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Further information: Chess (disambiguation) a grid of 9 ranks (rows) by 9 files (columns). The rectan-
gles are undifferentiated by marking or color. The board
is nearly always rectangular; square boards are uncom-
Shogi (将棋 shōgi) (/ˈʃoʊɡiː/, Japanese: [ɕo̞ ːɡi] or [ɕo̞ ːŋi]),
also known as Japanese chess or the Generals' Game, mon. Pairs of dots mark the players' promotion zones.
is a two-player strategy board game in the same fam- Each player has a set of 20 wedge-shaped pieces of
ily as Western (international) chess, chaturanga, makruk, slightly different sizes. Except for the kings, opposing
shatranj, janggi and xiangqi, and is the most popular of pieces are undifferentiated by marking or color. Pieces
a family of chess variants native to Japan. Shōgi means face forward (toward the opponent's side); this shows
general's (shō 将) board game (gi 棋). who controls the piece during play. The pieces from
The earliest predecessor of the game, chaturanga, origi- largest (most important) to smallest (least important) are:
nated in India in the 6th century. Shogi in its present form
was played as early as the 16th century, while a direct an- • 1 king
cestor without the drop rule was recorded from 1210 in
• 1 rook
a historical document Nichūreki, which is an edited copy
of Shōchūreki and Kaichūreki from the late Heian period • 1 bishop
(c. 1120).
• 2 gold generals
Shogi was the earliest chess variant to allow captured
pieces to be returned to the board by the capturing • 2 silver generals
player.* [1] David Pritchard compares this rule to the
practice of 16th century mercenaries switching loyalties • 2 knights
when captured.* [1] • 2 lances
• 9 pawns
1 Equipment
Several of these names were chosen to correspond to their
rough equivalents in international chess, and not as literal
translations of the Japanese names.
Each piece has its name written on its surface in the form
of two kanji (Chinese characters used in Japanese), usu-
ally in black ink. On the reverse side of each piece, other
than the king and gold general, are one or two other char-
acters, in amateur sets often in a different color (usually
red); this side is turned face up during play to indicate
that the piece has been promoted.
Following is a table of the pieces with their Japanese rep-
resentations and English equivalents. The abbreviations
are used for game notation and often when referring to
the pieces in speech in Japanese.
A traditional shōgi-ban (shogi board) displaying a set of koma * The kanji ⻯ is a simplified form of ⿓.
(pieces). The pieces on the far side are turned to show their pro- English speakers sometimes refer to promoted bishops
moted values. The stands on either side are komadai used to
as horses and promoted rooks as dragons, after their
hold captured pieces. The board itself is raised for the comfort of
Japanese names, and generally use the Japanese term
players seated on tatami mats (background), and is hollowed un-
derneath to produce a pleasing sound when the pieces are moved. tokin for promoted pawns. Silver generals and gold gen-
erals are commonly referred to simply as silvers and golds.
Two players, Sente 先⼿ (Black; more literally, person The characters inscribed on the reverse sides of the pieces
with the first move) and Gote 後⼿ (White; person with the to indicate promotion may be in red ink, and are usu-
second move), play on a board composed of rectangles in ally cursive. The characters on the backs of the pieces
1
2 2 SETUP AND GAMEPLAY
that promote to gold generals are cursive variants of ⾦ • the two knights are placed adjacent to each sil-
'gold', becoming more cursive (more abbreviated) as the ver general;
value of the original piece decreases. These cursive forms • the two lances are placed in the corners, adja-
have these equivalents in print: 全 for promoted silver, 今 cent to each knight.
for promoted knight, 仝 for promoted lance, and 个 for
promoted pawn (tokin). Another typographic convention That is, the first rank is
has abbreviated versions of the original values, with a re-
or
duced number of strokes: 圭 for a promoted knight (桂),
杏 for a promoted lance (⾹), and the 全 as above for a
promoted silver, but と for tokin. • In the second rank, each player places:
The suggestion that the Japanese characters have de- • the bishop in the same file as the left knight;
terred Western players from learning shogi has led to • the rook in the same file as the right knight.
"Westernized" or“international”pieces which use iconic
symbols instead of characters. Most players soon learn to • In the third rank, the nine pawns are placed one per
recognize the characters, however, partially because the file.
