (after Tilak’s slogan only).
 An erudite scholar. His books are ‘The Arctic
Home of Vedas’ & ‘Gita Rahasya’.
B. R. AMBEDKAR (1891 – 1956)
1. He was a jurist, a statesman, a social
reformer and a leader of the depressed classes.
2. He was born in Mahar caste in Mahu (M.P) in
1891. He went for higher studies to England and
America. He was the first graduate of Mahar
caste.
3. He participated in all the three Round Table
Conferences. He signed Poona Pact with Gandhiji
in 1932.
4. From 1942 to 1946, he was in the Executive
Council of the Governor General. He organized
the Indian Labour Party, Scheduled Caste
Federation and People’s Education Society.
5. He was the chairman of the Drafting
Committee of our Constitution.
6. He also piloted the Hindu Code through the
Indian Legislature.
7. From 1947 to 1951, he was a law minister in
Nehru’s cabinet.
Towards the end of his life he embraced
Buddhism.
MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD (1890 – 1958)
 He was bora in Mecca in 1890. For higher
education he went to the Al Azhar University at
Cairo.
 He joined the INC during the Swadeshi
movement.
 He began two weeklies, Al Hilaland Al –
Balagh.
 He was made the President of the Khilafat
Committee in 1920. He became the President of
the Congress session of 1923 at Delhi.
 He led the Congress delegation during the
Shimla Conference in 1945. He also led the
delegation during the Cabinet Mission Plan.
 He was elected the member of the Constituent  He was the Prime Minister of India from 1947
28
Assembly in 1946. He was the Education Minister to 1964.
in the Interim Government and also Independent
India’s first Education Minister.
 He was also instrumental in the foundation
of U.G.C. and IIT – Kharagpur.
 His book India Wins Freedom evoked much
controversy.
KHAN ABDUL GHAFFAR KHAN (1890 – 1988)
 Popularly known as Frontier Gandhi, Badshah
Khan or Sarhadi Gandhi.
 Founded an organization KhudaiKhidmatgars(red
shirt movement). It was an organization of non
– violent revolutionaries which was also known
as ‘Red Shirts’.
 He also published a newspaper, Pakhtoon.
 Ghaffar Khan vehemently opposed partition.
 He was awarded Bharat Ratna in 1987 by the
Government of India.
SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE (1897 – 1945)
 Popularly known as Netaji, was born on Jan
23, 1897 at Cuttack.
 He passed the Indian Civil Services
Examination in 1920, but left it on the
Gandhiji’s call of Non – Cooperation Movement.
 He founded the Independence for India League
with Jawahar Lai Nehru.
 In 1938, he was elected the President of the
INC ai its Ilaripura session and in 1939, he
was elected President of its Tripuri session.
But he had to resign from Tripuri due to
differences with Gandhiji.
 He founded the Forward Block in 1939.
 In 1941, he escaped to Berlin and met Hitler.
In 1943, he took charge of Indian National Army
in Singapore and set up the Indian Provisional
Government there. He gave the war cry of
‘DilliChalo’.
 He addressed Mahatma Gandhi as the Father of
the Nation; He gave the slogan of ‘Jai Hind’.
He wrote his autobiography ‘The Indian
Struggle’.
 He supposedly died in a plane crash on Aug
18, 1945.
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU (1889 – 1964)
 He was the first Prime Minister of
Independent India and is known as the architect
of Modern India.
 He was born in Allahabad on Nov 14, 1889.
 In 1928, he became the General Secretary of
the INC and in 1929 its President. At the
Lahore session, under his President ship was
passed the Independence resolution.
 He was the author of the Doctrine of
Panchsheel, and believed in the policy of non –
alignment.
 He was an author of international fame.
 His works include The Discovery of India,
Glimpses of World History, A Bunch of Old
Letters, The Unity of India, and Independence
and After, India and the World, etc. His
autobiography, entitled Autobiography, is one
of his most famous works
Pre – Historic Period
First evidence/earliest evidence of human
skeleton
 Sarai Nahar Rai (near Allahabad)
 Bagaikhor and Lekhania (both in Mirzapur)
 Also from Bagor (Bhilwara, Rajasthan)
(a). The prehistoric period dates back from 2,
00,000 BC to about 3,500 - 2,500 B.C., which
was the first manifestation of human
civilization on the surface of the earth.
(b). Homo sapiens first appeared in the Indian
subcontinent somewhere between 2,00,0 00 B.C.
and 40,000 B.C. and spread across Indian
subcontinent. (c). The period when these people
were using stones for utilitarian purpose is
known as the Stone Age, which is further
divided into three broad divisions -
Palaeolithic Age or the Old Stone Age (up to
8,000 B.C.), Mesolithic or the Middle Stone Age
(8,000 to 4,000 B.C.) and the Neolithic Age, or
the New Stone Age (4,000 BC to 2,500 B.C.).
Palaeolithic Age
This period can further be divided into Lower,
Middle and Upper Palaeolithic periods.
(a) Lower: The Lower Palaeolithic period
flourished from around 5,00, 000 to 10,000 B.C.
known for chopping culture and the tool were
block on block, cylinder-hammer, Clactonian and
direct percussion etc. and their typology
included pebble tools, scrappers and hand axes.
 Sohan valley
 Narsinghapur (Narmada valley)
 Bhimbetka (Raisen, M.P., near Narmada)
 Nevasa (Maharashtra)
 Giddilur and Karimpudi in Andhra Pradesh
 Vadamdurai.Attirpakkam, and Manajan Karan in
Madras.
(b). Middle: The Middle Palaeolithic period had
the scraper/borer culture and flourished from
5,00,000 to 10,000 B.C. This period used the
Mousterian technique tools and their typology
included points, borers and scrappers.
 Nevasa (Maharahstra)
(c). Upper: The Upper Palaeolithic period had
blade/burin culture and it existed from 10, 000 29region, the upper Gangetic basin, Karnataka and
to 8, 000 B.C. It was characterized by blade
manufacture through percussion and pressure
techniques and the typology included Burins,
Blades, Lunates, Knifepoints and Blunted-Back
arrowheads.
 Belan valley (Allahabad)
 Renigunta (A.P)
 Shorapur and Bijapur in Karnataka.
Mesolithic Age
 It flourished between 8,000 to 4,000 B.C.
called as 'Microliths' culture
 Grinding and polishing technique
characterized it.
 Tools were polished axes, chisel, ring stone,
saddle quern and mullers.
 Stone tools were pointed and sharp.
 The domestication of animals and growing of
wild varieties of crops.
Archaeological excavations have unearthed
Mesolithic period sites in the Chotanagpur area
of Central India and the areas south of the
Krishna River. The Bhimbetka caves near Bhopal
belong to the Mesolithic Age and these are
famous for their cave paintings. They are said
to be 12, 000 years old. Artists during the
pre-historic age used white and red pigments
for depicting things.
Some sites of Mesolithic era
 Langhanaj (Gujarat)
 Verbhanpur (West Bengal)
 Teri Group (T.N)
 Adamgarh (M.P.nearHoshangabad)
 Nagor (Rajasthan)
 Bagor (Bhiwara, Raj.)
 Sarai Nahar Rai and Mahadaha (Pratapgarh, UP)
Sarai Nahar Rai and Mahadaha the first sites
which has shown pitches on the floor, so that
pillars can be erected which in turn can
support roof. Sarai Nahar Rai has shown
evidence of some human attack or some form of
war. Both Adamgarh and Bagor show evidence of
domestication of sheep’s and coat.
Neolithic Age
The Neolithic Age (4,000 BC to 2,500 BC) or the
New Stone age was characterized by polished
tool culture. The grinding and polishing
technique were used.
 Tool typology included polished axes, chisel,
ring stone, saddle quern and mullers. This
period saw the domestication of cattle, horses
and other farm animals.
 Major invention of this period was die wheel.
 The sites of the age are found in Chotanagpur
near the banks of river Narmada.
 Mehrgarh (Sind-Balu-chistan border, Pakistan)
has shown the earliest evidence of agriculture
from where cultivable wheat and barley's
varieties have been found.
 Burzahom ('the place of birth') in Srinagar, J
& K.
 Dog were buried along with humans.
 Koldihawa (Belan valley) the first evidence
(6th & 5th century BC) of cultivable rice.
Chalcolithic Age:
 Chalcolithic phase appeared towards the end of
the Neolithic period.
 These people used bronze and copper tools.
 Found in areas from the Chotanagpur plateau to
the upper Gangetic basin, Brahmagiri (near
Mysore) and NavadaToli on the Narmada River.
Father of Nation MAHATMA GANDHIJI
1. Gandhiji was born on October 2 1869
2. Gandhiji went to South Africa to practice
law in in 1893
3. Gandhiji's first Satyagraha experimented was
in South Africa 1906, September to protest
against the Asiatic Ordinance issued against
the Indians in Transval
4. Gandhiji's first imprisonment in 1908 at
Johannesberg in South Africa
5. Gandhiji was humiliated and ousted at Peter
Marits Burg Railway Station in SouthAfrica
6. Gandhiji started Tolstoy Farm (SouthAfrica)
in 1910
7. Gandhiji started the Phoenix Settlement at
Durban in South Africa
8. Gandhiji started Indian opinion (1904) a
newspaper in SouthAfrica
9.Gandhiji returned to India from South Africa
on 9th January 1915 observed as
Pravasi Bharatiya Divas
10. Gandhiji’s first satyagraha in India was
for the right of Indigo workers in Champaran in
1917
11. Gandhiji’s first fast was In Ahmadabad
12. Jallianwalabagh Massacre (1919) causes
Gandhiji to abandoned his title Kaiser-I-Hind?
13. Mahatma Gandhi started weeklies named
Young India and Navjeevan
14. The only Congress session presided over by
Gandhiji was at Belgaum in 1924
15. Mahatma Gandhi started All India
HarijanSamaj in 1932
16.Gandhiji started the weekly Harijan in 1933
17.Winston Churchill called Gandhiji as “Half
naked Seditious Fakir”
18.Mahatma Gandhi gave the name ‘Gurudev’ to
Tagore
19.Tagore called Gandhiji as ‘Mahatma’
20.Gopal Krishna Gokhale was the political guru
of Gandhiji
21.Leo Tolstoy was considered as spiritual guru
of Gandhiji
22.Gandhiji called Cripps's Mission (1942) as
'Post Dated Cheque'
23.Mahatma Gandhi gave Baba Amta the title
'Abhay Sadak'
24.1915 - 1948 considered as 'Gandhian Era' in
Indian Independence Freedom struggle
25.January 30 ,1948 Mahatma Gandhi was
assassinated by NadhuramVinayakGodse
Modern History In
Question Answer form
1. Mention three of the several streams of the
national movement in India?
The Indian national movement proceeded along
several streams. But the most important were
three, namely : (1) Under the leadership of the
Indian National Congress, (2) Movement
conducted by the Leftists, and (3)
Revolutionary movement.
2. Under which Act were the elections held in
1937? Into how many Provinces was the British
territories in India constituted by the Act of
1935?
The elections of 1937 were held as per the
provisions of the Government of India Act 1935.
The Government of India Act 1935 constituted
the British territories in India into 11
Provinces.
3. What happened during the Tripuri session of
the Indian National Congress?
In the Congress session held at Tripuri (1939)
Subhas Chandra's Resolution was defeated and
Panth Resolution was accepted.
In the Panth Resolution majority members of the
Congress Working Committee expressed their
confidence in Gandhi's leadership, though
Subhas Chandra was the President of the
30Congress.
Under such a situation Subhas Chandra resigned
from the post of the President of the Congress.
4. Write about the two successes of the
Congress Ministries formed in 1937.
The Congress Ministries formed in 1937 had
several achievements to their credit.
Of these First was that they gave particular
attention to the improvement in the education
in all its stages.
Second was the Tenancy Laws passed by the
Ministries benefitted the peasantry.
5. In which two consecutive years was Subhas
Chandra Bose elected President of the Indian
National Congress?
Subhas Chandra Pose was elected President of
the Haripura Congress in 1938.
In 1939 he was re-elected as the President of
the Tripuri Congress defeating
PattaviSitaramayya.
6. Who put forward the August Proposal (1940)
and in response to what?
The August Proposal was given by Viceroy
Linlithgow to the Congress.
The August Proposal was offered in response to
the demand for National Government demanded by
the Congress.
7. Who was Cripps? By whom was he sent to
India?
Richard Stafford Cripps was the leader of the
House of Commons. He headed a mission to India
in 1942.
The Cripps' Mission, a one-man mission, was
sent by the British government.
8. Who adopted the August Resolution and when?
By way of preparation for a mass movement the
August Resolution was adopted by the Congress
Working Committee.
The August Resolution was adopted by the
Congress Working Committee on 8 August, 1942.
9. With which movement is the name of
MatanginiHazra associated? Where did she give
proof of her bravoury?
The name of MatanginiHazra is associated with
the Quit India Movement of 1942.
A rare instance of bravoury was shown by
MatanginiHazra, a peasant widow of 72 years.
She led a massive crowd marching towards the
Tamluk Thana (in PurbaMedinipore) to hoist a
flag.
10. When was the Congress Socialist Party
formed? Name one of its founders.
The Congress Socialist Party was formed in 1934
in Bombay.
Jayaprakash Narayan was one of the most
important leaders and a founder of the Congress
Socialist Party.
11. Where was the Communist Party of India
formed in India and when?
The Communist Party of India was born of a
conference held at Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh.
The conference from which the Communist Party
of India was born was held in 1925.
12. When was the HSRA formed and where? Name a
famous leader of the HSRA.
The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
was formed in Delhi in September 1928.
Of the various leaders of the Hindustan
Socialist Republican Association the most
important was Bhagat Singh.
13. With which revolutionary organization ware
Bhagat Singh and BatukeswarDutta associated?
Mention one of their revolutionary feats?
Bhagat Singh and BatukeswarDutta were
associated with the revolutionary organization
named Hindustan Socialist Republican
Association.
Their revolutionary act was to hurl bomb
sitting in the visitors' gallery of the Delhi
Legislative Council hall.
14. Why is Jatin Das remembered?
Jatin Das is remembered as a hero of the
revolutionary movement.
He started hunger a strike in the jail where he
was interned by the British government. He was
on hunger-strike for 63 days and on 64th day he
expired.
15. Who led the 'corridor warfare' and when?
The corridor warfare at the Writers' Buildings
took place under the leadership of three
revolutionaries: BinoyBasu, Badal Gupta and
Dinesh Gupta.
The 'corridor warfare' took place at the
Writers' Buildings in present Kolkata on 8
December, 1930.
16. How was the Indian National Army (Azad Hind
Fauj) organized and when? With what objective
was it organized?
The Indian National Army or Azad Hind Fauj was
31established in Singapore. The army was under
the command of Captain Mohan Singh.
The Indian National Army was organized with the
sole objective of liberating India from the
British subjugation.
17. What were the ideals of the Indian National
Army? When did NetajiSubhas Chandra Bose take
over the supreme comma" of the INA?
The ideals of the Indian National Army were
defined as follows: unity, self-confidence and
self-sacrifice.
NetajiSubhas Chandra Bose took over the supreme
command of the Indian National Army in 1943 at
Singapore.
18. How far the Azad Hind soldiers enter into
the territory of India? How they fought against
the British?
The soldiers of the Indian National Army
accompanied by the Japanese soldiers marched
towards Kohima, the present capital of
Nagaland.
The Indian National Army proceeded towards
India after finalizing the strategy of the
campaign with the Japanese military officials.
19. Mention two causes why the Indian National
Army was a failure.
Various causes may be referred to as
responsible for the failure of the Indian
National Army.
One was the total failure of the supply line
rendered the fight against the British
impossible.
Second was that the lack of war-plans was a
weakness from which the Indian National Army
suffered.
20. What was the nature of the Students'
Movement in Calcutta in 1946?
The Students' Movement that took place in the
last phase of the freedom movement was
essentially anti-British in nature the movement
aimed at bringing the end of the British
colonial rule in India.
National Leaders of India
DADABHAI NAOROJI (1825 – 1917)
 First to demand ‘Swaraj’ from the INC Platform
(Calcutta session, 1906).
 Wrote a book ‘Poverty & Un British Rule in
India’ (in 1901) in which he brought out the
connection between the draining of wealth from
India by the British and rampant poverty in
India.
 Also known as ‘Indian Gladstone’ and ‘Grand
Old Man of India’.
32
 Selected to ‘House of Commons’ on Liberal
Party ticket (First Indian to do so).
GOPAL KRISHNA GOKHALE (1886 – 1915)
 Gandhiji considered him as his political guru.
 He served as the President of the INC at its
Banaras session in 1905.
 Laid the foundation of Servants of Indian
Society in 1905. (Objective was to train people
who would work as national missionaries).
BAL GANGADHAR TILAK (1857 – 1920)
 Collaborated with Agarkar, and set up
institutions to give cheap education to people.
 First nationalist leader who tried to
establish a close contact with the masses.
 Started Akharas, Lathi clubs and anti – cow
killing societies to build his rapport.
 Founded two newspapers – The Maharatta (in
English) and Kesari (in Marathi).
 First congress leader who went to prison
several times. He joined the INC in 1891.
 Formed the Bal, Pal, Lai group of extremists
and caused a split in the Surat Congress in
1907.
 Founded the Home Rule League in 1916, and
helped in ushering in the Lucknow Pact and the
Reforms Act at the Amritsar Congress in 1919.
 Valentine Shirol described him as the ‘Father
of Indian Unrest’.
 In the Nagpur session of 1920, the INC
demanded Swaraj (after Tilak’s slogan only).
 An erudite scholar. His books are ‘The Arctic
Home of Vedas’ & ‘Gita Rahasya’.
B. R. AMBEDKAR (1891 – 1956)
 He was a jurist, a statesman, a social
reformer and a leader of the depressed classes.
 He was born in Mahar caste in Mahu (M.P) in
1891. He went for higher studies to England and
America. He was the first graduate of Mahar
caste.
 He participated in all the three Round Table
Conferences. He signed Poona Pact with Gandhiji
in 1932.
 From 1942 to 1946, he was in the Executive
Council of the Governor General. He organized
the Indian Labour Party, Scheduled Caste
Federation and People’s Education Society.
 He was the chairman of the Drafting Committee
of our Constitution.
 He also piloted the Hindu Code through the
Indian Legislature.
 From 1947 to 1951, he was a law minister in
Nehru’s cabinet.
 Towards the end of his life he embraced
Buddhism.
MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD (1890 – 1958)
 He was bora in Mecca in 1890. For higher
education he went to the Al Azhar University at
Cairo.
 He joined the INC during the Swadeshi
movement.
 He began two weeklies, Al Hilaland Al –
Balagh.
 He was made the President of the Khilafat
Committee in 1920. He became the President of
the Congress session of 1923 at Delhi.
 He led the Congress delegation during the
Shimla Conference in 1945. He also led the
delegation during the Cabinet Mission Plan.
 He was elected the member of the Constituent
Assembly in 1946. He was the Education Minister
in the Interim Government and also Independent
India’s first Education Minister.
 He was also instrumental in the foundation of
U.G.C. and IIT – Kharagpur.
 His book India Wins Freedom evoked much
controversy.
KHAN ABDUL GHAFFAR KHAN (1890 – 1988)
 Popularly known as Frontier Gandhi, Badshah
Khan or Sarhadi Gandhi.
 Founded an organization Khudai Khidmatgars(red
shirt movement). It was an organization of non
– violent revolutionaries which was also known
as ‘Red Shirts’.
 He also published a newspaper, Pakhtoon.
 Ghaffar Khan vehemently opposed partition.
 He was awarded Bharat Ratna in 1987 by the
Government of India.
SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE (1897 – 1945)
 Popularly known as Netaji, was born on Jan
23, 1897 at Cuttack.
 He passed the Indian Civil Services
Examination in 1920, but left it on the
Gandhiji’s call of Non – Cooperation Movement.
 He founded the Independence for India League
with Jawahar Lai Nehru.
 In 1938, he was elected the President of the
INC ai its Ilaripura session and in 1939, he
was elected President of its Tripuri session.
But he had to resign from Tripuri due to
differences with Gandhiji.
 He founded the Forward Block in 1939.
 In 1941, he escaped to Berlin and met Hitler.
In 1943, he took charge of Indian National Army
in Singapore and set up the Indian Provisional
Government there. He gave the war cry of ‘Dilli
Chalo’.
 He addressed Mahatma Gandhi as the Father of
the Nation; He gave the slogan of ‘Jai Hind’.
He wrote his autobiography ‘The Indian
Struggle’.
 He supposedly died in a plane crash on Aug
18, 1945.
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU (1889 – 1964)
 He was the first Prime Minister of
Independent India and is known as the architect
33 unity
of Modern India.
 He was born in Allahabad on Nov 14, 1889.
 In 1928, he became the General Secretary of
the INC and in 1929 its President. At the
Lahore session, under his President ship was
passed the Independence resolution.
 He was the Prime Minister of India from 1947
to 1964.
 He was the author of the Doctrine of
Panchsheel, and believed in the policy of non –
alignment.
 He was an author of international fame.
 His works include The Discovery of India,
Glimpses of World History, A Bunch of Old
Letters, The Unity of India, and Independence
and After, India and the World, etc. His
autobiography, entitled Autobiography, is one
of his most famous works.
 Before 1885
•Association of Landholders: Landholders
Society (1837), Bengal British India
Society (1843). In 1851, the two were
merged to form the British Indian
Association.
 •Bombay Association and Madras Native
Association Were established in 1852.
They sent petitions suggesting changes in
EIC’s charter to End Company’s monopoly
of salt and indigo.
 •Associations like Poona Sarvjanik Sabha
were established to promote reform and
political consciousness.
 •1876— Indian Association was founded in
Calcutta by Surendranath Banerjee, &
Anand Mohan Bose Madras
 •Mahajan Sabha and Bombay Presidency
Association were established in 1884.
 •In December 1883, the Indian Association
of Surendra Nath Bannerjee & Anand Mohan
Bose decided to invite prominent public
men and associations to discuss questions
of general concern. This was referred to
as the National Conference (in 1883) and
is described as the ‘dress rehearsal’ for
the Indian National Congress (INC).
 •National Conference & Indian National
Union (by A.O Hume in 1884) merged to
form theIndian National Congress in 1885
 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF CONGRESS
 •Promotion of friendship amongst the
countrymen
 •Development and consolidation of feeling of
national unity irrespective of race, caste,
religion or provinces
 •Formulation of popular demands and
presentation before the Government through
petitions.
 •Training and organization of public
opinion.
 •Consolidation of sentiments of national
 •Recording of the opinions of educated
classes on pressing problems
 •Laying down lines for future course of
action in public interest
 INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS FORMATION
 The First meeting of the INC was
organised by A O Hume at Gokaldas Tejpal
Sanskrit College on 28th December 1885
(Bombay). Its first President was W C
Banerjee. It was the first organised
expression of the Indian National movement on
an all-India scale.
 Hume’s main purpose in encouraging the
foundation of the congress was probably to
provide a “safety valve” to the growing
discontent among the educated Indians
 THE METHODS OF WORK
 •Early Congressmen had faith in peaceful and
constitutional agitation.
 •Prayers & petitions were the instruments.
 •Congress sessions lasted only for three
days a year. Had no machinery to carry on the
work in the interval.
 •They believed in the goodness of the
British nation and believed that all would be
well if the British could be acquainted with
the true slate of affairs in India.
Deputations of Indians were sent to inform the
British public
 •In 1889, a British Committee of INC was
founded.
 The Moderates and the Extremists
 The Moderates
 The Congress programme during the first
phase of the Freedom Movement (1885-1905) was
very moderate.
 •It demanded mild constitutional reforms.
Economic relief, administrative reorganization
and protection of civil rights.
 •A strong point made by the nationalists
during this phase was about the economic drain
of India.
 •Political methods of the moderates were
constitutional agitations within four walls
 •Moderates believed that the British people
& parliament wanted to be just lo India but did
not know the true state of affairs.
 During the first twenty years (1885-1905)
there was practically no change in the Congress
programme. The leaders were cautious in their
demands. They did not want to annoy the
government and incur the risk of suppression.
To pacify them, the government was forced to
pass the Indian Councils Act, 1892 but the
moderates raised the slogan No taxation without
representation. However, during this period, a
 general impression grew (hat the Moderates were  •Reactionary policies of Curzon such as the
political mendicants. only petitioning and 34 Calcutta Corporation Act (1899). the Official
praying to the British Government for petty Secrets Act (1904), the Indian Universities
concessions. This was because early Congress Act (1904) and partition of Bengal (1905).
leaders believed that the presence of the  •Existence of a militant school of thought
British administration was important for and the emergence of a trained leadership.
continued political progress in India.
Important News Papers of Indian History and
The Extremists
their Founders
 Ideological Basis of Extremism
Newspaper Person
 Attachment to rationalism and western 1.Bengal Gazette(1780) (India’s first
ideals had almost alienated the ‘Liberal’ newspaper) J.K.Hikki
(Moderate) school from the masses in India. 2.Kesari B.G.Tilak
Socio-religious reform also influenced the 3.Maharatta B.G.Tilak
extremists ideology Movements like Ramakrishna 4.Sudharak G.K.Gokhale
Paramahamsa and his disciple, Swami 5.Amrita Bazar Patrika Sisir Kumar Ghosh
Vivekananda Swami Dayananda, and the Arya 6.Vande Mataram Aurobindo Ghosh
Samaj founded by him with a strong emphasis in 7.Native Opinion V.N.Mandalik
native pride, played a vital role in the birth 8.Rast Goftar (First newspaper in Gujarati)
of extremist philosophy. Dadabhai Naoroji
9.New India (Weekly) Bipin Chandra Pal
 •They derived inspiration from their 10.Statesman Robert Knight
traditional cultural values wanted to have
relations with other countries in terms of NEWSPAPER PERSON
quality and self-respect.
 •They opposed the Moderates who were 1. Hindu VirRaghavacharya and G.S.Aiyar
considered by them to be servile and respectful
to the British. 2. Hindu Patriot Girish Chandra Ghosh
 •They gave a call for passive resistance in 3. Som Prakash Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
addition to Swadeshi & boycott 4. Yugantar BhupendranathDatta
5. Bombay Chronicle Firoze Shah Mehta
 •Social Reform Movements like Arya Samaj and
6. Hindustan M.M.Malviya
Theosophical Society gave impetus to political
7. Mooknayak B.R.Ambedkar
radicalism. The political radicals derived
8. Comrade Mohammed Ali
inspiration from their traditional cultural
9. Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq Sir Syyed Ahmed Khan
values.
10. Al-Hilal Abdul Kalam Azad
 •There were three groups of extremists— The 1.Al-Balagh Abdul Kalam Azad
Maharashtra Group (headed by Bal Gangadhar 2.Independent Motilal Nehru
Tilak), The Bengal Group (represented by B C 3.Punjabi Lala Lajpat Rai
Pal and Aurobindo) and the Punjab group (led by 4.New India (Daily) Annie Besant
Lala Laipat Rai,) 5.Commonweal Annie Besant
 •Aurobindo published New Lamps for Old in 6.Pratap Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi
the indu Prakash in 1853-94. It was the first 7.Essays in Indian Economics M.G.Ranade
systematic critique of the Moderates 8.Samvad Kaumudi (Bengali) Ram Mohan Roy
 •Tilak resented any interference by an alien 9.Mirat-ul-Akhbar
government into the domestic and private life Ram Mohan Roy (first Persian newspaper)
of the people. He quarrelled with the reformers 10.Indian Mirror Devendra Nath Tagore
over the Age of Consent Bill in 1891. 1.Nav Jeevan M.K.Gandhi
 •Tilak asserted, Swaraj is My Birth Right
and I will have it’. He was also the editor of 2.Young India M.K.Gandhi
the Maratta (English) and the Kesari (Marathi) 3.Harijan M.K.Gandhi
 4.Prabudha Bharat Swami Vivekananda
Reasons for the Emergence of Extremists 5.Udbodhana Swami Vivekananda
6.Indian Socialist Shyamji Krishna Verma
 •Realization that the true nature of
7.Talwar(in Berlin)Birendra Nath Chattopadhyaya
British rule was exploitative
8.Free Hindustan (in Vancouver) TarakNath Das
 •International influences and events, which 9.Hindustan Times K.M.Pannikar
demolished the myth of while/European
supremacy. These included: DRAIN OF WEALTH
 •Abyssinia’s (Ethiopia) victory over Italy. This from of exploitation was a peculiar
 •Boer Wars (1899-1802) in which the British feature of British colonial rule. In this
faced reverses. sphere, major share of wealth earned by the
Japan’s victory over Russia (I905). British in India through various means was
 •Nationalist movements worldwide. exported to England, depriving India of its
 •Dissatisfaction with the achievements of profits. This accounted for home charge which
Moderates. were due from India to England on account of
interest on debt, charges for civil
administration, military administration, costs 35
of army training, transport and campaigns
outside India, besides charge on Indian
finance, stores, guaranteed railways and
irrigation works.
The plunder of this nature began from Bengal
when British acquired Diwani rights. The
profits made from duty free inland trade and
the surplus from Diwani revenues were used to
purchase Indian goods for export purpose. These
purchases were called 'investments'. This type
of income accounted for nearly 6 million pounds The revolt
between 1758 and 1765, which in fact was more of 1857 was the first and the most severe
than four times the total land revenue outburst of anger and discontent accumulated in
collection of the Nawab of Bengal in 1765. the hearts of Indian people ever since the
In addition to these extracts, there were other advent of British following the Battles of
charges of the army such as rewards, pensions Plassey and Buxar. Though the apologists of
and gratitudes which had to be paid every year. imperialism dubbed it as a 'Sepoy Mutiny',the
It is said that the pensions payable to the Indian historians have praised it as the'First
retired military officers amounted to almost War of Indian Independence'. In the words of
half the salt tax gathered from the whole of Nehru: "It was much more than a military mutiny
India. The other cause of drain was the and it rapidly spread and assumed the character
exchange rules fixed by the British government of a popular rebellion and The colonial regime
for India. Through this, India lost a lot of hurt the religious sentiments of both the
money. Large portion of the salaries received Hindus and Muslims in India and activities of
by the British officers in India was also sent Christian missionaries created suspicion.
by them out of India. There were also European Politically, the arrogance and dictatorial
and English traders, capitalists, planters, attitude of Lord Dalhousie and his predecessors
ship- wners, gold-miners, etc. who remitted shocked the traditional rulers of the country.
every year huge amounts. William His policy of annexation sent a wave of
Digby calculated the total drain up to the end resentment over the country. The annexation of
of 19th century and put it at 60,080 million Awadh for misgovernment was the most dangerous
pounds. The burden of home remittances became step which put the government in bad faith. The
much more intensified in the 20th century conditions of Indian sepoys, employed in the
absorbing even larger quantities of the British army, were heinous and unbearable.
productive resources of Indian people. In fact, Slightest pretext was enough to play havoc, and
the British capital invested in India was in this was supplied by the introduction of
reality first raised in India by the plunder of greased cartridges. The greased cartridges
the Indian people.There were loud protests alone would not have, however, sufficed to
against this colossal drain of wealth from provoke such an explosion, there was a mix of
India. It took a concrete shape in the writing political, social, economic as well as
of Dadabhai Naoroji, who led a bitter attack religious factors.
against the drain of wealth.

