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Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.01 Equilibrium of a Particle Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.02 Equilibrium of a Particle

Chapter Objectives
• To introduce the concept of the free-body diagram for a particle
• To show how to solve particle equilibrium problems using the
equations of equilibrium

03. Equilibrium of a Particle

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien

Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.03 Equilibrium of a Particle Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.04 Equilibrium of a Particle

§1. Condition for Equilibrium of a Particle §2. The Free-Body Diagram

- Newton’s First Law of Physics: If the resultant force on a - A free-body diagram (FBD): drawing that shows the particle
particle is zero, the particle will remain at rest or will continue with all the forces that act on it
at constant speed in a straight line - Two types of connections often encountered in particle
∑𝐹𝑖 = 0 ⟺ Equilibrium equilibrium problems
- Equilibrium: a key concept in statics is that of equilibrium. If an • Springs: can be used to apply forces of tension/compression
object is at rest, we will assume that it is in equilibrium and that • Cables and Pulleys
the sum of the forces acting on the object equal zero + Ideal pulleys simply change the
∑𝐹𝑖 = 𝐹𝑅 = 0 direction of a force
• Equations for 2D Equilibrium: 𝐹𝑥 = 0, 𝐹𝑦 = 0 + The tension on each side of an
ideal pulley is the same
• Equations for 3D Equilibrium : 𝐹𝑥 = 0, 𝐹𝑦 = 0, 𝐹𝑧 = 0
+ The tension is the same
everywhere in a given rope or
cable if ideal pulleys are used

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien

Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.05 Equilibrium of a Particle Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.06 Equilibrium of a Particle

§2. The Free-Body Diagram §2. The Free-Body Diagram

- A Procedure for Drawing a Free-body Diagram - Example 3.1 The sphere has a mass of 6𝑘𝑔 and is
• Imagine the particle to be isolated or cut free from its supported as shown. Draw a free-body diagram of the sphere,
surroundings the cord 𝐶𝐸, and the knot at 𝐶
Solution
• Show all the forces that act on the particle
+ Active forces: they want to move the particle - Knot 𝐶
+ Reactive forces: they tend to resist the motion
• Identify each force and show all known magnitudes and
directions. Show all unknown magnitudes and/or directions
as variables - Cord 𝐶𝐸

- Sphere

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien

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Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.07 Equilibrium of a Particle Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.08 Equilibrium of a Particle

§3. Coplanar Force Systems §3. Coplanar Force Systems

- If a particle is subjected to a system of coplanar forces that lie - Procedure for Analysis
in the 𝑥 − 𝑦 plane, then each force can be resolved into its 𝑖 + Free-Body Diagram
and 𝑗 components
• Establish the 𝑥, 𝑦 axes in any suitable orientation
• Label all the known/unknown force magnitudes and directions
∑𝐹 = 0 • The sense of an unknown magnitude force can be assumed
+ Equations of Equilibrium
⟹ ∑𝐹𝑥 𝑖 + ∑𝐹𝑦 𝑗 = 0
• Apply the equations of equilibrium, ∑𝐹𝑥 = 0 and ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0
• If more than two unknowns exist and the problem involves
∑𝐹𝑥 = 0
⟹ a spring, apply 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑠 to relate the spring force to the
∑𝐹𝑦 = 0
deformation 𝑠 of the spring
• Since the magnitude of a force is always (+), then if the
solution for a force yields a (−) result, this indicates its
sense is the reverse of that shown on the free-body diagram

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien

Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.09 Equilibrium of a Particle Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.10 Equilibrium of a Particle

§3. Coplanar Force Systems §3. Coplanar Force Systems

- Example 3.2 Determine the tension in cables 𝐵𝐴 and 𝐵𝐶 Equation of equilibrium
necessary to support the 60𝑘𝑔 cylinder +→ ∑𝐹𝑥 = 0: 𝑇𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠450 − 5 𝑇𝐴 = 0
4

Solution 3
Free-body diagram + ↑ ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0: 𝑇𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛450 + 𝑇
5 𝐴
− 60 × 9.81 = 0