3
Traditionally, the order of placing the pieces on the board side of the higher-ranked player and tosses the pawn
is determined. There are two commonly used orders, pieces onto a silk cloth.* [4] In friendly amateur games,
the Ōhashi order ⼤橋流 and the Itō order 伊藤流.* [2] a player will ask their opponent to toss the pawns out of
Placement sets pieces with multiples (generals, knights, politeness. Otherwise, the person who tosses the pawns
lances) from left to right in all cases, and follows the or- can be determined by Rock–paper–scissors.* [5]
der: After the piece toss furigoma, the game proceeds. If mul-
tiple games are played, then players alternate turns for
1. king who goes first in subsequent games. (The terms“Black”
and“White”are used to differentiate sides although there
2. gold generals
is no difference in the color of the pieces.) For each turn,
3. silver generals a player may either move a piece that is currently on the
board (and potentially promote it, capture an opposing
4. knights piece, or both) or else drop a piece that has been previ-
ously captured onto a square of the board. These options
In ito, the player now places: are explained below.
5. pawns (left to right starting from Professional games are timed as in international chess,
the leftmost file) but professionals are never expected to keep time in their
games. Instead a timekeeper is assigned, typically an ap-
6. lances
prentice professional. Time limits are much longer than
7. bishop in international chess (9 hours a side plus extra time in the
8. rook prestigious Meijin title match), and in addition byōyomi
(literally “second counting”) is employed. This means
In ohashi, the player now places: that when the ordinary time has run out, the player will
5. lances from that point on have a certain amount of time to com-
plete every move (a byōyomi period), typically upwards
6. bishop
of one minute. The final ten seconds are counted down,
7. rook and if the time expires the player to move loses the game
8. pawns (starting from center file, immediately. Amateurs often play with electronic clocks
then alternating left to right one file that beep out the final ten seconds of a byōyomi period,
at a time) with a prolonged beep for the last five.
3 Rules
3.1 Objective
3.2 Movement
A king (⽟/王) moves one square in any direction, makes a sudden sound effect, bringing the piece to the
orthogonal or diagonal. attention of the opponent. This is also true for capturing
A rook (⾶) moves any number of squares in an orthog- and dropping pieces. On a traditional shogi-ban, the pitch
onal direction. of the snap is deeper, delivering a subtler effect.
A promoted bishop (“dragon horse”, ⿓⾺ Ryūma) moved accordingly. This is called dropping the piece, or
moves as a bishop and as a king. Alternate form: ⾺. simply, a drop. A drop counts as a complete move.
A promoted silver (成銀 narigin) moves the same as a A drop cannot capture a piece, nor does dropping within
gold general. Alternate forms: 全, cursive ⾦. the promotion zone result in immediate promotion. Cap-
ture and/or promotion may occur normally, however, on
A promoted knight (成桂 narikei) moves the same as a
gold general. Alternate forms: 圭, 今, cursive ⾦. subsequent moves of the piece.
A promoted lance (成⾹ narikyō) moves the same as a A pawn, knight, or lance may not be dropped on the fur-
gold general. Alternate forms: 杏, 仝, cursive ⾦. thest rank, since those pieces would have no legal moves
on subsequent turns. For the same reason, a knight may
A promoted pawn (と⾦ tokin) moves the same as a gold not be dropped on the penultimate (player's 8th) rank.
general. Alternate forms: と, 个.
There are two additional restrictions when dropping
pawns:
3.4 Drops
1. Two Pawns (Japanese: ⼆歩 nifu): A pawn can-
not be dropped onto a file (column) containing an-
other unpromoted pawn of the same player (pro-
moted pawns do not count). A player with an un-
promoted pawn on every file is therefore unable to
drop a pawn anywhere. For this reason it is com-
mon to sacrifice a pawn in order to gain flexibility
for drops.
