Types of Chemical Reactions

Goals:
• To be able to predict chemical reactivity.
• To know how to synthesize specific
compounds.
 What We’ll Cover
• Aqueous solutions
– Electrolytes
– Solubility rules
– Concentration (Molarity)
– Titrations (Concentration of an unknown)
• Reactions
– Precipitation: formation of insoluble salts
– Acid-Base: proton-transfer
– Oxidation-Reduction: electron-transfer
– Gas Forming
 Reactions in Aqueous Solution

Unless mentioned, all reactions studied this

week occur in aqueous solution.
 Electrolytes

Strong Electrolytes: solute breaks apart to give ions in solution.

NaCl  Na+ + Cl-

Weak Electrolytes: solute partially breaks apart to give ions.

CH3CO2H  CH3CO2- + H+ happens less than 5%

Nonelectrolytes: no ions formed.

CH3CH2OH
Draw a molecular representation
of the following:
• a metal ion solution containing Cu3+ ions (5
g of Cu(NO3)3 dissolved in 100 mL water

Identify the compound as molecular/ionic and

strong/weak/non electrolyte
Draw a molecular representation
and classify the electrolytes:
• A bottle of Gatorade (sucrose C12H22O11,
fructose C6H12O6, sodium citrate
Na3C6H5O7, potassium citrate K3C6H5O7
and ascorbic acid H2C6H6O6)
• Vitamin water (citric acid H3C6H5O7,
magnesium lactate Mg(C3H5O3)2, calcium
lactate Ca(C3H5O3)2 and potassium
phosphate K3PO4
What is the driving force in the
reaction?
 Precipitation reactions
• Reactions that form an insoluble product.
• Example:
– Aqueous Lead(II) nitrate reacts with aqueous
potassium iodide to form solid lead iodide.
 Solubility Rules
Soluble Ionic Compounds
• All sodium, potassium and ammonium (NH4+) salts are SOLUBLE.
• All nitrate (NO3-), acetate (C2H3O2-), chlorate (ClO3-), and perchlorate
(ClO4-) salts are SOLUBLE.
• All chloride, bromide (Br-), and iodide (I- ) salts are SOLUBLE -
EXCEPT those also containing: lead, silver, or mercury (I), (Pb2+ , Ag+
, Hg22+ ) which are NOT soluble.
• All fluoride salts are SOLUBLE - EXCEPT those also containing:
magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, or lead (Mg2+ , Ca2+ , Sr2+ ,
Ba2+ , Pb2+ ) which are NOT soluble.
• All sulfate salts are SOLUBLE - EXCEPT those also containing:
calcium, silver, mercury (I), strontium, barium, or lead (Ca2+ , Ag+ ,
Hg22+ , Sr2+ , Ba2+ , Pb2+ ), which are NOT soluble.
 Insoluble Compounds
Not Soluble Ionic Compounds
• Hydroxide (OH-) and oxide (O2-) compounds are NOT SOLUBLE -
EXCEPT those also containing: sodium, potassium or barium (Na+,
K+, Ba2+), which are soluble.
• Sulfide (S2-) salts are NOT SOLUBLE - EXCEPT those also
containing: sodium, potassium, ammonium, or barium (Na+, K+, NH4+
, Ba2+ ), which are soluble.
• Carbonate (CO32-) and phosphate (PO43-) salts are NOT SOLUBLE
EXCEPT those also containing: sodium, potassium or ammonium
(Na+, K+, NH4+) which are soluble.
 Write the balanced overall
equation for
• Ammonium carbonate (smelling salts)
reacts with calcium chloride.

• Aluminum nitrate reacts with sodium

phosphate
Solution Concentration: Molarity
• Molarity = moles solute per liter of solution

• 0.30 mol NH3 dissolved in 0.500 L

Concentration =
• Written like: [NH3] = 0.60 M
 Preparing a solution
• How many grams of NaCl are needed to
make 250 mL of a 0.10 M NaCl solution?
 Diluting a solution
• What volume in mL of a 1.5 M HCl
solution must be diluted in order to prepare
500 mL of a 0.15 M solution?

