Database and Research Methodology: 3.2.1 Universe of The Study

CHAPTER III
DATABASE AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter explains the methodology adopted by the researcher for the collection
and analysis of data. The tools of data collection, sources of data and scientific
methods of data analysis have been discussed in detail. Hypotheses have also been
framed as per the objectives of the study.
3.1 STATEMENT AND OVERVIEW OF PURPOSE
“The main aim of this study is to understand the dynamics of performance of

Foreign Multinational Companies operating in India during the Post
Liberalization Period along with making a comparative analysis with that of
domestic companies. In addition, an attempt has been made to analyze the policy
related issues governing foreign MNCs in India and to suggest future measures to
attract FDI in India will benefit both the host country (India) as well as MNCs
operating herein. ”
3.2 UNIVERSE AND SAMPLE
3.2.1 Universe of the Study
The universe of the study includes both foreign multinational companies 1 as well as
domestic Indian companies listed in Bombay Stock Exchange in the year 2009. The
financial database relating to these companies has been compiled from the electronic
database PROWESS developed by the Centre for Monitoring of Indian Economy
(CMIE). PROWESS is the largest database providing financial information for large
and medium domestic as well as foreign companies operating in India. The database
contains detailed information for over 27,122 companies (www.prowess.cmie.com).
These comprise all companies traded on India's major stock exchanges and several
1
The word, corporation and company have been used as synonyms for the purpose of the present study
throughout.
63
others including the central public sector enterprises (CMIE, 2012). The Prowess
database is built from Annual Reports, quarterly financial statements, Stock
Exchange feeds and other reliable sources. CMIE normalizes this database in order to
enable inter-company as well as inter-temporal comparisons for the purposes of
researchers and analysts, which further enhances the usefulness of this database.
Following sectors are covered by PROWESS:
 Organized industrial sector;

 Banking; and
 Organized financial and other service sectors in India.
PROWESS proves to be a comprehensive database for research as the companies

covered by it account for:
 65 per cent of all corporate tax assesses in India;

 Over 95 per cent of excise duty collected by the Government of India (CMIE,
2012); and
 Companies covered by Prowess companies account for more than half of
India's external trade i.e. for about 62 per cent of India's exports and nearly 82
per cent of India's imports.
The database is built on a sound understanding of accounting standards and

disclosures practices currently prevailing in India. The data covered by the prowess
includes most of the financial information required to be reported by incorporated
companies in their annual reports, such as Profit and Loss account and a Balance
Sheet along with information contained in the schedules and annexures (CMIE,
2012).
3.2.2 Sample and Sampling Unit
As the study aims to attain its objectives through firms operating at micro level,
therefore, the most suitable unit of the analysis is company/firm/corporation as
drawn from the review of literature. The sample of the study is based on both
64
foreign multinational and Indian domestic companies. Though these companies were
operating in various sectors such as “chemical sector”, “food sector”, “machinery
sector”, “metal sector”, “non-metallic sector”, “textile sector”, “transport sector”
and “miscellaneous sector” etc. yet, it was decided to limit the present study only
three sectors namely “Chemical sector”, “Food sector”, “Machinery sector”. This is
so because, these sectors represent 60 per cent of data available on Indian
manufacturing, whereas the data available for other sectors was not sufficient to
form a reliable comparative base. Secondly, an attempt has been made to study
those companies whose financial information for at least 5 consecutive years was
available, whereas majority of the companies of the left-out sectors failed to meet
this criteria. The sampled companies include all companies operating in these three
sectors of Indian manufacturing.
3.3 PERIOD OF STUDY
As per the objectives of the study, secondary data was considered to be the more
suitable to draw the results. As the study relates to post-liberalization period,
therefore, a comprehensive period of 18 years starting from 1992 to 2009 was chosen
to attain the objectives. 1992 was selected as the base year, as the reforms were
initiated in the year 1991 in India. The period of the study finds its justification as it
covers the post reforms period when large scale policy reforms had been introduced
in the industrial and foreign trade policy.
3.4 NATURE OF DATA
In order to study the dynamics related to performance of the companies, the data
pertains to financial indicators comprising of both foreign multinational as well as
domestic companies operating in India on the basis of Profit and Loss Accounts and
Balance Sheets in the form of annual reports of the sampled companies.
65
3.5 COLLECTION OF SECONDARY DATA
Since 1960, the research on multinational corporations has gained enormous