Checkmate by Black
△ pieces in hand: –
Piece stands next to shogi board
▲ pieces in hand: –
The most common basic checkmating patterns involve golds
Captured pieces are retained in hand and can be brought
back into play under the capturing player's control. The
Japanese term for piece(s) in hand is either 持 ち 駒 When a player's move threatens to capture the opposing
mochigoma or ⼿駒 tegoma. On any turn, instead of mov- king on the next turn, the move is said to give check to
ing a piece on the board, a player may select a piece in the king; the king is said to be in check. If a player's king
hand and place it – unpromoted side up and facing the is in check, the only way for that player to avoid a defeat
opposing side – on any empty square. The piece is then is to respond with a move that removes the check (either
one of that player's active pieces on the board and can be by moving the king away from the threat, capturing the
6 3 RULES
threatening piece, or placing another piece between the player is able to take back their move and replay a new
king and the threatening piece). Note, though, that unlike legal move.* [9]* [10]
in international chess, there is no official rule that requires
a player to defend a king that is being attacked; however,
failing to do so is a blunder, as the opponent would then be 3.6.2 Repetition (Draw)
entirely free to capture it on the next move, thus winning
the game.* [6] If the same game position occurs four times with the same
player to move, either player loses if his or her moves
If the king is in check and there is no possible move
during the repetition (sennichite) are all checks (perpetual
which could protect the king, the move is said to give
check), otherwise the game is considered a draw. How-
checkmate (tsumi 詰み) to the king. Checkmate effec-
ever, in Shogi a draw is not counted for. Players have to
tively means that the opponent is about to win the game,
restart their game(s) until a winner is declared. This is
since the king can always be captured on the opponent's
a significant difference from Western Chess, in which a
next move. Note that a checkmate is not sufficient for
player can play specifically to obtain draws for gaining
a win; the king must be captured on the next move for
points. In Shogi there can be only one victorious through
the opponent to win the game.* [6] However, the check-
wins. When a draw situation in Shogi occurs, the play-
mated player is still allowed to withdraw from the game
ers have to start a new game in which the players switch
by resigning (see below).
colours. The player who was white, becomes black and
vice versa. Furthermore, depending on the tournament,
3.6 Winning players who have reached“sennichite”need to start and
play their new game in the remainder of their allowed
The usual way for shogi games to end is for one side to game time. This rule also contributes to making senni-
capture the other side's king. However, there are three chite a rare occurrence. Repetition draws in Shogi are
other possible ways for a game to end: repetition (千⽇⼿ also rare to achieve, since through the four iterations, ev-
sennichite), impasse (持将棋 jishōgi), and an illegal move ery iteration needs contain the same positions. For two
(反則⼿). The first two – repetition and impasse – are positions to be considered the same, even the pieces in
particularly uncommon. Illegal moves are also uncom- hand must be the same as well as the positions on the
mon in professional games although this may not be true board. Although rare among professional players, Repe-
with amateur players (especially beginners). tition Draws are even rarer in amateur games.
Resignation. The losing player will resign at this point, Pre-1983 sennichite. The rule used to be that it hap-
although in practice play up to the checkmate point rarely pened if a sequence (and not a position) caused three rep-
occurs, as players normally resign as soon as a loss is etitions. The rule was changed to its current form in May
deemed inevitable. In traditional tournament play, a for- 1983.
mal resignation is required – that is, a checkmate is not Historical sennichite. There was yet another repetition
a sufficient condition for winning.* [7] The resignation is rule used historically by rule codifier Sōko Ōhashi who
indicated by bowing and/or saying 'I lost' (負けました was the second Meijin from 1635 until his death in 1654:
makemashita) and/or placing the right hand over the piece the player that started a repetition lost the game.* [11]
stands. Placing the hand over the piece stand is a vestige
of the older practice of gently dropping one's pieces in
hand over the board in order to indicate resignation. In Example Repetition Draws have historically been as-
western practice, a handshake may be used. sociated with the traditional Double Yagura opening (es-
*
To announce check in Japanese, one can say ōte (王⼿). pecially the Complete Yagura formation). [12] However,
However, this is an influence of international chess and is a surprising Repetition Draw occurred in the endgame of
not required, even as a courtesy.* [8] Announcing a check a game between Akira Watanabe (Black) and Yoshiharu
vocally never happens in serious play. Habu on October 3, 2012.* [13] The opening was Third
File Rook.