The tension in cables

• 𝐵𝐴: 𝑇𝐴 = 420𝑁
• 𝐵𝐶: 𝑇𝐶 = 475.66𝑁

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien

Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.11 Equilibrium of a Particle Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.12 Equilibrium of a Particle

§3. Coplanar Force Systems §3. Coplanar Force Systems

- Example 3.3 The 200𝑘𝑔 crate is suspended using the ropes - Example 3.4 Determine the required length of cord 𝐴𝐶 so
𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝐶. Each rope can withstand a maximum force of that the 8𝑘𝑔 lamp can be suspended in the position shown.
10𝑘𝑁 before it breaks. If 𝐴𝐵 always remains horizontal, The undeformed length of spring 𝐴𝐵 is 𝑙′𝐴𝐵 = 0.4𝑚
determine the smallest angle 𝜃 to which the crate can be Solution
suspended before one of the ropes breaks Equation of equilibrium
Solution 𝑇𝐴𝐵 − 𝑇𝐴𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠300 = 0
Equation of equilibrium 𝑇𝐴𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛300 − 78.5 = 0
+→ ∑𝐹𝑥 = 0: −𝐹𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝐹𝐵 = 0 ⟹ 𝑇𝐴𝐶 = 157.0𝑁
+ ↑ ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0: 𝐹𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 200 × 9.81 = 0 𝑇𝐴𝐵 = 135.9𝑁
The smallest angle 𝜃 The stretch of spring 𝐴𝐵
1962 𝑇𝐴𝐵 = 𝑘𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝐴𝐵 ⟹ 𝑠𝐴𝐵 = 0.453𝑚
𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 = 11.310 ≈ 11.30
10 × 103 The stretched length 𝑙𝐴𝐵 = 𝑙′𝐴𝐵 + 𝑠𝐴𝐵 = 0.4 + 0.453 = 0.853𝑚
𝐹𝐵 = 10 × 103 𝑐𝑜𝑠11.310 = 9.81 × 103 𝑁 Distance from 𝐶 to 𝐵 2 = 𝑙𝐴𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠300 + 0.853 ⟹ 𝑙𝐴𝐶 = 1.32𝑚

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien

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Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.13 Equilibrium of a Particle Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.14 Equilibrium of a Particle

Fundamental Problems Fundamental Problems

- F3.1: The crate has a weight of 550𝑁. Determine the force in - F3.2: The beam has a weight of 700𝑁. Determine the shortest
each supporting cable cable 𝐴𝐵𝐶 that can be used to lift it if the maximum force the
cable can sustain is 1500𝑁

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien

Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.15 Equilibrium of a Particle Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.16 Equilibrium of a Particle

Fundamental Problems Fundamental Problems

- F3.3: If the 5𝑘𝑔 block is suspended from the pulley 𝐵 and the - F3.4: The block has a mass of 5𝑘𝑔 and rests on the smooth
sag of the cord is 𝑑 = 0.15𝑚, determine the force in cord 𝐴𝐵𝐶. plane. Determine the unstretched length of the spring
Neglect the size of the pulley

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien

Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.17 Equilibrium of a Particle Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.18 Equilibrium of a Particle

Fundamental Problems Fundamental Problems

- F3.5: If the mass of cylinder 𝐶 is 40𝑘𝑔, determine the mass of - F3.6: Determine the tension in cables 𝐴𝐵 , 𝐵𝐶 , and 𝐶𝐷 ,
cylinder 𝐴 in order to hold the assembly in the position shown necessary to support the 10𝑘𝑔 and 15𝑘𝑔 traffic lights at 𝐵 and
𝐶, respectively. Also, find the angle 𝜃

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien

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Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.19 Equilibrium of a Particle Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.20 Equilibrium of a Particle