worldwide attention. In past few decades, the liberalization and economic reform
process initiated by many developing countries has further broadened the area of
research in this field. As a result, a comprehensive literature covering various
aspects of multinational corporations is available in various books, journals, reports,
dissertations and articles etc. Therefore, to collect this diverse literature both offline
as well as online sources have been accessed. Among these online sources of data,
databases such as CiteSeer, Elsevier, Emerald, Inflibnet, Ingenta, JSTOR, National
Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Proquest, RePEc (Research Papers in
Economics), Science Direct, Scopus, Social Science and Research Network(SSRN),
Springer, Taylor and Francis and Wiley Interscience are a few to mention.
Among offline data sources, many national as well as regional libraries such as
National Council of Applied Economic Research; New Delhi, Indian Council for
Social Science Research; New Delhi, Jawaharlal National University; New Delhi,
IIM Udaipur, Punjabi University; Patiala, Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar and
Panjab University; Chandigarh have been consulted from time to time for the
collection of secondary data.
Data Arrangement
Used of pooled data has been made for the purpose of the present study . The data
set, considers observations related to n individuals (companies) over a t period of
time. In simple words, each individual carries observations ranging from first year to
t years. Hence, the total number of observations in pooled data set should be nt. The
data arrangement has been presented in table 3.1. The illustrated data shown
hereunder shows various variables for two set of companies i.e. foreign an d Indian
for a 5 year period for 5 companies i.e. I T C Ltd.; V S T Industries Ltd.; Nestle
India Ltd.; Glaxo-Smithkline Healthcare Ltd.; and Agro Tech Foods Ltd.
66
TABLE 3.1
DATA ARRANGEMENT OF POOLED DATA
S.
COMPANY YEAR STATUS INDUSTRY SALES PROFIT
No.
1. I T C Ltd. 1992 Foreign Machinery 286.4 50.0
2. V S T Industries Ltd. 1992 Foreign Chemical 429.8 50.8
3. Nestle India Ltd. 1992 Foreign Food 312.0 30.5
4. Glaxosmithkline Healthcare Ltd. 1992 Indian Food 125.9 25.2
5. Agro Tech Foods Ltd. 1992 Indian Food 123.5 24.2
67
Following the same pattern, the data for all the Indian and multinational corporations has
been arranged. The data set was framed in excel file format which was further used for
determining statistical output in E-views, a statistical software used for statistical,
forecasting, and modeling tools through an innovative, easy-to-use object-oriented
interface. Furthermore, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 16.0) has also been
used to analyse the data.
3.6 HYPOTHSES OF THE STUDY
To attain the objectives of the study, the following hypotheses have been designed:
 H1 = There is no significant difference in mean of profitability performance of

Foreign Multinational Corporations and Domestic companies operating in India
in Chemical sector.
 H2 = There exists a significant difference between mean of profitability

performance of Foreign Multinational Corporations and Domestic companies
operating in India in Chemical sector.

in Food sector.

operating in India in Food sector.

in Machinery sector.

operating in India in Machinery sector.
68
 H7 = There is no difference in mean of export intensity of Foreign Multinational
Corporations and Domestic companies operating in India in Chemical sector.
 H8 = There exists a difference between mean of export intensity of Foreign

Multinational Corporations and Domestic companies operating in India in
Chemical sector.

Corporations and Domestic companies operating in India in Food sector.

Multinational Corporations and Domestic companies operating in India in Food
sector.

Corporations and Domestic companies operating in India in Machinery sector.

Multinational Corporations and Domestic companies operating in India in
Machinery sector.
 H13 = There is no difference in mean of Research and Development intensity of

in Chemical sector.
 H14 = There exists a difference between mean of Research and Development

intensity of Foreign Multinational Corporations and Domestic companies
operating in India in Chemical sector.

in Food sector.
69
 H16 = There exists a difference mean of Research and Development intensity of
in Food sector.