After the 121st move (= 61st move in western notation),
3.6.1 Illegal move
White (Habu) found himself in a threatmate situation
In professional and serious (tournament) amateur games, where Black (Watanabe) had a possible 9-move mate se-
a player who makes an illegal move loses immediately. quence of 62. R*8c Gx8c, 63. Sx8c+ Kx8c, 64. R*8b
This includes violating the Two Pawns (nifu) and Drop Kx7d, 65. N*6f K-6c (or K-6d), 66. G*5d [mate]. In or-
Pawn Mate (uchifuzume) restrictions. The loss stands der to prevent Black's future knight drop (N*6f), White
even if play continued and the move was discovered later dropped a silver to the 6f square (61. ...S*6f) forcing
in game. However, if neither the opponent nor a third Black to capture it with his pawn (62. Px6f) leaving the
party points out the illegal move and the opponent later 6f square occupied and unable to accept a knight drop.
resigned, the resignation stands as the result. In friendly After this, White found the Repetition sequence starting
amateur games, this rule is sometimes relaxed, and the with 62. ...G*8i. Dropping the gold to the 8i square puts
3.6 Winning 7
teur and professional ranks are offset (with amateur 4 dan In western piece movement notation, the format is the
being equivalent to professional 6 kyū).* [22] piece initial followed by the type of movement and finally
the file and rank where the piece moved to. The piece
initials are K (King), R (Rook), B (Bishop), G (Gold), S
4.1 Handicaps (Silver), N (Knight), L (Lance), and P (Pawn). Simple
movement is indicated with -, captures with x, and piece
6-Piece Handicap drops with *. The files are indicated with numerals 1–9
△ pieces in hand: – while ranks are indicated by letters a–i.Thus, Rx2d indi-
▲ pieces in hand: – cates 'rook captures on 2d'. Promoted pieces are notated
Main article: Handicap (shogi) with + prefixed to the piece initial (e.g. +Rx2d). Piece
promotion is also indicated with + (e.g. S-2a+) while un-
Shogi has a handicap system (like go) in which games be- promotion is indicated with = (e.g. S-2a=). Piece ambi-
tween players of disparate strengths are adjusted so that guity is resolved by notating which square a piece is mov-
the stronger player is put in a more disadvantageous posi- ing from (e.g. N6e-5c+ means 'knight from 6e moves to
tion in order to compensate for the difference in playing 5c and promotes').
levels. In a handicap game, one or more of White's pieces The Japanese notation system uses Japanese characters
are removed from the setup, and instead White plays first. for pieces and promotion indication and uses Japanese
numerals instead of letters for ranks. Movement type
aside from drops is not indicated, and the conventions for
resolving ambiguity are quite different from the western
5 Notation system. As examples, the western Rx2d would be 2 四
飛 in Japanese notation, +Rx2d would be 2 四龍, S-2a+
Main article: Shogi notation 2 一銀成, S-2a= 2 一銀不成, and N6e-5c+ could be ei-
ther 5 三桂左成 or 5 三桂右成 depending on whether
9
the knight moved from the left or right. Shogi piece sets may contain two types of king pieces,
王 (king) and ⽟ (jewel). In this case, the higher classed
player, in either social or genuine shogi player rank, may
6 Strategy and tactics take the king piece. For example, in titleholder system
games, the current titleholder takes the king piece as the
higher.
Main article: Shogi strategy and tactics
The higher-ranked (or older) player also sits facing the
door of the room and is the person who takes the pieces
Shogi is similar to chess but has a much larger game tree
out of their piece box.* [4]
complexity because of the use of drops greater number of
pieces, and larger board size.* [25] In comparison, shogi Shogi does not have a touch-move rule as in western chess
games average about 140 moves per game where as west- tournament play or chu shogi. However, in professional
ern chess games average about 80 moves per game and games, a piece is considered to be moved when the piece
minishogi averages about 40 moves per game.* [26] Like has been let go of. In both amateur and professional play,
chess, however, the game can be divided into the open- any piece may be touched in order to adjust its central-
ing, middle game and endgame, each requiring a differ- ization within its square (to look tidy).* [27]
ent strategy. The opening consists of arranging one's de- Taking back moves (待った matta) in professional games
fenses usually in a castle and positioning for attack, the is prohibited. However, in friendly amateur games in
mid game consists of attempting to break through the Japan, it is often permitted.