– Use the relationship M1V1 = M2V2

 Brønsted-Lowery Acid-Base
Definitions

• An acid is a substance that donates a proton (H+)

to a base
• A base is a substance that accepts a proton (H+)
from an acid
 Brønsted-Lowery Definitions
• An acid is a substance that donates a proton (H+)
to a base
• A base is a substance that accepts a proton (H+)
from an acid
• Acid-base reactions can be reversible:
reactants  products or
products  reactants
 Brønsted-Lowery Definitions
• An acid is a substance that donates a proton (H+)
to a base
• A base is a substance that accepts a proton (H+)
from an acid
• Acid-base reactions can be reversible:
reactants  products or
products  reactants
 Important Acids and Bases
Strong Acids:
Strong Bases:
HCl hydrochloric
NaOH sodium hydroxide
HBr hydrobromic
KOH potassium hydroxide
HI hydroiodic
Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide
HNO3 nitric
H2SO4 sulfuric
Weak Base:
HClO4 perchloric
NH3 ammonia

Weak Acid:
CH3CO2H acetic
Identify each molecular
representation as a
strong acid or a weak
acid.
STRONG acids in water: 100% of acid molecules form
ions:
HCl(aq) + H2O(l)  H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

H3O+ is
hydronium ion
WEAK acids in water, ~5% or less of acid molecules
form ions (acetic, H3PO4, H2CO3)
 Polyprotic Acids
multiple acidic H atoms

H2SO4  H+ + HSO4-
HSO4-  H+ + SO42-

Not all H’s are acidic:

CH3CH2OH
If H3PO4 reacts as an acid, which
of the following can it not make?

• 1. H4PO4+
• 2. H2PO4-
• 3. HPO42-
• 4. PO43-
 2-
If C2O4 reacts in an acid-base
reaction, which of the following
can it not make?
• 1. H2C2O4
• 2. HC2O4-
• 3. 2 CO2
 Acid-Base Reactions

Strong Acid + Strong Base

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

acid base “salt” water
 Net Ionic Equations
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

What really happens:

H+(aq) + OH-(aq)  H2O(l)

Sodium ion and chloride ion are “spectator ions”

 Reactions involving weak bases
HCl(aq) + NH3(aq)  NH4+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

Net-Ionic Equation:

NH3(aq) + H+(aq)  NH4+(aq)

CH3CO2H(aq) + NaOH(aq) 
• 1. CH3CO2H2+(aq) + NaO(aq)
• 2. CH3CO2-(aq) + H2O(l) + Na+(aq)
• 3. CH4(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
HCN(aq) + NH3(aq) 
• 1. NH4+(aq) + CN-(aq)
• 2. H2CN+(aq) + NH2-(aq)
• 3. C2N2(s) + 3 H2(g)
Oxidation/Reduction Reactions

Electron Transfer or “Redox”

Chemistry
 Definitions
• Oxidation- loss of electrons
• Reduction- gain of electrons
• Oxidizing agent- agent that brings about
the oxidation, ie. species that gets reduced
• Reducing agent- agent that brings about
the reduction, ie. species that gets oxidized
 Recognizing Oxidation Reduction
Reactions
Oxidation Reduction

Oxidation Increase in oxidation Decrease in

number number (more oxidation number
positive) (more negative)
Electrons Loss of electrons by Gain of electrons
an atom by an atom
 Common Oxidizing and Reducing
Agents
Oxidizing Agents Reducing Agents
(get reduced) (get oxidized)
Oxygen (O2) Hydrogen (H2)
Halogens (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2) Metals (Na, K, Fe, Al)
Nitric Acid (HNO3) Carbon (C)
Dichromate ion (Cr2O72-)
Permanganate ion (MnO4-)
 Assigning oxidation numbers
• Elements in their elemental state are 0.
• Hydrogen is usually +1 (except with metal
hydrides, -1, NaH, for example)
• Oxygen is usually -2 (except for peroxide,
H2O2 where it is -1)
• Halogens are usually -1
• Alkali metals are usually +1, alkaline earth
+2
 Example
• Nitrogen can take a variety of oxidation
states, from -3 to +5. Arrange the following
in order by increasing oxidation state of
nitrogen:
N2O4 HNO2 NH4+ N 2H 5 +
N2 N2O HNO3 NH3OH +
NO