 H18 = There exists a difference mean of Research and Development intensity of

3.7 TECHNIQUES APPLIED FOR EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
The data collected from different sources have been analyzed with various statistical,
econometric as well as accounting tools and techniques. These techniques have been
analyzed in the following direction:
3.7.1 Student’s t-test
The application of t-test is based on the assumption that the samples have been randomly
drawn and are normally distributed over the population, with unknown variances 2. This
assumption states that the variables to be considered should be of such a nature whose
values should change randomly. Furthermore, the value of one variable should be
independent of the value of other variables. T-test further assumes random sampling
without any selection bias. Therefore, if any research, knowingly selects some samples
with properties that best suits the requirements of the study and compares these values
with other samples, then the conclusions drawn from non-random sampling will neither
be reliable nor generalized. However, according to the type of data considered in the
study, the researcher has to select the appropriate method of t-test. The methods of t-test
can generally be studied under Independent one-sample t-test, Independent two-sample t-
test, and Dependent t-test for paired samples.
2
If population variances are known then z-test with σ2 can be determined and there is no need of
determining variances.
70
In statistical terminology, t-test is a statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic
follows a Student's t-distribution if the null hypothesis is true (Wikipedia, 2009).
The Student's t-test is used for determining the statistical significance of the difference
between two sample means, and for confidence intervals for the difference between two
population means. In probability and statistics, Student's t-distribution (t-distribution) is a
probability distribution that arises in the problem of estimating the mean of a normally
distributed population. The Student's t-distribution is a special case of the generalized
hyperbolic distribution. The general formation of data under t-distribution can be
depicted with the help of following diagram.
The above diagram shows the normal distribution of the data. Like other probability
distributions, the total area under the curve of t-distribution is equal to one. As the
number of degrees of freedom increases, the shape of the t-distribution converges to that
of the standard normal distribution. In the above diagram the student's-t distribution has
been depicted with the help of blue hyperbola whereas, the normal distribution has been
depicted through red hyperbola.
71
The researchers frequently use one-sample t-test or two sample t-test. Where, one-sample
t-test determines if the mean of a normally distributed population has a value specified in
a null hypothesis or the population mean is same as the hypothesized value or not, two
sample t-test attempts to test the null hypothesis that the means of two normally
distributed populations are equal. As the data in the present study was related to two
group of companies i.e. Indian and multinational, therefore, independent two-sample t-
test was found to be most suitable.
3.7.1.1 Independent Samples t test
The independent samples t-test is used to compare the statistical significance of a

possible difference between the means of two groups on some independent variable i.e. t-
test helps to determine if the samples have been drawn from populations having different
mean values or not. Hence, under t-test application the two samples are desired to be
independent of each other. Therefore, observations considered in group one will not be
linked with the observations considered in group two and vice-a-versa. The suitability of
t-test is based on the satisfaction of following assumptions that:
 Each of the two populations should follow a normal distribution;

 Both the populations should have same variances. In case the sample sizes of both
the groups are roughly equal and their variances are also equal then the
application of Student's original t-test is highly recommended. However, Welch's
t-test is recommended where the variances are not equal irrespective of the size of
the samples (Elliott and Woodward, 2006); and
 The data used to apply the test must be sampled independently from the two
populations. However, this assumption is not testable but in case the data are
known to be collected from mutually dependent sources, then the results derived
may not be conclusive.
Hypothesis for Independent Sample t-test
The null hypothesis for the independent samples t test is as follows:
H0 : µ 1 = µ 2
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or
µ 1- µ 2= 0
Sx1x2 is an estimator of the common standard deviation of the two samples. The objective
of defining Sx1x2 is to assure that its square is an unbiased estimator of the common
variance whether or not the population means are the same. In these formulae, n =
number of participants, 1 = group one, 2 = group two. n − 1 is the number of degrees of
freedom for either group, and the total sample size minus two (that is, n1 + n2 − 2) is the
total number of degrees of freedom, which is used in significance testing. However, to
test and satisfy the second assumption of homogeneity of variances, Levene test for
homogeneity of variances was applied.
3.7.2 WELCH T-TEST
One of the assumption before application of independent sample t-test is homogeneity of