opposing defenses while maintaining one's own, and the
endgame starts when one side's defenses have been com- Professional players are required to follow several ritual-
promised. istic etiquette prescriptions such as kneeling exactly 15
centimeters from the shogi board, sitting in the formal
seiza position, etc.* [28]
7 Etiquette
8 History
Main article: History of shogi
From The Chess Variant Pages:* [1]
ever. Both standard shogi and Go were promoted by the by its Buddhist symbolism (gold, silver, Cassia and In-
Tokugawa shogunate. In 1612, the shogunate passed a cense), which is not recognized in Chinese chess at all.
law giving endowments to top shogi players (Meijin (名 In fact, Chinese chess and its East Asian variants are far
⼈)). During the reign of the eighth shogun, Tokugawa remoter relatives than makruk. Though some early vari-
Yoshimune, castle shogi tournaments were held once a ants of chaturanga more similar to shogi and makruk are
year on the 17th day of Kannazuki, corresponding to known to have been played in Tang dynasty China, they
November 17, which is Shogi Day on the modern cal- are thought to have been extinguished in Song dynasty
endar. China and in East Asia except in Japan probably owing
to the popularity of Chinese chess.
The title of meijin became hereditary in the Ōhashi and
Itō families until the fall of the shogunate, when it came to
be passed by recommendation. Today the title is used for
the winner of the Meijin-sen competition, the first mod- 9 Tournament play
ern title match. From around 1899, newspapers began to
publish records of shogi matches, and high-ranking play-
ers formed alliances with the aim of having their games
published. In 1909, the Shogi Association (将棋同盟社)
was formed, and in 1924, the Tokyo Shogi Association
(東京将棋連盟) was formed. This was an early incarna-
tion of the modern Japan Shogi Association (⽇本将棋
連盟 nihon shōgi renmei), or JSA, and 1924 is considered
by the JSA to be the date it was founded.* [29]
In 1935, meijin Kinjirō Sekine stepped down, and the
rank of meijin came to be awarded to the winner of a
Meijin title match (名⼈戦 meijin-sen). Yoshio Kimura
(⽊村義雄) became the first Meijin under this system in
1937. This was the start of the shogi title matches (see
titleholder system). After the war other tournaments were
promoted to title matches, culminating with the Ryūō title
2013 World Shogi Open Championship (amateur) tournament in
match (⻯王戦 ryūō-sen) in 1988 for the modern line-up
Minsk.
of seven. About 200 professional shogi players compete.
Each year, the title holder defends the title against a chal- There are two organizations for shogi professional play-
lenger chosen from knockout or round matches. ers in Japan: the JSA, and the Ladies' Professional Shogi-
After the Second World War, SCAP (occupational gov- players' Association of Japan (⽇本⼥⼦プロ将棋協会
ernment mainly led by US) tried to eliminate all“feudal” nihon joshi puro shōgi kyōkai), or LPSA. The JSA is the
factors from Japanese society and shogi was included in primary organization for men and women's professional
the possible list of items to be banned along with Bushido shogi* [29] while the LPSA is a group of women profes-
(philosophy of samurai) and other things. The reason for sionals who broke away from the JSA in 2007 to estab-
banning shogi for SCAP was its exceptional character as lish their own independent organization.* [31] Both orga-
a board game seen in the usage of captured pieces. SCAP nize tournaments for their members and have reached an
insisted that this could lead to the idea of prisoner abuse. agreement to cooperate with each other to promote shogi
But Kozo Masuda, then one of the top professional shogi through events and other activities.* [32] Top professional
players, when summoned to the SCAP headquarters for players are fairly well-paid from tournament earnings.
