Forensic Medicine (Medico-legal Aspects of Physical Injuries)
Effect of the Application of Heat - absence of
1. 1.
2. 2. What is Forensic Medicine? Forensic Medicine - branch of medicine that
deals with the application of medical knowledge of the purpose of law and in
the administration of justice.
3. 3. What is Medical Evidence? Medical Evidence - species of proof, or
probative matter, legally presented at the trial of an issue by the act of the
parties, and through the medium of witnesses, records, documents, concrete
objects, etc. for the purpose of inducing belief in the minds of the court as
their contention. - must be preserved to maintain their value when presented
as exhibits in court.
4. 4. What is Death? Death - termination of life. It is the complete cessation of
all vital functions without possibility of resuscitation. Categories of Death 1.
Brain Death - when there is irreversible coma, absence of electrical brain
activity and complete cessation of all the vital functions without possibility
of resuscitation. 2. Cardio - Respiratory Death - continuous and persistent
cessation of heart action and respiration. 3. Others
5. 5. Kinds of Death 1. Somatic Death or Clinical Death - complete and
irreversible cessation of vital function of brain followed by cessation of
functions of heart and lungs. 2. Molecular or Cellular Death - happens after
somatic death (3-6 hours later) when tissues and cell die. 3. Apparent Death
or State of Suspended Animation - transient loss of consciousness or
temporary cessation of vital functions of the body.
6. 6. Signs of Death 1. Cessation of Heart Action and Circulation 2. Cessation
of Respiration 3. Cooling of the Body-Algor Mortis 4. Insensibility of the
Body and Loss of Power to Move
7. 7. Signs of Death 5. Changes in the Skin a. Discoloration - skin may be
observed to be pale and waxy-looking due to absence of circulation. b. Loss
of Elasticity of the Skin - skin surface is flattened, application with fingertip
will produce impression. c. Opacity of the Skin - opaque when expose to
translucent light. d.
inflammatory reaction to the skin after application of melted sealing wax.
8. 8. Signs of Death 6. Changes in and About the Eye a. Loss of Corneal Reflex
b. Clouding of the Cornea c. Flaccidity of the Eyeball d. The Pupil is in the
Position of Rest - pupil cannot react to light. e. Opthalmoscopic Findings -
optic disc and retina became pale, fundus may have yellow tinge which later
changes to a brown-gray or slate color, no evidence of blood and retinal
vessels and arteries are indistinguishable.
9. 9. Signs of Death f. Tache Noir dela Sclerotique - spot may be found in the
sclera (oval, round or may be triangular). 7. Action of Heat on the Skin - this
test is useful to determine whether death occurred before or after the
application of heat. Heat is applied to a portion of the leg and arm. If death is
real, only blister is produced, no fluid is present and no redness of the
surrounding.
10. 10. Changes in the Body Following Death 1. Changes in the Muscle 2.
Changes in the Blood 3. Autolytic or Autodigestive Changes after Death 4.
Putrefacation of the Body
11. 11. Changes in the Body Following Death 1. Changes in the Muscle -
complete relaxation of the muscular system. It is contractile for 3-6 hours
after death and later rigidity sets in. Stages of the entire muscular tissue after
death: a. Primary Flaccidity or Post-Mortem Muscular Irritability b. Post-
Mortem Rigidity or Cadaveric Rigidity or Death Stiffening or Death Struggle
of the Muscles or Rigor Mortis
12. 12. Conditions Stimulating Rigor Mortis • Heat Stiffening • Cold Stiffening •
Cadaveric Spasm or Instantaneous Rigor c. State of Secondary Flaccidity or
Secondary Relaxation
13. 13. Changes in the Body Following Death 2. Changes in the Blood a.
Coagulation of the Blood b. Post-mortem Lividity or Cadaveric Lividity or
Post- Mortem Suggilation or Post Mortem Hypostasis or Livor Mortis 3.
Autolytic or Autodigestive Changes after Death 4. Putrefacation of the Body
14. 14. Duration of Death - in the determination as to how long a person has
been dead from the condition of the cadaver and other external evidences, the
ff. points must be taken into consideration: 1. Presence of Rigor Mortis - sets
from 2-3 hours after death. Fully developed after 12 hours and last from 18-
36 hours. 2. Presence of Post-Mortem Lividity - usually develops 3- 6 hours
after death.
15. 15. Duration of Death 3. Onset of Decomposition - average time is 24-48
hours for tropical countries. Manifested by presence of watery, foul smelling
coming out from the nostrils and mouth, softness of the body and presence of
crepitation when pressure is applied on the skin. 4. Stage of Decomposition -
approximate time of death may be inferred from the degree of
decomposition. 5. Entomology of the Cadaver - maggot in the cadaver means
death has occurred more than 24 hours.
16. 16. Duration of Death 6. Stage of Digestion of Food in the Stomach - it takes
3-4 hours for the stomach to evacuate its content after meal. 7. Presence of
Live Fleas in drowning Cases - flea can only survive for approximately 24
hours submerged in the water. If flea presence in the body can still move then
the body has been in water for a period less than 24 hours. 8. Amount of
Urine in the Bladder - may indicate the time of death when taken into
consideration ; he was last seen voiding his urine.
17. 17. Duration of Death 9. State of Clothing 10. Chemical Changes in the
Cerebro-Spinal Fluid Fifteen Hours After Death - lactic acid increases from
15 - 200 mg/100 cc, non-protein nitrogen increases from 15- 40mg and
amino acid concentration rises from 1% to 12% following death. 11. Post-
Mortem Clotting and Decoagualtion of Blood 12. Presence or Absence of
Soft Tissue in Skeletal Remains 13. Conditions f the Bone
18. 18. Stages of Medico-Legal Investigation of Death 1. Crime Scene
Investigation - place where the essential ingredients of the criminal act took
place. 2. Autopsy - comprehensive study of dead body, performed by a
trained physician employing recognized dissection procedure and techniques.
2 kinds of Autopsy a. Hospital or Non-Official Autopsy b. Medico-Legal or
Official Examination
19. 19. Causes of Death 1. Immediate or Primary Cause of Death - cases when
trauma or disease kill quickly and no opportunity for sequelae or
complications to develop. 2. Proximate or Secondary Cause of Death - injury
or disease was survived for a sufficiently prolonged interval which permitted
the development of serious sequelae w/ch actually caused the death.
20. 20. Medico-Legal Classifications of Death 1. Natural Death - caused by
natural disease condition in the body. 2. Violent or Unnatural Death - are
those due to injuries inflicted in the body by some forms of outside force.
21. 21. Pathological Classification of the Causes of Death 1. Death from
Syncope - due to sudden and fatal cessation of the action of the heart with
circulation included. 2. Death from Asphyxia - supply of oxygen to the
blood, tissues or both reduced below. 3. Death from Coma
22. 22. Medico-Legal Aspects of Physical Injuries Physical injury - is the effect
of some forms of stimulus on the body . Causes of Physical Injuries: A.
Physical Violence B. Heat or Cold C. Electrical Energy D. Chemical Energy
E. Radiation by Radio-Active Substances F. Change of Atmospheric Pressure
(Barotrauma) G. Infection
23. 23. Vital Reaction: sum total of all reactions of tissue or organ to trauma.
Common reactions of a living tissue to trauma: a. Rubor – redness b. Calor –
heat c. Dolor – pain d. Loss of function – not able to function normally
24. 24. Classification of wounds As to Severity a. Mortal Wound b. Non-mortal
wound
25. 25. Classification of Wounds As to the Kind of Instrument Used a. Wound
brought about by blunt instrument ( contusion, hematoma, lacerated wound)
b. Wound brought about by sharp instrument: 1. Sharped-edged instrument
(incised wound) 2. Sharped-pointed instrument (punctured wound) 3.
Sharped-edged and sharp pointed instrument (stab wound) c. Wound brought
about by tearing force (lacerated wound)
26. 26. Classification of Wounds d. Wound brought about by change of
atmospheric pressure (barotrauma) e. Wound brought about by heat or cold
 (frostbite, burns or scald) f. Wound brought about by chemical explosion
(gunshot or shrapnel wound) g. Wound brought about by infection
27. 27. Classification of Wounds As to the Manner of Infliction: a. Hit b. Thrust
or stab c. Gunpowder explosion d. Sliding or rubbing or abrasion.
28. 28. Classification of Wounds As regards to the Depth of the Wound: a.
Superficial – only layers of the skin b. Deep – inner structure beyond the
layers of the skin 1. Penetrating 2. Perforating
29. 29. Classification of Wounds 5. As regards to the Relation of the Site of the
Application of Force and the Location of Injury: a. Coup Injury- site of the
application of force b. Contre-Coup Injury- opposite c. Coup Contre-Coup-
site and opposite d. “Locus Minoris Resistencia”- not at the site nor opposite
but in some areas offering the least resistance to the force applied e.
