Harar Water Supply and Sanitation Project1234567

HARAR WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS 1-7
DSEPHR DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIO- ECONOMIC PROFILE OF
HARARI REGION, 1-7
HARARI PEOPLE AND NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE STATISTICAL
ABSTRACT DOCUMENT, DECEMBER 2003EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1-7
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1-8
1 INTRODUCTION 1:1
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION...........................................................................................................1:1
1.2 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT......................................................................................................1:1
1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVE.............................................................................................................................1:2
1.4 THIS REPORT...........................................................................................................................................1:3
2 THE PROJECT AREA 2:5
2.1 LOCATION................................................................................................................................................2:5
2.2 CLIMATE..................................................................................................................................................2:6
2.3 GROUND WATER RESOURCES............................................................................................................2:7
2.4 GROUND WATER QUALITY..................................................................................................................2:8
3 SOCIO-ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT 3:9
3.1 POPULATION PATERN...........................................................................................................................3:9
3.2 HOUSEHOLD SIZE..................................................................................................................................3:9
3.3 HOUSING................................................................................................................................................3:10
3.4 EDUCATION...........................................................................................................................................3:11
3.4.1 Traditional system of education.....................................................................................................3:11
3.4.2 Modern Education.........................................................................................................................3:12
3.5 HEALTH..................................................................................................................................................3:13
3.6 INDUSTRY..............................................................................................................................................3:14
3.7 WATER AND SANITATION...................................................................................................................3:15
4 EXISTING WATER SUPPLY SITUATION 4:16
4.1 SERVED/UNSERVED POPULATION THE MDG REQUIREMENTS................................................4:16
4.2 SOURCE..................................................................................................................................................4:17
4.3 TREATMENT PLANTS..........................................................................................................................4:17
4.4 STORAGES TANKS...............................................................................................................................4:18
4.5 TRANSMISSION LINES........................................................................................................................4:18
4.6 ON- LINE TOWNS.................................................................................................................................4:18
4.7 SERVICE RESERVIRS...........................................................................................................................4:18
4.8 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.....................................................................................................................4:19
4.9 PIPED CONNECTION............................................................................................................................4:19
5 POPULATIOON PROJECTION 5:22
5.1 GENERAL...............................................................................................................................................5:22
5.2 DESIGN PERIOD....................................................................................................................................5:22
5.3 SOURCES OF INFORMATION.............................................................................................................5:22
5.4 DESIGN POPULATION.........................................................................................................................5:23
5.4.1 Previous Consultants Design Projections.....................................................................................5:23
5.4.2 Satellite Towns...............................................................................................................................5:23
5.4.3 Detailed Kebele Level Growth Rates.............................................................................................5:24
5.4.4 Revised Design Projections...........................................................................................................5:24
5.4.5 HARAR CITY.................................................................................................................................5:24
5.4.6 Harar City Kebeles........................................................................................................................5:25
BCEOM/WWDSE/CECE Design Review Report, Volume I, Edition December 2005 1
5.4.7 Jegol area growth Rate analysis....................................................................................................5:25

5.4.8 Influence of Urban Developments.................................................................................................5:26
5.4.9 Harar City Population by Pressure Zones....................................................................................5:27
5.4.10 On-Line Towns............................................................................................................................5:1
5.4.11 Total Project Population.............................................................................................................5:1
6 WATER DEMAND 6:2
6.1 GENERAL.................................................................................................................................................6:2
6.2 DEMAND COMPARISON.......................................................................................................................6:2
6.2.1 Existing Demand Record.................................................................................................................6:2
6.2.2 Other Cities and Towns...................................................................................................................6:3
6.3 DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND...............................................................................................................6:4
6.3.1 Consumptions variance...................................................................................................................6:4
6.3.2 Modes of service..............................................................................................................................6:4
6.4 TRADITIONAL SOURCE USES.............................................................................................................6:4
6.5 AVERAGE PER CAPITA WATER DEMAND FOR HARAR CITY........................................................6:5
6.6 PROJECTION OF AVERAGE PER CAPITA DEMAND.........................................................................6:5
6.6.1 Population percentage distribution by mode of service..................................................................6:5
6.7 NON-DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND.....................................................................................................6:7
6.7.1 Commercial and Institutional Water Demand.................................................................................6:7
6.7.2 Industrial Water Demand................................................................................................................6:7
6.8 PUBLIC WATER DEMAND.....................................................................................................................6:8
6.9 EDUCATIONAL WATER DEMAND.......................................................................................................6:8
6.10 UNACCOUNTED AND LOSSES............................................................................................................6:9
6.11 PEAKING FACTORS................................................................................................................................6:9
6.11.1 Harar City.................................................................................................................................6:10
6.12 SPECIFIC WATER CONSUMPTION.....................................................................................................6:10
6.13 ZONAL DISTRIBUTION.......................................................................................................................6:13
6.14 NODAL CONSUMPTION......................................................................................................................6:14
6.15 ACCESSIBILITY AND RELIABILITY.................................................................................................6:14
6.16 PRESENTATION OF THE WATER DEMAND CALCULATION........................................................6:14
7 WATER SUPPLY DESIGN 7:15
7.1 DESIGN REVIEW PROCEDURES........................................................................................................7:15
7.2 GENERAL CRITERIA............................................................................................................................7:16
7.2.1 Design Horizon..............................................................................................................................7:16
7.2.2 Pipe Materials...............................................................................................................................7:16
7.2.3 Type of Connections.......................................................................................................................7:16
7.2.4 Service Reservoirs.........................................................................................................................7:17
7.3 HYDRUALIC DESIGN...........................................................................................................................7:17
7.3.1 Distribution System........................................................................................................................7:17
7.3.2..............................................................................................................................................................7:19
7.3.3 Supply and Demand Pattern..........................................................................................................7:19
7.3.3.1 Supply during Peak Demand....................................................................................................7:19
7.3.3.2 Supply during minimum demand...........................................................................................7:19
7.3.4 Velocities........................................................................................................................................7:19
7.3.5 Pressures........................................................................................................................................7:19
7.3.6 Pipe Sizes:......................................................................................................................................7:20
7.4 ELECTRO-MECHANICAL WORKS.....................................................................................................7:20
7.4.1 Pumping Arrangement...................................................................................................................7:20
7.4.2 Capacity of the Transformer/ Generator.......................................................................................7:20
7.4.3 Remote Control telemetry SCADA system.....................................................................................7:20
7.5 OPERATIONAL FEATURES..................................................................................................................7:21
7.6 UTILISATION OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM......................................................................................7:22
7.7 HYGIENE AND SANITATION..............................................................................................................7:23
8 PROJECT COMPONENTS 8:25
8.1 WELFIELD AREA..................................................................................................................................8:25
8.1.1 Collection Tanks/Wet Wells............................................................................................................8:25

8.1.2 Pumping Arrangements.................................................................................................................8:27
8.1.3 Surge tanks.....................................................................................................................................8:27
8.2 SUPPLY MAIN FROM THE WELLFIELDS TO HARAR....................................................................8:28
8.2.1 Pressure Main Section (Pumping Main).......................................................................................8:28
8.2.2 Gravity Main Section.....................................................................................................................8:28
8.3 TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY.....................................................................................................................8:29
8.4 STORAGE...............................................................................................................................................8:30
8.4.1 General..........................................................................................................................................8:30
8.4.2 Existing Reservoir Facilities.........................................................................................................8:30
8.4.3 Storage for Distribution.................................................................................................................8:30
8.4.4 Storage to Compensate Daily Variations of Demand....................................................................8:30
8.4.5 Storage In Case Of Interruptions..................................................................................................8:31
8.4.6 Reservoir Locations and Capacities..............................................................................................8:32
8.4.6.1 Proposed Reservoir Facilities....................................................................................................8:32
8.4.6.2 Storage during Pump Failure....................................................................................................8:33
8.4.6.3 Pumping Station Location.........................................................................................................8:33
8.4.6.4 Required pumps...........................................................................................................................8:34
8.5 HARAR CITY WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM...........................................................................................8:35
8.5.1 PRESSURE ZONES OF THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK.........................................................8:35
8.5.2 Break Pressure Tanks.....................................................................................................................8:38
8.5.3 Collecting Chamber (Cc)...............................................................................................................8:39
8.5.4 Distribution Network.....................................................................................................................8:39
8.5.4.1 Water Transfer Mains of the Distribution System..............................................................8:39
8.5.4.2 Pipe Distribution Net Work........................................................................................................8:40
8.5.4.3 Public Fountain..............................................................................................................................8:42
8.6 ON-LINE TOWNS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.....................................................................................8:43
8.6.1 Alemaya Town Water supply System..............................................................................................8:43
8.6.1.1 Distribution........................................................................................................................................8:43
8.6.1.2 Service Reservoir.........................................................................................................................8:43
8.6.2 Transfer Main................................................................................................................................8:44
8.6.3 Distribution Network.....................................................................................................................8:44
8.6.4 Public Fountain Alemaya..............................................................................................................8:45
8.6.5 Aweday town Water supply Distribution System...........................................................................8:45
8.6.5.1 General............................................................................................................................................8:45
8.6.5.2 Aweday Reservoir........................................................................................................................8:45
8.6.5.3 Aweday Transfer Main................................................................................................................8:46
8.6.5.4 Aweday Distribution Network..................................................................................................8:46
8.6.5.5 Aweday Public Fountain.............................................................................................................8:47
8.6.6 Adele and Dengego Water Supply System.....................................................................................8:47
8.6.6.1 General............................................................................................................................................8:47
8.6.6.2 Population and Water Demand................................................................................................8:47
9 WATER TREATMENT 9:48

9.1 HASSELISO WATERS............................................................................................................................9:48
9.2 SELCETED TREATMENT SITES.........................................................................................................9:48
9.3 DISINFECTANT SELECTION...............................................................................................................9:49
9.4 APPLICATION AND DOSAGE REQUIREMENTS.............................................................................9:50
9.4.1 Dosage Requirement......................................................................................................................9:50
9.4.2 Hypo-chlorination facilities...........................................................................................................9:50
9.4.3 Storage area / Dengego and Harar...............................................................................................9:50
9.5 THE CHEMICAL FEED ROOM / DENGEGO AND HARAR.............................................................9:51
10 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT 10:52
10.1 HARAR CITY.......................................................................................................................................10:52

TABLE OF PICTURES
Picture 1. Relative Location of the Project Area...................................2:5

Figure 2. Relative Location of the Project Area....................................2:7
Picture 3. Distribution Tanker in Jegol (Cylinderical one).................6:13
Picture 4. Emergency period distribution............................................8:42

LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Central Location of Harar City and ON-Line Towns..................2:6

Table 2.2. Bore Holes Characteristics in Dire Jara Well field......................2:8
Table 2.3Comparison of Sampled Water Sources with WHO Guide Line.....2:8
Table 3.1 summary of Harari Region population pattern until 2005...........3:9
Table 3.2 summary of On-Line Towns population pattern until 2005..........3:9
Table 3.2 Housing Units and Population Growth from 1984 to 1994On-Line
Towns........................................................................................................3:10
Table 3.3 Population and housing number for the year 2004...............3:10
Table 3.4 Urban Housing Units by Type of Building, Harari Region, 1994. 3:10
Table 3.5 Housing units by Number of Rooms, Harar City, 1994..............3:11
Table 3.6 Housing Needs in Harar City......................................................3:11
TABLE 3.7 NUMBER OF STUDENTS PER SCHOOL, CLASSROOM, TEACHER, 1999...3:12
Table 3.8 Projected School Age Population ............Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Table 3.9 Number of Students in Schools ............................................3:13
Table 3.10 Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER)..............................................3:13
Table 3.11 Harar’s Hospitals and Health Centers:...................................3:13
Table 3.12 Large Scale Manufacturing by, 1999..................................3:14
Table 3.13 Number of Small Scale Industries, 2000............................3:14
Table 3.14 Toilet Facilities of Housing units, Harar City, 1994..................3:15
Table 4- 1: Water Supply Coverage and Population Change...................4:16
Table 4.2 Constructed Reservoirs.............................................................4:19
Table 4.3 Piped Water Connections of Harar City (October 2004)...........4:20
Table 4.4 Alemaya Town Piped Water Connections October 2004:..........4:20
Table 4.5 Aweday Town Piped Water Connections October 2004:...........4:20
Table 4.6 Adele Town Piped Water Connections October 2005:...............4:21
Table 4.7 Adele Town Piped Water Connections October 1999:...............4:21
Table 5.1 Population forecast of Alexander Gibb based on Census 1994. 5:23
Table 5.2 Projection introduced by WWDSE.......................................5:23
Table 5.3 Population Growth Rates and projection for Harari Region/1995–
2030 Percentage, MV...............................................................................5:24
Table 5.5 Kebeles completely inside Jegol................................................5:25
Table 5.6 Three (3) Kebeles completely inside Jegol....................5:26
Table 5.7 Summaries of Zonal and Sub-Zonal Population & Density. . .5:28
Table 5.8. Harar City Population and Density per Kebele..........................5:1
Table 5 .9 Population Projection of On-Line Towns........................5:1
Table 5.10 Population Projection of On-Line Towns........................5:1
Table 6.1 Harar Town Water Demand Statistics..........................................6:2
Table 6.2 Harar town Water Demand Statistics (Continuation of Table 6.1)
...................................................................................................................6:3
Table 6-3 Per capita water demand by residential categories in major cities
of Ethiopia, (Mesfin 1988)..........................................................................6:3
Table 6-4: Average Per Capita water consumption and house occupancy in
major Ethiopian Cities (Mesfin 1988).........................................................6:4
Table 6.5 Breakdown of Per capita water demand by Purpose...............6:5
Table 6.6 PCD- Alemaya Population Percentage Population Served...........6:5
Table 6.7 PCD- Aweday Population Percentage Population Served.............6:6

Table 6.8 PCD- Adele Population Percentage Population Served................6:6
Table 6.9 PCD- Dengego Population Percentage Population Served...........6:6
Table 6.10 Summary of Domestic Demand...............................................6:6
Table6.11 Summary of commercial demands............................................6:7
Table 6.12 summary of total (industrial)non-domestic demand...............6:7
Table 6.13 Summary of Harar town Public water demand..........................6:8
Table 6.14 Summary of educational demand.........................................6:8
Table 6.15 Summary of Unaccounted and losses.......................................6:9
Table 6.16 Typical Rate of Water Use........................................................6:11
Table 5.9. Estimated Specific Water Consumption of Different User Groups
.................................................................................................................6:12
Table 6.17 Summary of Zonal Water Demand........................................6:13
Table7.1 Expected Disease Reductions from Improved Water and Sanitation
.................................................................................................................7:24
Table 8.1 Differences of flow between pumps..........................................8:25
Table 8.2 Differences of flow between pumps..........................................8:27
Table 8.3 Reservoirs Location and capacity..............................................8:30
Table 8.4 Storage Requirement for daily variations of demand...............8:31
Table 8.5 Storage Capacity Determination..............................................8:32
Table 8.6 Available Storage Capacity when there is Pump Failure............8:33
Table 8.7 Discharge From Each Break Pressure Tanks & Reservoirs........8:38
Table 8.8 Summary of Elevation Range for Each Zone.............................8:38
Table 8.9 Description of Water Transfer Mains......................................8:40
Table 8.10 Length and Diameter of pipes for the distribution network of
Harar city. 8:41
Table 8.11 Length and Diameter of Distribution Main for Harar City......8:41
Table 8.12 Summary of Extreme Pressure Values in the distribution system
of Harar city..............................................................................................8:42

Abbreviation and Acronyms
WWDSE
MWR
CECE
BECOM
ADB African development Bank

LSP Local Service Providers
ME Monitoring and Evaluation
MDG Millennium Development Goal
NGO Non Governmental Organization
OM Operation and Maintenance
PDO Project Development Objective
HRS Harari Regional State
WASHCOM Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Committee
WATSAN Water and Sanitation
WSS Water Supply and Sanitation
DSEPHR Demographic and Socio- Economic Profile of

Harari Region,
Harari People and National Regional State Statistical Abstract

Document, December 2003

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
RESPONDING TO WATER DISASTER IN HARAR CITY
Harar city is the capital city of the HRS in Ethiopia. Due to the rapid
population aggregate growth rate estimated at 2.5- 3.5 percent per annum,
the old age of the existing water supply network, depletion of the water
source; the network failing to meet the demand by the population and
future development plans which opens the opportunity for investors to
invest in various industries in the city
On 11 February 2004, the water supply system in Harar City came to a

complete halt. It was not unexpected phenomena that the system abruptly
halt, however,. There had been a steady decline over the past decade in
both the quality and quantity of water being delivered to the residents of
the over 1,000 year old historic walled-town, one of Ethiopia's world
heritage sites with its five gates and 99 mosques.
Lake Alemaya, the town's principal source of water since 1960, lies
exhausted, no longer able to supply the pipes with even ration levels. The
Alemaya water treatment facility originally designed to serve a population
of 70,000. Annual deposits of close to 8,000 metric tons of silt have
compounded the problem reducing the lake's water capacity by
approximately 7,500 cubic meters per year. Unregulated irrigation, with
farmers pumping water to reach fields up to 12 kilometres away, has
depleted already strained resources even further.
Even the groundwater basin corresponding to this lake is in danger, if its

future use and management not properly considered and brought under
control. Presently the University of Alemaya, with its own water supply, as
well as Harar brewery and the city of Harar, are getting their supplies from
this limited groundwater basin.
The present project shall implement the Water Supply of Harar City & On-
Line Towns and villages of Oromia Region located along the new supply
main namely: Alemaya, Adele, Aweday, and Dengego.
The sources to be exploited are well fields in the Rift Valley, some 20 km
West of Dire Dawa, on the road to Hurso, near Hasseliso village. From the
groundwater level (around 1160-80 masl.) to the reservoir above Dengego
(at 2135 masl), in top of the 42 km of pressure main, there are 980m
difference of height. The distance from the well fields to Harar’s main
reservoir R6 is 71 km.

DEMOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION
The demographic evolution of Harar City & On-Line Towns and villages of
Oromia Region that are included in the Water Supply Project is based on the
national Census conducted in 1994 by CSA and the forecast by DSEPHR,
2001 & 2003.
For Harar City, a varying population growth over the project area was
applied, in order to take into account the development of the modern part
of the city of the outer sectors of the town. The review of the localities of
Oromia Region: Alemaya, Aweday, Adele and Dengego, is mainly based on
the December 2003 document.
Chapter 5 deals with the Demographic Evolution of Harar City Harar City &
On-Line Towns. Find detailed calculations in Annex 1.
WATER DEMAND CALCULATION
Based on the population forecast, a detailed analysis of the domestic,

commercial, industrial and institutional water demand for each zone and
sub-zone is presented. The design criteria take into account researches
made for other Ethiopian cities and the specific situation of Harar City and
its future, pumped water supply.
Find more details and analyses in Annex 2.
SUPPLY MAIN FROM THE WELLFIELDS TO HARAR TOWN
The four booster pumping stations are relocated in order to optimise

supply, operation and maintenance of the pumps. During Phase I of the
project (until 2015), the three intermediate stations will have the same
pumps, in Phase II all pumping stations can be equipped with the same
pumps. Pumps can progressively be installed according to the water
demand. The Consultants recommend constructing immediately both wet-
wells foreseen at each pumping station.
Given the size of the system over 71 km with 1000m difference of height,
the installation of an efficient SCADA System (Telemetry) is essential to
avoid spilling of water and poor distribution, and effective management of
the pumps in function of the level of the reservoirs.
The size of the purchased DN600 pipes for the gravity main between
Dengego and Harar City is sufficient for Phase I, year 2015. For Phase II, a
booster pumping station in Alemaya is needed.
Main structures of pumping stations, reservoirs and buildings of the supply
main have been analysed and drawn, in order to allow a rapid preparation
of work-drawings by the contractor.

The topographic survey of the whole Supply Main shall be conducted at the
beginning of the civil contract works.
O&M equipment (see chapter 10) is included in the tenders for
Electromechanical Equipment and SCADA System, this material being
dependent of the type of equipment purchased.
WATER STORAGE
At the 4 main pumping stations twin 500m3 collection tanks (wet wells) are
proposed, a total of 8 units. These tanks are needed for smooth operation
of the pumps. The Consultant recommends to construct all 8 tanks during
the first phase of construction. The rational explanation is given in chapter
4.
The projected capacity of the distribution reservoirs by the previous design
is acceptable for daily compensation of consumption, at the condition that
an efficient SCADA System (Telemetry) is guiding the operation.
In case of major interruptions however, additional storage capacity is
needed. The Consultants recommend therefore to construct an additional
reservoir in Harar City and to increase the capacity in Dengego in the near
future.
WATER TREATMENT
The present design proposes chlorination at Dengego reservoir and post-

chlorination in Harar, using calcium hypochlorite for security reasons.
However, the use of chlorine gas may be considered.
The waters of Hasseliso being very hard with a high CaCO3 value, scaling
and clogging of the piped system may become a problem. To avoid it,
lowering of the pH value in the system may be considered. Practically the
effect of scaling can be seen in Diredawa town water supply office where
pipes are openly laid full of calcium deposits clogging the passage of water.
WATER DISTRIBUTION
The distribution of all concerned localities has been analysed. The general
layout is based on the respective urban development plans. A topographic
survey of the distribution of Alemaya and Aweday has been made, along
with a certain number of GPS points.
Sites for public fountains have been individuated, but those of the Oromia
Region need official confirmation. All sites for installations and reservoirs
have also to be given officially to the project.
WATER METERS AND TEST BENCH

The installation of water meters cannot be separated from installation of

connections.
To avoid leakages, connections shall be made using tapping saddles on the
distribution pipe. Bronze ferrules for under pressure connections, correct
fittings and repair clams shall be used.
Given the high future price of water in Harar, volumetric water meters type
C complying with ISO-Standard 4064/1 are proposed.
For maintenance purposes of the water meters, a test bench complying
with ISO-Standard 4064/3 is proposed.
ADMINISTRATIVE COMPOUND
An adequate site shall be chosen for the administrative building, workshop

and store, including the managers dwelling.
PUBLIC AND COMMUNITY LATRINES
The sites in Harar City have been identified. For the sites in On-Line Towns
official confirmation has not been received. This sanitation with water
supply linkage is appreciated by the local population, as most do not have
private showers.
DRAINAGE AND SANITATION
Especially in the narrow streets of Jegol water supply, drainage and

sewerage shall ideally be executed at the same time, and accordingly
coordinated.

2 INTRODUCTION
2.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Harar City is one of the oldest towns in the country. The water supply to
Harar first commenced approximately one hundred years ago with the
capping of Sophie Spring and the laying of gravity main to convey water to a
reservoir located in old part of the town. The system was expanded during
Italian occupation of 19361 to 1941 by the capping of two additional springs
and construction of four service reservoirs. In 1983, the water supply has
been further expanded with construction of Lake Alemaya intake and
treatment plant with water being delivered to the newly constructed Aboker
reservoir. Since then Lake Alemaya has been used as the sole source of
water supply for Harar, Alemaya, Aweday and Hamaressa.
In the past few years, Harar City has experienced a fast population growth
and with the development of the town the demand for piped water supply
has also significantly increased, as a result the existing Alemaya source
could not satisfy even the existing demand with out including the new
developments. The amount of water in the lake has decreased to such an
extent that it is no more able to draw water from the lake and supply the
town. The reason for the fast decrease of the level of the lake is mainly due
to silting, and the increasing usage of the water by the surrounding farmers
for irrigation.
2.2 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT
In 1996/97, following agreements between UNICEF, SDR and the Water

Department of Harar, a hydrological and technical survey was carried out
regarding the supply of water to Harar City and its surroundings. The results
of the study positively received by the regional authorities and used the
report as a reference tool for programme planning and for raising funds to
implement the project.
In 1983, a consulting firm GWE had studied as part of the Feasibility study for
34 Towns Water supply Project. This report proposed that the future source to
be ground water from Lake Alemaya basin & impoundments on the
Hamaressa & Maya Gudo rivers, in addition to the existing Alemaya intake,
however, it was not implemented.
1
Great Harar CityWater Supply Project Design Report, WWDSE,2002

Again, in 1994, a consulting firm Sir Alexander GIBB studied in depth the
water supply of Harar City and On-Line towns, in the package of Twelve
Towns water supply and Sanitation study, entitled feasibility/ preliminary
design report Harar. In this report, a Dam, at Maya Gudo for first phase and
at Errer for second phase was proposed to be a source of water supply. In
addition, the rehabilitation of existing Alemaya treatment plant & installation
of high lift pumping station on Alemaya Lake to be used in the first phase
were also proposed. However, this was also could not be implemented due to
high investment cost, which was estimated to be Eth.Birr 834 million.
In 2000, The Regional Government requested the Ministry of Water resources

to investigate an alternative source other than the dam for the town of Harar
City & Hamaressa excluding other On-Line towns, to alleviate the acute
shortage of water in short time & with reasonable investment cost.
Accordingly, the Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise had been
assigned by the Ministry of Water Resource and submitted a report the final
report in September 2002.
However, the design report was evaluated by different concerned

organizations, which among others is the ADB (African Development Bank)
that is the major funding agency for the water supply project, and some
important and technical issues are recommended to be included. Therefore,
this revised design report is prepared to accommodate these important
recommendations with integration to the analysis and findings of the
consultant (Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise).
The problem of potable water in Harar City, which has been persisting for
more than a decade, has now reached a critical stage. The Harar City water
supply has virtually collapsed after decades of poor maintenance and high
population growth.
2.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVE
The objective of the Harar2 Water Supply and Sanitation project is to provide
a better access to water supply and sanitation services to the population of
the city and nearby Alemaya, Aweday, Adele and Dengego "through
improved water production, distribution and sanitation."
To this end, the project will:
I. involve the "rehabilitation and extension of water supply and
sanitation systems in high-density low-income areas."
2
Harar City WSP Fund, Water Resources Equipment/Services Abidjan, 4 September 2002

II. "entail the improvement of solid waste management system as well

as institutional capacity building for management of water supply
and sewerage services."
III. implement a public education campaign on water, health and
HIV/Aids.
IV. contribute to poverty reduction "through the improvement of the
population health in order to stimulate economic growth."
V. provide water in quantity, reliability, accessibility, quality and
affordable cost,
VI. reduce the time spent to collect water as well as the incidence of
water-borne and water-washed diseases and the cost of their
treatment.
VII. reduce flooding, incidence of malaria and protect agricultural and
residential land from erosion.
VIII. "help improve the prospects for economic development by attracting
industrial and commercial activities to the area and through the
creation of employment."
This ADB-funded contract is due to last three years and comprises the
following services:
a. Review and revision of the existing drawings, studies, designs,
projects in various sectors (water, electromechanical facilities,
sanitation, civil works, etc.).
b. Detailed designs and preparation of tender documents for the
selected projects.
c. Administration of contracts and construction supervision.
d. Training in operation and maintenance of staff of the Harar City
Water Supply and Sewerage Services Authority.
e. Preparation of terms of reference for sanitation study, institutional
support component and audit services.
2.4 THIS REPORT
This report is prepared in response to the contract agreement entered

between BCEOM's Drinking Water and Sanitation Department in joint venture
with two local consulting firms (CECE and WWDSE) with the Ministry of Water
Resources on behalf of the Harar City Water Supply and Sewerage Service
Authority.
The available document utilized during this review is a report on pre-

feasibility study undertaken by Oromia Water Resources Bureau.
The base of this review work is therefore;

a. the Design Report ''Final Feasibility and Design Report" September
2002 by WWDSE,

b. boreholes accomplishment report at Dire Jara well field Feb.2000

and water points inventory (Boreholes, Dug wells and springs) of
Dire Dawa area.
c. review of previous studies conducted on Sabiyan well field (Water
supply source of Dire Dawa town) by AE 1986, GIBB/Seureca 1996,
d. discussion with the professionals who made the pre feasibility
study,
e. on-site observation of the situation,
f. topographic maps and drawings review and
g. Consultation with the local community, governmental & non-
governmental institutions, and
h. Office design work
In this report based on the analysis options and recommendations, the water
supply for Harar City and On-Line Towns up to the year 2025 has been
reviewed.

3 THE PROJECT AREA
3.1 LOCATION
Harar City
Harar City is the Administrative center of the Harari Region and one of the
oldest towns in the country.
Harar City lies 51 kilometres to the southeast of Dire Dawa. It is located in the
eastern wall of the Great Rift Valley looking over the vast Danakil desert to
the north, the cattle rich savannas to the south and fertile lands of the Harar
City Mountains to the east. It lies between two rivers, tributaries of the Errer,
on the southern edge of a vast plateau. The surrounding mountains divide the
Great Rift Valley from the plains of the Ogaden. The elevation of Harar Town
ranges between 1754 to 2098 m.a.s.l..
Picture 1. Relative Location of the Project Area.
THE WATER
SUPPLY
PROJECT AREA
Harari Region has no Administrative zones or Woredas. The total number of

Kebeles of the city of Harar is 19, while the rural parts of the region has 17
farmers' association localities.
On-Line Town
These are (formerly notified as satellite) town and villages were lately
incorporated into the Harar water supply and sanitation project based on the
Harari and Oromia regional states negotiation and agreement to include
them in the project WWDSE’s 2002 report has included these satellite town
and villages with out any detail study with limited water stand point supply..
The relative location to the water source for the supply system of Harar city
coupled with the acute shortage of drinking water were the main reasons for
these areas to be included in the Great Harar water supply system.

Alemaya is 21 km and Adele 5 km, are north of the Harar city on the main
Harar-Diredawa Asphalt road. All towns are located within the East Harerghe
Zone of Oromia Regional State. The Lakes Alemaya (472 ha) now drained and
Adele (300 ha) are in Haramaya Woreda.
Aweday is north of the Harar city on the main Harar-Diredawa Asphalt road.
Dengego Village: - It is located at the highest pick on the road from Dere
Dawa to Harar along which the transmission main to be laid.. It is about 23
km from Dere Dawa where the proposed 2000 m 3 collecting reservoir is
located.
Adele Town: - Adele is a comparatively smaller rural town than other On-Line
towns. The town is located at about 9.5 Km on the right side of the main road
from Dengego to Harar. Further, the town is stretched on the left and right
side of the road to Gara Mulata town.
All towns are located within the East Harerghe Zone of Oromia Regional State.
Geographic location of each town is stated in the table 2.1 above.
Table 2.1 Central Location of Harar City and ON-Line Towns
3.2 CLIMATE
Climate is the average state of the atmosphere over an area during a period
of time. Climatic elements include rainfall, precipitation, humidity,
temperature, sunshine, wind and frost, fog, lightning, thunder, flood, drought
etc. Climate influences all human endeavours and thus it is an important
resource.
3.2.1 Water Source Area
There is no available weather station data that describes the specific climate
condition of the Hasselisso area, where the deep well exist. Howeveer the
Diredawa station with similar altitude and topography is believed well to

represent the Haseliso area as presented below in table 2.2. eve though the
record almost incomplete, it will be helpful for the various pumps generators
and remote system equipments specification.
Temperature is even between 17.1°C-20.2°C throughout the year. The coolest

season is between June and September, and coincides with large rains
accompanied by thunderstorms. The average annual intensity of precipitation
is about 750-1,000 mm. Harar City is located at an average altitude of 1890
masl. An approximate area coverage of 1300 hectare of the region has an
elevation in the range of 1800-2000m above sea level and it is mostly the
western part of the region. Whereas, the eastern part of the region has
mostly an elevation in the range 1600-1800m and 1400-1600m which covers
21.4% and 26.3% of the region respectively
Table 2.2 Summarized Climate data for Diredawa Station
3.2.2 Harar Town and the Vicinity
It is amazing however, until recently that Harari region has no regional

metrological service station, to provide us with data that is needed. Climatic
element (e.g. Rain) is utilized in the region and identifies it as a region's
resource. In the absence of such important weather information, it is not
possible to say much in this regard except possibly that the region has
moderate climatic conditions.