an investigation, criticized such understanding of shogi In 2016, the highest tournament earners were Yoshiharu
and insisted that it is not shogi but western chess that po- Habu and Akira Watanabe who earned ¥91,500,000
tentially contains the idea of prisoner abuse because it and ¥73,900,000. (The tenth highest earner, Kouichi
just kills the pieces of the opponent while shogi is rather Fukaura, won ¥18,490,000.)* [33]
democratic for giving prisoners the chance to get back The JSA recognizes two categories of shogi professionals:
into the game. Masuda also said that chess contradicts Professional (棋⼠ kishi), and Female Professional (⼥流
the ideal of gender equality in western society because 棋⼠ joryūkishi). Sometimes kishi are addressed as seik-
the king shields itself behind the queen and runs away. ishi (正棋⼠), a term from Go used to distinguish kishi
Masudaʼ s assertion is said to have eventually led to the ex- from other classes of players. JSA professional ranks
emption of shogi from the list of items to be banned.* [30] and female professional ranks are not equivalent and each
The closest cousin of shogi in the chaturanga family is has their own promotion criteria and ranking system. In
makruk of Thailand. Not only the similarity in distribu- 2006, the JSA officially granted women “professional
tion and movements of the pieces but also the names of status”. This is not equivalent, however, to the more
shogi pieces suggest intimacy between shogi and makruk traditional way of “gaining professional status”, i.e.,
being promoted from the“Shoreikai System”(奨励会):
12 13 SEE ALSO
leagues of strong amateur players aspiring to become a On April 20, 2013, GPS Shogi defeated 8-dan profes-
professional. Rather, it is a separate system especially de- sional shogi player Hiroyuki Miura in a 102-move game
signed for female professionals. Qualified amateurs, re- which lasted over 8 hours.* [39]
gardless of gender, may apply for the“Shoreikai System” The highest rated player on Shogi Club 24 is com-
and all those who successfully “graduate”are granted puter program Ponanza, rated 3455 on December 13,
kishi status; however, no woman has yet to accomplish 2015.* [40]
this feat (the highest women have reached is Kana Satomi
in “Shoreikai 3 dan league”, currently one step away On April 10, 2016, Ponanza defeated Takayuki Ya-
from kishi status), so kishi is de facto only used to refer to masaki, 8-dan in 85 moves. Takayuki used 7 hours 9
male shogi professionals.* [34] minutes.* [41]
The JSA is the only body which can organize tournaments From a computational complexity point of view, general-
for professionals, e.g., the seven major tournaments in the ized shogi is EXPTIME-complete.* [42]
titleholder system and other professional tournaments. In
1996, Yoshiharu Habu became the only kishi to hold all
seven existing major titles at the same time. For female 11 Shogi video games
professionals, both the JSA and LPSA organize tourna-
ments, either jointly or separately. Tournaments for am-
Main article: List of shogi video games
ateurs may be organized by the JSA and LPSA as well
as local clubs, newspapers, private corporations, educa-
tional institutions or municipal governments for cities or Hundreds of video games were released exclusively in
prefectures under the guidance of the JSA or LPSA. Japan for several consoles.
Since the 1990s, shogi has grown in popularity outside
Japan, particularly in the People's Republic of China,
and especially in Shanghai. The January 2006 edition of 12 In popular culture
Kindai Shogi (近代将棋) stated that there were 120,000
shogi players in Shanghai.* [35] The spread of the game In the manga series Naruto, shogi plays an essential part
to countries where Chinese characters are not in common in Shikamaru Nara's character development. He often
use, however, has been slower. plays it with his teacher, Asuma Sarutobi, apparently al-
ways beating him. When Asuma is fatally injured in bat-
tle, he reminds Shikamaru that the shogi king must al-
ways be protected, and draws a parallel between the king
10 Computer shogi in shogi and his yet-unborn daughter, Mirai, whom he
wanted Shikamaru to guide.
Main article: Computer shogi Shogi has been a central plot point in manga and anime
Shion no Ō, manga and anime series March Comes in Like
Shogi has the highest game complexity of all popular a Lion * [43] and manga and television series 81diver.
chess variants. Computers have steadily improved in In the manga and anime Durarara!!, the information bro-
playing shogi since the 1970s. In 2007, champion Yoshi- ker Izaya Orihara plays a twisted version of chess, othello
haru Habu estimated the strength of the 2006 world com- and shogi, where he mixes all three games into one as a
puter shogi champion Bonanza at the level of two-dan representation of the battles in Ikebukuro.
shoreikai.