the variances. Therefore, the application of the test will not provide reliable results when
this assumption is violated. In such a case, another form of t-test is applied namely
Welch’s t-test (Welch, 1947). This form of t-test is particularly for the situations where
the samples share unequal variances. This is because it has an in-built application called
the Welch correction designed with the objective of applying a valid t-test when the
population variances are not equal. In Welch’s t-test:
 The degrees of freedom are modified to account for the unequal sample sizes and
the unequal variances as well as small sample sizes.
 The Standard Error does not ‘pool’ the sample variances to estimate a common
population variance.
73
Welch’s t-test uses following equation to derive conclusive results from the data with
unequal variances.
Welch’s t = Sample Mean1 – Sample Mean 2
Variance1 + Variance2
Sample Size 1 Sample Size2
Under Welch’s t-test, a corrected number of degrees of freedom are utilized to assess the
significance of the t-statistic computed as usual. This number of degree of freedom is
determined by applying the formula given hereunder:
Variance1 + Variance2
Welch’s d.f. =
2 2
Variance1 Variance2
+
Sample Size1 – 1 Sample Size2 –1
However, while calculating the degree of freedom under Welch t-test, the researcher must
keep in mind that it cannot be larger than n1+n2-2 and it cannot be smaller than n1-1 and
n2-2. The application of Welch’s t-test is based on two assumptions which states that:
 the observations are independent from each other; and

 both the samples have been drawn from normal populations.
However, there may arise certain cases where the assumptions of Welch’s t-test are not
satisfied. In those particular cases, the researcher can overlook the second assumption of
drawing of samples from normal populations but in no case the test can be applied where
the samples turn out to be dependent on each other.
74
3.7.3 Levene's Test for Homogeniety of Variances
Levene's test of Homogeneity of Variances (Levene, 1960) is an inferential statistic

used to assess the equality of variances in different samples. Equal variances across
samples are called homogeneity of variance. Some common statistical procedures such
as T-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) assume that variances of the populations
from which different samples or groups have been drawn are equal. Levene's test is
used to verify this assumption. The tests such as F test or the Bartlett test may be
applied to test the differences in variances. However, these tests tend to be highly
sensitive towards the assumption that the population is normally distributed. Therefore,
application of Levene’s test for measuring the differences in variances has been widely
suggested.
The suitability of Levene’s test over other test is due to the reason that Levene (1960)
proposed to compare the mean values of absolute deviations from sample means rather
than variances. Schultz (1983) proposed Levene test to be among the best of the tests
for determining the differences in variation. Also, Hines and O’Hara Hines (2000)
termed it as a widely used and robust test. Furthermore, Milliken and Johnson (1984)
also recommended the use of Levene test, subject to the condition that there is
confidence that the data are nearly normal or the data set is very large.
However, Levene (1960) further recommended the application of t test as he regarded

the test to be quite robust but further emphasized on the suitability of t-test in the cases
where observations were drawn from a normal distribution. As Levene's test is used for
comparing the means, it tests the null hypothesis that the population variances are
equal. If the resulting p-value of Levene's test is less than some critical value (typically
.05), the obtained differences in sample variances are unlikely to have occurred based
on random sampling. Thus, the null hypothesis of equal variances is rejected and one
may conclude that there is a difference between the variances in the population. Given a
variable Y with sample of size N divided into k subgroups, where Ni is the sample size
of the ith subgroup, the Levene test statistic is defined as:
75
H0:
Ha: for at least one pair (i,j).
The Levene test statistic W is defined as:
Where,
 W is the result of the test;

