Assistant Professor Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot What is importance of this subject ? • Demand of electrical energy is increasing day by day due to improvement in the life style of the people in particular and development of the countries in general.
• On the other hand, conventional sources of power
generation are limited. Under this scenario, the power system network operates in a stressed condition. • Effective management of generation, transmission and distribution of electrical power is necessary for optimal system operation, for loss minimization and to avoid the unwanted power cuts.
• This subject deals with the fundamentals for
effective operation and control of the power system. Subject Credit - 04 • Chapter-1 Automatic Generation and Voltage Control • Chapter-2 Power System Security • Chapter-3 Reactive Power and Voltage Control • Chapter-4 State Estimation • Chapter-5 Load Forecasting • Chapter-6 Introduction to Power System Deregulation and Restructuring Which Load damage the system ?
• Obviously Inductive Load
• After Connection of inductive load ? What happens? • What is reactive power? • How reactive power can be controlled ? • What is effect in system stability • What is the solution of problems ? What is Open Access ? • Liquidity of Open source in India • Effects of open access in Grid ? • How open access system can be controlled? Importance of Operation & Control • We know that Power System is the very large network. • System stability is the challenges now a days • Why smart operation in need ? • How system can be controlled? What is the role of Power system Engineer ? Must know about the system operation & control ? Fast operation & Maintenance Effect of operation How to control the improper operation What is Load frequency control ? • Power sharing between two areas occurs through these tie-lines. • Load frequency control, as the name signifies, regulates the power flow between different areas while holding the frequency constant. What is Load frequency control ? • Two main variables that change during transient power load are: Area frequency and Tie-line power interchange.
• The concept of Load Frequency Control (LFC) is
directly related to the aforementioned variables since the task is to minimize this variation.
• The key thing is to maintain the steady state at null
position. In this vein, effective measures like Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) have been • The main bifurcation between frequency and voltage in power system is on the account of active and reactive power.
• The dependency of frequency is on active power whereas
that of voltage is on the reactive power.
• The combination of active power and frequency control is
generally known as Load Frequency Control. Purpose:- • The major purposes of LFC can be summarized as follows:
• Maintaining frequency at transient power loads
(unknown external disturbance)
• Regulation of tie line power exchanger error
• Tackling ambiguities in the power system model and the
variations • Power System has several generating units in which the notion of fault/load tolerance has to be enhanced.
• For this purpose tie-lines are made between these
interconnected units.
• Owing to the introduction of tie lines, the controller has
also got to deal with tie line power exchange error.
• There is a need to have a unique load frequency controller
for each area. This is because the interconnected system has to set their set-points in a different manner. • With more interconnectedness of the system, the complexity would also increase in terms of the tuning controller parameters.
• In such cases, when the controllers are being designed, all
approximations have to be included in the parameters. Objectives • Maintaining the frequency
• Keeping the tie line power exchange in sync
Existing Load Frequency Control Solutions • PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) • This basically caters to the issue of decentralized LFC cases.
• This is a robust system and tackles ambiguities well enough
through it multiple controls like disturbance accommodation and ramp following.
• In addition to this, it also has a predictive control scheme
and an optimal tracking approach as well. • Genetic Algorithm (GA): • This particular control technique is a depiction of one of the best kind of computer intelligence in power systems. • Different research designs have approved of the GA where it was used along with PI type controllers. • Using linear matrix inequalities (GALMI), GA has been able to solve complex optimization problems. • The main difference in the functionality of GA and PID is that the latter one uses a H2/H∞ controller. • Active disturbance rejection control (ADRC): • This particular control technique is widely famous technique. • In terms of design, the main parameters of focus in ADRC are the input and the output. • This simply means that in order to perform its control tasks, the main information is analyzed from the input and output portions of the power system. • The name of this controller is also able to depict its function too. • ADRC is able to detect the disturbance in the real system and also able to reject it. • One of the main reasons for the general popularity of ADRC is its practicality. (In this particular case, no additional information is needed like the precise model information.)
• In this manner, its activity is very directed and efficient
against the uncertainty or any external disturbance in the system. • Conclusion • One thing that is needed to be pointed out here is the fact that in research being done on LFC, at times, some plant limits are omitted. Because of this, the practicality of controllers could be hindered on a large scale usage. We have discussed about ADRC. • It is also possible to regulate the control effort and response cycle by tuning the ESO and state feedback controller. Additional research is still needed to be done to develop a quantitative method for determining control parameters in the case of ADRC. This is where the application of genetic algorithms comes in. Thank You