The hararmeda weather station collects data useful for and the vicinity,
however the frequency of the record within the day and for each month one
day for a montth and upto two months for a year. Thefore the information can
helop only to get glimpse of the area and canot be used for engineering
design and the various important data are Harar is very well known and
admired for its healthy and favourable weather temperature that enabled
development of the various medeterian and unique fruits and these together
with its weather found to be one factor for the exodus of migrants and settles.
Temperature is even between 17.1°C-20.2°C throughout the year. The coolest

season is between June and September, and coincides with large rains
accompanied by thunderstorms. The average annual intensity of precipitation
is about 750-1,000 mm. Harar City is located at an average altitude of 1890
masl. An approximate area coverage of 1300 hectare of the region has an
elevation in the range of 1800-2000m above sea level and it is mostly the
western part of the region. Whereas, the eastern part of the region has
mostly an elevation in the range 1600-1800m and 1400-1600m which covers
21.4% and 26.3% of the region respectively
Table 2.2 Summarized Climate data for Hararmeda Station

3.3 GROUND WATER RESOURCES
Dire Jara well field is found approximately about 20 km west of Dire Dawa
town between longitude 41o42’-41o47’ and latitude 9o32’-9o36’. The well field
is located at the foot of the eastern part of the Ethiopian rift valley
escarpment in Kulf Gosha river basin. The streams around the well field are
flowing from the escarpment south-north direction to the plains.
Figure 2. Relative Location of the Project Area.
The surface water catchment of Kulf Kosha River is about 125 km2 with
elevation varying from 2350 to 1220 m.a.s.l.
Table 2.2. Bore Holes Characteristics in Dire Jara Well field

The southern part of the river catchment is the escarpment or the

mountainous area with surface catchment about 66 km2, composed of
dominantly sedimentary rocks of limestones and sandstones.
The Dire Jara areas have high groundwater potential. At Dire Jara well field,
totally 17 boreholes of a real distribution were drilled. Out of the 17 wells, 12
boreholes were found productive and recommended for Harar City water
supply source.
3.4 GROUND WATER QUALITY
Analysis of the groundwater samples of the main aquifer of sandstones and

limestones show that the water is Ca-SO4-HCO3 type with total dissolved
solids 430 to 480 mg/l, NO3 from nil to 0.6 mg/l and total hardness from 370
mg/l to 500 mg/l. Comparing the water quality of water sources analyzed
with WHO Guide line for drinking water indicates that water from the well
field are within the limit of drinking water (Table 3.3).
Table 2.3Comparison of Sampled Water Sources with WHO Guide Line

4 SOCIO-ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT
4.1 POPULATION PATERN
Harar City
According to the result of the recent population census, (2005) the total
population of Harari region is indicated to be 188,952 of which the
percentage share of female and male is 50%. The residents of Harar City are
estimated to be 116,924, while the rural residents number 72,028.
Table 3.1 summary of Harari Region population pattern until 2005
On-Line Towns
Population figures are based on CSA, 1994 census and detailed below.
Table 3.2 summary of On-Line Towns population pattern until 2005
4.2 HOUSEHOLD SIZE
Harar City
According to the results of the socio-economic baseline survey conducted the
average household size of the sampled households is 4.9 and 5.1, Rural town
and rural respectively. Therefore, the average household size is assumed to

be five similar to the household size of the most rural house holds else where
in Ethiopia.
T able 3.2 Housing Units and Population Growth from 1984 to 1994On-Line
Towns
For the On-Line Towns of Alemaya and Aweday, current population and
housing figures were obtained from the Municipalities. The main source of
information is the Population and Housing Survey 2003, conducted in
September 2003 by the Central Statistics Authority, Harar City branch office:
Table 3.3 Population and housing number for the year 2004.
4.3 HOUSING
Harar
Most of the housing units are in a poor condition, and living standard of most
of the households of the Woreda is relatively low. The field observation
revealed that most of the buildings are masonry walls and corrugated sheets
roofs houses are
Table 3.4 Urban Housing Units by Type of Building, Harari Region, 1994.

Table 3.5 Housing units by Number of Rooms, Harar City, 1994.
The need for new housing units increasing each year as the new construction
do not met the demand of the population. The urgent need for housing units
is demonstrated by the number of development plans and housing
associations.
Table 3.6 Housing Needs in Harar City.
4.4 EDUCATION
4.4.1 Traditional system of education3
Traditional institution for education that have enabled the ancient Harari's to
attain it's status of being center at learning in the horn of Africa are
attributed to traditional institution as 'Qurangey' and 'Kabir' Gaar! It is known
that there were about 2-3 Quran Geys in every zone (i.e. in 5 gates) and
3 Harari people national Regional tate Conservation Strategy of Harari Region volume III : Resource Base And Its Utilization

shrines in rural area which comprises about 10-15 and almost in all peasant
villages in Hundene had at least one. All the holly places, Shrines like Awe
Umer, Ziad, Sheike Ibrahin in Miayay; Awe Jailan, Awe Sofi yahya etc... Were
all centers at learning for the rural area.
4.4.2 Modern Education
Economic growth and social change can be obtained through education.

Education develops basic skills and abilities and fosters a value system
conducive to and in support of, national development goals both long term
as well as immediate. In the Harari Region, there are seven Kindergartens
(KG), 45 Primary and 3 Senior Secondary Schools. Out of 45 primary schools
in the region, the shares of urban and rural areas are 23 and 22 respectively.
KG and senior high schools are limited to the urban area.
Higher Education , there are three schools (Nursing School, Teacher's training
institute and Technical School built by Menschen für Menschen Foundation.
The Primary School (7 - 12 years) in the region there were about 18,823
children (11.7 percent of the total population) of primary age in medium
variant projection of CSA. This figure is projected to reach 42,947 and 46,746
children of primary age in the year 2025 and 2030 respectively.
The Junior Secondary School (age 13 - 14 years) age of the region is

expected to increase from current 7,118 to 13,752 and 14,856 in the year
2025 and 2030 respectively.
The Senior Secondary School (age 15 - 18 years).age of Harari Region, as

projected by CSA, will increase from 15,064 in 2000 to 27,177 and 29,502 in
2025 and 2030 respectively.
The Future School Age Population: According to CSA medium Variant

projection for the highest proportion will be for population aged 7 - 12
(primary school), followed by 15 -18 (senior secondary), and 13 - 14 (junior
secondary) respectively.
Table 3.7 Number of Students per School, Classroom, Teacher, 1999.


Table 3.8 Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER)
Table 3.9 Number of Students in Schools
Table 3.10 Projected School Age Population
4.5 HEALTH
The coverage and quality of health service together with other development
components has a key role in sustaining a given society.
Table 3.11 Harar’s Hospitals and Health Centers:

4.6 INDUSTRY
There are four large-scale industries in Harar: Harar Brewery, Hamaressa

Edible Oil Factory, Babile Mineral Water Factory and Harar Printing Enterprise.
Table 3.12 Large Scale Manufacturing by, 1999.
The contribution of small-scale industries to the economic development of

the region, particularly to Harar City, is important. They provide income and
employment for a segment of population. There are about 94 small scale
industries, involved in at least seven different major types of activities.
Table 3.13 Number of Small Scale Industries, 2000.

4.7 WATER AND SANITATION
The average house in Harar City as per the 1994 census was: non-storied,
attached or detached, with one to three rooms. Sanitation, if existing, was
based mainly on latrines.
Table 3.14 Toilet Facilities of Housing units, Harar City, 1994.

5 EXISTING WATER SUPPLY SITUATION
5.1 SERVED/UNSERVED POPULATION THE MDG REQUIREMENTS
The Objective for water (Goal 7, Target 10) 4 is to: "Halve by 2015 the pro
portion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water” . The
international community added a new goal of halving by the year 2015 the
proportion of people without access to basic sanitation.
"The provision of clean drinking water and adequate sanitation

is necessary to protect human health and the environment. In
this respect, we agree to halve, by the year 2015, the proportion
of people who are unable to reach or to afford safe drinking
water (as outlined in the Millennium Declaration) and the
proportion of people who do not have access to basic
sanitation…”5
Table 4- 1: Water Supply Coverage and Population Change
4
UNDP 2003
5
United Nations 2002)

5.2 SOURCE
Alemaya Lake, 21 km from the town served as a raw water source until its
level lowered to the minimum in February 2004. Over exploitation of this
precious resource by uncontrolled irrigation of chat fields has decreased the
depth of Lake Alemaya from 14 meters in 1980 to 1.8 meters. Presently the
intake of the treatment plant is dry most of the year and the city gets its
drinking water from wells nearby the lake, as does Harar Brewery and
Alemaya University.
5.3 TREATMENT PLANTS
The design capacity of the Alemaya treatment plant is 60l/s which is

equivalent to 5184 m3 /day if is operated on a 24 hour basis.
Pre-chlorination:
No longer used as the dosing pumps are out of order. This was required due
to the pollutions and contamination, algal growth and high pH of the Lake
Alemaya Water.
Clarifier:
it is of the Degremont pulsator type. The pulsator control equipment has not
worked properly for the last 13 years. As originally constructed, aluminium
sulphate was added directly to the raw water main by injection, but as with
the pre-chlorination unit the system is no longer functioning due to the
failure of the dosing pumps. As a substitute, aluminium sulphate was added
via a bucket/drip system, which is clearly inadequate. To improve the
situation HTWSSA established a manual gravity dosing system, which is also
inadequate. Because of the failure of the pulsator control system and the
poor aluminium dosing system, it is noticeable that the carry-over water is
still very turbid.
Mixing flume and flocculation chamber:
10 m long and 3 m wide with 1 m high which has three compartments each
having 21-baffle wall to pass water through this chamber, this will give time
to mix aluminium sulphate properly and make flock. This has improved a
little bit the quality of water but not as the desired level.

Rapid gravity sand filters:
Each has internal Plan dimensions of approximately 5.0 meters by 2.4

meters. The beds of the filters are concrete to frequent cracking not serving
properly. The filter media consists of 700 mm depth of sand over 200 mm of
gravel. Both air scour and water backwash facilities are available
Treated water disinfection:
The previous gas chlorination dosing equipment is out of order and

substituted by calcium and sodium hypo chlorate and dosing is made
manually by gravity like aluminium sulphate, which was also inadequate.
5.4 STORAGES TANKS
Treated water is delivered to a clear water reservoir having a capacity of 100

m3. From this water is pumped to a 200m3 capacity tank and flow by gravity
to Aboker reservoir and the town service directly.
5.5 TRANSMISSION LINES
From the 200m3 tank water flows by gravity to Harar City via a 350 mm/300
mm/250 mm diameter steel pipeline having a total length of approximately
14,1409.8 m (5285.5m/5285.5m/300m).
5.6 ON- LINE TOWNS
Water is delivered to Aboker reservoir in Harar City although provision has

been made to directly supply Alemaya, Aweday, Hamaressa and the upper
regions of Harar City (Kebele 18).
Aweday and Hamaressa are connected to the transmission main each by 50

mm diameter pipes, but due to problems of design connection point and long
age of pipes, the system is subject to frequent breakage leaving the supply
pipes without water to the people.
5.7 SERVICE RESERVIRS
There are five water service reservoirs, which are in order service as refered
in table 4.2.
Two other reservoirs, Ginella Alta and the old town reservoir, have been
taken out of operation due to their poor condition. Of the above listed

reservoirs only the Aboker terminal reservoir and the Alemaya reservoir are
in a reasonable condition. Both these were constructed in concrete whereas
the others are masonry build.
Table 4.2 Constructed Reservoirs
The Aboker terminal reservoir is fed directly by the transmission main from
the Alemaya treatment plant while the Tassinari, Neguscira and Ginella Bassa
reservoirs are located within the distribution system and are linked by a
series of old asbestos cement pipes. The Alemaya reservoir is connected to
80mm diameter galvanized inlet pipeline from the break pressure tank on
the Alemaya to Aboker transmission main.
In order to increase the level of disinfection provided, chlorine-dosing

facilities have been installed at the Aboker reservoir, an inlet has been also
installed.
5.8 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
The Harar City water supply system consists of over 38,500meters of various
diameters ranging from 300-25mm in its design life.
The system was characterized by high rate of leakage amounting to 40% and
contamination due frequent breakage aged pipes. Except in certain key
locations such as the service reservoirs, no gate-valves, air-release valves or
washouts could be identified. Many of the distribution lines have been laid at
a shallow depth, as little as 200 to 300 mm. In some cases, storm water
erosion has caused sections of pipeline to be exposed. All the 13 water
points require standard maintence to bring to the new system service level.
5.9 PIPED CONNECTION

The present major customer type in Harar City is private connection given on
covering 50% of the system.
Harar City
Table 4.3 Piped Water Connections of Harar City (October 2004).
On-Line Towns Piped Water Connection

Table 4.4 Alemaya Town Piped Water Connections October 2004:
Table
4.5
Aweday Town Piped Water Connections October 2004:
Table 4.6 Adele Town Piped Water Connections October 2005:

Table 4.7 Adele Town Piped Water Connections October 1999:

6 POPULATIOON PROJECTION
6.1 GENERAL
The population forecast of this study bases the 1994 Population and Housing
Census of Ethiopia. For all zone, sub zone and Kebele level projections CSA
1994 census report are the bases for the design of this report.
6.2 DESIGN PERIOD
The previous design report has recommended a design period of 20 years

beginning in 2002. However, due to delays in commencing this project, the
starting period has been shifted to the year 2005. Basically with out
considering the other factors, it was wrong to consider the project starting
year to be 2002, while the report was submitted in the last quarter of the
same year.
The consultant has a strong feeling that a design life of 15 years is short,
bearing in mind that the construction speed is not expected to be very fast
due to conditions existing in the project area. The consultant would
recommend a design life of 20 years with a design horizon 2005 – 2015 as
phase one and 2015- 2025 as phase two taking in to consideration the pre-
tender and the construction period of the project.
6.3 SOURCES OF INFORMATION
The three main sources of information regarding the demographic evolution

of the project area and the urban development are:
 CSA, 1994 Population and Housing Census Analytical Report,

Volume II, 1999, Addis Ababa.
 Demographic and Socio- Economic Profile of Harari Region, April –
2001, Harar. Research document on the current population of
Harar, prepared by a group of researchers initiated by the Harari
Peoples and Nationality Regional State Population Bureau.
 Harari People and National Regional State Statistical Abstract
Document, December 2003, Harar. (Amharic Version), Prepared by

the Harari People National Regional State Plan and Economic

Development Office.
6.4 DESIGN POPULATION
6.4.1 Previous Consultants Design Projections
6.4.2 Satellite Towns
The initial design of Harar Water Supply and Sanitation Project was
conducted in 1993-94 by Alexander Gibb, with a population forecast based
on the specific situation due to the aftermath of Siad Barre's downfall in 1991
in Somalia resulting in migration of Somalians to the east Harerghe zone. As
can be seen from the following table, this estimation was very high.
Table 5.1 Population forecast of Alexander Gibb6 based on Census 1994
The WWDSE September 2000, report mainly concentrates on the document

review and demographic issues rather than addressing the actual current
data and new survey for the design. It has widely commented Gibb’s 1994
report; however, it has accepted and adopted the technical data and
considerations of Gibb with only changing the population growth rate.
Similarly, with the change of the population growth rates it only adjusted the
water demand with some factor.
Table 5.2 Projection introduced by WWDSE
6
Report by WWSDE 2000