Extensive Injury- greater area of the body beyond the site of application of
force
30. 30. Classification of Wounds 6. As to the Regions or Organs of Body
Involved: 7. Special Types of Wounds: a. Defense Wound- self-protection b.
Patterned Wound- wound in the nature and shape of an object or instrument
and w/ch infers the object or instrument causing it c. Self-Inflicted Wound-
produced on oneself
31. 31. Type of wounds (Medical Calssification) 1. Closed Wound – no breach
of continuity of the skin or mucous membrane. a. Superficial- just underneath
the layers of the skin or mucous membrane. - Petechiae- circumscribed
extravasation of blood - Contusion- effusion of blood into the tissues
underneath the skin - Hematoma-extravasation or effusion of blood in a
newly formed cavity underneath the skin.
32. 32. Layers of the Skin
33. 33. Petechiae
34. 34. Hematoma
35. 35. Type of wounds (Medical Classification) b. Deep - Musculoskeletal
Injuries >sprain- disruption in the continuity of muscular or ligamentous
support of a joint >dislocation- displacement of the articular surface of bones
>strain- over-stretching of a muscle or ligament >subluxation- incomplete or
partial dislocation >fracture- solution of continuity of bone
36. 36. Types of Fracture a. Close or Simple Fracture – no break in continuity of
the skin b. Open or Compound Fracture – with open wound caused by the
broken bone c. Comminuted Fracture - fragmented in several pieces d.
Greenstick Fracture – crack e. Spiral Fracture – spiral f. Pathologic Fracture
– weakness of bone due to disease
37. 37. Types of Fracture
38. 38.
39. 39. - Internal Hemorrhage- rupture of blood vessel which may be due to:
>Traumatic intracranial hemorrhage >Rupture of parenchymatous organs
>Laceration of other parts of the body - Cerebral Concussion- jarring or
stunning of the brain
40. 40. Type of wounds (Medical Classification) 2. Open Wounds – there is a
breach of continuity of the skin or mucous membrane. a. Abrasion (Scatch
Graze Impression Mark, Friction Mark) – removal of superficial epithelial
layer of the skin
41. 41. Point of Distinction Ante-mortem Abrasion Post-mortem Abrasion Color
Reddish-bronze Yellowish & translucent Location Any area Bony
prominence (elbow, & attributed to rough handling of the cadaver) Vital
Reaction W/ intravital reaction and may show remains of damaged
epithelium. No vital reaction & characterized by a separation of epidermis
from complete loss of the former.
42. 42. b. Incised Wound ( Cut, Slash, Slice) – produced by a sharp-edged
(cutting) or sharp-linear edge of the instrument Changes that occur in an
Incised Wound: No. of Hours & Days Characteristics After 12 hours Edges
are swollen; adherent w/ blood and w/ leucocyte infiltration After 24 hours
 Proliferation of the vascular endothelium and connective-tissue cells After
36-48 hours Capillary network complete; fibroblasts running at right angles
to the vessels After 3-5days Vessels show thickening and obliteration
43. 43. Why a Person Suffers from Incised Wound: a. As a therapeutic
procedure. b. As a consequence of self-defense. c. Masochist may self-inflict
incised wound as a means of sexual gratification. d. Addicts and mental
patients may suffer from incised wound irrationally.
44. 44. Incised Wounds may be: a. Suicidal b. Homicidal c. Accidental
45. 45. Suicidal Homicidal Direction Oblique, from below left ear, downwards,
across front neck just above Adam’s apple Usually horizontal below the
Adam’s apple Severity Usually not so deep and may only involve trachea
carotid and sometimes the esophagus is involved Usually deep and may
cause involvement of the cartilage and bones Superficial Cut Usually present
before the commencement of deeper wound Practically absent but may rarely
be present when the victim struggled when attacked.
46. 46. Suicidal Homicidal Position of the body May be sitting facing a mirror or
standing Usually victim ling on bed or in other place Wounding weapon
Firmly grasped (Cadaveric spasm) or found lying beside victim Weapon is
absent Blood distribution Blood found in front part of the body. Hand
generally smeared with blood Blood found at the back of the neck. Hands
clean Motive History of mental depression, domestic, financial problems,
alcoholism etc. Absence of such history Previous history of self destruction
May be present Always absent
47. 47. c. Stab Wound – penetration of a sharp edged instrument (knife, saber,
dagger, scissors). It may involve the skin or mucous surface. It may be:
Suicidal, Homicidal, Accidental
48. 48. a. Suicidal – Evidences showing hat the stab wound is suicidal: • Located
over the vital parts of the body. • Usually solitary. If multiple, they are
located on one part of the body. • If located on covered parts of the body, the
clothing are not involved. • The stab wound is accessible to the hand of the
victim. • The hand of the victim is smeared with blood.
49. 49. • The wounding weapon is firmly grasped by the hand of the victim
(cadaveric spasm) • If stabbing is accompanied with slashing movement, the
wound tailing abrasion is seen towards the hand inflicting the injury. • A
suicide note may be present. • There is the presence of a motive for self-
destruction. • No disturbance in the death scene, wounding instrument is
found near the victim.
50. 50. In the Description of a Stab Wound, the following must be included : a.
Length of the skin defect b. Condition of the extremities c. Condition of the
edges d. Linear direction of the surface wound e. Location of the stub wound
f. Direction of penetration g. Depth f penetration h. Tissue and organs
involved
51. 51. b. Homicidal – stabbing with homicidal intent is the most common.
Characteristics: • Injuries other than stab wound may be present. • Stab
wound may be located in any part of the body. • Usually there are more than
one stab wound. • There is motive for the stabbing. If w/out , the offender
must be insane or under the influence of drugs. • There is disturbance in the
crime scene.
52. 52. Medical evidences showing intent of the offender to kill the victim: •
There are more than one stab wounds. • The stab wounds are located in
different parts of the body or on the parts of the body where vital organs are
located. • Stub wounds are deep. • Stab wound w/ serrated or zigzag borders
infers alternative thrust and withdrawal of the wounding weapon to increase
internal damages. • Irregular or stellate shape skin defects may be due to
changing direction of the weapon with the portion of the instrument at the
level of the skin as the lever.
53. 53. d. Punctured Wound – result of a thrust of a sharp pointed instrument.
The external injury is quite small but the depth is to a certain degree.
(icepick, needle, nail, spear, pointed stick, thorn, etc.) Usually accidental but
in rare instances its may be homicidal or suicidal.
54. 54. e. Lacerated - a tear of the skin and the underlying tissues due to forcible
contact with a blunt instrument. It may be homicidal or accidental but rarely
suicidal. Classification of Lacerated Wound: a. Splitting caused by crushing
 of the skin between 2 hard objects. b. Overstretching of the skin. c. Grinding
compression. d. Tearing
55. 55.
56. 56.
57. 57. GAPING OF WOUND: The separation of the edges especially in deep
wound may be due to the following: 1. Mechanical stretching or dilatation 2.
Loss of tissue a. Destruction b. Avulsion c. Trimming of the edges 3.
Retraction of the edges Cleavage direction or lines of cleavage of the skin-
dense networks of fibrous and elastic connective tissue fibers running on the
same direction and forming a pattern more or less present in all persons.
Langer’s line- linear presentation on the skin
58. 58. Complications of trauma or Injury 1. Shock – disturbance of fluid
balance resulting to peripheral deficiency Kinds of Shock: a. Primary Shock
– immediate nerve impulse set up at the injured area b. Delayed or Secondary
Shock – develop sometime after the infliction of injury
59. 59. 2. Hemorrhage – extravasation r loss of blood from the circulation
brought about by wounds in the cardiovascular system. Kinds of Hemorrhage
a. Primary Hemorrhage b. Secondary Hemorrhage 3. Infection – appearance
of growth and development of microorganism at the site of injury.
60. 60. Medico-Legal Aspects of Wounds 1. The following rules must always be
observed by the physician in the examination of wounds: a. All injuries must
be described, however small for it may be important later. b. The description
of the wounds must be comprehensive, and if possible a sketch or photograph
must be taken. c. The examination must not be influenced by any other
information obtained rom others in making a report or a conclusion.
61. 61. Medico-Legal Aspects of Wounds 2. Examinations of the Wounded
Body: a. Examinations that are applicable to the living and dead victim: 
age of the wound from the degree of healing  Determination of the weapon
used in the commission of the offense  Determination whether the injury is
accidental, suicidal or homicidal.  Reasons for the multiplicity of wounds in
cases where there are more than one wound
62. 62. Medico-Legal Aspects of Wounds b. Examinations that are applicable
only to living:  Determination whether the injury is dangerous to life. 
Will produce permanent deformity.  Produced shock.  Will produce
complication as a consequence.
63. 63. Medico-Legal Aspects of Wounds c. Examinations that are applicable to
the dead victim:  Determination whether the wound is ante-mortem or post-
mortem.  The wound is mortal or not.  Death is accelerated by a disease
or some abnormal developments which are present at the time of the
infliction of the wound.  Wound was caused by accident, suicide or
homicide.
64. 64. Medico-Legal Aspects of Wounds 3. Examination of the Wound: a.
Character of the Wound – description of the wound (type, size, shape, nature
of edges) b. Location of the Wound – region of the body c. Depth of the
Wound d. Condition of the Surroundings e. Extent of the Wound f. Direction
of the Wound g. Number of Wounds
65. 65. Medico-Legal Aspects of Wounds h. Conditions of the Locality degree
of hemorrhage evidence of struggle information as to the position of the
body presence of letter or suicide note condition of the weapon
66. 66. Distinction between Ante-Mortem and Post-Mortem Wounds Ante-
mortem Wound Postmortem Wound 1. Hemorrhage more or less copious and
generally arterial. 1. Hemorrhage slight or none at all and always venous. 2.
Marks of spouting of blood from arteries. 2. No spouting of blood. 3. Clotted
blood. 3. Blood is not clotted; if at all, it is a soft clot. 4. Deep staining of the
edges and cellular tissues, which is not removed by washing. 4. The edges
and cellular tissues are not deeply stained. The staining can be removed by
washing. 5. The edges gape owing to the reaction of the skin and muscle
fibers. 5. The edges do not gape, but are closely approximated to each other,
unless the wound is caused within one or two hours after death. 6.
 Inflammation and reparative processes. 6. No inflammation or reparative
processes.
67. 67. Determinnation Whether the Wounds were Inflected During Life or After
Death During Life After Death Hemorrhage more profuse amount of
bleeding iscomparatively less Signs of Inflammation swelling of the area
sorrounding wound and other signs of vital reactions do not show any
manifesting signs of vital reactions Signs of Repair fibri formation, growth of
epithelium, scab or scar formation absence of signs of repair Retraction of
the Edges of the Wound retract and cause gaping do not gape and are closely
aprroximated to each other
68. 68. Points to be considered in the determination as to whether the wound is
homicidal, suicidal, or accidental 1. External signs and circumstances related
to the position and attitude of the body when found. 2. Location of the
weapon or the manner in which it was held. 3. The motive underlying he
commission of the crime and the like. 4. The personal character of the
deceased. 5. The possibility for the offender to have purposely changed the
truth of the condition
69. 69. Points to be considered in the determination as to whether the wound is
homicidal, suicidal, or accidental 6. Other information. a. Signs of Struggle
b. Number and Direction of Wounds c. Direction of the Wound d. Nature and
Extent of the Wound e. State of the Clothing
70. 70. Length of Time of survival of the victim after infliction of the wound 1.
Degree of Healing 2. Changes in the Body in Relation to the Time of Death
3. Age of Blood Stain 4. Testimony of the Witness when the Wound was
Inflicted
71. 71. Possible Instruments Used by the Assailant in Inflicting the Injuries: The
determination of the wounding instrument maybe made from the nature of
the wound found in the body of the victim. 1.Contusion- produced by the
blunt instrument. 2.Incised wound- produced by sharp-edged instrument
inflicted by hitting. 3.Lacerated wound- produced by the blunt instrument.
4.Punctured wound- produced by the sharped-pointed instrument.
5.Abrasion- body surfaces rubbed on rough hard surface. 6.Gunshot wound-
the diameter of the wound of entrance may approximate of the caliber of the
wounding firearm.
72. 72. Which of the Injuries Sustained by the Victim Caused Death This can be
ascertained by examining individually the wounds and noting which of them
involved injury to some vital organs or large vessels or led to secondary
result causing death.
73. 73. Which of the wound was inflicted first? When the several wounds present
on the body of the victim, it is important to determine which of them was
inflicted first because it maybe necessary for the qualification of the offense
committed. If the first wound was inflicted in a treacherous way that the
victim after receipt is incapable of defense, then murder is committed, but if
the fatal wound was inflicted last, it is possible that the crime committed is
only homicide.
74. 74. Relative Position of Victim and Assailant when Injury was inflicted The
ff. has to be considered: 1. Location of the wound in the body of the victim.