The JSA prohibits its professionals from playing comput-
ers in public without prior permission, with the reason 13 See also
of promoting shogi and monetizing the computer–human
events.* [36]
• Shogi strategy and tactics
On October 12, 2010, after some 35 years of devel-
opment, a computer finally beat a professional player, • Shogi variant
when the top ranked female champion Ichiyo Shimizu
• Chu shogi
was beaten by the Akara2010 system in a game lasting
just over 6 hours.* [37] • Dai shogi
On July 24, 2011, computer shogi programs Bonanza and • Dōbutsu shōgi
Akara crushed the amateur team of Kosaku and Shinoda
• Tsumeshogi
in two games. The allotted time for the amateurs was one
hour and then three minutes per move. The allotted time • Chess variant
for the computer was 25 minutes and then 10 seconds per
move.* [38] • Crazyhouse
13
[17] http://81dojo.com/documents/Rules_and_Manners_of_
Shogi#27-point_Declare_System
14 Notes
[18] 近代将棋 magazine Nov 1983
[1] “Shogi: Japanese Chess”. The Chess Variant Pages.
Retrieved 8 March 2012. [19] 将棋世界 magazine Aug 1996
[2] “Sono Hoka no Goshitsumon: Koma no Narabikata ni Ki- [20] Fairbairn (1986: 158–161)
mari wa Aru no Deshōka?" その他のご質問: 駒の並べ
⽅に決まりはあるのでしょうか? [Other questions: [21] “Shōreikai Gaiyō" 奨励会概要 [Outline of Shoreikai]
Is there a certain way to set up the pieces?] (in Japanese). (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Retrieved 21
⽇本将棋連盟 (Japan Shogi Association). Retrieved 17 September 2015.
December 2014. 江⼾時代は, それぞれの家元に「⼤
[22] “Title offset illustration”. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
橋流」「伊藤流」という並べ⽅がありました。現在
のでも, その並べ⽅を⽤いている棋⼠は少なから [23] Hosking 1997, p. 20–21.
ずおります. ただし, 決まりとして「このような並
べ⽅をしなければならない」というものはありま [24] Hosking 1997, p. 263–265.
せん. [In the Edo Era, each Iemoto had their own respec-
tive way of setting up the pieces: the 'Ohashi-style' and the [25] Hitoshi Matsubara, Reijer Grimbergen. “Differences
'Ito-style'. Although these two styles are still used today between Shogi and western Chess from a computational
by many professionals, there is really no rule specifying point of view”. Proceedings: Board Games in Academia.
that 'the pieces must be set up in this particular way'.]
[26] Xiaohong Wan, Daisuke Takano, Takeshi Asamizuya; et
[3] Grimbergen, Reijer. “Shogi Terms”. www.shogi.net. al. (2012). “Developing intuition: Neural correlates of
Retrieved 22 July 2016. cognitive-skill learning in caudate nucleus”. Journal of
Neuroscience (28): 17492–17501.
[4] Hosking 1997, p. 19–20.
[5] Hodges, George, ed. (1982). “Who moves first?". Shogi [27] Hosking 1997, p. 20.
(40): 13.
[28] Fairbairn (1986: 143)
[6] GNU Shogi manual: The rules of shogi
[29] “Sōritsu・Enkaku”創⽴・沿⾰ [Founding and History]
[7] Hosking (1997: 17) (in Japanese). ⽇本将棋連盟 (Japan Shogi Association).
Retrieved 16 August 2012.
[8] “Shōgi no Ruru ni Kansuru Goshitsumon ̶Q:
Taikyokuchū ni Ōte wo Kaketara, "Ōte wo Kaketa noni, [30] Masuda, Kozo (2003). Meijin ni Kyosha wo Hiita Otoko
'Ōte' to Hasseishinai no wa Hansoku da”to Iwaremashita. 名⼈に⾹⾞を引いた男 [The Man Who Gave A Lance
Sonoyō na Kitei wa Aru no Deshōka.”将棋のルールに Handicap To A Meijin]. Chuokoron-Shinsha. p. 223.
関するご質問̶Q: 対局中に王⼿をかけたら, 「王⼿ ISBN 978-4122042476.
をかけたのに,『王⼿』と発声しないのは反則だ」と
⾔われました。そのような規定はあるのでしょう [31] “Enkaku”沿⾰ [LPSA History] (PDF) (in Japanese).