Moreover, WWDSE in its 2000 design report has adopted an appropriated

total population forecast based on the Census 1994, but without adopting
fully the decreasing growth rates of CSA.
6.4.3 Detailed Kebele Level Growth Rates
Population growth rates per Kebele are not available in the CSA analysis. The
design report of WWDSE of 2000 has adopted the same growth rates for all
Kebeles, without distinction between the fully crowded and walled city centre
“Jegol” and outer development areas. If as a whole the forecast is
acceptable, its repartition over the city area has to be reconsidered.
6.4.4 Revised Design Projections
6.4.5 HARAR CITY
The total population of urban area derived from 1994 census is said to be
72,028, where as the areas of the Harar town is said to be 1,720 ha and the
population density is 41.87 people/ha. Based on CSA the following growth
rate and projected population have been tabulated. The urban portion is
meant fully to Harar city and will be used consistently throughout the design
process.
Table 5.3 Population Growth Rates and projection for Harari Region/1995–
2030 Percentage, MV

6.4.6 Harar City Kebeles
The population density and distribution of Kebele's 7 of Harar City is based

taking into account the present evolution and respective plans of urban
development received from the urban bureau. This forecast is calculated on
densities. Note that, the values of the years 2015 and 2025 are slightly
increased and take further into account that a small part of population living
outside of the present Kebele boundaries may be included in the water
supply. This is particularly the case of Deker (custom station).
6.4.7 Jegol area growth Rate analysis
Harar city (Jegol) is one of the eight attractions declared as world heritage by
UNESCO.
In 1994, the population of Jegol was 26,324, 1/3 of the total population of the
town. Presently it is estimated to be 34,000 inhabitants and this number
expected to remain constant or decrease due to the following reasons:
a. presently richer wholesale and retailers now residing in the
historical centre are expected to build and shift their dwellings in
new development zones. The business area will remain to be where
it exists now at the heart of the walled town.
b. Younger generation are also expected to follow the same trend,
when got married.
c. Elder persons remain in Jegol, equipping and renewing their houses,
and this will not affect the density of the design population.
Table 5.5 Kebeles completely inside Jegol
7
This evaluation of development of each Kebele was introduced by the present design review and represents a main difference with the
previous design. It considers that the future development of Harar City is differentiated for each sector. While the overcrowded historical city
centre will stabilise and improve its historical character and its attraction for tourists, maintaining as well its
commercial vocation, outer development zones will grow progressively

6.4.8 Influence of Urban Developments
The population density for the walled town (Jugal) which is too high for the
area. Compared to the density of the town, which led to the degradation of
cultural heritage and creation of sanitation problem. Thus it needs proper
attention and formulation of appropriate policy to restore the natural
resource.
Based on development plans of the urban planning office progressively an

consistent increase of population in outer areas is expected. The construction
of the 1,000 condominiums8 would be undertaken at selected sites in the
town over the coming five years as of the current fiscal year 2005/2006.
It is considered that traders will develop activities and employ people inside
Jegol, even living in outer areas. This touches particularly Kebele 11, 17 and
18, supplied by the foreseen new reservoirs R6 and R7.
Table 5.6 Three (3) Kebeles completely inside Jegol
In Kebele 1, 2, 4 and 5, which cover parts of Jegol, but include also zones
outside the city’s walls, a moderate development outside the walls shall be
taken into account.
Specifically The main benefit of the revision 9 is a more realistic repartition of

the population over the city area of Harar, to meet future water demand and
sanitation services. In respect to the previous design, this represents a major
difference for public services.
8
Harar Municipality, November 16,2005 (WIC)
9
For re-design purposes we have therefore introduced the revised figures given on table 5.8 .

6.4.9 Harar City Population by Pressure Zones
Harar’s distribution system was subdivided by the Design Study into seven
pressure zones (zone 1 to 8, zone 4 does not exist). This system, based on
maximum pressures, is maintained. The population of the seven pressure
zones of Harar’s distribution system is based on the Kebele forecast
presented on table 5.9. The total base-population of each Kebele is detailed
in table 5.8
Table 5.7 Summaries of Zonal and Sub-Zonal Population & Density

Table 5.8. Harar City Population and Density per Kebele

6.4.10 On-Line Towns
For the On-Line Towns of Alemaya and Aweday, current population and
housing figures were obtained from the Town Administrations. The main
source of information is the Population and Housing Survey 2003, conducted
in September 2003 by the Central Statistics Authority, Harar City Branch
office. The projection is made with growth rates similar to those of Harar City
For Aweday the base value is the revised value of 2004, that is 12000
inhabitants.
Table 5 .9 Population Projection of On-Line Towns
For Aweday we note a drastic change between the figures of 1994 and the
new ones. This is due to the recent rapid growth of the locality, which has
developed as the main production and trading centre of chat.
6.4.11 Total Project Population
The Aggregate population of Harar City & the On-Line towns is presented in a
summary table.
Table 5.10 Total Project Population Projection
More detailed tables showing the forecasted development in the towns and
the repartition per Kebele are reported in Annex 1.

7 WATER DEMAND
7.1 GENERAL
Design of water systems requires estimates of expected water demands

applicable to the sizing of system pumping equipment, transmission and
distribution lines, and storage facilities.
Estimating water demands (i.e., average day, maximum day, and peak
hourly demands) involves consideration of a number of factors such as:
climatic influences, socioeconomic influences; degree of recreational or
seasonal uses and historic water uses for the development or the area, For
the historical city centre Jegol an important portion of mixed domestic +
commercial water demand is added to the consumption of the projected
population of that part of the town.
7.2 DEMAND COMPARISON

7.2.1 Existing Demand Record
The water demand for Harar City and On-Line Towns belonging to Oromia
Region: Alemaya, Aweday, Adele and Dengego, cannot be based on passed
experience, as since over ten years these localities experience a water
shortage. The present situation of housing, industries, hospitals, schools,
military camps and other institutions are considered. Future developments,
like the partial implantation of Alemaya University, small scale industries and
housing associations development plans have been taken into account. The
respective water consumptions are calculated for each sub-zone. The total
water consumption is the sum of direct human consumption plus all other
water needs.
Table 6.1 Harar Town Water Demand Statistics

Table 6.2 Harar town Water Demand Statistics (Continuation of Table 6.1)
7.2.2 Other Cities and Towns
When existing demand data is not sufficient, or if there is uncertainty

regarding existing demand data, then use of generally applicable design
criteria, as presented here, would be appropriate.
The high project cost coupled with operation & management cost, the price
per m3 of water at delivery spot might not encourage users to take water
frequently. Specific consumptions will therefore be rather lower than other
same level Ethiopian cities/towns.
Table 6-3 Per capita water demand by residential categories in major cities of
Ethiopia, (Mesfin 198810).
The urban structure of Harar Cityis of a mixed type. High income housing, a
very reduced area, is located next to informal dwellers. Therefore the
analyses consider major dwelling areas with medium, intermediate and low
10
His Excellency Ato Mesfin Tegene Former, Deputy Minister of WRM
Table 6-4: Average Per Capita water consumption and house occupancy in
major Ethiopian Cities (Mesfin 198811).
Demands of the entire population must be considered before designing a

water distribution system. Possible demand sources include: domestic,
commercial, industrial, and public and Unaccounted-for-water (UFW).
Therefore, the forecast is based on the experience of other Ethiopian cities:
7.3 DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND

7.3.1 Consumptions variance
Domestic water consumption varies according to the mode of service,

climatic conditions, socio-economic factors and customs of the people.
The average domestic water demand;

 is the product of the population and average per capita water
demand.
 Shall be calculated based on each zone and sub zone
specially for Harar City.
7.3.2 Modes of service
The main modes of service considered especially for the On-Line (online)
towns under this design review are; Public tap users – (PTU) Yard tap users –
(YTU) House tap users – (HTU) and Non-users.
7.4 TRADITIONAL SOURCE USES
At present, for washing and cleaning, alternative sources of water are used,
especially rainwater harvesting during the rainy seasons, springs in certain
parts of Harar City and wells in Aweday. These sources will certainly be
maintained.
11
Ditto,
7.5 AVERAGE PER CAPITA WATER DEMAND FOR HARAR CITY.
 the following procedure has been adopted as established average

per capita water demand in table below,
 The majority of the residents in the project area are Muslims. In this
respect due consideration is given to the cultural and religious use
of water.
 Specific water consumptions are considered to calculate on sub
zone level each consumer.

Table 6.5 Breakdown of Per capita water demand by Purpose
7.6 PROJECTION OF AVERAGE PER CAPITA DEMAND

7.6.1 Population percentage distribution by mode of service
On-Line Towns
The forecast envisages decrease in public tap users on the assumption that
more and more people will have yard connections. Due to this a substantial
increase of yard connections and house connections is anticipated.
Table 6.6 PCD- Alemaya Population Percentage Population Served

Table 6.7 PCD- Aweday Population Percentage Population Served
Table 6.8 PCD- Adele Population Percentage Population Served
Table 6.9 PCD- Dengego Population Percentage Population Served
Table 6.10 Summary of Domestic Demand

7.7 NON-DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND

7.7.1 Commercial and Institutional Water Demand
Water requirements in these cases depend on such factors as the use of the
building, number of employees and/or residents, number of visitors and
other users.
 Commercial demand includes water requirement for restaurant, bus

stations, shopping centers, local drinks houses (Tej, Areke, Tella) etc.
 Institutional demand includes water required by schools, hospitals,
dispensaries, day-care centers, office blocks and so on.
Table6.11 Summary of commercial demands
7.7.2 Industrial Water Demand
The figures in Table 4.6 are used as a guide for estimating water
requirements for Commercial and Institutional establishments under this
design review. The Water Demand Analysis was made in straight
collaboration with the Urban Bureau and local offices.
Table 6.12 summary of total (industrial)non-domestic demand

7.8 PUBLIC WATER DEMAND
This includes water required for recreational purposes such as watering

public Gardens, Parks, Running fountains, Public toilets, Flushing the
distribution system is usually considered as part of the public water
requirements.
In the absence of existing gardens and parks future requirements is

estimated taking a modest outlook of the overall development trend.
Table 6.13 Summary of Harar town Public water demand
7.9 EDUCATIONAL WATER DEMAND
The number of students attending schools is expected to grow faster than

the total population. The main reason is that both the junior and preparatory
schools are the only one serving the whole Woreda and adjoining Kebele's
student population. Most students stay part of the week in the town and
leave weekends to their families. This will affect the demand pattern the first
and early second five-year plan of the supply design.
Therefore portion of the student population will be considered as floating

case in the population forecast and demand calculation
Table 6.14 Summary of educational demand

7.10 UNACCOUNTED AND LOSSES
Out of the average water demand of each zone and-sub zone, the total water
demand is calculated, introducing the unaccounted quantity of water for
losses in the system, street and sewer flushing, operation and maintenance.
Unaccounted and losses are nearly constant values depending on:

 leakages or
 unauthorized water connection in every water supply systems,
even in the best managed system,
 the pressure in the system,
 the age of the system,
 the quality of maintenance,
 specific activities like cleaning of reservoirs, streets and sewers,
 quality of operation of the system (operational losses), and
 detection and repair of leakages.
This unaccounted quantity of water is introduced with 15% for the year 2015
and 25% for 2025.
Losses are not dependent on direct use of water by consumers r based on

the average water demand. The highest losses are by night, when pressures
are at maximum. That means that losses are nearly the same on average
days, on maximum consumption days and during peak hours.
Table 6.15 Summary of Unaccounted and losses
7.11 PEAKING
FACTORS
The various components

of a water system are designed to meet specific water flow criteria, which
are dependent upon the type of water system and the objectives of the
system. The average daily demand will be exceeded on many days (during
peak demands), so it is not appropriate to design merely for the average.
Therefore, the following criteria will be followed:
The incidence of varying peak hour factors for Harar City is not very
significant: taking a uniform peak hour factor of 1.6 increases the peak hour
consumption of the City only by a 3%.
7.11.1 Harar City

The average day demand:
 is taken to be the sum of the demands of domestic, commercial and
institutional, industrial, public and unaccounted & losses for water
(UFW).
The Maximum Day Demand Factor (MDF)12:
 Water system source and Storage facilities must be designed such
that, together, they provide the maximum day demand (MDD) for
the system.
 Depending upon how the system is designed and operated,
however, the source alone may not be able to provide the MDD.
 maximum day consumption is calculated with the factor 1.1
The peak hour demand:
 Uniform rand varying peak factors are compared to calculate the
demand.
 Sizing equalizing storage, transmission distribution lines, and
Pumping facilities requires use of peak hourly demand (PHD)
estimates.
 The system must be able to provide PHD at a minimum of 0.5Bar
throughout the distribution system. The peak hour factor
introduced for this maximum day is:
 1.6, for domestic consumption, health (hospitals/health centres),
public .worship and military camps.
 1.45,for mixed domestic and commercial consumption
 1.4,for commercial water use, recreational activities and cemeteries
 1.2,for education (schools) and industries
 1.1,for water demand by administrations
NB.
For On-Line Towns the peak hour factor is taken to be 1.6 for all activities.
12
For detail of the demand calculation refer in annex III
7.12 SPECIFIC WATER CONSUMPTION
The respective water consumptions are calculated for each sub-zone. The
total water consumption is the sum of direct human consumption plus all
other water needs. For the historical city centre Jegol an important portion of
mixed domestic + commercial water demand is added to the consumption of
the projected population of that part of the town. Specific and typical water
consumption figures are annexed
7.13 ZONAL DISTRIBUTION
Harar City is subdivided into 7 pressure zones, as in the previous design.The

maximum day and peak factors of the Design Report 2002 are maintained:
o maximum day factor: 1.1
o hourly peak factor: 1.6
o that is a total hourly peak factor of 1.76
The water demand in zone 5 includes an estimated three hour fire fighting
and 200 m3 emergency water reserve in addition to the zone domestic and
non-domestic demand. As presently most connected
houses and public water taps have their own water
tank, generally sufficient for a 24 to 72 hours reserve,
the actual peak factor is lower.
However, if the water supply becomes continuous, the

calculated factor may become more realistic.
Picture 3. Distribution Tanker in Jegol

(Cylinderical one).
Table 6.17 Summary of Zonal Water Demand

7.14 NODAL CONSUMPTION
The water demand was distributed among consumption nodes in proportions

of the populations surrounding the individual nodes. The location of supply
areas to various nodes is given in Appendix 5.
Special consideration was given to the Babile Mineral Water Bottling Factory,
the abattoir, Fuel stations, future industrial zone, future Alemaya University
Medical Faculty campus and the existing small scale industries where
demand variations are not similar to other areas.
7.15 ACCESSIBILITY AND RELIABILITY
Improved access to and reliability of the water supply will be of particular

benefit to women in terms o time saved and the potential to realize health
benefits for the family through improved hygiene in the home. The majority
of low-income people collect their water from public points. The location and
number of public supply points provided is an important factor in water
supply planning.
7.16 PRESENTATION OF THE WATER DEMAND CALCULATION
In Annex II of this report, you will find Calculation sheet for:

 the water demand for each of the seven distribution zones or
each sub-zone, detailed
 The total average day demand for each sub-zone, all distribution
zones and for the whole of Harar City.
 Overview for the maximum day demand and Peak hours.
 Separate and combined results of the Harar City & On-Line
Towns.
7.17 ADOPTED DEMANDS

7.18
8 WATER SUPPLY DESIGN
8.1 DESIGN REVIEW PROCEDURES
The main considerations and principles in the review and designing the
system have been:
Source
 All ground water from Dire Jara well fields shall be exploited to the
maximum, i.e., 43,500 m3/day of the maximum day demand of the
second phase.
Population
 All basic data required for the preparation of forecasts by WWDSE in
their 2000 and September 2002 report have been thoroughly reviewed
and those found to be outdated were updated with current and latest
data.
 As much as possible, design factors specific to the actual project
demand and population forecasts shall be adopted as general
standards for the different projects will have some drawbacks and
mostly give a result of over design of some or all areas and the vise
versa.
Demand
 the per capita consumption in the different residential categories and
different sub-zones factors for the preparation of the forecasts of the
water demand is presented as in the following tables and will be
adopted in the design of the water supply distribution system of Harar
town.
 The domestic and non-domestic demand calculation or factors used in
the previous report were not specific to zones and sub-zones of the
project rather than the general norms, applied in feasibility /project
general inception report.
 For almost all data in addition to the current and latest information and
data collected from the concerned government institutions and local
agencies.
Pressure zones
 The necessary pressure, i.e. at least 6 -10 m pressure during the peak
hour demand in all points of the distribution system is provided by the
200m3 break pressure tanks in each zone that are also serving as
storage tanks.
 Calculation of design parameters for different pressure zones shall be
done separately as conditions in the different zones and sub-areas
differ as well.

8.2 GENERAL CRITERIA

8.2.1 Design Horizon
The main criteria adapted for the design of the water supply system are:
 Design period is 20 years with design horizon from 2005 to 2025
including construction period of 2 years.
 Drinking Water Quality Standard is the WHO Guidelines,
 Max water pressure for static water head is 75 meters,
 Min water pressure is 6-10 meters,
 Min velocity is 0.4 m/sec, and
 Max velocity is 1.5 m/sec.
 Scheme components like Collection Tanks (wet wells), reservoirs and
conveyance units will be designed as per the accepted MWR standards.
8.2.2 Pipe Materials
The choice of the pipe material is carried out on Environmental, Hydraulic

performance, Cost and Preferences. However, all the necessary pipes have
been delivered to site based the previous design proposal.
In general, the pipe material for the distribution network will be PVC, while in
the areas where there are rivers or road crossing and areas with pipe
diameter greater than 300 mm shall be ductile cast iron (DCI).
8.2.3 Type of Connections
Harar City
Public water taps in certain parts of Harar are still a social need, as a
majority of the population is not connected to piped water due to low
income. Once the new water supply will be realised, a very aggressive policy
of connections has to increase drastically the number of house connections.
During the design review period, a certain number of big water tanks have
been installed in Harar by the Iranian Cooperation, in addition to the existing
public water tabs. Therefore, the number of needed public fountains is Harar,
list of which we have received from the Municipality at the beginning of
December 2004, is reduced to 14. The existing average daily per capita
supply provides a guide to the type of connections to be provided in a
scheme.
House connections will be the primary and preferable as the domestic

percapita demand is greater than 40-50 liters. At selected places, water
points will be constructed to satisfy the poorest section of the population.
On-Line Towns
In this case, water points are the primary choice in the first instance. House
connections are expected to increase in number over time making advisable
to design for mains even though water points are provided initially.
8.2.4 Service Reservoirs
Water is delivered to the reservoir in the system directly through the

transmission main and completely separate from the distribution system.
These allow greater control over the quality of water delivered to the
consumer. There will not be large variations in the length of time that the
water is in the system.
The reservoir size is designed in such away that:

 it covers about a third or 30% of the maximum day demand
 construction of this tanks unit shall be in two phase for year 2025 has
been recommended.
8.3 HYDRUALIC DESIGN
8.3.1 Distribution System
Layout
 Pipe distribution networks in most zones are designed to be
constructed only in the first phase of the project to economically utilize
the investment loan in its grace period.
 Network analysis covering minimum and peak hour consumption in
both design phases are carried out independently for each pressure
zone.
 The layout of the revised pipe network, which includes all extension
areas, has also been prepared based on the latest urban development
master plan following the road network.
 Though it is very difficult to make looped distribution system,For Harar
city effort has been made to avoid dead end water supply network,
however, at some places, due to the ragged topography, the system
left dead ended.
Nodal Demands
 In the simulation of the pipe network system, the demand at each
node was calculated or updated based on newly calculated nodal
demands as shown in Annex-D.
 In this review work, the nodal demand is further adjusted based on
specific Sub-Zonal demands distributed to each supply nodes
according to specific demand pattern in each sub-area for the phase I
and II of the project.

 Public nodal demands such as for hospitals, schools, public facilities

and small-scale industries are fixed based on respective demands and
relative locations within the urban development master plan.
 Estimated system losses in both design phases are also equally
distributed over the whole network.
 In the two study reports, the different development of the various
parts of the town was not taken fully into account, leading to an
overestimation of Jegol and an underestimation of development areas
(sea 1.2 in chapter 1).
Peaking factors
 In the Design Report, a maximum day factor of 1.1 is indicated, with an

hourly peak factor of 1.6, that is a total peak factor of 1.76. However
all calculations are made with a maximum day factor of 1.2, and
therefore a total peak factor of 1.92.
 Finally, the coordinates of the Nodes of the Distribution System Harar
City indicated in the Final Design Report 1992 revealed not to be the
right ones, but those of the Draft Report. For the Draft Report
provisional, estimated values were taken, because the topographic
survey was late. These values were not replaced by the final ones.

Design Aid
 Hydraulic analysis of the whole water supply system has been
controlled by the “WaterCAD 6.1” by HEASTAD METHODS, computer
aided soft ware. However, the initial design calculations were carried
out based on the Hardy-cross analysis. The equation utilises the
iteration principle to calculate the flow through a pipe of given
characteristics under defined head loss and flow variation conditions.
 The pipe sizing procedure by manual calculations using the Hardy-
cross method has not been done at this time. The soft copies of the
previous design have been used as an input data for the analysis.
 Pre-selection of pipe diameters was done using the Hazen - Williams’s
equation.
 The distribution main is designed to cater the peak hourly demand of
year 2025.
 Results of the design analysis with Water CAD software are given in
appendix 6. Forty (40) Iterations were made and the unbalances flow is
0.000015 L/s.
 Results of the computer calculations are given in Appendix 7.

8.3.2
8.3.3 Supply and Demand Pattern
8.3.3.1 Supply during Peak Demand
The system was designed such that during the peak hour, the pumps would
be delivering the maximum daily demand, while the additional demand
requirement would be balanced by the reservoirs. Although this situation was
achieved (Appendix 7A), the provided pipe network do not optimise the
capacities of the reservoirs. Ideally, the larger reservoir (4000 m3 at node N-
300) should be supplying about 67.67 % of the additional demand (about
75.92 L/s).while the smaller existing reservoir (R-5), 1000 m3 at nodes N-
150) should be supplying 16.67% (about 18.70 L/s). In the provided system,
the smaller break pressure tank provides only 16.67% of the additional
demand during the peak hour.
8.3.3.2 Supply during minimum demand
During minimum consumption i.e. at night, both the two reservoirs and the
break pressure tanks should be filling. Generally, it should be possible to
arrange the pipes to achieve these desired situations.
8.3.4 Velocities
The following criteria has been used as guideline,

 Velocities In the distribution systems are kept between 0.5 and 1.8 m/s
during consumption hours.
 During Phase I, velocities are clearly lower than during Phase II, as they
refer to the same pipes, whose diameter is chosen in function of Phase
II.
 During the night, velocities are assumed nearly nil, as there is vert
little consumption some leakages and other unforeseen circumstances.
 Some minor diameters (50 to 100mm) have very low velocities,
because they are needed to close loops. However, in case of fire or
deviations, these velocities increase consistently.
8.3.5 Pressures
 Are generally kept under 6 bar for distributions. They never overpass 10
bars. Where pressure is higher than 6 bar, a reducer is foreseen at house
level.
 Pipes in zones with higher pressures than 7-8 bar are foreseen in pressure
class 16.

 Minimum pressures are generally over 1.5 bar, exception made for some
extreme cases.
 For more details, see Annex 2 of this Volume 1, and Volumes 3 and 4.
 Please find in Annex 2 detailed figures and calculations of the water
demand of the city and of Harar City & On-Line Towns and in Volume 3 the
respective analyses by WaterCad.
8.3.6 Pipe Sizes:
 The minimal diameters of the pipes take into account fire fighting
and the need of changes of flow during repairs.
 Each loop of the system is separated by valves to allow works or
repairs on it without interruption of the supply to the other parts of
the system.
 The number of valves is minimised for economical and practical
reasons. Valves which are not operated every 3 months remain
easily blocked
8.4 ELECTRO-MECHANICAL WORKS
Surface centrifugal pumps driven by a transformer and/or a generator are

the option selected for abstraction of water from the collection tanks/wet
well. The capacity of the pump and generator and transformer is detailed in
the Electro-mechanical report.
8.4.1 Pumping Arrangement
Wherever there is power from EEPCO, pumps will be driven by electric power
from transformer. A standby generator will be installed for power supply
during electric power failure.
8.4.2 Capacity of the Transformer/ Generator
The power needed to start the pump is assumed to be 1.75 times its steady
state value. The diesel generator (standby during power failure) is made to
have the same rating as the transformer.
8.4.3 Remote Control telemetry SCADA system
The operation of break pressure tanks, reservoirs and the whole system must
be monitored with a remote control telemetric system. The operational
problems experienced with use of float valves in such type of facilities is
unbearable and therefore having considered the distance between each unit
and the design to control from one center will derive us to the use of a
remote control system. The technology is well suited to start/stop pumps,

sending shutdown alarm signals, storage tank high level shut off, Sub
Stations and Lift Stations.
Picture 4. Typical Remote Control Equipment and Desktop Control
Typical Uses:
 When lightning, gophers and excavating shorten wire life
 Where installation of conduit and wire is too expensive or
impractical
 When obstacles such as parking lots, roads, or ponds must be
crossed
 When there is too much electrical interference in the area
Advantages
 Eliminates man-hours needed for on-site data collection and/or
visual inspections
 Monitors and controls remote processes from a single master
location
 Generates reports to meet compliance issues
 Saves time and reduces maintenance/construction costs
 Replaces buried cable systems
 Easy to configure & use
 Future expandable
Hence, the assignment of properly trained responsible maintenance and

system attendants and storing of adequate spare parts and float valves are
recommended.
8.5 OPERATIONAL FEATURES
Gate valves:
 are used to subdivide the distribution system, allowing operators to
allocate between areas and to shut down sections of the system to
facilitate maintenance or cones and sub zones conduct repairs.
 All valves are kept open and enclosed in safe appropriate box.

Washouts:
 should be provided at low points in the distribution system to enable
mains to be drained or maintenance and repair purposes.
Air Valves:
 air valves are not required in distribution mains as the air collected
will be vented through house connections or water points.
 For transmission pumped/gravity mains double air valves are to be
provided at all high points with respect to the pipe profile and
hydraulic gradient and at a maximum spacing of 2000m. .
Flushing Device:
 dead ends if any shall be provided with an acceptable flushing
device with sufficient flushing velocity usually greater than in the
water mains.
 It is recommended that the dead ends be equipped with a proper
flushing chamber for regular cleaning of the stretch so as to avoid
the stagnation of water in the pipes.
 No flushing device shall be connected to sewer nor be subjected to
flooding o plugging
Private Connections
 The private connections should not include cast iron surface boxes
since most of the roads are not asphalted.
 The corporation cock will therefore be generally buried in the
ground except in places where concrete manholes will be built.
 The tees currently used for the connection to the main pipe will be
replaced by saddles that will allow a connection under pressure.
Water Meters:
 Given the high value of the water delivered by pumping to Harar,
precise volumetric water meters are proposed.
System Appurtenances
 Where appropriate, at low nodes, roads & river crossings, flush
outlets and other necessary system appurtenances shall be
provided.
 At each node, valves with the standard surface boxes shall be
provided.
 all site spots with Major fittings/ other facilities or junction points
between two pipes with different nominal pressures, materials and
sizes should be clearly marked on the ground using concrete blocks.
Such provisions are quite helpful for operation, maintenance and
further extension purposes.
8.6 UTILISATION OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

 It has been found that the existing pipes are generally either
inadequate or over designed. There was an intention to utilise the
old pipes in some parts of the new network. However, it has been
assumed that the useful life of the old pipes in the existing network
has almost expired. It is therefore recommended not to consider the
re - use of these pipes. Future additional water assumed to come
from the additional wells in Hurso area.
 The existing parts of the present water supply system except some
newly built in Alemaya town and the tertiary house connection
pipes in Harar city will not be fully considered as part of the new
distribution network, as most of it is already deteriorated due to old
age.
 The Alemaya, Aweday, Adele and Dengego water supply pipe
systems are included in the new system.
 The reservoir in Harar town, Alemaya, Dengego, Aweday and the
transfer main and distribution lines are designed to meet the year
2025water demand of the great Harar.
 The Hasseliso and all booster pumping stations and the
transmission line from Hasseliso - Dengego and Dengego - Harar
town are designed for the maximum yield of the Dire Jara aquifer,
i.e., .
 The pumping systems is so designed that they are if necessary,
capable of pumping maximum daily demands which means; Harar
town and all the satellite towns' demand beyond 2025.
 The reservoirs and break pressure tanks are designed to balance
the daily variations assumed to require a reservoir capacity
equivalent to about 30% of the maximum daily consumptions.
For fire fighting purpose for the city of Harar, a reservation of 200
m3 has been made in the existing 1000 m3 capacity break pressure
tank and reservoir designated as R-5 in addition to supplying Zone 5
and storage
8.7 HYGIENE AND SANITATION
The component will implement support to construction of public latrines and

showers.
The growing evidence of measurable links between water and sanitation

improvements and reduction in disease morbidity is encouraging new efforts
by international development institutions to promote the inclusion of
environmental water and sanitation programs.
Systematic reviews as shown in table 7.1 indicated that better water and
sanitation is associated with decreased diarrheal morbidity, improved
nutritional status, lower childhood mortality and less morbidity from
ascariasis, guinea worm, schistosomiasis, and trachoma.

Water and sanitation interventions that complement pathogen-reducing

factors are more likely to result in great improvements in health than those
which do not attempt to reduce pathogens.