Revolt of 1857

The important incidents were:

 The siege of Delhi and its recovery by the

British force in late September.
 The military operations around Kanpur
and Lucknow
 The central Indian campaign in 1858 of
Tantia Tope and the Rani of Jhansi.
ADMINISTRATIVE AND ECONOMIC CAUSES
36Causes
 Annexation of Indian states deprived the
Indian aristocracy of the power and position
which they were enjoying earlier. Under the
British rule all High Posts were reserved for
the Europeans.
 New land revenue settlements made by the
East India Company in the newly-annexed states
drove poverty in the ranks or aristocracy and
the peasants were the worst affected class due
to the heavy assessments and ruthless manner of
collection.
 The East India Company destroyed Indian
Handicraft and Industry by using its power and
made Indian industry an appendage of a foreign
exploitative system.
 Further, the Indian Handicraft and Industry
was adversely affected due to the loss of its
consumers in the country in the form of princes
and aristocrats
SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS CAUSES
 Like every conqueror, English rulers of India
were rude and arrogant towards the subjects and
described the Hindus as barbarians with hardly
any trait of culture and civilization, while
the Muslims were dubbed as bigots, cruel and
faithless.
 There was discrimination on the basis of
religion in the administration and Judiciary
between the Indian and Europeans.
 Indians were called as 'nigger' and 'Suar'.
 In the Religions Disabilities Act of 1850,
provision was made that change of religion did
not debar a son from inheriting the property of
his father. This was seen by the Indians as an
act of conversion to Christianity.
 Further, strange rumours were current in
India that Lord Canning is specially charged to
convert Indians into Christianity.
 Activities of Christian padris and
Bethune towards woman education made Indian's
feel that through education, the British were
going to conquer their civilization.
he revolt of 1857 was the first and the most
severe outburst of anger and discontent
accumulated in the hearts of Indian people ever
since the advent of British following
the Battles of Plassey and Buxar. Though the
apologists of imperialism dubbed it as a 'Sepoy
Mutiny', the Indian historians have praised it
as the 'First War of Indian Independence'. In
the words of Nehru: "It was much more than a
military mutiny and it rapidly spread and
assumed the character of a popular rebellion
and The colonial regime hurt the religious
sentiments.
of the Revolt of 1857
 Lord Dalhousie annexed Punjab, Pegu and
Sikkim by the right to conquest.
 Satara, Jaitpur, Sambhalpur, Baghat,
Udaipur, Jhansi and Nagpur were annexed by the
application of the Doctrine of Lapse.
 Awadh was the only state which was annexed
on the pretext of the 'mis-governance'.
 The Regal titles of the Nawabs of Carnatic
and Tanjore were abolished.
 The Pension of Peshwa Baji Rao II's adapted
son called Nana Saheb was stopped.
 Lord Canning declared that the next Mughal
prince would have to renounce the regal title
and the ancestral Mughal palaces, this greatly
angered the Muslims.
 The Indians held that the existence of all
states was threatened and absorption of all
states was a question of time.
 The annexation of Bhagat and Udaipur was
cancelled and they were restored to their
rulers.
 When Dalhousie wanted to apply Doctrine of
lapse to Karauli (Rajputana), he was overruled
by the Court of Directors.
MILITARY CAUSES
 Three-fifth of the recruits of the Bengal
Army was drawn from Awadh and North-Western
province and most of them came from high castes
such as Brahmins and Rajputs who were averse to
accepting that part of the army discipline
which treated them on par with the low caste
recruits.
 Since most of the recruits in Army were from
Awadh, the annexation of Awadh on the pretext
of maladministration marked the rebellion mood
in the army.
 In 1856, Lord Canning's government passed
the General Service Enlistment Act which
declared that all future recruits for the
Bengal Army would have to give an undertaking
to serve anywhere even outside India.
 This was considered by the caste Hindus as
defiling of their religion because going
overseas was considered by the Hindus as being
polluted religiously.
 By the passing of the Post Office Act of
1854, the privilege of free postage, so long
enjoyed by the sepoys, was withdrawn.
 In 1856, the Government decided to replace
the oldfashioned musket "Brown Bess" by the
"Enfield rifle".
 The loading process of the Enfield rifle
involved bringing the cartridge to the mouth
and biting of the top paper with mouth.
POLICY OF RING-FENCE (1757-1813)
 What was it?
 During this period, the British, as Lee-
Warner says, endeavoured as far as possible to the states to the British government, step by
live within a Ring Fence, and beyond that they step, solely against its will, the Company had
avoided intercourse with the chiefs as the
English Company was not yet strong enough to
interfere in the internal affairs of the Indian and to pass through the system of subordinate
states. More specifically the English Company
neither had the strength nor the resources to
defeat the Indian states. It was in fact only
one of the important powers in India; the
Marathas, the Nizams, the French, etc. being
the other powers. Warren Hastings, confronted
with the task of safeguarding British
territories against the encroachments of the
Maratha and the militant rulers of Mysore,
generally followed the policy of a Ring-
Fence. The Pitt's India Act of 1784 even laid
down that the Home Government should not
approve of the intervention of her officers in
India in the internal affairs of the Indian
states. After the battle of Buxar, Avadh lay at
the mercy of the British but they did not annex
it. After the Rohilla war; Warren Hastings
conferred the conquered territories on the
Nawab of Avadh instead of retaining them; the
First Ango- Marathaa war ended in the
restoration of the status quo by the Treaty of
Salbai and the four Mysore wars benefited the
allies of the British (Marathas and Nizam) more
than the British themselves at least in the
short term.
 POLICY OF SUBORDINATE ISOLATION (1813-58)
During this period of 45 years, the British
East India Company made all states subordinate
to itself by compelling their rulers to sign
Subsidiary treaties with it. The Indian states,
without exception, were prevailed upon to
accept the Company as the paramount power in
India. They were required to give either money
or territory, so that the Company could
maintain a Subsidiary force either in the
concerned state or outside it for its
protection. The concerned state could no longer
appoint non-English Europeans in its service.
It could not conduct any foreign relations
except through the British government. In all
its dispute with other states, it had to accept
British arbitration. In turn, the Company
promised the territorial integrity of the
state. In practice, however, all the Indian
states entering into subsidiary alliance, and
being dependent on the Company for self-
protection, began to suffer from all the evils
of 'dual government' like those which had
destroyed Bengal between 1765 and
1722. Regarding pitfalls of the Subsidiary
system, Sir Thomas Munro rightly remarked that,
it is the natural tendency to render the
37government of every country in which it exists
weak and oppressive, to extinguish all
honorable spirits among the higher grades of
society, to degrade and impoverish the whole
people.The nature and significance of this
phase of the evolution of British paramountcy
over princely states is euphemistically brought
out by Colonel Luard.
When he says "This period is by far the most
important in the history of the relationship of
been driven by inexorable fate to abandon
its policy of Ring Fence and noninterference,
alliance otherwise and generous policy of
cooperative partnership which holds at the
present day.
Important Events of Indian Freedom
Struggle in India
Year Important Events of Indian Freedom
Struggle in India
1885 Formation of Indian National
Congress by A.O. Hume
1905 Partition of Bengal was announced
1906 Muslim League was founded at Decca
1908 Tilak was sentenced for six years
on charges of sedition
1909 Minto-Morley Reform
1911 The coronation or Delhi Durbar
held at which the Partition of
Bengal was cancelled.
1912 Delhi becomes the new capital of
India.
1912 A Bomb was thrown on Lord Harding
1914 The Ghadar Party was formed at San
Francisco
1914 Tilak was released from jail
Year Important Events of Indian Freedom
Struggle in India
1914 Outbreak of the 1st World War
1914 Incident of Komagatamaru (ship
reaches Budge Budge (Calcutta
port) on 29th September)
1915 Arrival of Mahatma Gandhi in India
on 9th Jan
1915 Death of Gopal Krishna Gokhale
1916 Indian Home Rule League was
founded by Tilak with its
headquarters at Poona
1916 Lucknow Pact Signed by Muslim
League and Congress
1916 Annie Besant started another Home
Rule League on 25th September.
1917 Champaran campaign was launched by
Mahatma Gandhi in Bihar to focus
attention on the grievances of
indigo planters.
1917 Montague, declares that the goal
of the British government in India
is to introduction of Responsible
 Government. 1952 First General Elections of the Lok
38 Sabha
1953 Conquest of Mt.Everest by Tenzing
1918 Beginning of trade union movement Norgay and Sir Edmund Hillary
in India. 1956 Second Five-Year Plan launched
1916 Lucknow Pact signed by Muslim 1957 Second General Elections
League and Congress. 1961 Liberation of Goa
1918 World War 1 Ends. 1962 Third General Elections in India
1919 Montague-Chelmsford Reforms 1962 Sino - Indian war
introduced, Jallianwala Bagh
1963 Nagaland becomes the 16th State Of
massacre at Amritsar.
India
1920 Khilafat Movement launched.
1964 Death of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
1921 Moplah rebellion in Malabar 1965 India - Pakistan war
1922 Chauri-Chaura incidence 1966 Tashkent Pact
1923 Swaraj party formed 1966 Death of Lal Bahadur Shastri
1927 Appointed of Simon Commission. 1966 Mrs. Indira Gandhi became the
1928 Death of Lala Lajpat Rai ( Sher-e- Prime Minister of India
Punjab)
1929 Congress demanded the 'Poorna Important session of Indian Congress
Swaraj' in Lahore session
Year Important Events of Indian Freedom
Struggle in India YEAR NAME OF PRESIDENT PLACE
1930 Civil disobedience movement 1885 W.C. Bannerjee Bombay
launched; Dandi March by Mahatma 1886 Dadabhai Naoroji Calcutta
Gandhi (6 April, 1930) 1887 Badruddin Tyabji Madras
1931 Gandhi Irwin Pact 1888 George Yule Allahabad
1935 Government of India Act enacted 1889 Sir William Wedderburn Bombay
1937 Provincial Autonomy; Congress
forms ministries 1890 Pherozshah Mehta Calcutta
1939 Word War II begins 1891 P. Ananda Charlu Nagpur
1941 Escape of Subhash Chandra Bose 1892 W.C. Bannerjee Allahabad
from India 1893 Dadabhai Naoroji Lahore
1941 Death of Rabindranath Tagore 1894 Alfred Webb Madras
1942 Arrival of Cripps Mission in India 1895 S.N. Banerjee Poona
1942 Quit India Movement launched 1896 Rahimatullah M Sayani Calcutta
Year Important Events of Indian Freedom 1897 C. Sankaran nair Amravati
Struggle in India 1898 Ananda Mohan Bose Madras
1943-44 Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose forms 1899 R.C Dutt Lucknow
provincial Azad Hindu Hukumat and 1900 N.G. Chandavarkar Lahore
Indian National Army 1901 D.E. Wacha Calcutta
1943-44 Bengal famine 1902 S.N Banerjee Ahmedabad
1945 Trial of Indian National Army at 1903 Lal Mohan Madras
Red Fort Ghosh
1945 Shimla Conference 1904 Sir Henry Cotton Bombay
1945 World War II ends 1905 G.K Gokhale Benaras
1946 British Cabinet Mission visits
India 1906 Dadabhai Naoroji Calcutta
1946 Interim Government formed at the 1907 Dr Rash Behari Ghosh Surat
Centre 1908 Dr Rash Behari Ghosh Madras
1947 Division of India 1909 Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Lahore
1947 Partition of India 1910 Sir William Wedderburn Allahabad
1948 Mahatma Gandhi assassinated 1911 Pandit B.N Dar Calcutta
1949 Cease-fire in Kashmir 1912 R.N. Mudholkar Bankipore
1949 Indian Constitution signed and 1913 Nawab Syed Mohammed Bahadur Karachi
adopted 914 Bhupendra Nath Basu Madras
1950 India becomes a Sovereign
1915 Satyendra Prasad Sinha Bombay
Democratic Republic (Jan.26)and
Constitution of India comes into 1916 Ambica Charan Mazumdar Lucknow
force 1917 Dr. Annie Besant Calcutta
1951 First Five-year Plan 1918 Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Delhi
1951 First Asian Games held in Delhi 1919 Motilal Nehru Amritsar
1920 C.Vijayaraghavachariar Nagpur
1921 Hakim Ajmal Khan(acting Ahmedabad  Appointment of Famine commission under the
president for C.R Das) 39presidency of Richard strachey (1878).
1922 C.R.Das Gaya  Royal titles Act – 1876 – Queen Victoria
1924 Mahatma Ghandi Belgaum assuming the little of ‘Kaiser-i-hind’.
1925 Mrs Sarojini naidu Kanpur  The vernacular press act (1878)
1926 S. Srinivasa lyengar Guwahati  2nd Afgan war (1878-80)
1927 Dr. M A Ansari Madras  1st Delhi Darbar (1877)
1928 Pandit Motilal Nehru Calcutta  Indian Arms Act 1878.
1929 Jawaharlal Nehru Lahore  Reduce Age of civil services 21 to 19 year.
1930 (no session) but Lord Ripon (1880 – 84)
Independence Day Pledge was
adopted on 26th January  Repeal of vernacular press act 1882.
1930.  The First Factory Act – 1881. To improve
1931 Sardar Vallabhabhai Patel Karachi Labour conditions.
1933 N . Sen Gupta(session was Calcutta  Continuation of financial Decentralization
banned) (Ripon resolution)
VICEROY of India (PART-I)  Government Resolution on local self
government (RIPON RESOLUTION) – 1882.
 Appointment of Education commission under
Lord Canning (1858 – 62) chairmanship of William Hunter. 1882 Hunter
Commission.
 Rule of company replaced by rule of crown in  Ilbert bill controversy (1883 – 84)
1858.
 First continuous Census – 1881
 White mutiny by Indian troops in (1859).
 Rendition of Mysore.
 Indian council act 1861.
 saviour of India
 Queen victoria proclamation was read by Lord
Lord Dufferin (1884 – 88)
canning at Allahabad.
 IPC – 1860  Passed Bengal tenancy Act 1885 & Punjab
tenancy Act 1887.
Lord Elgin – I (1862-63)
 Third Burmese war (1885 – 86)
 Death – 1863, Punjab  1885 – Indian National congress established.
 1887 – Allahabad university established.
Sir John Lawrence (1864 – 69)
Lord Lancedown (1888-94)

 Bhutan war 1865  Factory Act – 1891

 Introduced First marine telegraph service
between India & Europe (1865)
 Constituted a Famine Commission in
chairmanship of Campbell.
Lord Mayo (1869 – 72)
 Opening of the Rajkot college at Kathiawar &
the Mayo College at Ajmer for political
training of Indian Princes.
 Establishment of statistical survey of India.
 Establishment of department of agriculture &
commerce. (1872)
 Introduced census in India (1872)
 Kuka movement (1872)
 He was executed at portblair.
Lord Northbrook (1872 – 76)
 Visit of Prince of wales in 1875.
 Trial of Gayakwar of Baroda (1875)
 Famine in Bihar 1874
 Donate 10,000 Rs. to Mohammadan Anglo-
Oriental College Aligarh (1875).
Lord Litten (1876 – 80)
 Known as oven Meredith.
 Famine of 1876-78, affecting Madras, Bombay,
Mysore, Hyderabad, parts of central India &
Punjab.
 Catagorized civil services into imperial
provincial & council Act 1892.
 Indian council Act 1892.
 Setting up of Durand line between India &
Afganistan. (Now between Pakistan & Afganistan)
 Prince of wales came India second time.
Lord Elgin – II (1894 – 99)
 Two British officials assassinated by
chapekar brothers (1897).
 Swami vivekanand established math at Vellur &
Remkrishna mission.
Lord Curzon (1899 – 1905)
 Appointment of police commission (1902) under
sir Andrew Frazer to review police
Administration.
 Appointment of universities commission (1902)
& passing of Indian universities Act 1904.
 Establishment of department of commerce &
Industries.
 Calcutta corporation act (1899)
 Ancient monuments preservation Act (1904)
 Partition of Bengal (1905)
 Curzon kitchner controversy.
 Young husbands mission to tibbet (1904)
 Irrigation commission; chairmanship of
40
Mancreef.
 Established C.I.D in police.
 Cooperative committee act 1904.
Lord minto – II (1905 – 10)
Founded Muslim league (1906) at Dhaka by Aga
Khan.
 Congress declared his aim – ‘Swaraj’ in
Calcutta session 1906.
 Split congress in Surat session 1907.
 S.P. Sinha appointed in executive council of
governor general . (1909 act)
 Madan Lal Dhingra executed colonel viely in
London in 1909.
 Lord minto – Father of separate electorate
system.
Lord Harding – II (1910 – 16)
Creation of Bengal Presidency like – Bombay &
madras in 1911.
 Transfer of capital From Calcutta to Delhi in
1911.
 Establishment of Hindu mahasabha (1915) by
madan mohan malviya.
 Coronation Darbar of king George V held in
Delhi – 1911.
 1911 – Fifth census held in India.
 1913 – Rabindra nath tagore got nobel prize.
 1914 – 18 – Ist World War.
 1915 – Gandhi ji Arrived India.
 1915 – Firojshah Mehta & gopal Krishna gokhle
passed away.
 1916 – BHU established by madan mohan malviya.
Lord Chelmsford (1916 – 21)
Tilak & Annie besant form home rule league –
1916.
 Lucknow session of congress 1916.
 Lucknow pact between congress and muslim
league – 1916.
 Foundation of Sabarmati Ashram (1916) after
gandhiji return, Launch of satyagrah of
champaran.
 Montengue August declaration (1917).
 Govt. of India Act (1919).
 Rowlatt act 1919.
 Jalianwala Bagh massacre 1919.
 Launch of non-cooperation & Khilafat movement.
 Foundation of First women university at Poona
by D.K. Kerve in 1916.
 Saddler commission – 1917
 Death of tilak (August, 1920)
 Appointment of S.P. Sinha as governor of Bihar
(The first Indian to become of governor)
Lord Reading (1921 – 26)
Chauri chora incident (Feb 5, 1922) & the
subsequent withdrawal of non co-operation
movement.
 Mopla rebellion in kerla (1921)
 Repeal of the press act of 1910 & the rowlatt
act 1919.
 Criminal law amendment & Abolition of cotton
excise.
 Kakori train Robbery (1925).
 Murder of Swami shradhanand (1926)
 Establishment of Swaraj party by M. L. Nehru &
C. R. Das
 Decision to held simultaneous examinations for
the Ics both in delhi & London, with effect
from 1923.
 Establishment of communist party of India by
M. N. Roy at Taskand
Lord Irwin (1926 – 31)
Constituted Simon commission in 1927 & Simon
commission visited India in 1928 & the boycott
of commission by the Indians.
 An all parties conference held at Lucknow
(1928) for suggestions for the (future)
constitution of India. The report of which was
called ‘Nehru report’
 Murder of saunders, ASP of Lahore; Bomb blast
in Assembly hall in delhi (1929) by Bhagat
singh & Batukeswar dutt.
 The Lahore conspiracy case & death of Jatin
das after resolution of congress in Lahore
session 1929.
 Appointment of the Harcourt butter Indian
states commission (1927).
 Dandi march (March 12, 1930) by Gandhiji to
launch the civil disobedience movement.
 Deepawali declaration by Lord Erwin (1929)
 Boycott of the first round table conference
(1930), Gandhi – Irwin act (1931), Suspension
of civil disobedience movement.
 Establishment of Indian council of agriculture
research – 1929.
Lord Willingdon (1931 – 36)
Second round table conference (Dec 1931) &
failure of the conference resumption of civil
disobedience movement.
 Announcement of communal Award (1932) under
which separate communal electorates were set
up.
 Fast unto death by Gandhi is yervada prison,
broken after the Poona past (1932).
 Third Round table conference (1932)
 Lanch of Individual civil disobedience (1933)
 The govt. of India act 1935.
 Establishment of All India kisan sabha (1936)
& congress socialist party by Acharya Narendra
Dev & Jayprakash Narayan .
 Burma separated from India 1935.
 Establishment of IMA. Dehradun – 1932.
Lord Linlithgow (1936 – 44)
First general election (1936 – 37), congress
attained absolute majority in 6 province.
 Resignation of the congress ministers after
the outbreak of the second World War (1939).
 Subhash Chandra bose elected as the president
of congress at the fifthy first session
41
 Resignation of Bose in 1939 & formation of
Forward block (1939)
 Lahore resolution (march 1940) by the Muslim
league, demand for separate state for muslims.
 August offer (1940) by the viceroy; Its
criticism by the congress & endorsement by
muslim league.
 Winston Churchill elected prime minister
of England (1940)
 Escape of S. C. Bose from India (1941) &
Organization of the Indian National Army.
 Crips mission (1942). To after dominion
status to India & setting up of a constituent
Assembly for India.
 Passing of the quit India Resolution by
the Congress (1942).
 Divide & Quit slogan at the Karachi
session (1944) of muslim league.
Lord Wavell (1944 – 47)
C. R. Formula (1944), Failure of Gandhi –
Jinnah talk (1944)
 Shimla conference (1945) failed
 Proposal of cabinet mission – 1946
 Election of constituent Assembly,
formation of Interim government by the congress
(1946)
 Observation of ‘Direct Action Day’ (Aug
16, 1946) by the Muslim league.
 1946 – Navy – revolt in Mumbai.
Lord Mountbatten (1947 – 48)
June third plan Announced. (1947)
 Introduced Indian independence bill in house
of common
 Appointment of two boundary commission under
‘redcliff’ for the partition of India &
Pakistan.
 Independent ⇒ @Pak-14 Aug. @India-15 Aug.)
Governor of Bengal
Clive (1757-60, 1765-67)
First governor of Bengal become after Battle
of Plasi (1757).
Signed treaty of Allahabad (1765) with Shah
Alam-II & get revenue collection rights of
Bengal. Bihar & Orissa. White mutiny Introduced
dual governance in Bengal.Clive Suicide in
England.
Holwell: 1760
 (For a Small Period) He described ‘Blackhole’
moment.
Vensittart (1760 – 65):-
 At the time of Buxar war, he was the
governor of Bengal.
Verelust (1767 – 69):
 First Anglo – mysore war.
Cartier (1769 – 72):
 Famine in Bengal (1770).
Governor general of Bengal
Warren Hastings (1772 – 85)
Become governor of Bengal in 1772 & govt.
general of Bengal in 1773 through the
regulating Act. 1773.
Established revenue board in 1772.
Father of Judicial services in India.
Abolished dual system of governance.
Treaty of Banaras (1773) & Treaty of
Faizabad (1775)
Founded the Asiatic society of Bengal
with William Jones in 1784 in Calcutta.
Divide Bengal into districts & appointed
collectors.
Started Diwani & Faujdari Adalat at the
district level and Sadar Diwani & nizamat
adalats (appellate courts) at Calcutta.
Redefined Hindu & Muslim Laws. A
translate of the code in Sanskrit appeared in
1776 under the title of “code of Gentoo laws”.
1st Anglo – Maratha war (1775 – 80)
2nd Anglo – Mysore war (1780 – 84)
Burke “Introduced impeachment on warren
Hastings” (only gov. general)
Lord Cornwallis (1786 – 93)
First person to codified laws in 1793.
Created post of District Judge.
Introduced of permanent settlement in
Bengal called the father of civil services in
India.
Third Anglo – Mysore war (1790 – 92)
समाधि(tomb) – Gazipur (only Govt.
General)
Sir John Shore (1793 – 1798)
Introduced the first charter Act.
Follow policy of non – interfere against
Mysore.

Lord Wellesley (1798 – 1805)
Started Subsidiary Alliance system to
achieve British Paramountcy in India.
Madras Presidency was formed during his
tenure.
Established Fort Willian College at
Calcutta. For civil servants training in 1800.
4th Anglo – Mysore war (1799)
2nd Anglo – Maratha war (1803 – 04)
States who signed subsidiary Alliance:-
Hyderabad (1798), Mysore (1799),
Tanjore (1799), Aradh (1801), Peshwa (1802),
Bhonsle (1803), Scindhia (1804)
Singned treaty of Basein (1802) with
vajirao – II
Called ‘Tiger of Bengal’
Governor General
Sir George Barlow (1805 – 07)
Signed treaty of Rajpur ghat with ya want
Rao Holker
Lord Minto – I (1807 – 13)
Signed treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit
Singh (1809)
Lord Hastings (1813 – 23)
Anglo – Nepal war (1814 – 16):- end of
war by treaty of Sangoli (1816).
Lord Adams (1823)
Banned on press.
9. Lord Amherst (1823 – 28)
1st Burmese war (1824 – 26):- end of war
by treaty of Yandubu (1826).
Governor General of India
. Lord William Bentick (1828 – 35)
Become govt. general of India by charter
Act 1833.
Abolished sati system
Restricted discrimination in civil
services.
Regarded as the father of modern western
education in India
Most liberal & enlightened govt. general
42 of India
Macaulay's minute on education accepted”.
Established Calcutta medical college in
1835.
Appointed Divisional commissioner
Charles Metcalf (1835 – 36)
Abolished ban on press.
Liberator of press
Lord Auckland (1836 – 42)
First Anglo-Afgan war (1838 – 42)
Tripalle Alliance – EIC, Ranjit Singh &
Shahsuja
Change the name of ‘shershah suri’ road
as G. T. Road.
Lord Ellenborough (1842 – 44)
Merge Sindh in 1843.
Abolished ‘slave’ system in 1843.
Lord Harding – I (1844 – 48)
1st Anglo-Sikh war:- end of war by treaty
of Lahore.
Lord Dalhousie (1848 – 56)
Merge Punjab in 1852, 2nd Anglo – Sikh
war (1848 – 49)
2nd Anglo – Burmese war in 1852
Merge Sikkim in 1850
Introduction the doctrine of Lapse &
annexation of Satara (1848), Jaitpur &
Sambhalpur (1849) Banghat (1850), Udaipur
(1852), Jhansi (1853), Nagpur (1854) & Awadh
(1856)
Woods dispatch (1854) (Education
related)
Railway minute 1853, & Laying down of
First railway line connecting Bombay & thane in
1853.
Telegraph & Postal reforms. (Post office
act – 1854)
Introduced electric telegraph between
Calcutta & Agra.
Established a separate public works
department in every province.
Window remarriage act 1856.
Lord canning (1856 – 57)
 Establishment of three universities at Note: Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, first-time
Calcutta, madras & Bombay in 1857. 43 sings ‘Bande matram’ in this session.

Revolt 1857.
INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
Mean of congress
Mean of congress  Group of people
 Group of people  Term “congress” borrowed from USA
 Term “congress” borrowed from USA  Term ‘congress’ given by Dada Bhai Naoroji
 Term ‘congress’ given by Dada Bhai
Naoroji Establishment
 28 Dec 1885
Establishment Place: Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit Mahavidayala
 28 Dec 1885  Gwalia tank, Bombay
 Place: Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit  Founder: A.O.Hume
Mahavidayala  1st chairman: W. C. Banerji
 Gwalia tank, Bombay  72 members – In 1st meeting
 Founder: A.O.Hume  Lord Dufferin (G.G)
 1st chairman: W. C. Banerji
 72 members – In 1st meeting IMPORTANT SESSION OF INC
 Lord Dufferin (G.G) 22nd Session, 1906
Logic behind establishment of congress  Calcutta
 Lala Lajpat Rai:- Britishers have  Dada Bhai Naroji
established INC to protect British India from
 Congress declared his Aim “Swaraj”
disintegration
 William Wedderburn: Safety value theory 23rd Summit, 1907
 Rajni Palme Dutt: Congress was  Surat
established by Britisher with widening
 Ras Bihari Ghosh
strategy.
 Congress split into two parts. (i)
Moderate (ii) Extremist
IMPORTANT SESSION OF INC 26th Summit, 1911
First session/Summit – 1885  Calcutta
Bombay  Visan Narayan
W. C. Bannerji  On congress stage, first time Jan Gan
2nd Summit, 1886 Man was sung.
 Calcutta
 D. B. Naoroji 31st Summit, 1916
3rd Summit, 1887  Lucknow
 Madras  Ambika charan Muzumdar
 Badruddin Taiyab [1st Muslim  Lucknow part (i) Muslim League (ii)
chairman] Congress
4th Summit, 1888  Narampanth + Garampanth
 Allahabad
 George Yule (1st English chairman) 32nd Session, 1917
5th Summit, 1889  Calcutta
 Bombay  Annie Besant (1st Lady)
 William Wedderburn
First-time women participated in this summit. 35th Session, 1920
Note: William Wedderburn was the chairman of  Nagpur
congress session – Two times  Veer Raghavachan
(1889 → Bombay, 1910 → Allahabad)  Resolution of non-cooperation movement
passed in this session
6th Summit, 1890
 Calcutta (i) 38th Session
 Firojshah Mehta  Kakinada (A. P.), Maulana Mohamad Ali;
Kadimbini Ganguly – First time, any women give
a speech on the stage. (ii) Special Session
12th Session, 1896  Delhi, Abul Kalam Azad → He was the
 Calcutta youngest leader of (35 yrs.)
 Rahimtulla Sayani
 39th session, 1924 3. He respects the traditional philosophical
 Belgaum (Karnataka)
44system of East but believes that only modern
 M. K. Gandhi (1st and last time culture would help India to revive.
chairman of congress) 4. Gifted linguist, he knew many languages
such as Sanskrit, Persian, English, Arabic,
40th Session, 1925 French, Latin, Hebrew etc.
 Kanpur Religious & Philosophical Quest
 Sarojini Naidu (1st Indian lady) Ram Mohan Roy wrote a Persian book “Tuhafat-ul-
muwahhidin” (Gift to monotheist) in 1809, in
44th Session, 1929 which he strongly supported believe in one God
 Lahore (Monotheism).
 J. L. Nehru
 ‘Absolute freedom’ – Congress 1. He translated the Vedas & Five Upanishads
declared their aim of ‘Absolute freedom’. into Bengali
2. He set up Atmiya sabha in 1814, Calcutta.
3. He strongly opposed idol worship, the
45th Session, 1931
rigidity of caste & superstitious rituals.
 Karachi 4. He has written, Precepts of Jesus (1820) –
 Sardar Patel He emphasize the moral message of Christ &
 First time, demand of fundamental criticized miracle stories in Bible.
rights were made 5. He described blind imitation of west, but
wanted synthesis of best east & west.
50th Session, 1937 6. In 1828, he founded Brahma Sabha later
 Faizpur (W.B.) Brahma Samaj (1830) to purify Hinduism & to
 J. L. Nehru preach monotheism.
7. It was based on – Reason, Vedas &
 First time any session held in a
Upanishads, monotheism.
village
8. Brahma samaj opposed – caste system, child
marriage, sati system, etc.
51st Session, 1938
 Haripura (GJ) Work For Women
 Subhash chandra Bose Sati-system was Abolished by
William Bentinck in 1829.
52nd Session, 1939
 Tripuri (M.P.) 1. He also demanded the right of inheritance
& Property for Women.
 S. C. Bose (He defeated pattabhi
sitaramaiya who was supported by Gandhiji)
Modern education
 National planning committee was He supported dutch watch , watch maker ‘David
constituted under the chairmanship of J. L. Hare’ to found Hindu-College 1817.
Nehru.
1. He established a vedant college in Calcutta
53rd Session, 1940 1825.
 Ramgarh 2. He strongly supported introduction of English
 Maulana Abul Kalam Azad education
 1940 – 45 (He was the chairman)
National Consciousness
Longest tenure of Inc chairman – Sonia Gandhi] He was the pioneer of Indian Journalism &
brought Journals in Bengali, Persian, Hindi,
54th session, 1940 English for spreading scientific literacy &
 Meerut political education.
 J. B. Kriplani (He was the chairman
1. He started Bengali weekly “Sambad Kaumudi”
at the time of Independence of India)
(1821) which was first Indian newspaper edited,
published & managed by Indians.[Language –
60th Session, 1955 Bangali]
 Awari (Madras) 2. He also started Persian Weekly – “Mirat-ul-
 Congress declare their aim Akhbar” [Language – Farsi]
“Democratic Socialism”. Pioneer in Political Agitation:-
Raja Ram Mohan Roy He protested against restrictions on Indian
Press in 1824.
1. Known as the father of Indian renaissance
1. He demanded the abolition of trading rights
& the first great leader of modern India.
of east India Company & removal of heavy export
2. Influenced by European enlightenment he
duties on Indian goods.
stressed on reason & human dignity.