§4. Three-Dimensional Force Systems §4. Three-Dimensional Force Systems

- The necessary and sufficient condition for particle equilibrium - Procedure for Analysis
+ Free-Body Diagram
∑𝐹 = 0 • Establish the 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 axes in any suitable orientation
• Label all the known/unknown force magnitudes and directions
⟹ ∑𝐹𝑥 𝑖 + ∑𝐹𝑦 𝑗 + ∑𝐹𝑧 𝑘 = 0 • The sense of an unknown magnitude force can be assumed
+ Equations of Equilibrium
∑𝐹𝑥 = 0 • Apply the equations of equilibrium, ∑𝐹𝑥 = 0, ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0, ∑𝐹𝑧 = 0
⟹ ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0 • If the 3D geometry appears difficult, express each force on
∑𝐹𝑧 = 0 the free-body diagram as a Cartesian vector, substitute these
vectors into ∑𝐹 = 0, set the 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘 components equal to zero
• Since the magnitude of a force is always (+), then if the
solution for a force yields a (−) result, this indicates its
sense is the reverse of that shown on the free-body diagram
HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien

Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.21 Equilibrium of a Particle Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.22 Equilibrium of a Particle

§4. Three-Dimensional Force Systems §4. Three-Dimensional Force Systems

- Example 3.5 A 90𝑁 load is suspended from the hook. If the Equation of equilibrium
load is supported by two cables and a ∑𝐹𝑥 = 0: 𝐹𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛300 − 5 𝐹𝐶 = 0
4
spring having a stiffness 𝑘 = 500𝑁/𝑚,
0
determine the force in the cables and ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0: −𝐹𝐷 𝑐𝑜𝑠30 + 𝐹𝐵 = 0
the stretch of the spring for equilibrium. 3
∑𝐹𝑧 = 0: 𝐹
5 𝐶
− 90 = 0
Cable 𝐴𝐷 lies in the 𝑥– 𝑦 plane and
Solving the above equations
cable 𝐴𝐶 lies in the 𝑥– 𝑧 plane
𝐹𝐶 = 150𝑁
Solution
𝐹𝐷 = 240𝑁
Free-body diagram 𝐹𝐵 = 207.8𝑁
Equation of equilibrium The stretch of the spring
4
∑𝐹𝑥 = 0: 𝐹𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛300 − 5 𝐹𝐶 = 0 𝐹𝐵 = 𝑘𝑠𝐴𝐵
∑𝐹𝑦 = 0: −𝐹𝐷 𝑐𝑜𝑠300 + 𝐹𝐵 = 0 𝐹𝐵 207.8
⟹ 𝑠𝐴𝐵 = = = 0.416𝑚
3 𝑘 500
∑𝐹𝑧 = 0: 𝐹
5 𝐶
− 90 = 0
HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien

Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.23 Equilibrium of a Particle Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.24 Equilibrium of a Particle

§4. Three-Dimensional Force Systems §4. Three-Dimensional Force Systems

- Example 3.6 The 10𝑘𝑔 lamp is suspended from the three - Example 3.7 Determine the force in each cable used to
equal-length cords. Determine its smallest vertical distance support the 40𝑁 crate
𝑠from the ceiling if the force developed in any cord is not Solution
allowed to exceed 50𝑁 Free-body diagram
Solution Equation of equilibrium
Free-body diagram
−3𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 8𝑘
Equation of equilibrium 𝐹𝐵 = 𝐹𝐵
(−3)2 +(−4)2 +82
∑𝐹𝑧 = 0: 3 × 50𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾
−10 × 9.81 = 0 = −0.318𝐹𝐵𝑖 − 0.424𝐹𝐵𝑗 + 0.848𝐹𝐵𝑘
98.1 −3𝑖 + 4𝑗 + 8𝑘
⟹ 𝛾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 = 49.160 𝐹𝐶 = 𝐹𝐶
150 (−3)2 +42 + 82
From the shaded triangle = −0.318𝐹𝐶 𝑖 + 0.424𝐹𝐶 𝑗 + 0.848𝐹𝐶 𝑘
600
𝑠= = 519𝑚𝑚 𝐹𝐷 = 𝐹𝐷 𝑖, 𝑊 = −40𝑘
𝑡𝑎𝑛49.160
HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien

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Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.25 Equilibrium of a Particle Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.26 Equilibrium of a Particle