Table7.1 Expected Disease Reductions from Improved Water and Sanitation 13
13
Source: Esrey, S.A. et al (1991). “Effects of Improved Water Supply and Sanitation on Ascariasis, Diarrhoea,
Dracunculiasis, Hookworm Infection, Schistosomiasis and Trachoma,” in WHO Bulletin, 69(5): 609-621.
9 PROJECT COMPONENTS
9.1 WELFIELD AREA
Details dealing with hydrogeology, ground water resources and drilling are
presented in a separate report.
9.1.1 Collection Tanks/Wet Wells
At each booster pumping station:

 Each pumping station will be provided with two wet wells each having
a capacity of 500 m3, a total of 8 collection tanks.
 The wet wells at the booster pumping stations serve only for pumping
purposes.
 The practical volume of the wells for pumping purposes is about 450
m3.
The previous Design has proposed two wet wells of 500 m3 each, one to be
constructed during Phase I, the second for Phase II. However, the need for
the second 500m3 tank is crucial in Phase I, because the differences of flow
between pumps are bigger. Details of wet well accommodations are stated in
the table below:
Table 8.1 Differences of flow between pumps
During the initial phase of the project, most of the time the running of one
pump in pumping station PS 1 (CT) will be sufficient. however for the reasons
stated below Two wet wells of 500 m3 can be considered as a minimal
requirement. Recommendation of two wet wells:
o The best way to operate electrical driven pumps is continuous
operation without interruptions.

o With frequent short pumping hours, there is a probability that water

will overflow and pumps worn out by repeated start-stop operations.
o On the pressure main, the reservoirs shall avoid a repeated start-
stop of pumps, allowing a smooth, continuous running.
accumulation of
o Every 3 months the wet well shall be cleaned, to avoid the sand and
other particles enter the pumps. With only one wet well, this will
lead to an interruption of supply and the need of an elevated
service tank for flushing purposes.
o it will be more difficult and more expensive to construct the second
wet well at a later time.
o The construction of twin reservoirs of 500 m3 during phase(I) is
mandatory, because the volume of a single reservoir compensates
only 30 minutes of pumping, and differences of pumping are more
acute during Phase I. In the previous design, the construction of the
second tank was postponed to phase (II).The lifetime of a pump is
depending on two main factors: The running hours and the number
of start/stops and their interval.
First scenario:
With one pump, functioning in PS 1 the wet well WW1 in P 2 will be filled up
in 39 minutes. Normally, after 5 to 10 minutes, pump 1 in PS 2 will begin to
work. At that moment, 63 to 127 m3 are filled up in WW1. The difference of
capacity between the pumps in the two stations is 52 l/s. After 1.73 hours,
the wet well WW1 is full and a second pump has to start to avoid overflow.
After 1.4 hours, this second pump has to be stopped to avoid complete
emptying of WW1.
Second scenario:
With two wet wells of 500m 3 capacity, the scenario is consistently better: The
first pump needs 1 hour and 18 minutes to fill up the twin wet wells. When
the pump in PS 2 begins to work, it needs nearly 5 hours before the second
pump has to lower down the volume, and it will work for 3.2 hours.
In the second part of Phase I, when 3 pumps are working continuously, with
only one wet well of 500 m3, the reaction time becomes very short. 3 pumps
in PS 1 will empty the collection tank CT and fill up the well WW1 in 18
minutes. That is too short. Scenario 1 does not change, but the initial
reaction times are very short. In this case, to avoid overflow, one pump in PS
1 has to be stopped after 1.73 hours, for 4 hours. This may affect the
functioning of the borehole pumps of the well fields.

9.1.2 Pumping Arrangements
At Hasselisso Well field, four identical booster pumping stations are foreseen,
each with 2 twin water tanks of 500 m3. The ground elevations of these
pumping stations and of Dengego Reservoir, in top of the pressure main, are:
Table 8.2 Differences of flow between pumps
The locations of all pumping stations are new, in order to install the same
pumps in all three pumping stations 2, 3 and 4 for Phase I, and in all 4
stations in Phase II. This will facilitate operation and maintenance of the
equipment.
The change in Hasseliso is needed to allow drainage of the station, and to

optimise the distances to the wells. Higher ground elevation for purpose of
drainage is chosen in contrast to the previous Design of WWDSE, which
recommended the lowest ground level. The three other stations satisfy the
proposal made by the same report, but not realised in practice.
The installation of an efficient SCADA System (telemetry) is needed in order

to optimise the proposed system and to avoid continuous interruptions of
service and damage to installations.
The proposed System (see volume 2 of this report) shall also solve the water
reserve for fire-fighting.
9.1.3 Surge tanks
a. All pumping stations are equipped with a surge tank, to

attenuate the water hammer effect, harmful both to the pressure
line and the pumping equipment.
b. A compressor to put the surge tank under pressure is also
proposed.
c. The supply of a generator may be considered optional, given its
high price. However, with the present power interruptions, it is
deemed to be necessary.
9.2 SUPPLY MAIN FROM THE WELLFIELDS TO HARAR
The supply main of total length 71km is subdivided into two sections:
 Pressure Main section, length 42 km: connection from Hasseliso well
field to Dengego 2000m3 reservoir
 Gravity Main section: connection from Dengego reservoir to R6 main
Reservoir 4000m3 in Harar: length 29 km.
9.2.1 Pressure Main Section (Pumping Main)
The route of the main Supply Line

 From Hasseliso to Hurso road, 5.8 km, does not follow the existing
track as in the WWDSE Design, because this section is exposed to
severe erosion risks.
 A further measure to avoid erosion is to put the line between Hasseliso
and Dire Dawa rather deep.
 Along Hurso road, all river crossing sections and neighbouring areas
need a strong erosion protection.
 In Dire Dawa, the line shall be laid on the outer side of the projected
ring-road, until the indicated point where it crosses the rail connecting
the cement factory to the quarry.
 From this point onwards, the line shall be laid under the existing road
of the northern part of the city, passing in front of the stadium and the
high school, and joining the main road to Dengego.
 After that, the line is put under the drain of the new constructed
highway to Dengego, as in the previous design, except on the accesses
to the three pumping stations, and on a river crossing.
 In Dengego, the pressure line shall cross the new road to Addis Ababa,
and after 50m, by a 900 bend, reach in a vertical line Dengego
Reservoir, at 2135 m.a.s.l.
9.2.2 Gravity Main Section
From Dengego to Harar, 29 km, the main supply flows by gravity.
The elevations are:

 Dengego Reservoir RD 2000 m3 2135 m.a.s.l.
 Harar CityR6 Main Reservoir 4000 m3 2070 m.a.s.l.
However, the dimension of the DCI pipes, Ø 600 mm, purchases 4 years ago,
is not sufficient to reach the main reservoir R6 of Harar City in Phase II of the
project, due to high friction losses. Therefore, a booster pumping station in
Alemaya is proposed. The respective area shall be reserved, because
otherwise it will not be available when needed.
On the way to Harar City the gravity main feeds

 the public fountains of Dengego and Adele,
 the new 200 m3 reservoir of Alemaya North and
 the existing reservoirs 200 and 100 m3 of Alemaya South,
 the proposed new reservoir 200 m3 of Aweday and
 the 200 m3 reservoir R8 of Hamaressa, at the outskirts of Harar.
9.3 TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY
Initial Remark:
''The survey of 2002 was made by Total Station instruments
starting from Dire Dawa, and surveying to Hasseliso on one side,
and to Harar Cityon the other side. However, it was not
connected to the survey made by another surveying team in
Harar, that took a bolt in top of reservoir R5 as a reference point.
Therefore the two surveys traverse are not closed and connected
by a common control point in Harar.''
The present review is based on;

 GPS control points taking as base of all surveys, the bolt on reservoir 5
in Harar.
 The differences of elevations with 2002 are in the order of 3-4 meters
in Hasseliso and up to 15 meters near Harar City(in other words,
 the elevations of 2002 are 15 metres lower than those of our GPS
points and of those of the new road.. The separate survey in Harar City
was much better because based on the nearby fixed point.
 The survey of the new road is consistent with GPS controls of the
Consultant. On the crossing of Dire Dawa the survey 2002 is not usable
because it does not fit between 2 precise GPS points.
 Our control 2004 is therefore limited to a certain number of GPS control
points along the Supply Line, at existing boreholes, at pumping
stations, at Dengego reservoir and access road, at main reservoir sites.
 It includes the line of distribution systems in Alemaya, Aweday and
Adele, and control points of Harar’s distribution system.
 It includes also the crossing of Dire Dawa town. These points are
indicated on specific plans, stretching from Hasseliso to Harar.
 the complete survey of the 71 km Main Supply Line shall be done at
the beginning of the works by the Civil Contractor CW 1.
 A complete survey of Harar City shall be done at the beginning of the
construction of the distribution by Civil Contractor CW 2.
 At that time a complementary command of pipes and fittings shall be
made.

9.4 STORAGE
9.4.1 General
The service reservoirs and all pressure tanks proposed in the WWDSE
September 2002 report have been properly analyzed and controlled for the
following design factors; numbers, sizes, topographic suitability, the site for
their construction and their capacity to store water for the different demand
fluctuation periods. Minimum hour demand and hourly variation data/ record
were not available for the city of Harar. For this reason the average demand
factors and consumption values of Addis Ababa, Awassa and Dire Dawa has
been adopted.
9.4.2 Existing Reservoir Facilities
One of the reservoirs named ABOKER terminal square shaped concrete under
ground reservoir with a capacity of 1000m3 constructed in 1966( EC), At an
average elevation of 2007 m.a.s.l was considered to be incorporated in the
new water supply system with only some rehabilitation work on the civil
structure and change and replacement of the elector mechanical parts.
9.4.3 Storage for Distribution
The following reservoirs have been proposed in this Design review report:
Table 8.3 Reservoirs Location and capacity
9.4.4 Storage to Compensate Daily Variations of Demand
To compensate the daily variations of demand, the storage capacity should

be 30% of the daily demand.
Table 8.4 Storage Requirement for daily variations of demand

For normal compensation of daily variations of demand the reservoirs

proposed in the 2002 Design are therefore sufficient, at the following
conditions:
 Dengego reservoir is part of the storage for On-Line towns + R8
(zone 8, Hamaressa);
 Dengego reservoir is part of the storage for Harar City & On-
Lines;
 Break pressure tanks R1, R2, R3, R5 are continuously fed by the
transmission main;
 Reservoirs in Aweday and Hamaressa are continuously fed by the
gravity main;
 All reservoirs are full early in the morning;
 The System is automatically regulated by Telemetry (SCADA-
System)
In Phase II (2025),
For normal daily compensation, Harar City & On-Lines needs at minimum a
total volume of storage, i.e., from Dengego to Harar City of: 36794 x 0.3 =
11000 m3, and Harar City: 30179 x 0.3 = ’000 m3
9.4.5 Storage In Case Of Interruptions
Ideally, for a pumped water supply, the storage capacity should be equal to
the water demand during an unforeseen interruption of pumping (major
repair, power failure).
If this interruption can last 1 day, in 2015 the storage capacity of Harar City&
On-Lines should be 24’000 m3. If it lasts 3 days, it should be in the order of
60,000 m3 for Phase I.
The stored volume is considered sufficient to serve the city for at least 4 to 6
hours pump stoppage or pump failure time and to balance the demand
fluctuation in 24 hours time.
9.4.6 Reservoir Locations and Capacities
9.4.6.1 Proposed Reservoir Facilities
The location of the newly proposed service reservoirs site for both to be
constructed in phases has been identified and selected based on the
following, but not limited to these:
 The required elevation heads for the water to reach the proposed
reservoir by gravity directly from the transmission main from Dengego
reservoir

 The availability and suitability of the area for the proposed reservoir
construction including future extension.
 Considering maximum optimized alternatives (options) to avoid pump
fed area or zone with in the distribution network.
The storage capacity of the service reservoir has been determined as per the
hydraulic calculation (see Table 8.5 below) carried out to meet demand
variations during 24 hours. Based on the required storage capacity needed
i.e. 30% of the total maximum day demand for first phase and second phase
is determined to be 3,502 m3 and 6580 m3 respectively.
Table 8.5 Storage Capacity Determination
It is recommended to construct one 4000 m3 reservoir in the first phase and

another 3000 m3 reservoir in the second phase. Though the capacity of the
reservoir for the first and second phases varies, the height or depth of the
reservoir will be equal to maintain equal static head in the two reservoirs.
9.4.6.2 Storage during Pump Failure
The reservoir could store during pump failure a maximum of 6 hours water
demand is stored to be supplied to the town with out any interruption.
Table 8.6 Available Storage Capacity when there is Pump Failure

9.4.6.3 Pumping Station Location
The options regarding the pumping discussed and proposed in WWDSE’s

2002 report has been analyzed properly and option 2 was found to be more
feasible in all aspects, and all the design analysis have been done based on
this option.
The adopted option presented as follows have been modified to some extent
with the demand adjustment.
Option
To locate the reservoir at an elevation of 2070 where the water can flow by
gravity from Dengego,
through the transmission main for first phase, hydraulic calculation for first
phase. In this arrangement
 the elevated areas or areas which have an elevation above 2055 will
be fed by boosting the water to smaller water tank to be distributed by
gravity for pressure zone above this elevation.
 Furthermore, to meet the requirement of the second phase, a booster
pumping station at an elevation between 2012 and 2014 and at a road
distance between 13 to 15 km from Dengego or at a chain age of 390
to 393 on the profile of the rising main is required for the water to
reach the proposed reservoir site at an elevation of 2070.
 The required head for this pump is about 145 m and a discharge
equal to the maximum daily demand of second phase.
 Comparing the above two options, in option one the capacity of the
pump will be big that is, the discharge of the pump will be equal to the
maximum day demand which is 278 l/s for first phase and 418 l/s for
second phase.
In this option
 No buster pumping station is required. only a small pump is required
in the service reservoir site to boost water from the main reservoir
(4000m3) to the 200 m3 water tank to distributed water to the
particular subsystem or (zone 7) located in a higher elevation than the
service reservoir.
 The capacity of the pump shall be the maximum day demand of Zone
7, which are 2.98 l/s and 4.64 l/s for first and second phase
respectively. However, in the second phase of this 2 nd option a booster
pump for the water to reach the main reservoir is required on the
transmission main as a consequence of the anticipated head lose due
to increase in friction with age.
As per the attached hydraulic analysis for second phase maximum demand
the water will flow by gravity up to elevation of about 2015 and a road
distance of about 14 km from Dengego. Therefore, the pump station shall be
located at this place and will have a capacity of about 145 m head and a
discharge equal to the maximum day demand of second phase for Harar and
Aweday (374.30 l/s).
Based on the size of pump which directly related to the volume of work,
easiness of implementation, operation and maintenance as well as
investment cost, option 2 requires lower capacity pump and therefore it is
recommended. The details of the pumps, and in general the electro
mechanical component is covered in the Electro Mechanical Design Review
Report in different section.
9.4.6.4 Required pumps
From the recommended option, it is anticipated that for the first phase one
pumping station inside the compound of the service reservoir site shall be
constructed to serve the elevated areas or zone 7.
Even though this pump is within the distribution system the capacity is
determined using the maximum day demand of zone 7, whereas, the peak
hour demand shall be taken care by the collecting tank provided (see section
4.1.7). Thus, for the first phase, two pumps one operating and one standby
with a characteristics of H = 40 m and discharge Q = 2.98 l/s shall be
installed.
For the second phase two pumps one functional and one standby each with
Q = 4.96 l/s and H = 40m shall be employed. Therefore, the pump house to
be constructing in the first phase shall have the capacity to accommodate
and satisfy the second phase requirement.
For the second phase of this project a pumping station at about 13 km from
Dengego at an elevation of 2015 is required. This pump house will be
constructed in second phase of the project. The pump capacity will be Q
=374.30 l/s (maximum day demand for Harar and Aweday) 145 m head
lifting capacity.
In case of power interruption, Generator with appropriate generator house

will be constructed.
9.5 HARAR CITY WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