2. He also demanded Indianisation of
superior services, Judicial equality between
Indians & Europeans.
Internationalist
He was given the title of ‘Raja’ by Mughal
emperor Akbar-II & sent to England to plead his
case for an increase in pension.
1. He died at Bristol in England in 1833.
Development of Brahma Samaj
1. Brahma Sabha, established 1828.
2. Tarachandra Chakraborty was the first
secretary of Brahma Sabha.
3. 1830:- Ram Mohan Went to England.
4. 1830-1833:- Acharya Ramchandra, 1833-
Death(acting head)[Death of Raja Ram – 1833-
Bristal]
5. 1833-43:- Dwarika Nath Tagore
6. 1843:- Devendra Nath Tagore (Father of
Rabindranath Tagore)
7. Founded ‘Tatvabodhini Sabha in 1839.
8. Published ‘Tatvabodhini’ magazine.
9. Other members of Tatvabodhini – Rajendra
lal Mishra, Akshya Kumar Dutt Ishwar ChandVidya
sagar.
10. In 1843 – Devendra Nath Tagore re-
organised & revitalized Brahmo Samaj
11. 1857:- Keshub Chandra sen joined
Brahma samaj & soon popularized it outside
Bengal.
12. 1866:- 1st Split in Brahma Samaj
13. Devendra Nath Tagore → Adi Brahma Samaj
14. Keshab Chandra Sen → Brahma Samaj of
India → He took important Parting getting the
Brahma marriage Act 1872. [Girl’s minimum age –
15 years]
15. 1878 – 2nd split → When Keshavchandra
got his minor daughter married to maharaja of
coach Bihar.
16. Sadharan Brahma Samaj → Shivnath Shastri,
Anand Mohan Bose
17. Brahma Samaj was first missionary moment
in India & Keshav Chandra sen was
firstmissionary.
The History of Indian Press
1. Portuguese Introduced ‘Press’ in India.
2. the first book was published in India in
1557. (Goa)
3. In 1684, East India company established a
Printing Press in Mumbai.
4. James Augustus Hickey in 1780 started the
“Bengal Gazette or Calcutta general advertiser,
the first newspaper in India. Which was seized
in 1782 because of its outspoken criticism of
the government.
5. Raja Ram Mohan Roy published “Sambad Kaumudi”
(Bengali) in 1821. ‘Mirat ul-Akhbar’ (Persian)
in 1822.
6. Raja Ram Mohan Roy is called the founder of
the modern press.
7. In 1853, Harish Chandra Mukherjee &
Girish Chandra Ghosh published ‘Hindu Patriots’
from Calcutta.
45Important Journals / News Papers
1. India Gazette (1787) – Henry Vivian Derozio
2. Madras Courier (1784) – First Paper from
Madras
3. Bombay Herald (1789) – First Paper from
Bombay
4. Indian Herald (1795) – R. William &
Humphreys
5. Calcutta Journal (1818) – J. S. Buckingham
6. Jam-I-Jahan Numa (1822) – First Urdu
newspaper
7. East Indian (19th century) – Henry Vivian
Derozio.
8. Bombay times (1838) – Called ‘Times of
India’ after 1865.
9. Foundation laid by Robert knight started by
Thomas Bennett.
10. Rast goftar (1858) – Dada bhai narogi
11. Kesari & Maratha (English) (1881) – Tilak
12. Yugantar (1906) – Barindra Kumar ghosh &
Bhupendra dutta.
13. Sandhya (1906) – Brahma Bandhav Upadhyay.
14. Indian Sociologist, London (Shyamji Krishna
Verma)
15. Bande Matram (Paris) – Madam Bhikaji Kama
16. Talvar (Berlin) – Virendra nath
chattopadhyay
17. Free Hindustan (Vancouvert) – Taraknath das
18. Gadar (Sen Fransicco) – Gadar party, Lala
Hardayal
19. Bombay chronicle (1913) – Firozshah mehta
20. Spmaprakasha (1858) – Dwarkanath Vidyabhusan
(First Bengali political paper)
21. Indian mirror (1862) – Devendra Nath
Tagore (First Indian daily paper in English).
22. Bangalee (1862) – Girish Chandra Nath Ghosh.
(taken over by S. N. Mukherjee in 1879)
23. Madras mail (1868) – First evening paper in
India.
24. Amrita Bazar (1868) – Sisir Kumar Ghosh &
Motilal Ghosh (In Bengali & later an English
daily)
25. Bangadarshan (1873) – Bankim Chandra
Chatterji
26. Indian statesman (1875) – Robert knight
(Later on ‘statesman’)
27. The Hindu (1878) – G. S. Aiyar, Viraraghava
Chari & Subbarao
28. Tribune (1881) – Dayal Singh Majeethia
29. The Hindustan times (1920) – K. M. Pannikar
30. The Milap (1923) – M. K. Chand (Leader –
Madan Mohan Malviya)
31. Karmyogi – Arvindo Ghosh
32. Free Hindustan – Taraknath Das – Against the
Vernacular act.
33. New India, common wheal – Annie Besant
34. Satpatra series – Gopal Hari Deshmukh
35. Din mitra – mukund rao patil
36. Kudi Arasu – periyar
37. Ghulamgiri – Jyotiba phule
38. Mahatma, Dinbandhu – Bhaskar rao jadhav
39. Darpan – Bal shastri Jambekar
40. Bahiskrat bharat (1926) – Santosh Singh
41. Kranti (1927) – S.S. Mirajkar, K. N.
Jogelkar, S. V ghate
42. Bandi jivan – Sachindra nath Sanyal.
43. National Herald (1938) – J. L. Nehru
44. Al-Hilal – Maulana Abul Kalam Azad empowers the magistrate to confiscate
45. Comrade – Mohammad Ali 46
press property which published
46. Young India, Harijan – Mahatma Gandhi objectionable material.
47. Nation – Gopal Krishna Gokhale 65.
48. Bengali – Surendra nath Banerjee 66. The Indian Press act 1910
49. Somprakash – Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar.
67. This act revised the burst
50. Udant Martand (1826) – Jugal Kishore, Kanpur
– First Hindi News paper feature of vernacular press act.
51. Pioneer (1865) – Julian Robbinson 68. Local government was empowered
52. Navjeevan (1919) – Mahatma Gandhi to demand a security at registration
53. Socialist (1922) – S.A. Dange from the publisher & de-register if it
54. Bharat Mitra (1941) – Bal mukund gupt, Hindi was an offending newspaper.
55. Hindu Patriote – Christodas Pal 69. Abolished on recommendation of
56. Somprakash (1859) – Inswarchand Vidyasagar “Tej bahadur Saproo” committee
57. Kavi vachan sudha (1867) – Bhartendu 70.
Harichandra 71. The Indian Press (emergency
58. Hindi pradip (1877) – Balkrishna Bhatt power) Act 1931
Censorship on Press 72. This act gave sweeping powers to
The censorship of Press act 1799 provincial governments to suppress
Wellesley Introduced propaganda for civil disobedience
According to this Act “name of editor, movement.
printer & proprietor” published on 73. In Favour of censor :-
newspaper. Wellesley, Lord Minto-II, Lord Adams,
Lord Hastings Abolished this Act in 1818. Lord Canning, Lord Litten. Lord
The Licensing regulation act 1823 Elphinstone, Sir Thomas Munro.
John Adam Introduced 74. In Favour of Freedom of Press: -
Miralul Akhbar (Raja Ram Mohan Roy) seized Lord Hastings, Charles Metcalf,
by this act. Macauley, ripen.
Metcalf Abolished this act in 1835, 75.
Licensing Act 1857 76. Important News Agencies
Due to an emergency caused by 1857 revolt 77. Associated Press of India – 1905
this act imposed licensing restrictions. 78. Free Press news service – 1927
The government reserved the right to stop 79. United Press of India – 1934
publication & circulation of any book or REVOLTS
newspaper. Sanyasi Revolt (1763 – 1800) – [Hindu]
Registration act 1867 1. Region: Bengal
This replaced Metcalf's act of 1835 & was
of a regulatory, not restrictive nature, As 2. Reason: Pilgrim tax
per the act. Every book was required to 3. Note: Anandmath (Bankim Chandra
print the name of the printer & publisher & Chatterjee): Description about the revolt of
the place of the publication. Sanyasi.
The Vernacular Press act 1878 Fakir Revolt (1776 – 77) – [Muslim]
Introduced by Litten. 1. Region: Bengal
According to this act “The DM was empowered 2. Leader: Majnu shah and Chirag Ali
to call upon the printer & Publisher of any
3. Reason: Religious
vernacular newspaper to enter into a bond
with the government undertaking not to Wahabi Movement (1830 – 1860) – [Muslim]
cause disaffection against the government. 1. Region: Sitana [North west Frontier
No appeal could be made in the court of Province] (Pakistan)
law. 2. : Patna (India)
1.59. The act came to be nicknamed
3. Anti-British and anti-Sikh movement
“The gagging act”.
2.60. Under this act, Proceeding was 4. Leader: Saiyad Ahmad Barelabi
instituted against “som Prakash / 5. Objective: Convert Dar-ul-herb in Dar-ul-
Bharat Mihir, Dacca Prakash & Islam
Samachar. Kuka movement (1840 – 72) – [Sikh]
61. Rippen Abolished this Act. – 1882 1. Region: Punjab
62. Newspaper (Incitement to
2. Founder: Bhagat Jawhar Mal aka Sian Sahib.
offenses) Act 1908
63. Introduced Lord Minto – II 3. Later his disciples Balak Singh and Ram Singh
64. Aimed against extremists carried forward the movement.
nationalist activities, the act 4. Headquarter: Hazara (NWFP)
5. Objective: To eradicate the evils which are
present in Sikh Religion. And wanted to throw
away the British and restore Sikh Sovereignty
over Punjab.
Ahom movement (1818 – 1833)
1. Region: Assam [Old name – Ahom]
2. Leader: Kunwar Gomdhan
3. Reason: Britishers included the Ahom state
in his state.
Pagalpanthi movement (1813 – 31)
1. Pagalpanthi – A religious community – Karam
shah follower Tipu Shah
2. Region: Bengal
3. Reason: Exploitation of peasants by
landlords and Britishers
Santhal movement (1855 – 56)
1. Region: Damne Koh (Bihar + Jharkhand)
2. Leader: Sidhu and Kanhu
3. Reason: Exploitation of peasants by landlords
Munda movement or Ulughani movement (1895
– 1901)
1. Leader: Birsa Munda ( His portrait hangs
in the Central Hall of the Indian parliament,
the only tribal leader to have been so honored)
2. Region: Chota Nagpur
3. Reason: Prohibition/Closing of collective
agriculture
Koal movement (1829 – 39, 1844 – 48)
1. Leader: Buddha Bhagal
2. Region: Chota Nagpur
3. Reason: Prohibition on making of wine by
Koal tribe and Interference by other’s in
koal’s social – economic system.
Khasi movement (1828 – 33)
1. Leader: Teerath Singh
2. Region: Meghalaya
3. Reason: Construction of road in the area
of khasi’s people.
Rampa movement (1879 – 80)
Leader: Alluri Sita Rama Raju
Region: Andhra
Reason: To fight against the new forest
rule and exploitation by landlords
Diwan Velathampi Revolt (1805)
1. Leader: Dalawa Velu Thampi
2. Region: Travancore
3. Reason: By force – sign – subsidiary
alliance
Poligar movement (1799 – 1801)
Leader: Kattvaman
Region: Tamilnadu
Peasants movement
Neel/Indigo revolt (1859 – 60)
1. Region: Distt. – Nadiya, W.B.
47
2. Leader: Digambar visvas & Vishnu visvas
3. Reason: Against the Neel Cultivation
4. A play “Neel Darpan” by deen Bandhu
described this revolt.
Pabna revolt (1873 – 76)
1. Region: Pabna (Bengal)
2. Reason: Increase in tax rate
3. Leader: Ishan Chandra Rai, Keshav Chandra
Rai and Sambhu Pal.
Mopla revolt (1836 – 54, 188 – 85, 1920 –
21)
1. Region: Kerala [Mopla – Muslim
comm.. → Agri. Labourer ]
2. Mopla were Muslim peasants but the
landlord’s of this area were Hindus.
3. Reason: Protest against the exploitation
of Mopla’s by landlord’s but in between this
protest converted into communal fight.
Bardoli Satyagraha (1928)
1. Region: Bardoli, Dist. – Surat (Gujrat)
2. Reason: Increase in tax rate
3. Leader: Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel
4. The title of ‘sardar’ was given by the
women of Bardoli.
Tebhaga movement
1. Region: Bengal
2. Leader: Kamparam and Bhavan singh
3. Reason: Increase in tax rate
4. As a response to the agitations, the then
Muslim League ministry in the province launched
the Bargadari Act, which provided that the
share of the harvest given to the landlords
would be limited to one-third of the total. But
the law was not fully implemented.
YOUNG BENGAL MOVEMENT
1. Founder – Henry Vivian Derozio
2. He was a teacher of Hindu college (1826
– 31)
3. He attracted many bright students, who
were known as Derozians or young Bengal.
4. Derozians supported women's right &
education
5. Henry Derozio was probably the first
nationalist.
6. Poet of modern India.
7. He was removed from college in 1831
because of his radicalism.
8. Derozians were called as “Pioneers of
modern civilization of Bengal. However, they
carried forward the task of public
education & made demands like a revision of
companies charter, trial by Jury
Indianisation of higher services.
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
1. The great Sanskrit scholar, in 1850 Gupta Chandra Gupta I Samudragupta
48
become the principal of Sanskrit college & Sunga Pushyamitra Pushyamitra
introduced there the study of western Shunga Shunga
thought. Satavahana King Simuka Gautamiputra
2. He evolved new methodology of teaching Satakarni
Sanskrit. Chalukya Pulakeshin I Pulakeshin I
3. He started a movement in support of Chola Vijayalaya Rajendra I
widow re-marriage which was resulted in Rashtrakut Dantidurga Govinda III
widow remarriage act of 1856. a
Slave Qutbu l-Din Shams ud din
4. First, lawful Hindu widow remarriage was Aibak Iltutmish
Khilji Jalal ud din Ala-ud-din
held under the supervision of Vidyasagar in Firuz Khilji Khilji
1856. Tughlak Ghiyasuddin Muhammad bin
He also protested against child marriage. Tughlaq Tughlaq
He was also secretary of first girls Lodi Bahlul Khan Lodi Sikandar Lodi
schools, Bethune school, Calcutta 1849. Mughal Babur Akbar

Ved Samaj – 1864, (Madras)

