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Fluid Mechanics-I Lab (MEEN 2217)

Lab Report 06

Title:
To calculate Reynold’s number for laminar and turbulent
flows using Osborne Reynold’s apparatus.

Abd ur Rehman

ME172023

20-01-2019

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Abstract
In this experiment we can calculate the Reynold’s number of fluid which can be a turbulent,
streamline or a transition flow by using an Osborne Reynold’s apparatus. We can find that if
the Reynold’s number is less than 2000 the fluid is streamline and greater than 4000 is a
turbulent flow. The fluid is flow in small glass tube the flow rate of the fluid in a glass tube can
be calculated by taking 0.5 litter of fluid in a beaker. We can add ink in a fluid to check if the
fluid is stream line or a turbulent. If the flow rate of the fluid is increases the fluid shows that
it is turbulent flow. The fluid is depend on the geometry of the fluid, surface roughness, and
the velocity if the fluid. After that we can calculate the Reynold’s number and prove that h
fluid is stream line or a turbulent.

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Table of Contents
1. Introduction and Background ............................................................................................ 4

2. Theory ................................................................................................................................ 4

2.1 Laminar or streamline flow ......................................................................................... 5

2.2 Turbulent flow ............................................................................................................. 5

2.3 Transition flow ............................................................................................................ 5

2.4 Reynold’s Number ...................................................................................................... 6

3. Apparatus and Diagram ..................................................................................................... 7

4. Experimental Procedure ..................................................................................................... 7

5. Results and Observation .................................................................................................... 8

6. Specimen calculation ......................................................................................................... 8

7. Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 9

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1. Introduction and Background
Fluid flow can be classified to three types which is laminar, transitional and turbulent flow.
Laminar flow is such type of flow somewhere the flow is considered as vertical streamlines
and extremely orderly wave. Turbulent is another type of flow somewhere flow is categorized
by velocity oscillations and really disordered motion. Transitional flow is wherever the flow
varies between laminar and turbulent before it converts totally turbulent.

The transitional flow is normally convert from laminar to turbulent flow be determined by on
geometry, surface irregularity, flow rate, surface temperature, and variety of fluid. But,
Osborne Reynolds exposed that the flow system generally depends on the ratio of inertial forces
to viscous forces. This ratio is known as Reynolds number.

The Reynolds number works as principle of the variety of fluid motion. In a pipe, for a such
pattern, We can find that if the Reynold’s number is less than 2000 the fluid is streamline and
greater than 4000 is a turbulent flow. If the flow is not a turbulent and not a stream line than
the fluid flow is known as transition flow. Its Reynold’s number is between the 2000 and a
4000. From the Osborne Reynolds apparatus we can see that the fluid is lamminer or a
turbulent.

The diagram from the Osborne Reynolds apparatus is given below.

Figure 1 Osborne Reynold's Apparatus

2. Theory
In this experiment we can calculate the Reynold’s number of fluid which can be a turbulent,
streamline or a transition flow by using an Osborne Reynold’s apparatus. Fluid flow can be
classified to three types which is laminar, transitional and turbulent flow. Laminar flow is such
type of flow somewhere the flow is considered as vertical streamlines and extremely orderly
wave.

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2.1 Laminar or streamline flow

The flow in which the direction of flow remains constant at each and every point is
known as laminar and streamline flow. From the definition of streamline the direction
of fluid is remain conserved during the fluid which cannot be overlap and cross other
lines. The streamline flow is produced when the velocity of the fluid is low. The
Reynold’s number of streamline flow is less than 2000.The diagram of stream line
flow is given below.

Figure 2 streamline flow

2.2 Turbulent flow


The flow in which the direction of flow are changed at every point is known as
turbulent flow. The turbulent flow are occur at high flow rate. The Reynold’s number
of turbulent flow is greater than 4000. The diagram of turbulent flow is given below.

Figure 3 turbulent flow

2.3 Transition flow


The flow is between the turbulent and a laminar flow is known as transition flow. It is
produced at normal flow rate. Its Reynold’s no is between the 2000 and 4000.

Figure 4 transition flow

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2.4 Reynold’s Number

The Reynold’s number is a ratio between the inertial force and a viscous force.

Mathematically,
Inrtial force
Reynold′ s No. =
viscous force

Derivation
Inrtial force
Reynold′ s No. = (1)
viscous force

Inertial force F = ma (2)

Visouus force = τ

du
τ = −μ
dy

F du
= −μ
A dy

du
F = −μ A
dy
du u
F = −μ dy (3)
L

The negative sign shows that the velocity profile is decreasing.

Put above equations 2 & 3 in equation 1


𝑢
ma 𝜌𝐴𝐿
𝑡
𝑅𝑒 = du u = 𝑑𝑢 𝑢
μ 𝜇
dy L 𝑑𝑦 𝐿

𝑢
𝜌𝐿
𝑡
𝑅𝑒 = 𝜇

𝜌𝐷𝑢
𝑅𝑒 = (4)
𝜇

u = velocity

µ = viscosity

The equation (4) is the general equation of Reynold’s number.

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3. Apparatus and Diagram
 Hydraulic bench
 Osborne Reynold’s Apparatus
 Stop watch

Figure 5 Osborne Reynolds Apparatus

4. Experimental Procedure
1) The Osborne Reynold’s Apparatus is installed on the top of the hydraulic bench.
2) The flow is adjust and fill the tank with appropriate level and remove all the air particles
from the tube.
3) Adjust the dye on the top of the apparatus and make sure that the needle of the dye do
not touch the wall of the tube it always adjust in the middle of the tube.
4) Adjust the tube flow from the flow control valve and allow ink in the tube make sure
that the must be streamline or a turbulent.
5) Note the flow rate of the tube for 0.5 litter of the fluid the fluid take in the reservoir.
6) Note the reading and put into the formulas and calculate the Reynolds number of the
fluid.
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5. Results and Observation
Diameter of pipe = 14 mm = 0.014 m

No. Hydraulic Bench Actual flow rate Velocity Reynold’s Phenomenon


number
of (Qact) ‘V’
Volume Time
‘Re’
Obs. ‘m3/ sec’ ‘(m/ sec)’
‘(m3)’ ‘Sec’

1 0.0005 110 4.54 × 10-6 0.0291 415.76 Laminar

2 0.0005 75 6.52 × 10-6 0.042 559 Laminar

3 0.0005 17 2.94 × 10-5 0.1910 2673.85 Turbulent

4 0.0005 14.84 3.37 × 10-5 0.219 3063 Turbulent

6. Specimen calculation
The water is converted from dm3 into mm

1 dm3 = 0.001mm

0.5 dm3 = 0.001×0.5 = 0.0005


𝑉 0.0005
Actual flow rate = Qact = = = 4.54 × 10−6
𝑇 110

For calculating velocity V we can use the formula

𝑄 = 𝐴. 𝑉

𝑄
𝑉=
𝐴

Area is calculating as
𝜋 2
𝐴= 𝐷
4

𝐴 = 0.000153

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As

𝑄 4.54 × 10−6
𝑉= = = 0.0291
𝐴 0.000153

Put the value of V in equation 4


𝜌𝐷𝑢
𝑅𝑒 = 𝜇

𝜌 = 1000

𝜇 = 1.00038 × 10−6

1000 × 0.014 × 0.021


𝑅𝑒 =
1.00038 × 10−6

𝑅𝑒 = 415.76

7. Discussion

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