 k is the number of different groups to which the samples belong,
 N is the total number of samples,
 Ni is the number of samples in the ith group,
 Yij is the value of the jth sample from the ith group,
 where Zij can have one of the following three definitions:
1.
Where, is the mean of the ith subgroup.
2.
Where, is the median of the ith subgroup.
3.
Where, is the 10% trimmed mean of the ith subgroup.
76
The significance of W is tested against F (α, k − 1, N − k) where F is a quantile of
the F test distribution, with (k−1) and (N−k) are
its degrees of freedom, and α is the chosen level of significance (usually 0.05 or 0.01).
The rejection of null hypothesis will tend to the inability of Student’s t-test to derive
accurate results. In such cases, Welch’s t-test is highly recommended which ignores the
differences in variances and provides direction to apply valid t-test.
3.7.4 Accounting Ratios
The simple meaning of ratios is to express one number in terms of another. A ratio is
regarded as a statistical yardstick which attempts to compare and measure relationship
between two or more variables. In finance, the term accounting ratios is used to describe
relationship between the figures shown in financial statements i.e. Balance Sheet and
Profit and Loss Account. In the present study various ratios have been used wherever
required to determine the relationship between the variables considered under different
sectors.
3.7.5 Trend Analysis
The term "trend analysis" refers to the concept of collection of data and attempts to spot a
pattern, or trend in the data. As the data related to financial indicators has been processed
for a period of 18 years, therefore, the trend analysis has been carried out in order to
know the change over this period while making a comparative analysis of the financial
indicators.
3.7.6 Logistic Regression
Logistic regression analysis (LRA) extends the techniques of multiple regression

analysis to research situations in which the outcome variable is categorical. The model
for logistic regression analysis assumes that the outcome variable, Y, is categorical
(e.g., dichotomous), but LRA does not model this outcome variable directly. Rather,
77
LRA is based on probabilities associated with the values of Y. For simplicity, and
because it is the case most commonly encountered in practice, we assume that Y is
dichotomous, taking on values of 1 (i.e., the positive outcome, or success) and 0 (i.e.,
the negative outcome, or failure). For theoretical, mathematical reasons, LRA is based
on a linear model for the natural logarithm of the odds (i.e., the log-odds) in favor of Y
= 1 (Dayton, 1992)
An explanation of logistic regression begins with an explanation of the logistic

function, which, like probabilities, always takes on values between zero and one:
The input is z and the output is ƒ(z). The logistic function is useful because it can take
as an input any value from negative infinity to positive infinity, whereas the output is
confined to values between 0 and 1. The variable z represents the exposure to some set
of independent variables, while ƒ(z) represents the probability of a particular outcome,
given that set of explanatory variables. The variable z is a measure of the total
contribution of all the independent variables used in the model and is known as
the logit.
The variable z is usually defined as
where is called the "intercept" and , , , and so on, are called the "regression
coefficients" of , , respectively. The intercept is the value of z when the value of
all independent variables are zero (e.g. the value of z in someone with no risk factors).
Each of the regression coefficients describes the size of the contribution of that risk
factor. A positive regression coefficient means that the explanatory variable increases
the probability of the outcome, while a negative regression coefficient means that the
variable decreases the probability of that outcome; a large regression coefficient means
78
that the risk factor strongly influences the probability of that outcome, while a near-
zero regression coefficient means that that risk factor has little influence on the
probability of that outcome.
Coefficient of Logit Regression and Mode Fit
Instead of finding the best fitting line by minimizing the squared residuals, as we did with
OLS regression, we use a different approach with logistic Maximum Likelihood (ML).
ML is a way of finding the smallest possible deviance between the observed and
predicted values (kind of like finding the best fitting line) using calculus (derivatives
specifically). With ML, the computer uses different "iterations" in which it tries different
solutions until it gets the smallest possible deviance or best fit.
The regression coefficient of the model represented by McFadden R-squared sometimes