1. Founder – Dharalu Naidu
2. Inspired by Keshab Chandra sen
3. Also known as “Brahma samaj of south”
Balshastri Jambekar
1. One of the pioneer reformers in Bombay,
He attacked brahminical system & tried to
reform popular Hinduism.
2. He started weekly Darpan in 1832 to
popularized socio-religious reform.
Gopal Hari Deshmukh
1. Popularly known as Lokhitwadi.
2. He wrote the famous ‘shatpatre’ (100
Letters)
3. Which emphasized national regeneration
through social reform & modern education.
4. He said “If religion does not sanction
social reform, then change the religion.
Paramhansa mandali
1. founded in 1849 in Maharashtra by Dodaba
Pandurang, Bal Shastri Jambekar & R. G.
Bhandarkar.
2. Believe in one god & world fraternity.
3. They also advocated widow remarriage &
women education.
Students Literary & Scientific Societies
1. Formed in 1848 in Bombay & Poona by some
educated young students, they were also
called the Gyan Prakash mandali having
branches in Gujarati & Marathi.
2. They organize a lecture on popular
science & social questions.
3. One of the aims was to start schools for
girls.
Dynasties - Founders and Great Kings
Dynasty Founder Great Ruler
Nanda Mahapadma Nanda Dhana Nanda
Maurya Chandragupta Ashoka the
Maurya Great
MUGHAL DYNASTY
Babur (AD 1526-1530)
BIRTH:1483 Fargana(Afganistan) Father-Umer
sheikh Mirja, Mother-Kutlug nigar( Mangol)
Founder of Mughal empire, who
introduced gunpowder in India
defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the First Battle
of Panipat (AD 1526)
Rana Sanga (Sangram Singh) at Battle of
Khanwa (AD 1527)
Medini Rai of Chanderi at Battle of
Chanderi (AD 1528)
Mahmud Lodi at Battle of Ghagra (AD 1529)
(Last war of the Babur)
He wrote Tuzuk-i-Baburi (Autobiography of
Babur) in the Turkish language.
Babur declared Jehad and adopted the title,
Ghazi(After the Khanva War)
According to Tuzuk-i-Baburi, Babur Died in
1530 in Lahore and buried at Aram Bagh
(Agra). Later his body was taken to
Afghanistan (Kabul).
Humayun (AD 1530-1556)
Built Dinpanah at Delhi as his second
capital.
Sher Shah Suri gradually gained power. He
fought two battles with Humayun – Battle of
Chausa (AD 1539) and another Battle of
Kannauj (AD 1540) culminating in Humayun’s
defeat
Humayun passed 15 years in exile; again
invaded India in 1555 with the help of his
officer Bairam Khan.
Died in AD 1556 due to a fall from his
library building’s stairs
Gulbadan Begum, Humayun’s half-sister
wrote Humayun-nama.
After battle of Chausa Sher khan adapted a
title, SHER SHAH SURI
Biography of Humayun-HUMAYUNAMA
Akbar (AD 1556-1605)
Mother-Hamida Bano Began
49the Mughal empire.
Coronated at the young age of 14 by Bairam
Khan
Defeated Hemu at the Second Battle of
Panipat (AD 1556) with the help of Bairam
Khan Conquered Malwa (AD 1561) defeating
Baz Bahadur followed by Garh-Katanga (ruled  Aurangzeb became victorious after the brutal
by Rani Durgawati), Chittor (AD 1568),
Ranthambhor and Kalinjar (AD 1569), Gujarat and Murad.
(AD 1572), Mewar (Battle of Haldighati, AD
1576 Akbar and Rana Pratap), Kashmir (AD
1586), Sindh (AD 1593) and Asirgarh (AD
1603).
Buland Darwaza was constructed at Fatehpur serious rift between Rajput and Mughals after
Sikri after victory over Gujarat in AD
1572.
Married to Harkha Bai, daughter of Rajput
ruler Bharmal
Ralph Fitch (in AD 1585) was the first
Englishman to visit Akbar’s court.
Abolished Jaziyah (AD 1564)
Believed in Sulh-i-Kul (peace to all),
built Ibadat Khana (Hall of prayer) at
Fetehpur Sikri; issued ‘Degree of
Infallibility (AD 1579); formulated
religious oder Din-i-Ilahi (AD 1582).
Birbal was the first to embrace it.
Land revenue system was called Todar
Mal Bandobast or Zabti System measurement
of land, classification of land and
fixation of rent; and introduced Mansabdari Badshahi Mosque at Lahore.
System(holder of rank) to organise nobility  DEATH:1707, Ahamadnagar
and army.
The Navratnas included Todar Mal, Abul
Fazal, Faizi, Birbal, Tansen, Abdur Rahim
Khana-i-Khana, Mullah-do-Pyaza, Raja Man
Singh and Fakir Aziao-Din.
Jahangir (AD 1605-1627)
Executed the fifth Sikh guru, Guru Arjun
Dev.
Greatest failure was the loss of Kandahar
to Persia in AD 1622.
Married Mehr-un-Nisa in AD 1611 and
conferred the title of Nurjahan on her; He
established Zanjir-i-Adal at Agra Fort for
the seekers of royal justice.
Captain Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe visited
his court.
Famous painters in his court-Abdul Hassan,
Ustad Mansur and Bishandas.
Shahjahan (AD 1628-1658)
Annexed Ahmadnagar
while Bijapur and Golconda accepted his
overlordship.
Secured Kandahar (AD 1639).
Two Frenchmen, Bernier and Tavernier and an
Italian adventurer Manucci visited his
court.
Built Moti Masjid and Taj Mahal at
Agra, Jama Masjid and Red Fort at Delhi.
His reign is considered the Golden Age of
Aurangzeb (Alamgir) (AD 1658-1707)
 BIRTH:1618, Dohad( GJ), Son of Mumtaz and
Shahjahan
war of succession among his brother Dara, Shuja
 Rebellions during his rule – Jat Peasantry at
Mathura, Satnami peasantry in Punjab and
Bundelas in Bundelkhand.
 The annexation of Marwar in AD 1658 led to a
the death of Raja Jaswant Singh.
 Ninth Sikh Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur was
executed by him in AD 1675.
 Mughal conquests reached territorial climax
during his reign.
 It stretched from Kashmir in North to Jinji
in South, from the Hindukush in West to
Chittagong in East.
 He was called Darvesh or a Zinda Pir. He
forbade Sati. Conquered Bijapur (AD 1686) and
Golconda (AD 1687) and reimposed Jaziya in AD
1679.
 He built Biwi ka Makbara on the tomb of his
queen Rabaud-Durrani at Aurangabad; Moti Masjid
within Red Fort, Delhi; and the Jami or
LATER MUGHALS
Bahadur Shah I (1707-12)
 Original name was Muazzam
 Title, Shah-e-Bekhabar.
 Promote friendly relationship with
Marathas and Rajputs
Jahandar Shah (1712-13)
 He ascended the throne with the help of
Zulfikar Khan (Wazir).
 Abolished Jijiya.
 A Prostitute "LAL KUAR" dominated in his
court
Farrukhsiyar (1713-19)
He lacked the ability and knowledge to rule
independently.
 His reign saw the emergence of the Sayyid
Brothers (known as king maker).
 Abdulla Khan-Wazir
 Hussain Ali-Senapati
 1717-Issued Golden Farman to east
India company for free trade
 Farrukhsiyar executed Banda Bahadur ( A
Sikh leader)
50
Muhammad Shah (1719-48)
Became the emperor with the help of the Saiyad
Brothers
 Nadir Shah invaded India and took away
Peacock throne and Kohinoor diamond.
 Title- Rangeela
 Emergence of independent state in his
period
Ahmed Shah (1748-54)
Ahmed Shah Abdali (General of Nadir Shah)
marched towards Delhi and the Mughals ceded
Punjab and Multan.
 He worked under the guidance of Rajmata
"Udam Bai"
Alamgir (1754-59)
Ahmed Shah occupied Delhi Later, Delhi was
plundered by Marathas.
Shah Alam II (1759-1806)
Original NAME: Aligohar
 Panipat War: (1761)
 Buxar War (1764)
 Treaty of Allahabad (1765)
 Could not enter Delhi for 12 years.
 1788: Gulam Kadir make him blind
Akbar II (1806-37)
Pensioner of East India Company.
 Gave the title "Raja" to Ram Mohan Roy
Bahadur Shah II (1837-57)
Nickname: Jafar
 Last Mughal Emperor who was made premier
during the 1857 Revolt.
 1862-death in Rangoon (Myanmar)
Causes behind the fall of Mughal Empire
Weak and incompetent successors
 Wars of succession
 Aurangzeb’s Deccan, religious and Rajput
policies
 Jagirdari crisis
 Growth of Marathas and other regional
powers
 Foreign invasions of Nadir Shah (1739)
and Abdali
Important Literature of Mughal Period
Author(Work)
 Babur (Tuzuk-i-Babari)
 Abul Fazal (Ain-i-Akbari, Akbarnamah)
 Jahangir (Tuzuk-i-Jahangir)
 Hamid (Padshahnama)
 Darashikoh (Majn-ul-Bahrain)
 Mirza Md Qasim (Alamgirnama)
Medieval India
 Mohammad bin Qasim invaded India in AD
712 and conquered Sindh.
 Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni led about 17
expeditions of India.
 In 1025, he attacked and raided the most
celebrated Hindu temple of Somnath, situated on
the sea coast of Kathiawar and its ruler was
Bhima Deva I
FOUNDATION OF THE DELHI SULTANATE
The period between 1206 and 1526 in the Indian
history is known as the "Period of the Sultan
Rulers"
 Mohammad Ghori invaded India and was
defeated by Prithviraj Chauhan in First Battle
of Tarain (1191).
 Ghori defeated the Rajput king in Second
Battle of Tarain (1192) and laid the foundation
of the Muslim dominion in India. He may be
considered the ‘founder of Muslim rule’ in
India.
Ilbari Dynasty (AD 1206-1290)
Qutub-ud-in-Aibak
 This dynasty is also known as Yamini or
Slave dynasty
 After the death of Mohd. Ghori, a
struggle for supremacy ensued between Taj-ud-
din Yalduz, Nasir-ud-din Qubacha and Qutub-ud-
din Aibak.Qutubuddin was successful in
thwarting the challenge of his adversaries and
was crowned unofficially on 25th June 1206.
 Capital Lahore (initial); Delhi (later)
 The founder of the Slave dynasty. Also
called Lakh Baksh because of his generosity.
 Qutub-ud-din Aibak laid the foundation of
Qutub Minar, after the name of the famous Sufi
saint Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki.
 Built Quwwat-ul-Islam (first mosque in
India) and Adhai Din ka Jhopra (Ajmer).
 Died while playing Chaugan (polo).
 After Aibak’s death, Aram Shah ascended
the throne but he was deposed and Aibak’s son-
in-law, Shams-ud-din Iltutmish was crowned the
new Sultan.
 Hasan Nizami, the famous historian
adorned his court.
Iltutmish (AD 1210-1236)
 Iltutmish belonged to the Ilbari tribe
and hence his dynasty was named as Ilbari
dynasty.
 Attack of Mongols; formed Turkan-e-
Chahalgani or Chalisa (a group of 40 powerful
51Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325-1351)
Turkish nobles).
 Divided his empire into Iqtas (assignment
of land in lieu of salary).
 Introduced 2 types of coins-silver
(Tanka) and copper (Jital).
Razia (AD 1236-1240)
First and last Muslim woman ruler of Medieval
India.
 She disregarded Purdah, married Altunia,
the Governor of Bhatinda.
 Bahram Shah, son of Iltutmish, killed
her.
 She appointed an Abyssinian slave Yakuth
as Master of the Royal Horses
Balban (AD 1266-1286)
Separated Military Department (Diwan-e-Ariz)
and Finance Department (Diwan-e-Wazarat).
 He declared that king was the deputy of
God (Niyabat-e-Khudai) and shadow of God (Zil-
e-Illahi) and introduced the practices of
Sijdah or Paibos.
 When Balban died, one of his grandsons
Kaiqubad was made the Sultan of Delhi. After
four years of incompetent rule, Jalaluddin
Khalji captured the throne of Delhi in 1290.
Khalji Dynasty (AD 1290-1320)
Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji was the first ruler,
who reviewed that India cannot be a totally
Islamic state.
 Alauddin Khalji His conquests were that
of Gujarat ruled by Vaghela King; Ranthambhor,
Chittor and Malwa and later to the South
(mainly by Malik Kafur).
 He abolished Zamindari in Khalisa land.
No qta was allotted in Doab area.
 Alauddin adopted the policy of Blood and
Iron in tackling the Mongols.
 He built Khizrabad, Alai Darwaja and his
capital city Siri.
 Also built Hauz Khas in Delhi and added
entrance door to Qutub Minar, introduced market
reforms.
 Adopted the title of Sikandar-i-Sani.
 Built a permanent army introduced Chehra
and Dagh System.
 First Turkish Sultan’ who separated
religion from politics.
 His court poets were Amir Khusrau and Mir
Hassan Dehlvi.
Tughlaq Dynasty (AD 1320-1413)
Founded by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, who built the
fortified city of Tughlaqabad and made it his
capital.
 He was the first sultan to start
irrigation works.
Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq also called the wise fool
king on account of five experiments, namely
 (a) Transfer of capital to Daulatabad
 (b) Taxation in Doab
 (c) Qarachil expedition
 (d) Khurasan expedition
 (e) Token currency.
 Muhammad bin Tughlaq was the only Delhi
Sultan who had received a comprehensive
literary, religious and philosophical
education.
 The Sultan set-up a separate department
Diwan-i-kohi. He gave Sondhar loans to farmers.
 South Indian states of the Vijayanagara
empire, the Bahmani kingdom and the Sultanate
of Madura were founded.
 The famous traveller Ibn-Batuta visited
his court.
Firoz ShahTughlaq (1351-1388)
After the death of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq in
1351. Firoz Tughlaq had the unique distinction
of being chosen as sultan by the nobles.
 He appointed Khan-i-Jahan Maqbal, a Telugu
Brahmin convert as wazir (prime minister)
 Firoz Shah Tughlaq built new towns of Hissar,
Firozpur, Fatehabad, Jaunpur and Firozabad (his
capital). During his reign, two Ashokan
pillars, one from Topara in Ambala and the
other from Meerut were brought.
 Built canals, fond of slaves and wrote a book
Fatuhat Firozshahi.
 He repaired Qutub Minar when it was struck by
lightening.
 Firoz Shah Tughlaq also made Iqtadari system
hereditary and imposed new taxes like Kharaj
(land tax equal to one-tenth of the producer)
and Zakat and Khams (one-tenth of the booty
captured in war).
 He made Jizya a separate tax and he imposed
this tax upon the Brahmans for the first time
in the history of Sultanate.
 He introduced the following coins – Aadha,
Bhikh, Shashgani and Hasthragani.
 Timur, Mongol leader of Central Asai, ordered
general massacre in Delhi (AD 1398) at the time
of Nasiruddin Mahmud (later Tughlaq king).
Sayyids (1414-1451)
Before his departure from India, Timur
appointed Khizr Khan as governor of Multan. He
captured Delhi and founded the Sayyid dynasty
in 1414. He tried to consolidate the Delhi
Sultanate but in vain. He died in 1421
Successors--Mubarak Shah-- Muhammad Shah and
Alauddin Alam Shah.
Lodis (1451-1526)
The Lodhis were the first Afghans to rule
India.
 Bahlol Lodhi (AD 1451-1481) founded the
dynasty.
 Sikander Lodhi (AD 1418-1517) introduced
Gaz-i-Sikandari. (unit for measuring cultivated
field).
 He founded Agra in 1504. He wrote the
Persian verse ‘Gulrukhi’.
 He was succeeded by Ibrahim Lodhi (1517-
1526), who was defeated by Rana Sanga of Mewar.
He was also defeated by Babur in April 1526 and
led to the establishment of the Mughal rule in
India.
PROVINCIAL KINGDOMS
Gujarat
Broke away from Delhi in AD 1397 under Zafar
Khan, who assumed the title of Sultan Muzaffar
Shah.
 His grandson Ahmed Shah I built a new
city Ahmedabad.
 The next prominent ruler was Mahmud
Beghra. During his rule, the Portuguese set up
a factory at Diu.
Kashmir
Kashmir was ruled by Hindu rulers until
Shamsuddin Shah asserted himself in AD 1339.
 The greatest ruler was Zain-ul-Abidin (AD
1420-70), who is called the Akbar of Kashmir,
built Zaina lake, and artificial island in
Wular lake.
Mewar
Rajput rule restored by Rana Hamir after
Alauddin Khalji captured Chittor in AD 1303.
 The greatest was Rana Kumbha who built
the Vijay Stambh at Chittor to commemorate his
victory over Mahmud Khalji of Malwa.
THE COMING OF THE EUROPEANS
Europeans reached the Indian shores in search
of wealth and power. In 1498, Portuguese
traders became the first to discover the sea
route to India when a Portuguese voyager
arrived at Calicut (modern Kozhikode, Kerala)
on the western coast of India. The Dutch
followed them in 1595, the English in 1600, and
at last, the French in 1664. All these
Europeans came to India for free trade.
The Europeans nations established various
commercial companies, such as the East India
Company in England founded in 1600 and
Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie – the United
East India Company in the Netherlands – founded
in 1602. These companies were formed to capture
the spice trade by breaking the monopoly of
Portuguese in Asia.
Rise of Autonomous States
In the eighteenth century, when the Mughal
Empire declined, various autonomous states were
established such as in Bengal (under Murshid
Quli Khan), Oudh or Awadh (under Sadat Khan
Burhan-ul-Mulk), Hyderabad (under Nizam-ul-Mulk
52Asaf Jah), Carnatic (under Churaman and
Surajmal) and the Sikhs (under Ranjit Singh).
THE PORTUGUESE
In 1498, Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese voyager,
became the first European to discover the sea
route to India. He arrived at Calicut on 27 May
1498. To secure the trade of spices and to look
for probable Christian converts, the Portuguese
challenged Arab supremacy in the Indian Ocean.
They fitted their galleons with powerful
cannons and established a network of strategic
trading posts along the Arabian Sea and the
Persian Gulf. They soon set up political
supremacy along the west coast of India. After
Vasco da Gama, Captain General Alfonso
de Albuquerque captured Goa in 1510 and
made Goa as the centre of their commercial and
political power. Goa was under their control
for about four and a half centuries.
Afonso de Albuquerque was the second governor
of the Portuguese India and is known as founder
of Portuguese colonial empire in India
Albuquerque is also known to have abolished the
practice of Sati in Goa.
THE DUTCH
The first Dutch fleet reached India in the
year 1595. They formed Dutch East India Company
in 1602, but they could not maintain their
influence for very long period. However, they
had a large supply of capital and support from
their government with which they ousted the
British from the East Indies (Indonesia). They
also managed to establish trading factories
along the Indian coast. They established
their first factory in
Masulipatnam (1605), followed by factories in
Pulicat (1610), Surat (1616), Bimlipatnam
(1641), Karaikal (1645), Chinsura (1653),