9.5.1 PRESSURE ZONES OF THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Ground level within Harar ranges from 1754.12 m.a.s.l. at the Police Training
Center to 2098 m.a.s.l. at St. Georges Church. To limit the maximum and
minimum head within the distribution system, the proposed pipe distribution
network is divided into 7 distinct pressure zones or sub- systems. Each
pressure zone is supplied from the 200 m3 break pressure water tank which
also serves as break pressure chamber. The maximum day demand, peak

hour demand and range of elevation for each zone are presented on Table
4.1.5 and 4.1.6.
Zone 1:
This zone is one of the smallest pressure zones with in the elevation range of
1762.5 and 1819.03 (m.a.s.l.).
 The elevated place (1824.39m.a.s.l) is where the 200 m3 water tank
called T-1 is situated to feed the distribution network with in this zone
by gravity.
 The location of zone 1 is in the eastern tip of the city, out side Jugal,
stretching from Felana- Ber up to Senga-ber including the Grand
Mosque (Abdal).
 This zone covers the area; small part of the old city centre (Jugal) and
the area out side Jugal fence on the South eastern side tip of the city,
the police training centre, future residential plots for housing
cooperatives, religious gathering areas, cemeteries, abattoir, some
public services and agricultural land.
 Most of the houses inside Jegol are attached resulting to a density of
140 inhabitants per hectare. Categorised as medium income area and
most houses in this zone will be connected to the public water supply.
 the water demand can be based on total population equivalent of
14,000 persons and on an average specific consumption of 95 lpcd.
Zone 2
This zone has elevation range between 1779.02 and 1881 m.a.s.l.
 The 200m3 break pressure tank (T-2) is situated at the maximum
elevation (1881 m.a.s.l.) to supply the distribution network of the zone
by gravity.
 Zone 2 have got an estimated area of 246 Hectares and
 covers part of Jugal, Kebeles 7, 6, 5 and 3 in full and parts of Kebeles 1,
2 and 4 which are highly densely populated areas of the city with an
average of more than 300 inhabitants/hectare and Kebele 8 which is a
medium and low income area partial covered by medium and low cost
houses, future residential and agricultural land , and part of Kebele 15
and extends up to Dekar (Suburb) on the Jijiga road which is a future
development and expansion area of the city.
 Babile mineral water bottling factory and The Misrak Arbegnoch high
level Water demand
Zone 3
Zone 3 has elevation range between maximum of 1853.96 and minimum

of 1912.65m.a.s.l.
 The 200m3 break pressure tank (T-3) is situated at the maximum
elevation (1912 m.a.s.l.) to supply the water distribution network of the
zone by gravity.
 This zone have a relatively fair density (between 70 – 110
inhabitants/hectare), and a mixed water demand pattern and specific
pressure requirement for hospitals, fuel felling stations and fire

hydrants.
 Zone 3 have got a total area of around 268 hectare, and covers most
of the well developed and the city center.
 Most of the administrative, ministerial and service agencies,
commercial and business centers, Hotels and restaurants , hospitals,
Ex- Military academy and the future medical university, and high and
medium class houses found in this zone.
 part of Kebele 8, part of Kebele 11, most part of Kebele 10, the whole
of Kebele 14 and parts of Kebele 15 and 16 are covered in this zone.
 The high and medium class housing area, The future medical
university, The Hiwot Fana referral hospital, The two fuel feeling station
both equipped with a high pressure car washing service equipment,
Police Hospital and the TB – Centre are located in this zone.
Zone 5
 The elevation of the zone ranges between a maximum of 1902.62 and

a minimum of 1997.93m.a.s.l. This zone is one of the largest pressure
zones, which covers the area from Kelad- Amba to Western part of the
town up to fuel reserve Depot area.
 It covers a total area of nearly 617hectares and encompasses the
major parts of Kebele 17 and 16, the whole of Kebele 13, almost half of
Kebele 12, part of Kebele 11, 15 and 18. Zone 5 is a widely dispersed
pressure zone that extends from the central part of the city in to all
directions.
 The existing Aboker 1000 m3 capacity reservoir is situated at an
elevation of (2001 m.a.s.l). The water supply distribution network zone
will be supplied by gravity from R- 5.
 Most educational facilities in the city are also found in this zone. One
Total and one Shell fuel stations with a daily demand of 10,000 l each
also found in sub-zone (5.2).Two fuel stations Total and Shell in this
zone each with an estimated 10000 litters per day consumption are
considered in the commercial water demand forecast.
 Water supply distribution will be based mainly on public water points.
Zone 6
 The minimum and maximum elevations of this area are 1980.14 and
2068.58 m.a.s.l respectively.
 covers northern part of the town, encircling the Aboker Mountain where
St. George Church and the Cuban patriot’s cemetery is situated, most
of Kebele 18, half of Kebele 12, and some part of Kebele 11.
 Extends to Fedis Road including Harar Radio Station and on the
Hamarresa side up to the Oromia Rural Roads Authority and Menschen
fur Menschen Agricultural technical training Institute.

 Currently this is the less densely populated zone except in some part,
however, is the future development area and industrial zone as per the
city council development plan.
 The water distribution network of the zone is supplied directly from the
4000 m3 capacity service reservoir situated at an elevation of
2076m.a.s.l. Zone 6 covers an area of roughly 500hectares.
 The total future water demand of the industrial zone, the agricultural
Institute, and two Total fuel stations in this sub zone are the major
inputs.
Zone 7
 The maximum and minimum elevations of this zone are 2098 and
2051.98 m.a.s.l respectively situated on the north most elevated part
of the city where St. Gorge Church and the Cuban patriot’s cemetery
are located.
 This zone is designed to be supplied by gravity from collecting
chamber R-7 located at an elevation of 2098.19, m.a.s.l.
 R-7 will be fed by a buster pump situated next to the 4000 m 3 service
reservoir.
 This zone currently has very few inhabitants and with only few
hectares reserved for future residential plots, a reasonably large part is
allocated as a preserved historical, and recreational area in the city
council development plan.
Zone 8
 The maximum and minimum elevation of the zone is 2005.37 and

1930.93 m.a.s.l respectively.
 covers the Western part of the town from beginning from Menschen fur
Menschen Agricultural Technical Training Center up to the end of
Hamaressa which is the boundary of the city. It is also gravity fed zone
from break pressure tank T- 8 located at an elevation of
2006.27(m.a.s.l.).
9.5.2 Break Pressure Tanks
In this revised distribution network for Harar city there are 5 break pressure
tanks. Except the existing Aboker reservoir with a capacity of 1000 m3
rectangular in shape (R-5) incorporated in this project to serve as a supply
source and break pressure tank for Zone 5, each have 200 m3 capacity and
circular shape concrete tanks and will be constructed on ground. These
tanks are named T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-8, after the pressure zone they serve by
gravity. In order to consistent with the default annotation of Water CAD
program, the abbreviation will be used through the design report.
Table 8.7 Discharge From Each Break Pressure Tanks & Reservoirs
The main purpose of these tanks is to maintain the pressure head in the
distribution network of respective zones to be in the recommended range (15
– 75 manometer head). This is accomplished by selecting the break pressure
tanks site with respective to the pressure zones maximum and minimum
elevation. This break pressure tanks should be constructed as per the
specified elevation on Table 4.3.

Table 8.8 Summary of Elevation Range for Each Zone
9.5.3 Collecting Chamber (Cc)
Collecting chamber enables the water to flow by gravity to the distribution

network of the specific zone. In all cases, CC is located at higher elevation
than the service reservoir such that it requires pumping.
The Collecting chamber located at a higher elevation Zone 7, of the town

which is 2098.19(m.a.s.l.) near the fence of St. George Church. 200m3, this
capacity is actually the required capacity needed to store at least 30 % MDD
of the zone for first phase and second phase is to be 77.24m3 and 117.80m3
respectively. However, for the ease of construction, operation and
maintenance and adapting standard design, a 200m3 capacity is
recommended for both phases.
The chamber has a capacity of storing for 12 hours of the maximum day
demand capacity of the zone 7 for phase II. it serves as storage in times of
pump failure and supports the life of the pump giving ample break time.
9.5.4 Distribution Network
9.5.4.1 Water Transfer Mains of the Distribution System
Under this revised scheme all waters reaching Harar is collected in Service
Reservoir (R-6), from where it flows by gravity to the lower pressure zones
break pressure tank (T-1, T-2, T-3, R-5, T-8) and is pumped to collecting
chamber T-7.

The sizing of water transfer pipe is designed in such a manner to

economically accommodate the peak hour demand of first and second
phase.
Pipe pressure classes are determined by the maximum possible pressure that
may occur in the system. Accordingly the transfer system,
 from the service reservoir to T-8, T-7 & R-5 will be PN 16 and
 the transfer main that feeds the lowest points to T-3; T-2 & T-1 will be
PN 25.
The water transfer mains required are summarized in Table 4.1.8 and the lay
out of the water transfer main is presented on Figure 4.1 and 4-2. This water
transfer mains are to be laid to profile, having due regard to the range of
hydraulic gradients.

Table 8.9 Description of Water Transfer Mains
Note:- G= Gravity Supply P= Pump Supply

Zone 6 is directly supplied from service reservoir (R-6), Refer Fig 4-2
9.5.4.2 Pipe Distribution Net Work
The revised pipe distribution network is sized such that it economically

accommodates the peak hour demands of Phase I (year 2015) and Phase II
(Year 2025.
The length of the pipe with respect to their diameter for distribution network
and the transfer main is presented in Table 4-7 & 4-8 respectively. As per the
finding from the hydraulic calculation and summary on Table 4.9, except at
one Node (Node 158) where the maximum pressure at minimum hourly
demand (night time flow) is 100m (10 bar), all nodes in the distribution
network has a pressure lower than 100m (10 bar), Therefore, the nominal
pressure of the pipes in the distribution network shall be PN 10.
The total length of the distribution system is

Phase II
 94,898 m including transfer main and
 88,322m excluding transfer main
Phase II.
 106,664 m including transfer main and
 100,088 excluding transfer main
Consequently, actual construction works and purchase of pipe and fitting

materials for this project is planned to be executed in the two distinct time
phases

Table 8.10 Length and Diameter of pipes for the distribution network of
Harar city.
Table 8.11 Length and Diameter of Distribution Main for Harar City
Note - additional 1% length of pipe is included
The lay out of the revised pipe distribution network which shows all phase I
and phase II pipes with type, size and length alongside with the other major
physical units like service reservoirs, break pressure tanks, booster pump
stations is presented in separated drawings.
Printouts of Water CAD simulation results, during minimum hourly , average

and peak hour consumption periods in both design phases and the schematic
layouts showing the proposed pipe distribution network are presented in
Annex –B. For quick reference and visualization purposes, a short summary
containing all the extreme pressure values in different scenarios and patterns
are presented as follows in Table 4.9. Further figures that show the
distribution network of the distinct pressure zones are attached on figure 4.5.
Table 8.12 Summary of Extreme Pressure Values in the distribution system

of Harar city.
9.5.4.3 Public Fountain
At present, the Water Supply Authority has given emphasis to the

rehabilitation and construction of new public fountains in Harar, and good
progress are observed. In addition to the seven existing public fountains
rehabilitation, as a short-term emergency major, water tanks and tankers
with different capacity
Picture 5. Emergency period distribution
have been installed in each public fountain sites to re-fill them from the
existing water supply network and using water trucks to distribute water in
ration to the people in the city.

From the forecasted data for Harar,

 populations that use public fountain are about 30,555, 38,457 and
36,592 respectively for the years of 2005, 2015 and 2025.
 newly installed 31 public fountains, one public fountain could serve
764, 961 and 915 people and including
 the existing 40 public fountains, could serve 856, 579 and 776 people
for the years of 2005, 2015 and 2025 respectively
9.6 ON-LINE TOWNS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
9.6.1 Alemaya Town Water supply System
9.6.1.1 Distribution
The water distribution system for Alemaya was completely new study with
respect to its components as there was no design of the same in the earlier
report
 The maximum day demand that is important mainly for source
determination is 19.88l/s for first phase (2015) and 33.77l/s for second
phase (2025).
 The peak hour demand that is useful for sizing distribution network is
31.81l/s and 54.03 l/s for first phase (2015) and second phase (2025)
respectively. In new of these change and available data only the
reservoir capacity and diameter of transfer main is changed from what
Gibb’s recommended for Alemaya town.
9.6.1.2 Service Reservoir
The reservoirs capacities are designed as per the new demand based on the
new factors for projection. The previous phase II demand is about 53% higher
than the new revised demand.
 The storage capacity of the service reservoir for Alemaya town is

determined as per the extended period hydraulic simulation carried out
with demand variation of 24 hours. (See annex- Table H-2.3)
 the required storage capacity needed for first phase and second phase
is determined to be 423 m3 and 798 m3 respectively.
 rehabilitate the existing 100 m3 surface reservoir currently serving both
Alemaya and Aweday towns for specific use of supplying water to Zone
1 of Alemaya town.
 at the side of the 200 m3 additional 200m3 will be constructed
 construct one 200m3 reservoir on the new reservoir site inside the
compound of the Muslim medressa (school) at an elevation of 2075.35
m.a.s.l on the other side of the town to supply water to Zone 2. The
new reservoir site being located at a higher elevation enables gravity
supply.

 additional 300m3 reservoir shall be constructed in phase II. This makes

the total storage capacity to be 800 m 3, including the existing 100m 3
reservoir
9.6.2 Transfer Main
Transfer Main for Alemaya town branching out from the Dengego Harar line
(600 mm DCI) are:
 To 200m3 new Reservoir located at the hill north of the town at an
elevation of 2075.35 m.a.s.l., inside the compound of the Muslim
Medressa (school),
 To existing and new reservoir, a second main line along the road to the
Alemaya University.
 The diameters of these transfer mains are proposed to be DN 200mm
based on the second phase maximum day demand for
 In Phase I water can reach the two reservoirs by the available
gravitational head. The hydraulic calculation that shows, available
head is presented in the Annex at Table H-1.1 for the first phase and in
Table H.1.2 for the second phase.
 In phase II, the available head in the system remain to be only 31.6
meters. To reach the new reservoir at 2075 m.a.s.l, additional head of
25 m is required.
 for the second phase a pump having a discharge capacity of 57.8 l/s
and a head of about 30 m shall be constructed at an Alemaya Town
(33.77l/s).
 The lengths are 1000 m to the new reservoir and 1500m to the existing
reservoir respectively.
 The calculated maximum head including friction loss during phase II is
about 60m35m and 30 m to the old and new reservoirs respectively;
thus a pipe with nominal pressure of 10 bars (PN 10) is assumed
sufficient.
 Ground Elevation the new reservoir is 2014 m.a.s.l, and existing
reservoir is 2013 m.a.s.l,to having an available head of 81 meters and
82 meters respectively. Both operate separately.
9.6.3 Distribution Network
 From the survey, the ground elevation of Alemaya town found out to
have an elevation variation of about 83 m and forced to the
requirement of two pressure zones.
 most of the existing pipe network are reconsidered in the new design.
 The Water demand forecast have been revised based on the revised
population figure and growth rate factors.
 Accordingly, the nodal demand distribution has also been distributed
following the settlement and development trend of the town.