called the Likelihood Ratio Index [LRI]):
 2  1
LL( B)
LL(0)
McFadden’s R square tends to be smaller than R-square. This is because the Likelihood
Ratio Index (LRI) depends on the ratio of the beginning and ending log-likelihood
functions, it is very difficult to "maximize the R2" in logistic regression. and the values
between 0.2 to 0.4 are considered to be highly satisfactory (McFadden, 1979).
3.7.6.1 Testing for Assumptions of Regression Model
Heteroscedasticity
Most of the basic forms of models make use of the assumption that the errors or
disturbances ui have the same variance across all observation points. However, when the
variance of errors differs at different values of the independent variables, the
presence of heteroscedasticity is indicated. Heteroscedasticity is reflected in the
residuals estimated from a fitted model. To deal with this problem, heteroscedasticity-
79
consistent standard errors are used to allow the fitting of a model containing
heteroscedastic residuals. One of such approaches is White's (1980) estimator, which
explicitly tests forms of heteroscedasticity i.e. the relation of u2 with all independent
variables (Xi), squares of independent variables (Xi2) and all cross products (XiXj for i=j).
The present study makes use of White Heteroscedasticity Consistent Covariances to deal
with problem of existence of any heteroscedasticity in the data as this test is also
particularly suitable for large sample sizes.
Multicollinearity
Multicollinearity is a statistical phenomenon in which two or more predictor variables in

a multiple regression model are highly correlated. In this situation, the coefficient
estimates may change erratically in response to small changes in the model or the data
(Donald and Glauber, 1967). To detect the presence of multicollinearity in data, two
statistical measures have been employed. These are:
 Variance Inflation Factor (VIF): The Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) quantifies
the severity of multicollinearity in an ordinary least squares regression analysis. It
provides an index that measures how much the variance of an estimated
regression coefficient is inflated because of collinearity. Usually, the VIF values
ranging from 4 to 10 indicate the presence of higher multicollinearity between the
predictors (Rogerson, 2001; and Pan & Jackson, 2008). In order to check the
presence of multicollinearity in the data, VIF’s have been used in all regression
models.
 Tolerance: Tolerance is a measure of collinearity reported by most statistical
programs such as SPSS. A small tolerance value indicates that the variable under
consideration is almost a perfect linear combination of the independent variables
already in the equation and that it should not be added to the regression equation
(Cohen et al., 2003). All variables involved in the linear relationship will have a
small tolerance. If a low tolerance value is accompanied by large standard errors
80
and non significance, multicollinearity may be an issue (Fox, 1991). The measure
of tolerance is given as
Where, is the coefficient of determination of a regression of explanatory j on

all the other predictors. Tolerance values of less than 0.20 or 0.10 and indicates a
multicollinearity problem (O'Brien 2007). In other words, a tolerance close to 1
means existence of modest multicollinearity in the data, whereas a value close to
0 suggests that multicollinearity may be a severe threat.
3.8 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study has universal applicability as the data for the study consists of all the Indian
and foreign corporations operating in India which have been listed with Bombay Stock
Exchange. Moreover, the study has attempted to measure the performance of
multinationals in India and also attempts to compare their performance with Indian
counterparts, the study provides a base for the policy makers to estimate the impact of
foreign companies on domestic companies. This will help them in formulating the
policies keeping in mind the interest of domestic companies. This study will further help
the Indian entrepreneurs to know the areas where foreign companies are not performing
well or where less competition is posed by foreign companies and hence guide them to
invest in such areas and to earn profits.
Limitations have always been a part and parcel of any analytical research work. This
study is also not free from the ambit of the same. Some of the limitations are listed
below:
81
1. The study is based on secondary data; therefore, the study suffers from all
limitations suffered by a research based on secondary data.
2. As the topic of the research is too comprehensive to cover all the units as well as
sectors in the universe in the given time frame, however, the study remained
confined to three main corporate sectors of India i.e. chemicals, food and
machinery. Therefore, the findings of the study may not be generalized to
excluded sectors and a separate research is required to be conducted for these
sectors.
3. Due to limitation of time and resources, the study excluded tertiary sector which
constitutes a significant share of Indian GDP. As policy guidelines are favoring
increasing share of foreign participation in Indian service sector, therefore,
research in this area can be pursued in future.
4. Limitations concerning to time, also denied a possibility of collection of primary
data to know the manager’s perception of Indian policy framework concerning
smooth growth of MNCs for mutual benefit.
82