か。 [Questions about the Rules of Shogi ̶Q: I've been ⽇本⼥⼦プロ将棋協会 (Ladies' Professional Shogi-
told that not saying“Ote”when you place your opponent players' Association of Japan). Retrieved 26 June 2014.
in check is against the rules. Is there really such a rule?].
⽇本将棋連盟 (Japan Shogi Association). Retrieved 9 [32] “Nihon Joshi Puro Shōgi Kyōkai (LSPA) to Gōisho
December 2014. A: たまにそういう主張をされる⽅ Teiketsu”⽇本⼥⼦プロ将棋協会 (LPSA) と合意書
がいらっしゃいますが, そのような規定は⼀切あ 締結 [Agreement signed with LPSA] (in Japanese). ⽇
りません。[A: Occasionally you will hear such a thing 本将棋連盟 (Japan Shogi Association). 2 June 2014.
being asserted, but there is absolutely no such rule at all.] Retrieved 26 June 2014.
[36] “Shogi pros warned not to play computers”. The Japan • Pritchard, D. B. (1994).“Shogi”. The Encyclopedia
Times. Tokyo, Japan. 16 October 2005. Retrieved 28 of Chess Variants. Games & Puzzles Publications.
November 2011. pp. 269–79. ISBN 0-9524142-0-1.
[37] “Top female 'shogi' pro falls to computer”. Japan Times. • Yebisu, Miles (2016). Comprehensive shogi guide
Kyodo. 12 October 2010. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
in English: How to play Japanese chess. Laboratory
[38] “Shōgi Sofuto ni Amagumi Kanpai: Hijutsu, Ikki ni Publishing.
Semetsubusareru”将棋ソフトにアマ組完敗秘術、⼀
気に攻めつぶされる [Shogi computer programs crush
amateurs]. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). 2 August
2011. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
16 External links
[39] “Dainikai Shōgi Denōsen Daigokyoku Miura Hiroyuki vs • Shogi Shack
GPS Shōgi”第 2 回将棋電王戦第 5 局三浦弘⾏⼋段
vs GPS 将棋 [Second Shogi Denosen, Game 5: Hiroyuki • Reijer Grimbergen's Shogi Page
Miura 8 dan vs. GPS Shogi] (in Japanese). Niwango. Re-
trieved 17 December 2014. • Shogi.Net
[40] “Computer program Bonkras highest rated player on • Shogi Hub portal for current information about the
Shogi Club 24” (in Japanese). Shogi Club 24. shogi world (tournaments, news, etc.)
[41] Shinji, Fukamatsu. “AI beats top shogi player in first • Shogi-L shogi mailing list
match of tournament final:The Asahi Shimbun”. The
Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 17 May 2016. • Ricoh Shogi Page
[42] H. Adachi; H. Kamekawa; S. Iwata (1987).“Shogi on n ×
• Japanese–English shogi glossary
n board is complete in exponential time”. Trans. IEICE.
J70-D: 1843–1852. • Hans Geuns' Basic Shogi Vocabulary
[43] “A Lion's Play of Words”. Nihonden. 2017-03-08.
Retrieved 2017-03-09. Rules
• Fairbairn, John (1986). Shogi for beginners (2nd • 81Dojo English-language shogi play online
ed.). Ishi Press. ISBN 978-4-8718-720-10.
• Shogi Dojo 24 English-language shogi server in
• Habu, Yoshiharu; Hosking, Tony (2000). Habu's Japan
Words. translated by Tony Hosking and Yamato
Takahashi. Stratford-upon-Avon, England: The • Shogi Wars
Shogi Foundation. ISBN 978-0953108923.
• GoldToken online turn-based shogi
• Hosking, Tony (1997). The Art of Shogi. Stratford-
upon-Avon, England: The Shogi Foundation. ISBN • World Shogi League international online tourna-
978-0953108909. ment associated with 81Dojo and the Japan Shogi
Association
• Hosking, Tony (2006). Classic Shogi: Games Col-
lection. Stratford-upon-Avon, England: The Shogi • HamShogi handicap shogi against the computer,
Foundation. ISBN 978-0953108930. instructions
15
Online tools
17.2 Images
• File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Two_Boys_Playing_Shogi_with_a_Third_Observer.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/
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17.2 Images 17