Kasimbazar (1658), Baranagore (1658), Patna and
Balasore (both 1658) and Cochin (1663). These
became the centres of international trade in
spices, cotton, sugar raw silk, calico and
indigo. They were welcomed by the Indian rulers
in order to put them against the Portuguese. In
1619, they were granted permission by the
Mughal emperor Jahangir to trade at Surat on
the west coast and Hoogly in the east. The
Dutch supremacy ended with their defeat at the
hands of the English in the Battle of Bedera in
1759.
THE ENGLISH
In 1600, the English East India Company was
established through a charter signed by Queen
Elizabeth I in 1600. The charter granted the
company the permission to trade with India. In
1608, Captain Hawkins visited the court of
Jahangir but he was denied any trading rights.
However, in 1619, when Sir Thomas Roe visited
the court, they were allowed to set up their
first factory in Surat(authorised factory).
Gradually, the company was successful in
setting up its factories at other places also
such as Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai.’
The agents of the English Company soon became
familiar with Indian customs and languages.
They learnt Persian, the official language of According to a secret article in the marriage
the Mughals. The English agents of this period 53treaty of 1661 with Portugal, the Portuguese
lived like Indians, intermarried Indians, and possessions in the East were guaranteed by
most of them settled here permanently. All this England against the Dutch, and the island of
gave the English an edge over their other Mumbai was included as a part of the dowry of
European rivals. Catherine of Braganza, the new queen of Charles
The English set up their factories II. In 1668, Charles II transferred Mumbai to
in Masulipatnam (1611), Agra, Ahmedabad, the East India Company on an annual payment of
Baroda, Broach (1619), Armagaon 10 pounds. Mumbai gradually rose to prosperity
near Pulicat (1626), Hariharpur and Balasore during the administration of sir George Oxenden
(1633), Patna, Dakha, Kasimbazar (1835), Fort (1662 – 1669), Gerald Aungier (1669 – 1677),
St George in Chennai (1639), Hoogli (1651), and Sir John Child (1682 – 1690). In 1687, the
settlements in Bihar,Bengal and seat of the western Presidency was shifted from
Orissa (1658), Mumbai (1668) Surat to Mumbai. In 1611, the English started a
and Sutanuti (1690), Kalikota and factory in the south-east at Masulipatnam. In
Govindpur(1698). Later they founded the city of 1632, they obtained Golden Farman from Sultan
Kolkata which included the regions of Sutanuti, of Golconda and in 1639 were permitted to build
Kalikota and Govindpur. In 1700, they fortified a fortified factory in Chennai, known as Fort
the factory at Sutanati and named it Fort St George, which later superseded Masulipatnam
William. In 1686, the English fought the war as the headquarters of the English in the East
against the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. They lost coast.
all their control over the settlements and
factories in India to the Mughals. They were Important facts
pardoned when they surrendered in 1690. In In, 1608, First British ship Hector reached
1691, they were granted a Farman by the Mughal India
emperor. They exempted from paying customs In 1611, Captain Middleton was able to get
duties in Bengal through this Farman. permission to start a factory in Surat from the
local Mughal governors. But he needed to fight
In 1717, the Mughal emperor, Farukhsiyar (1713 a battle with the Portuguese. Under him, the
– 1719), granted the British another Farman, British defeated Portuguese in 1611 in the
thus extending the privilege to British in Battle of Bombay.
Gujarat and Deccan – who by then had already First English factory in Bengal was established
established themselves in the south and the at Hoogly 1651, with the permission
west – a grant of 38 villages near Kolkata, ofShahsuja and they were also granted
acknowledging their importance to the Privileges of free trade for a payment of Rs
continuity of international trade in the Bengal 3000
economy. As the Dutch and the French, the
British also brought silver bullion and copper THE FRENCH
to pay for transactions, helping the smooth The French commercial interest – Compagnie des
functioning of the Mughal revenue system and Indes Orientales (East India Company,founded in
increasing the benefits of local artisans and 1664) – came late but the French also
traders. The fortified warehouses of the established themselves in India, emulating the
British brought extraterritorial status, which precedents set by their competitors, as they
enabled them to administer their own civil and founded their enclave atPondicherry
criminal laws and offered numerous employment (Puducherry) on the Coromandel Coast. In 1664,
opportunities as well as an asylum to they set up centres nearChennai and
foreigners and Indians. The British factories Chandernagore on the Hoogly to trade with
successfully competed with their rivals as India. They also established naval bases in
their size and population grew. The original the islands of Bourbon and Mauritius in the
clusters of fishing villages (Chennai and Indian Ocean. Initially, they flourished till
Kolkata) and the series of islands (Mumbai) 1706 but afterwards declined until 1720. After
became the headquarters of the British 1720, it was because of Governors Lenoir and
administrative zones or presidencies as they Dumas that the French regrouped in India.
generally came to be known. The factories and However, during 1742, the French Governor
their immediate environs, known as the white Dupleix started repulsing English power, which
town, represented the actual and symbolic pre- resulted in the Carnatic wars and eventually
eminence of the British is terms of their the defeat of the French.
political power as well as their cultural
values and social practices. Meanwhile, their THE DANISH AND THE AUSTRIANS
Indian collaborators lived in the ‘black town’ Besides the presence of the Portuguese, Dutch,
separated from the factories by several British and French, there were two lesser but
kilometres. noteworthy colonial groups. In 1616, the East
India Company of Denmark reached Indian coasts
Spread of British on East and West Coast of and established settlements in Tranquebar in
India during the seventeenth century Tamil Nadu (1620) andSerampore in Bengal
Anglo-Dutch hostilities from 1652 to 1654 drew (1676). Danish entrepreneurs established
the English and the Portuguese closer on the themselves at several ports on the Malabar and
western coast of India. Coromandel coasts, in the vicinity of Kolkata
and inland at Patna, between 1695 and 1740.
Austrian enterprises were set up in the 1720s 54arrested and sentenced to death by the British.
in the vicinity of Surat, in southeastern
Gujarat. As with the other non-British
enterprises, the Danish and Austrian enclaves
were taken over by the British between 1765 and 12. Chandrashekar Azad joined hands with Bhagat
1815.
Revolutionary Activity During The
Indian National Movement
1. Murder of W. C. Rand and Lt. Ayerst by
Chapekar brother at Poona in 1897.
2. Formation of the India House in
London (1905) by Shyamji Krishna Verma and V.
D. Savarkar.
3. Establishment of the India House in
Newyork by Barkatullah and S. L. Joshi.
4. Attempted murder of Lt. Governor Fuller of
East Bengal by Barindra Kumar
Ghosh andBhupendranath Dutta in 1906.
5. The Kennedy murder in 1908, in which two
English ladies were killed when Khudi
RamBose attempted to kill Magistrate
Kingsford of Muzaffarabad who escaped unhurt.
6. Madan Lal Dhingra murdered Curzon-Willie, an Armoury. Surya Sen was arrested in 1933, and
official in the British India Office at London. executed.
7. Attempted assassination of Lord
Hardinge when he was approaching Delhi in
1912. Rash Bihari Bose and Sachin Chandra
Sanyal missed their target.
8. Formation of the Berlin Committee in
Germany (1914) by Virendranath Chattopadhyay,Dr
Avinash Chandra Bhattacharya and other
prominent activists who formed
the Anushilanand Yugantar groups in India.
9. ‘Bagha Jatin’, Jatin Mukherji, carried out
the Plan of Bengal in 1915, which aimed
atdisrupting the rail and communication
network in Bengal and seizing Fort William. The
plan failed because of the lack of coordination
and the death of ‘Bagha Jatin’ in 1915.
Formation of the Indian Independence Committee
in 1915 under the Zimmerman Plan organized by
the German officials at Berlin. The committee
included Virendranath Chattopadhyay, Lala Har
Dayal and Bhupendranath Dutta.
10. Appointment of the Provisional Government
of Free India with Raja Mahendra Pratap as the
President and Barkatullah as the Prime
Minister, with support from Germany,
Afghanistan and the Sultan of Turkey. However,
the Czar of Russia did not approve of the
government because of the defeat of Germany in
the World War.
11. In 1915, revolutionaries looted a train
which carried government cash at a place
calledKakori (between Lucknow and
Shahjahanpur). The involved activists were
Among them were Bhupendra Sanyal, S. N. Biswas,
Ashfaqullah Khan and Thakur Singh.
Singh and formed the Hindustan Socialist
Republican Party in 1928. It had two faces –
the public face headed by Bhagat Singh, and a
secret face, called Hindustan Socialist
Republic Army, headed by Azad. It was the first
organization which envisioned free India to be
secular. Its activists took note of the
changing political structure of the nation.
13. Bhagat Singh, Azad and Rajguru avenged the
death of Lala Lajpat Rai by killing General
Saunders in 1928.
14. Bombing in the Central Legislative Assembly
by Bhagat Singh and his associates in 1929.
15. Attempted bombing of the train in
which Lord Irwin and his family were travelling
in 1929 at Delhi.
16. Issuing of an independence proclamation in
the name of Indian Republic Army under
theleadership of Surya Sen in 1930, when
revolutionaries captured the Chittagong
17. Execution of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and
Sukhdev on 23 March 1931, and the death of
Chandrashekar Azad in a shooting episode in
Allahabad 1931.
18. Assassination of the magistrate of Tippera
in Bengal, by the school, going girl Shanti and
Suniti in 1932.
19. Formation of the Indian Independence League
by Ras Bihari Bose in 1942, in Japan.
Formation of the All India Central
Revolutionary Committee in Russia by M. N. Roy
and other activists.
20. Other Prominent Revolutionaries who
Operated Outside India – P. M. Bapat(Also known
as senapati); Madam Bhikaji Cama, a Parsee lady
who was connected with the Paris Indian Society
established by S. R. Rana under the inspiration
of Shyamji Krishna Verma, who unfurled the
first tricolor flag at the International
Socialist Congress (Germany), designed byHem
Chand Das in 1907;
Slave Dynasty
Qutubuddin Aibak (1206-1290)
 Qutubuddin Aibak was a slave of Muhammad
Ghori, who made him the Governor of his Indian
possessions. He was the founder of Slave
dynasty (Mamluk dynasty) in India (1206-1210).
 He was also known as “Laakh baksh”
because he gave liberal donations to muslims.
 He constructed two mosques “Quwat-ul-
Islam” in Delhi and Adhai-Din-Ka-Jhopra in
55Qutubuddin Aibak in the memory of:
Ajmer.
 He also started the construction of Qutub
Minar in the honour of famous sufi saint
“Qutubdin bakhtiyar-kaki”.
 Lahore was the capital of Qutub-ud-Din-
Aibak.
 He Died after falling from a horse while
playing Polo(Chaugan) at Lahore in 1210.
Iltutmish (1210-1236)
 Aaramshah was the son of Qutub-din-aibak and
he was defeated by Illtutmis in 1211.
 Iltutmis was the real founder of Delhi
Sultanate.
 He made Delhi, the capital in place of
Lahore.
 In order to crush the power of opponent
nobles he formed “Turk-e-chihalgani or
“chalisaa”.
 “Iqta” system was introduced by Illtutmish
for well administration.
 He issued the silver coins “Taka” and copper
coins Jeetal for the first time.
 Justice bell - The contribution of Iltutmish
in the field of justice was praise worthy. Ibn-
i-Battuta writes about it, “Two lions of marble
were built in front of the palace of the Sultan
and bells were hung in their necks. The
oppressed used to ring these bells and justice
was done to them after listening to their
requests.
 The construction of Qutub Minar was completed
during his reign.
Q1.The ruler from the slave Dynasty who died of
injury while playing chaugan(Polo) at lahore:
Ans:Qutub-ud-Din Aibak
Q2.What do you mean by Turkan-i-chihalgani:
Ans:Group of 40 ruling elite
Q3.Who was known as the " Slave of a Slave"?
Ans:Illtutmish
Q4.Who was the real founder of Slave Dynasty:
Ans:Illtutmish
Q5.Who was the first ruler of the Slave
dynasty?
Ans:Qutubuddin Aibak
Q6.What was the period of rule of Qutubuddin
Aibak:
Ans:1206 - 1210 A.D
Q7.The Ilbari Dynasty is also known as:
Ans:Slave Dynasty
Q8.Who was known as Laakh Baksh:
Ans:Qutubuddin Aibak
Q9.Who introduced Justice bell other than
Jahangir:
Ans:Illtutmish
Q10.Construction of Qutub Minar was started by
Ans:Qutubdin bakhtiyar-kaki
Razia Sultan(1236 - 1240)
After the death of Iltutmish, Razia became the
sultan of Delhi Sultanate. It was the last wish
of his father because he found none of his sons
were fit for the successor to the throne.
 But the chihalgani opposed his last wish
and made his son Rukn-ud-din firuz on the
throne.But Rukn-ud-din firuz was assassinated
within 7 months and was succeeded by Razia in
1236 and ruled till 1240.
 She disregarded "Parda system", she began
to adorn male dress and used to ride on
Elephant's back.But the chihalgani couldn't
accept the rule of a woman.They rebelled
against Razia when she promoted Jamal-ud-din
Yakut, an Abyssinian, as the superintendent of
the stables(Diwan-e-Aakhur).
 The rebel chiefs were supported by
Altunia, the governor of Bhatinda and thus
Yakut was killed and Razia was imprisoned.
 Later she married Altunia and they
jointly tried to take the Sultanate back but
both were killed by her brother Bahram Shah
with the help of khokhar tribes in the battle
of Kaithal.
 She was the first and the last Muslim
women ruler of medieval India.
 Bahram Shah ruled for two years and then
Nasir-ud-din, the youngest son of illtutmish
ruled till 1266 but was killed by his own
father-in-law Balban and he took the throne.
Ghiyas-ud-din Balban (1266-87)
Balban (1266-87) was the slave of Iltutmish. He
broke the power of Turk-e-Chihalgani.
 He created a strong centralised army to
deal with external disturbance and to check
Mangols.
 He ordered the separation of Military
department from the finance department. “Dewan-
e-vizarak” and “Diwan-e-Ariz” (Military).Diwan-
e-Ariz was established by him.
 The Persian court influenced Balban-
conceptions of kinship, he took up the title
of zill-e-illahi.
 Iranian festival Nauroj was started by him.
 He introduced "Sijda" (prostration) and
"Paibos" (feet- kissing) as the normal form of
Salutation for the king.
 Blood and Iron policy were introduced by him
for a strong and absolute monarch is expected
to follow a strict policy in dealing with his
enemies.
 “Kaiku-Bad” was the son of Balban and next
Emperor of Delhi Sultanate.
 Quemaes was the son of kaiku-Bad (kaimur).
He was killed by Zalal-ud-din khilji in 1290.
And Zalal-ud-din khilji was the founder of
khilji dynasty in India.
  Q1.Who was Razia Sultan? Indian Surya Sen - Bengal
56Republican
 Ans:Daughter of Iltutmish.
 Q2.Whom did Iltutmish nominate as his Army
successor?
Hindustan Chandra 1928 Delhi
 Ans:Razia Sultan. Socialist Shekhar,
 Q3.Who was the first Muslim woman to rule Republican Bhagat Singh
over Delhi? Association
 Ans: Razia Sultan.
 Q4.Who was Yaqut? Indian Ras Bihari 1942 Japan
 Ans:Jamaluddin Yaqut was an Abyssinian slave. Independence Bose
 Q5.Whom did Razia Sultan appoint 'Diwan-e- League
Akhoor' master of stables?
Bharat Mata Nilkant - Chennai
 Ans:Jamaluddin Yaqut.
Association Brahmachari,
 Q6.Who was the founder of Khilji dynasty: Vanchi Ayyer
 Ans:Jalal-ud-din khilji
 Q7.Who described himself as ‘shadow of God’ Atomonnati Bipin Bihari Bengal
or the ‘viceregent of God on Earth’ (Zil-i- Smiti Ganguly
illahi):
 Ans:Balban Medieval India
 Q8.Who started the Iranian system of Sajda
and Piabos:  Mohammad bin Qasim invaded India in AD
 Ans:Balban 712 and conquered Sindh.
 Q9.Who introduced Blood and Iron Policy:
 Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni led about 17
 Ans:Balban expeditions of India.
 Q10.Who was the slave of Iltutmish:
 In 1025, he attacked and raided the most
 Ans:Balban
celebrated Hindu temple of Somnath, situated on
Revolutionary Organisations the sea coast of Kathiawar and its ruler was
Bhima Deva I
Organization Founder(s) Year Place
FOUNDATION OF THE DELHI SULTANATE
Mitra Mela V. D. Savarkar 1899 Maharashtra
 The period between 1206 and 1526 in the
Abhinav G. D. Savarkar 1904 Maharashtra Indian history is known as the "Period of the
Bharat and V. D. Sultan Rulers"
Savarkar
 Mohammad Ghori invaded India and was
Bharat Mata J. M. 1904 Bengal defeated by Prithviraj Chauhan in First Battle
Society Chatterjee of Tarain (1191).
 Ghori defeated the Rajput king in Second
Anushillan Pulin Bihari 1906 Dhaka Battle of Tarain (1192) and laid the foundation
Samiti Das of the Muslim dominion in India. He may be
considered the ‘founder of Muslim rule’ in
Indian Shyamji 1905 London India.
Krishna Verma
House And V. D. Ilbari Dynasty (AD 1206-1290)
Savarkar Qutub-ud-in-Aibak

Anushillan Pramatha Nath 1902 Kolkata  This dynasty is also known as Yamini or
Samiti Mishra, (Midnapur) Slave dynasty
Barindra Kumar  After the death of Mohd. Ghori, a struggle
Ghosh, for supremacy ensued between Taj-ud-din Yalduz,
Jatindra Nath Nasir-ud-din Qubacha and Qutub-ud-din
Banerjee Aibak.Qutubuddin was successful in thwarting
the challenge of his adversaries and was
Ghadar Party Lala Hardyal, 1913 San crowned unofficially on 25th June 1206.
(Hindu Sohan Singh Francisco
Association Bhakna  Capital Lahore (initial); Delhi (later)
of America)  The founder of the Slave dynasty. Also
called Lakh Baksh because of his generosity.
Hindustan Sachindra Nath 1924
Republic Sanyal, Yogesh  Qutub-ud-din Aibak laid the foundation of
Association Chandra Qutub Minar, after the name of the famous Sufi
Chaterjee saint Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki.
 Built Quwwat-ul-Islam (first mosque in
India) and Adhai Din ka Jhopra (Ajmer).
57Dagh System.
 Died while playing Chaugan (polo).
 After Aibak’s death, Aram Shah ascended the
throne but he was deposed and Aibak’s son-in-
law, Shams-ud-din Iltutmish was crowned the new
Sultan.
 Hasan Nizami, the famous historian adorned
his court.
Iltutmish (AD 1210-1236)
Iltutmish belonged to the Ilbari tribe and
hence his dynasty was named as Ilbari dynasty.
 Attack of Mongols; formed Turkan-e-
Chahalgani or Chalisa (a group of 40 powerful
Turkish nobles).
 Divided his empire into Iqtas (assignment
of land in lieu of salary).
 Introduced 2 types of coins-silver
(Tanka) and copper (Jital).
Razia (AD 1236-1240)
First and last Muslim woman ruler of Medieval
India.
 She disregarded Purdah, married Altunia, the
Governor of Bhatinda.
 Bahram Shah, son of Iltutmish, killed her.
 She appointed an Abyssinian slave Yakuth
as Master of the Royal Horses
Balban (AD 1266-1286)
Separated Military Department (Diwan-e-Ariz)
and Finance Department (Diwan-e-Wazarat).
 He declared that king was the deputy of
God (Niyabat-e-Khudai) and shadow of God (Zil-
e-Illahi) and introduced the practices of
Sijdah or Paibos.
 When Balban died, one of his grandsons
Kaiqubad was made the Sultan of Delhi. After
four years of incompetent rule, Jalaluddin
Khalji captured the throne of Delhi in 1290.
Khalji Dynasty (AD 1290-1320)
 Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji was the first
ruler, who reviewed that India cannot be a
totally Islamic state.
 Alauddin Khalji His conquests were that of
Gujarat ruled by Vaghela King; Ranthambhor,
Chittor and Malwa and later to the South
(mainly by Malik Kafur).
 He abolished Zamindari in Khalisa land.
No eqta was allotted in Doab area.
 Alauddin adopted the policy of Blood and Iron
in tackling the Mongols.
 He built Khizrabad, Alai Darwaja and his
capital city Siri.
 Also built Hauz Khas in Delhi and added
entrance door to Qutub Minar, introduced market
reforms.
 Adopted the title of Sikandar-i-Sani.
 Built a permanent army introduced Chehra and
 First Turkish Sultan’ who separated religion
from politics.
 His court poets were Amir Khusrau and Mir
Hassan Dehlvi.
MUGHAL DYNASTY
Babur (AD 1526-1530)
BIRTH:1483 Fargana(Afganistan) Father-Umer
sheikh Mirja, Mother-Kutlug nigar( Mangol)
Founder of Mughal empire, who introduced
gunpowder in India
defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the First Battle of
Panipat (AD 1526)
Rana Sanga (Sangram Singh) at Battle of Khanwa
(AD 1527)
Medini Rai of Chanderi at Battle of Chanderi
(AD
1528)
Mahmud Lodi at Battle of Ghagra (AD 1529)
(Last war of the Babur)
He wrote Tuzuk-i-Baburi (Autobiography of
Babur) in the Turkish language.
Babur declared Jehad and adopted the title,
Ghazi(After the Khanva War)
According to Tuzuk-i-Baburi, Babur Died in
1530 in Lahore and buried at Aram Bagh(Agra).
Later his body was taken to Afghanistan
(Kabul).
Humayun (AD 1530-1556)
Built Dinpanah at Delhi as his second capital.
Sher Shah Suri gradually gained power. He
fought two battles with Humayun – Battle of
Chausa (AD 1539) and another Battle of Kannauj
(AD 1540) culminating in Humayun’s defeat
Humayun passed 15 years in exile; again invaded
India in 1555 with the help of his officer
Bairam Khan.
Died in AD 1556 due to a fall from his library
building’s stairs
Gulbadan Begum, Humayun’s half-sister wrote
Humayun-nama.
After battle of Chausa Sher khan adapted a
title, SHER SHAH SURI
Biography of Humayun-HUMAYUNAMA
Akbar (AD 1556-1605)
Mother-Hamida Bano Began
Coronated at the young age of 14 by Bairam Khan
Defeated Hemu at the Second Battle of Panipat
(AD 1556) with the help of Bairam Khan
Conquered Malwa (AD 1561) defeating Baz Bahadur
followed by Garh-Katanga (ruled by Rani
Durgawati), Chittor (AD 1568), Ranthambhor and
Kalinjar (AD 1569), Gujarat (AD 1572), Mewar
(Battle of Haldighati, AD 1576 Akbar and Rana
Pratap), Kashmir (AD 1586), Sindh (AD 1593) and
Asirgarh (AD 1603).
Buland Darwaza was constructed at Fatehpur
Sikri after victory over Gujarat in AD 1572.
Married to Harkha Bai, daughter of Rajput ruler
Bharmal
Ralph Fitch (in AD 1585) was the first
Englishman to visit Akbar’s court.
Abolished Jaziyah (AD 1564)
Believed in Sulh-i-Kul (peace to all), built
Ibadat Khana (Hall of prayer) at Fetehpur
Sikri; issued ‘Degree of Infallibility (AD
1579); formulated religious order Din-i-
Ilahi (AD 1582).Birbal was the first to embrace
it.
Land revenue system was called Todar Mal
Bandobast or Zabti System measurement of land,
classification of land and fixation of rent;
and introduced Mansabdari System (holder of
rank) to organise nobility and army.
The Navratnas included Todar Mal, Abul Fazal,
Faizi, Birbal, Tansen, Abdur Rahim Khana-i-
Khana, Mullah-do-Pyaza, Raja Man Singh and
Fakir Aziao-Din.
Jahangir (AD 1605-1627)
Executed the fifth Sikh guru, Guru Arjun Dev.
Greatest failure was the loss of Kandahar to
Persia in AD 1622.
Married Mehr-un-Nisa in AD 1611 and conferred
the title of Nurjahan on her; He established
Zanjir-i-Adal at Agra Fort for the seekers of
royal justice.
Captain Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe visited his
court.
Famous painters in his court-Abdul
Hassan, Ustad Mansur and Bishandas.
Shahjahan (AD 1628-1658)
Annexed Ahmadnagar while Bijapur and
Golconda accepted his overlordship.
Secured Kandahar (AD 1639).
Two Frenchmen, Bernier and Tavernier and an
Italian adventurer Manucci visited his court.
Built Moti Masjid and Taj Mahal at Agra, Jama
Masjid and Red Fort at Delhi. His reign is
considered the Golden Age of the Mughal empire.
Aurangzeb (Alamgir) (AD 1658-1707)
 BIRTH:1618, Dohad( GJ), Son of Mumtaz and
Shahjahan
 Aurangzeb became victorious after the
brutal war of succession among his brother
Dara, Shuja and Murad.
 Rebellions during his rule – Jat
Peasantry at Mathura, Satnami peasantry in
Punjab and Bundelas in Bundelkhand.
 The annexation of Marwar in AD 1658 led
to a serious rift between Rajput and Mughals
after the death of Raja Jaswant Singh.
 Ninth Sikh Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur was
executed by him in AD 1675.
 Mughal conquests reached territorial
climax during his reign.
 It stretched from Kashmir in North to
Jinji in South, from the Hindukush in West to
Chittagong in East.
 He was called Darvesh or a Zinda Pir. He
forbade Sati. Conquered Bijapur (AD 1686) and
Golconda (AD 1687) and reimposed Jaziya in AD
1679.
 He built Biwi ka Makbara on the tomb of
58his queen Rabaud-Durrani at Aurangabad; Moti
Masjid within Red Fort, Delhi; and the Jami or
Badshahi Mosque at Lahore.
 DEATH:1707, Ahamadnagar
LATER MUGHALS
Bahadur Shah I (1707-12)
 Original name was Muazzam
 Title, Shah-e-Bekhabar.
 Promote friendly relationship with
Marathas and Rajputs
Jahandar Shah (1712-13)
He ascended the throne with the help of
Zulfikar Khan (Wazir).
 Abolished Jijiya.
 A Prostitute "LAL KUAR" dominated in his
court
Farrukhsiyar (1713-19)
He lacked the ability and knowledge to rule
independently.
 His reign saw the emergence of the Sayyid
Brothers (known as king maker).
 Abdulla Khan-Wazir
 Hussain Ali-Senapati
 1717-Issued Golden Farman to east
India company for free trade
 Farrukhsiyar executed Banda Bahadur ( A
Sikh leader)
Muhammad Shah (1719-48)
Became the emperor with the help of the Saiyad
Brothers
 Nadir Shah invaded India and took away
Peacock throne and Kohinoor diamond.
 Title- Rangeela
 Emergence of independent state in his
period
Ahmed Shah (1748-54)
Ahmed Shah Abdali (General of Nadir Shah)
marched towards Delhi and the Mughals ceded
Punjab and Multan.
 He worked under the guidance of Rajmata
"Udam Bai"
Alamgir (1754-59)
Ahmed Shah occupied Delhi Later, Delhi was
plundered by Marathas.
Shah Alam II (1759-1806)
Original NAME: Aligohar
 Panipat War: (1761)
 Buxar War (1764)
 Treaty of Allahabad (1765)

 Could not enter Delhi for 12 years.
 1788: Gulam Kadir make him blind
Akbar II (1806-37)
Pensioner of East India Company.
 Gave the title "Raja" to Ram Mohan Roy
591674 : In Raigarh, shivaji का राज्याभिषे क
1st → Jun 1674 → Visveswar bhatt
2nd → Sept 1674 → Nischalpuri Gosai
1678 : won ‘Jinji’ fort
1680 : Death of Shivaji

Bahadur Shah II (1837-57) Taxation System

Nickname: Jafar
 Last Mughal Emperor who was made premier
during the 1857 Revolt.
 1862-death in Rangoon (Myanmar)

Causes behind the fall of Mughal Empire

Weak and incompetent successors
 Wars of succession
 Aurangzeb’s Deccan, religious and Rajput
policies
 Jagirdari crisis
 Growth of Marathas and other regional powers
 Foreign invasions of Nadir Shah (1739) and
Abdali
Buddhism
Important Literature of Mughal Period
➤➤Buddism was founded by Gautama
Author(Work) Siddhartha who was a Kshatriya prince of
theSakya/Shakya clan.
 Babur (Tuzuk-i-Babari)
 Abul Fazal (Ain-i-Akbari, Akbarnamah) ➤➤Lord Buddha was born in 563 BC in the
 Jahangir (Tuzuk-i-Jahangir) sacred area of Lumbini (near
Kapilavastu)located in the Terai plains
 Hamid (Padshahnama) of southern Nepal.
 Darashikoh (Majn-ul-Bahrain)
 Mirza Md Qasim (Alamgirnama)
➤➤Siddhartha received enlightenment at Bodh
Chhatrapati Shivaji Gaya(Bihar) at the age of 35, under aPipal tree
and became the Buddha.
Birth : 1627
Father : Shahji Bhonsle ➤➤He delivered his first sermon at Sarnath in
Mother : Jija Bai Banaras and spread his message for
approximately 40 years, before dying at the age
Guardian: Kond dev of 80 in 487 BC at Kushinagar in Deoria district
Spiritual teacher: Guru Ramdas / (Samarth of eastern Uttar Pradesh.
Ramdas)
1643 : won ‘Singh garh fort’ – First victory of
Shivaji
➤➤The Buddha taught in the language of the
1646 : won ‘torna fort’ ordinary people, Prakrit, so that everybody
1654 : won ‘purandar fort’ could understand his message.
1657 : first time fight – with Mughals –
Ahmadnagar ➤➤There are many stories about Buddha’s lives
1659 : Shivaji executed ‘Afzal Khan’ and are called Jatakas.
1663 : Shivaji defeated ‘Shaista khan’
1665 : treaty of Purandar – Shivaji and Jai ➤➤The sacred book of Buddhism is called
Singh(Rajput Ruler)
1. Gave 23 forts to Mughals (out of 35 fort the Tripitaka (called Tipitaka in Pali). It is
2. Son of Shivaji got a mansab of 5000 also called the Pali Canon, after the language
3. Shivaji would be fought from the Mughals in in which it was first written.
war
1666 : Shivaji was kept as a prisoner in Jaipur ➤➤Ajatashatru was the son of King Bimbisara
Mahal. Which is in Agra fort in Agra. and was a contemporary of both Gautama Buddha
1668 : Aurangjeb Signed treaty with Shivaji and Mahavira. This was also the time when other
⇒ Shivaji got right to collect – “Chauth and scholars were at work. One of the most famous
Sardeshmukhi
was Panini, who prepared a grammar for
Sanskrit. 60➤➤In 1619, they were granted permission by
the Mughal emperor Jahangir to trade at
➤➤First Buddhist Council was held in – Surat on the west coast and Hoogly in the
Rajagriha. During the fourth Buddist Council
east.
held in Kashmir, the Buddhists split two ➤➤The Dutch supremacy ended with their
groups: defeat at the hands of the English in
The Hinayana and the Mahayana. theBattle of Bedara in 1759.
⏩ The Hinayana believed in the simple
teachings of Buddha. They did not worship THE ENGLISH ➤➤
Buddha in the form of his image but honoured
his footprints, umbrella and other objects. ➤➤In 1600, the English East India
Pali was their main language. Company was established through a charter
⏩The Mahayana worshipped the image of Buddha. signed by Queen Elizabeth I.
Sanskrit was their language. Ashwagosha, ➤➤In 1608, King James I of England sent
Nagarjuna, Vasubhandu were some of the greatest Captain William Hawkins to the court of the
philosophers of Mahayanism.
Mughal Emperor Jahangir to obtain
➤➤The Eight-Fold Path -- Right faith, Right but was denied any trading rights. Surat,
permission to establish a factory at
though, Right action, Right means of
livelihood, Right exertion or efforts, Right ➤➤In 1619, when Sir Thomas Roe visited the
speech, Right remembrance and Right court, they were allowed to set up their
concentration or meditation. first factory in Surat.
➤➤Three Ratnas- Buddha, Dhamma, Sangha. ➤➤They founded the city of Kolkata which
included the regions of Sutanuti, Kalikota
and Govindpur.
➤➤Buddism flourished in India under the
patronage of monarchs such as Ashoka and ➤➤In 1640 the English built Fort St.George
Kanishka. to protect their trade.
Advent Of The Europeans ➤➤In 1700, they fortified the factory at
Sutanati and named it Fort William.
➤➤THE PORTUGUESE
➤➤Charles II the king of England married
➤➤In 1498, Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese Catherine the daughter of the king of
voyager, became the first European to Portugal and got Bombay, as a part of
discover the sea route to India. dowry.
➤➤He arrived at Calicut on 27 May 1498 ➤➤THE DANISH
and was given a warm reception by the Hindu
ruler king Zamorin of Calicut. ➤➤In 1616, the East India Company of
➤➤Francisco-de-Almeida (1505-1509A.D.) - Denmark reached Indian coasts and
He was the First viceroy of the Portuguese established settlements in Tranquebar in
in India. Tamil Nadu (1620) and Serampore in Bengal
His policy was to increase the Portuguese (1676).
naval power, this policy of controlling the
settlement by naval force was known as
➤➤THE FRENCH
the "Blue Water Policy" ➤➤The French East India Company was
➤➤Alfonso-De-Albuquerque (1509-1515A.D.) - established in 1664 by Colbert, the
Albuquerque was the second viceroy of the minister of Louis XIV, the king of France.
Portuguese in India.
He captured Goa from the Sultan of Bijapur ➤➤They set up their factories at Surat in
in 1510 and made it the capital. 1668 and Masulipatnam in 1669.
➤➤THE DUTCH ➤➤In 1674 they got a place to the south of
Madras from the ruler of Tanjore and laid
➤➤The Dutch people of Holland founded the the foundation of Pondicherry, which became
Dutch East India Company in 1602. the headquarters of the French settlements
➤➤They established their first factory in India.
in Masulipatnam (1605), followed by ➤➤In 1690 they established their
factories in Pulicat (1610), Surat (1616). settlement at Chandranagore.
➤➤During 1742, the French61
Governor Dupleix started repulsing English
power, which resulted in the Carnatic wars
and eventually the defeat of the French.

Jainism
 Jainism was founded by Aadinath and Rishabha
Dev, while the real founder was Mahavir swami.
 The five Mahavarta (important principles) of
Jainism are-: Ahimsa, Satya (truth), Asteya
(not to steal), Aparigraha and Brahmacharya.
 The first 4 was added by 23rd
Tirthankar "Parasnath" while the 5th was added
by Mahavir.
 Vardhamana Mahavira was a contemporary of
Buddha.
 He was born in 540 BC at kundigram in
Vaishali(Bihar).
 He was a kshatriya prince of the
Lichchhavis, a group that was part of the Vajji
sangha.
 The parents of Mahavira were Siddhartha and
Trishala.His childhood name was Vardhmaan.
 Mahavira married a princess named Yashoda.
 Anujya or Priyadarshna was the daughter of
Mahavira who was married to Jamali.
 At the age of 30, Mahavira took permission
from his elder brother "Nandi Vardhan" and left
his home.
 At the age of 42 years, under Sal tree on the
bank of river Rijupalika, He attained the
highest spiritual knowledge.
 He died in 468 B.C because of self-starvation
at Pava, near Rajgriha.
 Mahavir gave his first sermon at Pava to 11
Brahman.
 Jains believe that by following the three-fold
path of right Belief, right Knowledge and right
Conduct, souls will be released from
transmigration and reach the pure and blissful
abode.
 First Jain Council was held
at Patliputra under the chairmanship
of Sthulabhadra in 367 B.C.It resulted in the
compilation of 12 Angas replacing the lost 14
Purvas.
 The Second Jain Council was held
at Vallabhi under the chairmanship of Devardhi
in 526 A.D.
 Jainism literature: They were written
in Prakrit language.
1. Aachrang Sutra- Tells about meditation of
Mahavir for 12 years.
2. Kalpa-sutra - Biographies of Jain
Tirthankaras mainly ParashnaMahavir.
3. Bhagwati Sutra - It contains thousands of
question and answers on various topics from
four Anuyogas, Such as soul, entities, matter,
ultimate particles and universe.