§4. Three-Dimensional Force Systems §4. Three-Dimensional Force Systems

Equilibrium required - Example 3.7 Determine the tension in each cord used to support
𝐹𝐵 + 𝐹𝐶 + 𝐹𝐷 + 𝑊 = 0 the 100𝑘𝑔 crate
⟹ −0.318𝐹𝐵 − 0.318𝐹𝐶 + 𝐹𝐷 𝑖 Solution
+ −0.424𝐹𝐵 + 0.424𝐹𝐶 𝑗 Free-body diagram
+ 0.848𝐹𝐵 + 0.848𝐹𝐶 − 40 𝑘 = 0 Equation of equilibrium
Equating the respective 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘 components 𝐹𝐵 = 𝐹𝐵 𝑖
to zero yields 𝐹𝐶 = 𝐹𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠1200𝑖 + 𝐹𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠1350𝑗 + 𝐹𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠600𝑘
∑𝐹𝑥 = 0: −0.318𝐹𝐵 − 0.318𝐹𝐶 + 𝐹𝐷 = 0 = −0.5𝐹𝐶 𝑖 − 0.707𝐹𝐶 𝑗 + 0.5𝐹𝐶 𝑘
∑𝐹𝑦 = 0: −0.424𝐹𝐵 + 0.424𝐹𝐶 = 0 −𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 2𝑘
𝐹𝐷 = 𝐹𝐷
∑𝐹𝑧 = 0: 0.848𝐹𝐵 + 0.848𝐹𝐶 − 40 = 0 (−1)2 +22 + 22
Solving the above equations give = −0.333𝐹𝐷 𝑖 + 0.667𝐹𝐷 𝑗 + 0.667𝐹𝐷 𝑘
𝐹𝐵 = 𝐹𝐶 = 23.6𝑁
𝑊 = −981𝑘
𝐹𝐷 = 15.0𝑁
HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien

Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.27 Equilibrium of a Particle Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.28 Equilibrium of a Particle

§4. Three-Dimensional Force Systems Fundamental Problems

Equilibrium required - F3.7: Determine the magnitude of forces 𝐹1 , 𝐹2 , 𝐹3 so that the
𝐹𝐵 + 𝐹𝐶 + 𝐹𝐷 + 𝑊 = 0 particle is held in equilibrium
⟹ 𝐹𝐵 − 0.5𝐹𝐶 − 0.333𝐹𝐷 𝑖
+ −0.707𝐹𝐶 + 0.667𝐹𝐷 𝑗
+ 0.5𝐹𝐶 + 0.667𝐹𝐷 − 981 𝑘 = 0
Equating the respective 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘 components
to zero yields
∑𝐹𝑥 = 0: 𝐹𝐵 − 0.5𝐹𝐶 − 0.333𝐹𝐷 = 0
∑𝐹𝑦 = 0: −0.707𝐹𝐶 + 0.667𝐹𝐷 = 0
∑𝐹𝑧 = 0: 0.5𝐹𝐶 + 0.667𝐹𝐷 − 981 = 0
Solving the above equations give
𝐹𝐵 = 694𝑁, 𝐹𝐶 = 813𝑁, 𝐹𝐷 = 862𝑁

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien

Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.29 Equilibrium of a Particle Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.30 Equilibrium of a Particle

Fundamental Problems Fundamental Problems

- F3.8: Determine the tension developed in cables 𝐴𝐵, 𝐴𝐶, 𝐴𝐷 - F3.9: Determine the tension developed in cables 𝐴𝐵, 𝐴𝐶, 𝐴𝐷

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien

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Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.31 Equilibrium of a Particle Engineering Mechanics – Statics 3.32 Equilibrium of a Particle

Fundamental Problems Fundamental Problems

- F3.10: Determine the tension developed in cables 𝐴𝐵, 𝐴𝐶, 𝐴𝐷 - F3.11: The 150𝑁 crate is supported by cables 𝐴𝐵, 𝐴𝐶, and 𝐴𝐷.
Determine the tension in these wires

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien