Columns Theory

Unit III– Theory of columns
Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

1
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE, Sriperumbudir
Unit III – Theory of Columns
• References:
 Punmia B.C.,"Theory of Structures" (SMTS) Vol II,
Laxmi Publishing Pvt Ltd, New Delhi 2004.
 Rattan.S.S., "Strength of Materials", Tata McGraw Hill
Education Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2011.
 Rajput R.K., "Strength of Materials (Mechanics of
Solids)", S.Chand & company Ltd., New Delhi, 2010.
 Ramamrutham S., “Theory of structures” Dhanpat
Rai & Sons, New Delhi 1990.

2
Columns
• Columns are compression members.
• There are various examples of members subjected to
compressive loads.
Various names of compression members as per application:
• Post is a general term applied to a compression member.
• Strut is a compression member whose lateral dimensions are
small compared to it’s length.
• A strut may be horizontal, inclined or vertical and this term is
used in trusses. (Tie is a tension member in a truss)
• But a vertical strut, used in buildings or frames is called
column.
• Columns, pillars and stanchions are vertical
members used in building frames.
3
Classification of Columns
• 1.Short column: Short column fails by crushing (compressive

yielding) of the material.
• 2. Long column: Long column fails by buckling or bending. (

geometric or configuration failure)
• 3. Intermediate column: Intermediate column fails by

combined buckling and crushing. (failure due to both material
crushing and geometrical instability)

4
Buckling
• When a slender member is subjected to an

axial compressive load, it may fail by a
condition called buckling.
• Buckling is a geometric instability in which - - -:original shape

___: Buckled shape
the lateral displacement of the axial
member can suddenly become very large .

5
Buckled R.C.C. Columns

6
Buckled steel columns

7
Buckling examples of structural members
• 1. Building columns that transfer loads to the ground

•
• 2. Truss members in compression
• 3. Machine elements
• 4. Submarine hulls subjected to water pressure

8
Equilibrium States
Three types of equilibrium:

1. Stable equilibrium
2. Unstable equilibrium
3. Neutral equilibrium

9
Buckling Mechanism
1. Stable equilibrium:
If the load P is sufficiently small, when the force F is removed, the
column will go back to its original straight condition .
Elasticity of the column is the

Gravity is the restoring force restoring force.
10
Buckling Mechanism (contd…)
2. Neutral equilibrium:
When the column carries critical load 𝑃𝑐𝑟 (Increased value of the
load P) and a lateral force F is applied and removed, the column
will remain in the slightly deflected position.
Deflection amount depends Elastic restoring force is sufficient

on magnitude of force. to prevent excessive deflection.
11
3. Unstable equilibrium:
When the column carries a load which is more than critical load 𝑃𝑐𝑟
(Increased value of the load P) and a lateral force F is applied and
removed, the column will bend considerably and it grows into
excessively large deflection.
Even small disturbance Elastic restoring force is insufficient

causes unstable. to prevent excessive deflection.
12
• Conclusion:
Depending on the magnitude of force P, either
column remains in straight position or in slight
bent position or collapse due to crack extension.

13
Euler’s long column theory
• The direct stress 𝑓0 due to direct load is very small compared

to bending stress 𝑓𝑏 due to buckling in long column.
• Euler derived an equation, for the buckling load of long

column based on bending stress (neglecting the effect of
direct stress).
• Buckling load cannot be used in short column.

14
Assumptions in the Euler’s theory
1. The column is initially straight.
2. The cross section is uniform throughout.
3. The ends of the column are frictionless.
4. The material is homogeneous and isotropic.

5. The self weight of the column is neglected.
6. The line of thrust coincides exactly with the axis of the column.
7. The shortening of column due to axial compression is negligible.
8. The column failure occurs due to buckling only.

15
Cases of long columns based on end conditions
• 1. Both end pinned
• 2. Both ends fixed
• 3. One end fixed and the other end pinned
• 4. One end fixed and the other end free

16
Sign conventions for bending moments
Convexity towards centre line, Concavity towards centre line,

𝑀𝑥 is +ve 𝑀𝑥 is -ve

17
End conditions of column
• Three important end conditions based on support types.
• (i) Pinned end: End is fixed in position only.

∴ Deflection, 𝑦 = 0.
• (ii) Fixed end: End is fixed in position and direction.

𝑑𝑦
∴ Deflection 𝑦 = 0 and slope, = 0.
𝑑𝑥
• (iii) Free end: Neither fixed in position nor in direction.

18
Case 1. Both ends hinged
• Consider a column AB of length 𝑙 with its both
ends free to rotate around frictionless pins
and carrying a critical load P.
• As a result of critical loading, let the column

deflect into a buckled shape 𝐴𝑋1 𝐵 as shown
in the figure.
• Prior to this critical load, the column is

straight.
• Smallest force at which buckled shape is P
possible is known as critical force.

19
Case 1. Both ends hinged (contd…)

20

21

22

23
2. Both ends fixed

24
2. Both ends fixed (contd…)

25

26

27

28
3. One end fixed and other hinged
𝑀𝐴 = Fixed end moment at A and
H= Horizontal reaction at A and B as

shown in Figure.
Moment at X due to critical load P,

𝑀 = −𝑃𝑦 + 𝐻(𝑙 − 𝑥)

29
3. One end fixed and other hinged (contd…)

30

31

32

33

34
4. One end fixed, other free

35
4. One end fixed, other free (contd…)

36

37

38

39
Equivalent Length of a column

40
Equivalent length (Effective Length)

41
Effective Length
• Physically, the effective length is the distance between points on
the buckled column where the moment goes to zero, i.e., where
the column is effectively pinned. Considering the deflected
shape, the moment is zero where the curvature is zero (from
beam theory).
• Zero curvature corresponds to an inflection point in the

deflected shape (where the curvature changes sign).

42
Effective length for columns with common end
conditions
0.7𝑙
𝑙𝑒 = 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 0.5 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
2𝑙

43
conditions

44
conditions

45
Critical stress of a column

46
Critical stress of a column (contd…)

47
Critical stress of a column (contd…)

48
Limitations of Euler’s formula
• 1. It is applicable to an ideal strut only and in practice,

there is always crookedness in the column and the load
applied may not be exactly co-axial.
• 2. It takes no account of direct stress. It means that it

may give a buckling load for struts, far in excess of load
which they can be withstand under direct
compression.

49
Problems
Problem. A hollow circular column of internal diameter 20 mm

and external diameter 40 mm has a total length of 5m. One end
of the column is fixed and the other end is hinged. Find out the
crippling stress of the column if 𝐸 = 2 × 105 N/mm2. Also
findout the shortest length of this column for which Euler’s
formula is valid taking the yield stress equal to 250 N/mm2 .

50
Problems
Solution.
d=20 mm; D=40 mm; 𝑙 = 5 𝑚𝑚; E=2 × 105 N/mm2.
Euler’s crippling load for one end fixed and the
2𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
Hinged, 𝑃 =
𝑙2
𝑃𝑐 2𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
Euler’s crippling stress, 𝑝𝑐 = =
𝐴 𝐴𝑙 2
𝜋(𝐷2 −𝑑 2 ) 𝜋(402 −202 )
Area of the column, 𝐴 = =
4 4
2
= 942.48 𝑚𝑚
𝜋(𝐷4 −𝑑 4 ) 𝜋(404 −204 )
Moment of inertia, 𝐼 = =
64 64
= 117809.75 𝑚𝑚4

51
Problems
Solution.
𝑃𝑐 2𝜋2 𝐸𝐼 2𝜋2 ×2×105 ×117809.73
Euler’s crippling stress, 𝑝𝑐 = = =
𝐴 𝐴𝑙 2 942.48×50002
= 19.74 N/𝑚𝑚2
Yield stress= 250 N/mm2 .
𝑙 2𝜋 2 𝐸 2𝜋 2 × 2 × 105
= = = 125.66
𝑘 250 250𝐼
𝐼 117809.73
𝑘= = = 11.18
𝐴 942.48
𝑙 = 125.66 × 𝑘 = 125.66 × 11.18 = 1404.9 𝑚𝑚

∴Shortest length of this column= 1.4 m.
52
Problems
Problem1. A T-section 150 mm x 120 mm x 20 mm is used as a

strut of 4 m long with hinged at its both ends. Calculate the
crippling load if modulus of elasticity for the material be 2.0 x 105
N/mm2.

53
Problems
Problem figure:
150 mm
20 mm
120 mm
20 mm

54
Problems
• Solution :

55
Problems
Solution (contd…)
150 mm
𝑦 =34 mm 20 mm
120 mm
20 mm

56
Problems
150 mm
Solution (contd…) Y
𝑦 =34 mm 20 mm
X X 120 mm
20 mm

57
Problems
Solution (contd…)

58
Problems
• Problem 2: Compare the ratio of the strength of a solid steel
column to that of a hollow of the same cross-sectional area.
The internal diameter of the hollow column is ¾ of the
external diameter. Both the column have the same length and
are pinned at both ends.

59
Problems
• Solution:

60
Problems
Solution (contd…):

61
Problems
Solution (contd…):

62
Intermediate columns: Empirical Formulae
• Euler’s formula is valid only for long columns, i.e. for columns
𝐿
having ratio greater than a certain value for a particular
𝐾
material.
𝐿
• Euler’s formula though valid for > 89 for mild steel column,
𝑘
doesn’t take into account the direct compressive stress.
• For intermediate columns, empirical formulae i.e., Rankine’s

formula, Gordan’s formula and Johnson’s formulae are
appropriate.

63
Rankine’s Formula
• Rankine proposed an empirical formula for very short to very
long columns.

64
Rankine’s Formula (contd…)

65
Rankine’s Formula (contd…)

66
Rankine’s constant for various materials

67
Problems
• Problem 3: A hollow cast iron column 4.5 m long with both ends
fixed , is to carry an axial load of 250 kN under working
conditions. The internal diameter is 0.8 times the outer diameter
of the column. Using Rankine –Gordon’s formula, determine the
diameters of the column adopting a factor of safety of 4. Assume
fc , the compressive strength to be 550 N/mm2 and Rankine’s
constant a=1/1600.

68
Problems
𝐿 4.5
𝐿𝑒 = = = 2.25 m = 2250 mm
2 2
d=0.8 D
𝜋(𝐷2 − 0.8𝐷 2 )
Area of the column, 𝐴 = = 0.28 𝐷2 𝑚𝑚2
4
= 942.48 𝑚𝑚2
𝜋(𝐷4 − 0.8 𝐷 4 )
Moment of inertia, 𝐼 = = 0.029 𝐷4 𝑚𝑚4
64
𝐼 0.029 𝐷4
𝑘= = 2
= 0.32 𝐷 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 0.28 𝐷
Given: fc =550 N/𝑚𝑚2 , a=1/1600

69
Problems
𝑃 250×103
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = = = 62.5 × 103 N
𝐹.𝑆 4
𝑓𝑐 𝐴
Rankine Load, 𝑃𝑅 = 𝑙𝑒 2
1+𝑎 𝑘
3 550×0.28 𝐷 2
62.5× 10 = 1 2250 2
1+
1600 0.32𝐷
154𝐷2
62.5× 103 = 30899
1+
𝐷2
19.31×108
62.5× 103 + = 154𝐷2
𝐷2
62.5× 103 𝐷2 + 19.31 × 108 = 154𝐷4

70
Problems
𝐷4 −405.84𝐷2 − 0.125 × 108 = 0
405.84 ± 405.842 + 4 × 1 × 0.125 × 108

𝐷2 =
2×1
D=61.24 mm
d = 0.8× 61.24 = 48.99 𝑚𝑚
∴Diameters of the hollow cylindrical column ; d=48.99 mm

D= 61.24 mm.

71
Problems
• Problem 4: A round steel rod of diameter 15 mm and length 2m is

subjected to a gradual increasing axial compressive load. Using
Euler’s formula find the buckling load. Find also the maximum
lateral deflection corresponding to the buckling condition. Both
ends of the rod may be taken as hinged. Take E = 2.1 x 105 N/mm2
and the yield stress of steel = 240 N/mm2.

72
Problems (contd…)
• Solution:

73
Problems (contd…)
Solution (contd…)

74
Problems (contd…)
Solution (contd…)

75
Problems (contd…)
• Problem 5: A cast iron hollow cylindrical column 3 m in length

when hinged at both ends, has a critical buckling load of P kN.
When this column is fixed at both the ends, its critical load
rises to P+300 kN. If the ratio of external diameter to internal
diameter is 1.25 and E = 1.0x105 N/mm2. Determine the
external diameter of the column.

76
Problems (contd…)
Solution:

77
Problems (contd…)
Solution (contd…)

78
Problems (contd…)
• Problem 5: A hollow cylindrical cast iron column is 4 m long,

both ends being fixed. Design the column to carry an axial load
of 250 kN. Use Rankine’s formula and adopt a factor of safety
of 5. The internal diameter may be taken as 0.8 times the
1
external diameter. Take 𝑓𝑐 = 550 N/mm and 𝑎 =
2 .
1600

79
Problems (contd…)
• Solution:

80
Problems (contd…)
Solution (contd…)

81
Problems (contd…)
Solution (contd…)

82
Problems (contd…)
• Problem 6: A column of 9 m long has a cross section shown in
figure. The column is pinned at both ends. If the column is
subjected to an axial load equal in value ¼ of the Euler’s critical
load for the column. Determine the factor of safety on the
Rankine’s ultimate stress value. Take 𝑓𝑐 = 326 N/mm2, Rankine’s
1
constant 𝑎 = , 𝐸 =200 Gpa. Properties of one RSJ area =
7500
5205 mm2. 𝐼𝑥𝑥 =5943.1× 104 𝑐𝑚4 , 𝐼𝑦𝑦 =857.5× 104 𝑐𝑚4 ,
Thickness of the web=6.7 mm.

83
Problems (contd…)

84
Problems (contd…)
Solution:

85
Problems (contd…)
Solution (contd…)
𝑙𝑒 for ends pinned = 𝑙 = 9000 𝑚𝑚

86
Problems (contd…)
Solution (contd…)

87
Problems (contd…)
Solution (contd…)

88
Problems (contd…)
• Problem 7: A compound stanchion is made up of two ISMC 250
placed back to back with a gap between adjacent flat surfaces.
Two 360 mm x 12 mm plates are riveted to the flanges, so as to
form a symmetrical box section. Detremine the amount of gap if
the column is to carry the maximum load. Properties of one
ISMC 250 are:
Area = 3867 mm2,
Max MI (𝐼𝑥𝑥1 ) = 3816.1× 104 𝑚𝑚4
Max MI (𝐼𝑦𝑦1 ) = 219.1× 104 𝑚𝑚4
Distance of the centroid from the back = 23 mm.

89
Problems (contd…)
• If the effective length of the stanchion is 8.5 m, calculate the
safe maximum load, the working stress being interpolated from
the following table.

90
Problems (contd…)

91
Problems (contd…)
• Solution:

92
Problems (contd…)
• Solution (contd…)

93
Problems (contd…)
Solution (contd…)

94
Short Columns P
• Axial loading
• A compression member such as column
may be subjected to an axial load which
pass through the geometrical axis of
the member, thus causing direct stress.
• The axial force will cause a direct

compressive stress given by,
𝑃
𝑓0 =
𝐴 𝑓0
Direct stress distribution

95
Short Columns
• Eccentric Loading:
• Some times a compression member such as column may be
subjected to an axial load which may not pass through the
geometrical axis of the member, thus causing bending as well
as direct stress.
• In all such cases position of neutral layer change or altogether
vanishes.
• The axial force will cause a direct compressive stress given by,
𝑃
• 𝑓0 =
𝐴
• The bending couple will cause longitudinal tensile and
compressive stresses.

96
Short Columns
• Eccentric Loading:
• The fiber stress 𝑓𝑏 at any distance y from the N.A. is given by,
𝑀×𝑌 𝑃×𝑒×𝑦
• 𝑓𝑏 = = ( tensile or compressive).
𝐼𝑥 𝐼𝑥
• The extreme fibre stress due to bending is given by,
𝑀 𝑃×𝑒
• 𝑓𝑏 = =
𝑍𝑥 𝑍𝑥
• Therefore the total stress at any section of the column is given
by,
𝑃 𝑃×𝑒×𝑦
• 𝑓 = 𝑓0 + 𝑓𝑏 = ±
𝐴 𝐼𝑥
• Hence the maximum total stresses are given by,
𝑃 𝑀 𝑃 𝑀
• 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓0 + 𝑓𝑏 = + and 𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓0 − 𝑓𝑏 = −
𝐴 𝑍𝑥 𝐴 𝑍𝑥
97
Short Columns P
• Eccentric loading
e
𝑃 𝑀
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓0 + 𝑓𝑏 = +
𝐴 𝑍𝑥
𝑃 𝑀
𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓0 − 𝑓𝑏 = − e
𝐴 𝑍𝑥
𝑓0 − 𝑓𝑏 𝑓0
𝑓𝑏
𝑓0 > 𝑓𝑏
𝑓0 < 𝑓𝑏 𝑓0 = 𝑓𝑏
Stress distribution

98
Short Columns
• Eccentric loading:
• If 𝑓0 is greater than 𝑓𝑏 the stress throughout the section will be of
the same sign.
• When 𝑓0 = 𝑓𝑏 , 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑓0 and 𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0
• If, however, 𝑓0 is less than 𝑓𝑏 , the stress will change sign, being
partly tensile and partly compressive across the section.
𝑓𝑏
𝑓0 > 𝑓𝑏
𝑓0 = 𝑓𝑏 Stress distribution
𝑓0 < 𝑓𝑏

99
Short Columns
• Middle third Rule:
• In masonry and concrete structures, the development of tensile
stress in the section is not desirable, as they are weak in tension.
• This limits the eccentricity e to a certain value which will be
investigated for different sections as follows.
• In order that the stress may not change sign from compression to
tensile, we have 𝑓0 ≥ 𝑓𝑏
where K is radius of
𝑃 𝑀𝑦
≥ gyration of the section
𝐴 𝐼 with regard to N.A.
and d is the depth of
𝑃 𝑃𝑒𝑑 𝟐𝒌𝟐
≥ ; ∴𝒆≤ ; the section.
𝐴 2𝐴𝑘 2 𝒅
𝑓𝑏
𝑓0 > 𝑓𝑏
𝑓0 = 𝑓𝑏
𝑓0 < 𝑓𝑏 Stress distribution
100
Short Columns
𝟐𝒌𝟐
• Ex: Rectangular section: 𝒆≤
𝒅 d
𝑏𝑑 3
• 𝐼= and 𝐴 = 𝑏𝑑 b
12
𝑏𝑑3
𝐼 𝑑2
• 𝑘2 = = 12
=
𝐴 𝑏𝑑 12
𝟐𝒌𝟐
• Since 𝒆 ≤
𝒅
𝑑2
2× 12
𝑒≤
𝑑
𝑑
∴𝑒≤
6
𝒅
and hence, 𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝟔

101
Short Columns
• Ex: Rectangular section:
𝒅 d
𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝟔
The stress will be of the same sign throughout the b
section if the load line is within the middle third of the section.
In the case of rectangular section, the maximum intensities of
extreme stresses are given by
𝑃 𝑃𝑒
𝑓= ±
𝐴 𝑍
𝑝 6𝑃𝑒
= ± 2
𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑑
𝑃 6𝑒
∴𝑓= 1±
𝑏𝑑 𝑑

102
Short Columns
• The core of a section:
• If the line of action of the stress is on neither of the centre lines
of the sections, the bending is unsymmetrical.
y
A B
P b
x x
D C
d y
• However, there is certain area within which the line of action of

the force ‘P’ must cut the cross section if the stress is not to
become tensile. The area is known as core or kernal of the
section.

103
Short Columns
• The core of a Rectangular section :
Let the point of application of the load P have the coordinates
(x,y), with reference to the axis shown in above figure in which x is
positive when measured to the right of origin ‘o’ and y is positive
when measured upwards.
The stress at any point having coordinates (x’,y’) is given by,
𝑃 𝑃𝑥𝑥′ 𝑃𝑦𝑦′
𝑓= + 3 +
𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑑𝑏 3
12 12
y
A B
P b
x
o x
D C
d y
104
Short Columns
• The core of a Rectangular section (contd..):
𝑃 𝑃𝑥𝑥′ 𝑃𝑦𝑦′
𝑓= + 3 +
𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑑𝑏 3
12 12
12𝑃 1 𝑥𝑥′ 𝑦𝑦′
= + 2+ 2
𝑏𝑑 12 𝑑 𝑏
𝑑 𝑏
At D, 𝑥 ′ = − and 𝑦 ′ = − and therefore f will be minimum. Thus
2 2
at D, we have
y
A B
6𝑃 1 𝑥 𝑦 P b
𝑓= − − x
𝑏𝑑 6 𝑑 𝑏 o x
D C
d y

105
Short Columns
6𝑃 1 𝑥 𝑦
𝑓= − −
𝑏𝑑 6 𝑑 𝑏
𝑥 𝑦 1 6𝑥 6𝑦
The value of ‘f’ reaches zero when + = or + = 1 or
𝑑 𝑏 6 𝑑 𝑏
𝑥 𝑦
𝑑 + 𝑏 = 1, which is a straight line equation, whose intercept
6 6
𝑑 𝑏
on the axes are respectively and .
6 6
Similar limits will apply in other quadrants and the stress will be
y
wholly compressive throughout the section.
A B
x P b
x
D C
d y
106
Short Columns
If the line of action of P fall within rhombus ghjk, the diagonals of
𝑑 𝑏
which are of length and respectively.
3 3
y
A B
b
x b/3 x
d/3
D C
d y
This rhombus is called the core of the rectangular section.

107
Short Columns
• The core of a solid circular section:
𝟐𝒌𝟐
For no tension, 𝒆 ≤
𝒅
𝜋𝑑 4 𝜋𝑑2
𝐼= ,A =
64 4
4
𝜋𝑑 2
𝐼 𝑑
𝑘 2 = = 642 =
𝐴 𝜋𝑑 16
4
𝑑2
2 × 16
𝑒≤
𝑑
d/4
𝑑
∴𝑒≤
8
∴The core is the circle with the same centre and diameter d/4
108
Short Columns
• The core of a hollow circular section:
𝟐𝒌𝟐
For no tension, 𝒆 ≤
𝒅
𝜋(𝐷4 − 𝑑 4 ) 𝜋(𝐷2 − 𝑑 2 )
𝐼= ,A =
64 4
𝜋(𝐷4 − 𝑑 4 ) 2 + 𝑑2)
𝐼 64 (𝐷
𝑘2 = = 2 2 =
𝐴 𝜋(𝐷 − 𝑑 ) 16
4
(𝐷2 + 𝑑 2 )
2×
𝑒≤ 16
𝐷
(𝐷2 + 𝑑 2 )
∴𝑒≤
8𝐷
(𝐷2 +𝑑2 )
∴The core is the circle with the same centre and diameter
4𝐷
109
A.U. Question Paper Problems
• State the Euler’s assumption in column theory. And derive a
relation for the Euler’s crippling load for a columns with both
ends hinged (Nov/Dec 2014).

110
A.U. Question Paper Problems
• A short length of tube having Internal diameter and external
diameter are 4 cm and 5 cm respectively, which failed in
compression at a load of 250 kN. When a 1.8 m length of the
same tube was tested as a strut with fixed ends, the load failure
was 160 kN. Assuming that 𝜎𝑐 in Rankin’s formula is given by the
first test, find the value of the constant 𝛼 in the same formula.
What will be the crippling load of this tube if it is used as a strut
2.8 m long with one end fixed and the other hinged? (Nov/Dec
2014)

111
2 marks questions and Answers
1. State the middle third rule?
2. What is known as crippling load?

112

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Unit III– Theory of columns

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

• 1.Short column: Short column fails by crushing (compressive

• 2. Long column: Long column fails by buckling or bending. (

• 3. Intermediate column: Intermediate column fails by

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

• When a slender member is subjected to an

• Buckling is a geometric instability in which - - -:original shape

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

• 1. Building columns that transfer loads to the ground

• 4. Submarine hulls subjected to water pressure

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Three types of equilibrium:

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Elasticity of the column is the

Deflection amount depends Elastic restoring force is sufficient

Even small disturbance Elastic restoring force is insufficient

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

• The direct stress 𝑓0 due to direct load is very small compared

• Euler derived an equation, for the buckling load of long

• Buckling load cannot be used in short column.

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

4. The material is homogeneous and isotropic.

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

• 1. Both end pinned

• 2. Both ends fixed

• 3. One end fixed and the other end pinned

• 4. One end fixed and the other end free

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Convexity towards centre line, Concavity towards centre line,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

• (i) Pinned end: End is fixed in position only.

• (ii) Fixed end: End is fixed in position and direction.

• (iii) Free end: Neither fixed in position nor in direction.

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

• As a result of critical loading, let the column

• Prior to this critical load, the column is

• Smallest force at which buckled shape is P

possible is known as critical force.

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

𝑀𝐴 = Fixed end moment at A and

H= Horizontal reaction at A and B as

Moment at X due to critical load P,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,