9.6.4 Public Fountain Alemaya
 Based on the understanding and agreement reached earlier between

Oromia and Harari Regional States, in Alemaya town the construction
of
 5 public fountains in addition to the distribution network design was
considered.
 The locations for the public fountains have been selected jointly with
the Eastern Harerghe zone of Oromia regional state Water Resources
Bureau officials, the town administration council and the participation
of the end users.
 The number of consumers for each of the five proposed public
fountain will be 963, 651 and 873 for the years of 2005, 2015 and 2025
respectively.
9.6.5 Aweday town Water supply Distribution System
9.6.5.1 General
The town of Aweday is one of the fast growing among the On-Line Towns. The
town has continued to build its name associated with chat trading high-level
income generating plant.
However, in relation to the design review process:

 no design report is available for review in the WWDSE’s 2002 report
except a rough summarized population and water demand forecast
included in the calculation of Great Harar water demand forecast.
 a new survey was conducted for determination of the water
distribution network and the reservoir sites, along with the revision of
the population and demand forecasts.
 The different demand projections and
population forecasts for the design years
2015 and 2025.
Picture 6 Under Construction Private

Buildings
9.6.5.2 Aweday Reservoir
WWDSE’s Final Feasibility and Design Report of September 2002, proposed

two reservoirs with the total required capacity of 188 m3 and 355 m3 for first
phase and second phase of the project respectively. Thus for the first phase
the construction of two reservoirs at sites proposed by Gibb’s, having a

capacity of 100 m3 each is proposed. There was no proper investigation of

the site condition and even does not specify where these two locations are.
In this report it is,
 recommended that one 200 m3 reservoir at an elevation of 2081m.a.s.l

and another 100 m3 capacity reservoir at an elevation of 2106 ,
 one booster pump in the 200 m3 reservoir site to fill the later shall be
constructed in phase I, to satisfy the requirements of both the phase I
and the phase II.
9.6.5.3 Aweday Transfer Main
 The off take from the Harar transmission main to the proposed Aweday
reservoir site at 2081masl which is designated as transfer main No1
and the length is about 1000 m.
 The pipe diameter of this main have been designed to carry the phase
II maximum day demand (2769m3/day) and sized to be 200 mm.
 The 75m head difference between the 200 m 3 lower and the upper
(100m3) reservoir used in the selection and design of the pump.
Accordingly, the pipe nominal pressure can be sized to be ten bars (PN
10).
However, in this new system the result from Hydraulic calculation, table H-1-
1 in the annex for the transmission main,
 pipe will branch out at an elevation of 2027 m.a.s.l and the available
head at this point is 54.2 meter and negative (-) 23 m for first and
second phase respectively.
 Therefore the proposed pump head by WWDSE for first and second
phase demand were revised.
 Further, the requirement of pumps and the capacity have been decided
along with the detail survey and design of distribution network.
9.6.5.4 Aweday Distribution Network
WWDSE’s September 2000 report stated that “Like for the other Satellite
towns the diameters and length of the Distribution network for Aweday is
directly accommodated from Gibb’s proposal in this report. However for
Aweday also there was neither a Master Plan nor adequate base mapping, for
Gibb’s to present the future water supply system”.
It was a huge burden imposed to this consultant when the contract for the
current review work was prepared with out checking the above condition of
the said final design report and considering being a final design report during
the preparation of the terms of reference for a design review while there was
no design to be reviewed.

9.6.5.5 Aweday Public Fountain
Taking into consideration the basic assumption that is recommended for

Harar city, that stats, there should be one public fountain with in 500 meters
walking distance and also one fountain should serve maximum of 100
people, Aweday town require a minimum of 2 public fountains. The location
will be decided by participating the community and concerned officials. The
number of consumers from each public fountain will be 857,579 and 777 for
the years of 2005, 2015 and 2025 respectively.
9.6.6 Adele and Dengego Water Supply System
9.6.6.1 General
These town and villages were lately incorporated into the Harar water supply
and sanitation project based on the Harari and Oromia regional states
agreement to include them in the project. WWDSE’s 2002 report has
included these On-Line town and villages with out any detail study with
limited roadside water point's supply.
9.6.6.2 Population and Water Demand
The town of Adele and the village of Dengego will be

 supplied through seven public fountains five for the town of Adele and
two for Dengego village,
 in section 2.5.2. The population that will be benefited from the system
is presented on table 2.4.
 For the first design horizon (2015) this ultimate number of people per
public fountain is adopted, that is for the town of Adele 5000 people
and for Dengego 2000 people each.
 the projection for the target years is made using the same growth rate
recommended on table 2.3.
 The water demand (design flow) for this villages and Adele town is
presented on table 5.10

10 WATER TREATMENT
10.1 HASSELISO WATERS
This assumption to accept the water is suitable for drinking purpose is

supported by the following findings:
 The chemical composition of the water is acceptable for domestic use.
 though analysis data is incomplete, results of electrical conductivity and
total dissolved solid values are reasonably moderate.
 The pH and other natural water characteristics are all within tolerable
limits
 hydrogeology of the region does also indicate that the main sandstone /
limestone aquifer system, which is characterized by a Ca/ HCO 3-system
for the most part, and SO42 to a lesser extent, is separated by an
impervious basalt layer which makes the groundwater less vulnerable to
human influences, and thus to pollution.
However, it has to be pointed out that the water is quite hard with respect to
calcium and can thus have a tendency to settle out, especially at higher
temperatures. Moreover, since the pH of the groundwater is close to 8.2,
which is nearly the optimum range for the precipitation of CaCO 3, this
situation may further be aggravated by the addition of chlorine during actual
plant operation and may thus contribute to possible scaling.
10.2 SELCETED TREATMENT SITES
In the previous Design Report: chlorination was suggested at Hasseliso

Collection Tank (CT) pumping station 1 and at Dengego reservoir. The site
was proposed to facilitate the water supply from the system simultaneously
to the villages near and around well field and Hasseliso.
Due to the reasons stated below, it has been necessary to move the site:
a. before the review is complete Hasseliso has managed to get a a new
and complete water supply system from a separate borehole equipped
with pump and a reservoir located on the hill above the village. This
system supplies also water to another nearby village.
b. Incase the system needs expansion in the future one of the observation
wells can be used as additional source without connecting to the new
hara scheme. at present there is no need of drinking water between the
well field near Hasseliso and Dengego reservoir, on top of the pressure
main, at 42 km from Hasseliso.
c. The drinking water for the operators and guards of the pumping stations
can be obtained by much cheaper methods.
d. Fundamentally, the water from the boreholes do not contain pathogens,
and the risk of pollution in the pressure main is nearly nil.
e. For the pump impellers it is an advantage if the water is not chlorinated.

New Sites: chlorination is suggested, to prevent pollution of the distributed

water at two sites stated below:
 Dengego reservoir for the purpose of the towns of Adele, Alemaya
and Aweday.
 post-chlorination at the main Harar reservoir (R6) is propose
Due to the distance and time needed to reach Harar,
 On both sites, the injection of chlorine is proposed in the pipe at the
inlet to the reservoir, where pressure is reduced and good mixing is
guarantied.
 The minimal time of contact shall be achieved mainly in the
reservoir, but also in the main gravity supply pipe.
10.3 DISINFECTANT SELECTION
Criteria used to determine the amount and type of disinfectant needed are:
 Amount of water to be treated.
 Quality of water to be treated, particularly with regard to disinfectant
consuming substances and pH.
 Age of the distribution network and possible risk of pollution.
 Safety requirements during transport, storage and application.
 Wastage due to potential loss of available chlorine during preparation.
 Cost and effectiveness of the specific disinfectant.
All three forms of chlorine are considered i.e. sodium hypochlorite, chlorine
gas and calcium hypochlorite.
Sodium hypochlorite is produced in the country, while calcium

hypochlorite and chlorine gas are imported. However, transport from Djibouti
is shorter than transport from Addis Ababa. Calcium hypochlorite Ca(OCl) 3 is
a dry, white or white-yellow granular material with about 65 percent of
available chorine by weight.
In considering the other two chorine compounds, sodium hypochlorite

solution (9-15 percent strength) is known to loose 2 to 4 percent of its
available chlorine content per month at room temperature; therefore, a
maximum shelf life of only 60 to 90 days is recommended. These constraints
and the increased transport costs (4 to 6 times that of calcium hypochlorite)
over long distances make it uneconomical to use, even if it is produced in the
country.
Chlorine gas is known to be in most common use in 90 to 95 percent of all

disinfection applications everywhere. However, the application of chlorine
gas requires special care in storage and handling, including the employment
of trained operators in adequately equipped facilities with regular
maintenance programmes.
Calcium hypochlorite in the current most popular disinfection practices

recommended to this particular treatment plant. The only major constraint
with calcium hypochlorite is that it be stored in separate areas to avoid

contact with organic materials since the reaction can generate heat and
oxygen. Moreover addition of Ca(OCl)2 to water does generate heat, and the
dry granular material should thus be added to the correct volume of water,
not vice versa.
10.4 APPLICATION AND DOSAGE REQUIREMENTS

10.4.1 Dosage Requirement
Although the dosage of chlorine should be determined on the basis of the

chlorine demand, an approximate value is suggested, considering that the
actual clear well ground water source is unaffected by human influences.
Therefore, subject to establishing the actual dosage rate during the initial
stages of operation of the treatment plant, for the time being it is
recommended that the dosage amount at Dengego Reservoir be 1.0 mg/l
and post-chlorination at Harar city reservoir 0.5 mg/l respectively.
The dosing rates for a 1% (w/v) calcium hypochlorite solution with 65%
active chlorine is indicated for the maximum day demand for Harar &
atellites (Dengego reservoir) and Harar city, for the years 2015and 2025.
The ultimate goal of the treatment programme is to attain a residual chlorine

value of 0.2 to 0.3 mg/l at the consumers tap, at the condition that the water
is tested regularly, to ensure a proper chlorine residual during operation.
10.4.2 Hypo-chlorination facilities
A cool dry storage area to stockpile the calcium hypochlorite powder in its
shipping containers.
10.4.3 Storage area / Dengego and Harar
The storage room should thus be designed to meet this specification with
enough room for ventilation due to the irritating nature of chlorine gas
emanations. The 9m2 room shown in the previous Design Report drawing is
not sufficient to stock the disinfectant: 400 bags of 50 kg capacity or drums,
needed at Dengego reservoir for a six-month period in the year 2022.
The two treatment facilities at Dengego and Main Harar (R6) reservoirs have
differing chemical consuming capacities (as shown in the table with respect
to chemical use) and due consideration in this regard will thus be needed to
determine the respective storage capacity.
The main installations are:

 A variable speed, chemical feed pump (hypo-chlorinator), of the positive
displacement diaphragm type.

 A mix and solution tank. After mixing Ca(OCl)2 in water, impurities and not
dissolved chemicals settle to the bottom of the solution tank. The clear
solution in this tank is then transferred to the
 Clear solution tank, to prevent non-dissolved material from reaching and
plugging the hypo-chlorinator or rupturing the diaphragm.
 Chlorine injector, fitted on the inlet pipe to the reservoir.
 Automatic chlorine detector and pH detector at the outlet of the reservoir.
Command at distance of the chlorinator, regulating the chlorine dose.
10.5 THE CHEMICAL FEED ROOM / DENGEGO AND HARAR
The chemical feed room shall accommodate a twin disposition of twice two
containers and two feed pumps (one being stand-by). The arrangement of
the two tanks to each other and to the feed pump shall ensure a correct
operation of the chlorinator.
1.2 m diameter fibreglass tanks, 1.6 m high, are proposed.
The mix-tank shall be equipped with an electrical mixer. Its outlet shall be
positioned 50 cm above the base-level, to allow settling of the non soluble
components. At its base, a wash-out shall allow to dispose off this settled
material.
The tanks (1.4 m3 capacity + free rim) are capacity-wise designed for a daily
three-shift operation in the year 2012. Both tanks, feed pump and all other
fixtures shall be of corrosion resistant materials.

11 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT
11.1 HARAR CITY
Complete sets of new standard & special tools, necessary for the operation,
maintenance and dismantling of the various facilities shall be provided in
strong steel or wooden boxes each fitted with a suitable pad lock. They will
mainly include the following :
 Two complete industrial mechanical maintenance tool sets, metric

units, minimum of 144 pieces, each tool set, assembled in a strong
metal tool chest, consisting of various sizes
 manual pipe thread cutting machine complete with pipe vice and stand
and a boxes set of 15-80 mm BSPT dies
 Two complete industrial electrician master sets, minimum of 99 pieces
metric. Each tool set assembled in a strong metal tool chest consisting
of:
 Two sets of measuring devices including mainly the following items in
leather carrying cases
 Two complete sets of portable lifting equipment for the removal and
installation of submersible pumps from the boreholes consisting of
tripod, chain, clamps, pipe wrenches etc.
Since these tools will mainly be used during the commissioning period of the
E & M works and for maintenance of the latter we propose to include them in
the related E-M contract instead to launch a separate one.




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HARAR WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT

5.4.7 Jegol area growth Rate analysis....................................................................................................5:25

8.1.1 Collection Tanks/Wet Wells............................................................................................................8:25

9 WATER TREATMENT 9:48

BCEOM/WWDSE/CECE Design Review Report, Volume I, Edition December 2005 3

Picture 1. Relative Location of the Project Area...................................2:5

BCEOM/WWDSE/CECE Design Review Report, Volume I, Edition December 2005 4

Table 2.1 Central Location of Harar City and ON-Line Towns..................2:6

Table 6.7 PCD- Aweday Population Percentage Population Served.............6:6

BCEOM/WWDSE/CECE Design Review Report, Volume I, Edition December 2005 6

Abbreviation and Acronyms

ADB African development Bank

DSEPHR Demographic and Socio- Economic Profile of

Harari People and National Regional State Statistical Abstract

BCEOM/WWDSE/CECE Design Review Report, Volume I, Edition December 2005 7

RESPONDING TO WATER DISASTER IN HARAR CITY

On 11 February 2004, the water supply system in Harar City came to a

Even the groundwater basin corresponding to this lake is in danger, if its

BCEOM/WWDSE/CECE Design Review Report, Volume I, Edition December 2005 8

WATER DEMAND CALCULATION

Based on the population forecast, a detailed analysis of the domestic,

SUPPLY MAIN FROM THE WELLFIELDS TO HARAR TOWN

The four booster pumping stations are relocated in order to optimise

BCEOM/WWDSE/CECE Design Review Report, Volume I, Edition December 2005 9

The present design proposes chlorination at Dengego reservoir and post-

WATER METERS AND TEST BENCH

BCEOM/WWDSE/CECE Design Review Report, Volume I, Edition December 2005 10

The installation of water meters cannot be separated from installation of

An adequate site shall be chosen for the administrative building, workshop

PUBLIC AND COMMUNITY LATRINES

DRAINAGE AND SANITATION

Especially in the narrow streets of Jegol water supply, drainage and

BCEOM/WWDSE/CECE Design Review Report, Volume I, Edition December 2005 11

2.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

2.2 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT

In 1996/97, following agreements between UNICEF, SDR and the Water

BCEOM/WWDSE/CECE Design Review Report, Volume I, Edition December 2005 1

In 2000, The Regional Government requested the Ministry of Water resources

However, the design report was evaluated by different concerned

2.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVE

BCEOM/WWDSE/CECE Design Review Report, Volume I, Edition December 2005 2

II. "entail the improvement of solid waste management system as well

2.4 THIS REPORT

This report is prepared in response to the contract agreement entered

The available document utilized during this review is a report on pre-

The base of this review work is therefore;

BCEOM/WWDSE/CECE Design Review Report, Volume I, Edition December 2005 3

b. boreholes accomplishment report at Dire Jara well field Feb.2000

BCEOM/WWDSE/CECE Design Review Report, Volume I, Edition December 2005 4

3 THE PROJECT AREA

Picture 1. Relative Location of the Project Area.

Harari Region has no Administrative zones or Woredas. The total number of

BCEOM/WWDSE/CECE Design Review Report, Volume I, Edition December 2005 5

Table 2.1 Central Location of Harar City and ON-Line Towns

3.2.1 Water Source Area

BCEOM/WWDSE/CECE Design Review Report, Volume I, Edition December 2005 6

Temperature is even between 17.1°C-20.2°C throughout the year. The coolest

Table 2.2 Summarized Climate data for Diredawa Station

3.2.2 Harar Town and the Vicinity

It is amazing however, until recently that Harari region has no regional

BCEOM/WWDSE/CECE Design Review Report, Volume I, Edition December 2005 7

Temperature is even between 17.1°C-20.2°C throughout the year. The coolest

Table 2.2 Summarized Climate data for Hararmeda Station

BCEOM/WWDSE/CECE Design Review Report, Volume I, Edition December 2005 8