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CHAPTER III

DATABASE AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 STATEMENT AND OVERVIEW OF PURPOSE

“The main aim of this study is to understand the dynamics of performance of

3.2 UNIVERSE AND SAMPLE

3.2.1 Universe of the Study

 Organized industrial sector;

PROWESS proves to be a comprehensive database for research as the companies

 65 per cent of all corporate tax assesses in India;

The database is built on a sound understanding of accounting standards and

3.2.2 Sample and Sampling Unit

3.3 PERIOD OF STUDY

3.4 NATURE OF DATA

Since 1960, the research on multinational corporations has gained enormous

DATA ARRANGEMENT OF POOLED DATA

1. I T C Ltd. 1992 Foreign Machinery 286.4 50.0

2. V S T Industries Ltd. 1992 Foreign Chemical 429.8 50.8

3. Nestle India Ltd. 1992 Foreign Food 312.0 30.5

4. Glaxosmithkline Healthcare Ltd. 1992 Indian Food 125.9 25.2

5. Agro Tech Foods Ltd. 1992 Indian Food 123.5 24.2

6. I T C Ltd. 1993 Foreign Machinery 290.4 35.2

7. V S T Industries Ltd. 1993 Foreign Chemical 479.8 47.2

8. Nestle India Ltd. 1993 Foreign Food 342.0 35.2

9. Glaxosmithkline Healthcare Ltd. 1993 Indian Food 155.9 15.6

11. I T C Ltd. 1994 Foreign Machinery 290.4 31.0

12. V S T Industries Ltd. 1994 Foreign Chemical 449.8 55.0

13. Nestle India Ltd. 1994 Foreign Food 322.0 32.0

14. Glaxosmithkline Healthcare Ltd. 1994 Indian Food 165.9 18.0

16. I T C Ltd. 1995 Foreign Machinery 269.4 27.22

17. V S T Industries Ltd. 1995 Foreign Chemical 439.8 46.0

18. Nestle India Ltd. 1995 Foreign Food 362.0 38.0

19. Glaxosmithkline Healthcare Ltd. 1995 Indian Food 135.9 15.0

21. I T C Ltd. 1996 Foreign Machinery 236.4 25.0

22. V S T Industries Ltd. 1996 Foreign Chemical 455.8 48.0

23. Nestle India Ltd. 1996 Foreign Food 382.0 34.0

24. Glaxosmithkline Healthcare Ltd. 1996 Indian Food 165.9 18.20

3.6 HYPOTHSES OF THE STUDY

 H1 = There is no significant difference in mean of profitability performance of

 H2 = There exists a significant difference between mean of profitability

 H3 = There is no significant difference in mean of profitability performance of

 H4 = There exists a significant difference between mean of profitability

 H5 = There is no significant difference in mean of profitability performance of

 H6 = There exists a significant difference between mean of profitability

 H8 = There exists a difference between mean of export intensity of Foreign

 H9 = There is no difference in mean of export intensity of Foreign Multinational

 H10 = There exists a difference between mean of export intensity of Foreign

 H11 = There is no difference in mean of export intensity of Foreign Multinational

 H12 = There exists a difference between mean of export intensity of Foreign

 H13 = There is no difference in mean of Research and Development intensity of

 H14 = There exists a difference between mean of Research and Development

 H15 = There is no difference in mean of Research and Development intensity of

 H17 = There is no difference in mean of Research and Development intensity of

 H18 = There exists a difference mean of Research and Development intensity of

3.7 TECHNIQUES APPLIED FOR EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

3.7.1 Student’s t-test

3.7.1.1 Independent Samples t test

The independent samples t-test is used to compare the statistical significance of a

 Each of the two populations should follow a normal distribution;

Hypothesis for Independent Sample t-test

The null hypothesis for the independent samples t test is as follows:

3.7.2 WELCH T-TEST

One of the assumption before application of independent sample t-test is homogeneity of

Welch’s t = Sample Mean1 – Sample Mean 2