2. Directio of the wound. 3. Nature of the instrument used in inflicting the
injury. 4. Testimony of the witnesses.
75. 75. Death or Physical Injuries Brought About by Powder Propelled
Substances 1. Production of Combustions: a) Bullet - Gunshot Wound b)
Flame - Singeing c) Smoke - Smudging d) Gun powder residue - tatooing e)
Grime - tatooing 2. Firearms Wounds a) Gunshot Wound
76. 76. Difference Between Entrance and Exit ENTRANCE EXIT Appears to be
smaller than missile owing to elasticity of tissue except contact fire Always
bigger than missile Edges inverterd Edges everted Usually ovaloid or
rounded Variable shape Contusion collar present Contusion collar absent
Other product of combustions when firing is near Always absent Paraffin test
may be positive Always negative
77. 77. Determination of Relative Position of Victim & Assailant a. Contusion
collar - the wider side points to the source of the missile b. Smudging and
Tattooing - the side with more or intense deposit to the source of the missile.
Determination of the probable caliber of the firearm used in the infliction -
 measure in centimeter of the cross diameter of the gunshot wound from
collar to collar - the shortest is the probable caliber.
78. 78. Determination of the distance of fire: a) Contact Fire - intense laceration
and undermining of the point entrance. No bigger than exit. b) Distance of
six (6) inches presence of smudging, singeing and tattooing. c) Beyond six
(6) inches but within (36) inches - presence of the tattooing. d) Beyond thirt
six (36) inches only the gunshot wound will be present.
79. 79. Shotgun Wound 1. Kinds of Shotgun Wound a) Unchoked bore or
straight bore b) Choked bore - improved cylinder - narrowing of the bore
from rear to the muzzle is 3-5 thousandth of an inch. - Half Chock -
narrowing of the barrel is 15-20 thousandth of an inch. - Full Chock -
narrowing of the barrel is 35-5- thousandth of an inch.
80. 80. Shotgun Wound 2. Characteristics of shotgun wounds a. Contact fire -
entrance of wound is irregular with severe destruction of the underlying
tissue. there is singeing and smudging. b. Near shot up to 6 inches  mark
laceration of skin  gunpowder maybe driven into the deeper area of wound
 mark surrounding of skin and deeper portion of the wound of entrance 
mark tattooing  hair is singe  wad may be found inside the wound
entrance
81. 81. Shotgun Wound c. Distance of about 1 yard  Pellets enter as one mass
thus making entrance wound with irregular edges.  Surrounding skin ay be
blacken with light burning and tattooing. d. Distance of 2-3 yards  The
wound of entrance has big central hole with rugged edges with few stray
wound of entrance wound.  Smudging & tattooing - no longer evident. e.
Distance of 4 yards - pellets may enter skin area of about 6-8 inches diameter
although there may be a central care where a group might have entered.
82. 82. Death by Asphyxia - all forms of violent death which results primarily
from the interference with the process of respiration or to condition in which
the supply of oxygen to the blood or tissue or both has been reduced below
normal level. 1. Hanging 2. Strangulation a) by ligature b) manual or throtting
c) special forms of strangulation (palmer, garroting, mugging or yoking,
compression of neck with stick
83. 83. Death by Asphyxia 3. Suffocation a) smothering - closing mouth and nostrils
by solid objects b) choking 4. Asphyxia by submersion in water (drowning) 5.
Asphyxia by pressure on the chest 6. Asphyxia by irrespirable gases
84. 84. Death or Physical Injuries Due to Vehicular Accidents 1. Kinds of injuries in
VA cases  sustained by the pedestrian a) impact injuries • primary impact
injuries • secondary impact injuries b) Secondary injuries c) Run over injuries 
sustained by driver and passengers a) impact injuries b) turn-turtle injuries
85. 85. Death or Physical Injuries Due to Vehicular Accidents 2. Medical Evidence
in VA Cases  Evidence from victim a) Crash injury b) Tire thread marks c)
Abrasion prints d) Blood e) Physical defects f) Inebriation of the victim 
Evidence from the driver a)Physical defects b) Under the influence of alcohol or
drugs c) History of grudge
86. 86. Medico-Legal Aspects of Sex Crimes Virginity - condition of a female who
has not experienced sexual intercourse and whose genital organs have not been
altered by carnal connection.
87. 87. Kinds of Virginity 1. Moral Virginity - state of not knowing the nature of
sexual life and not having experienced sexual relation (children below puberty
and whose sex organs and secondary characteristics are not yet fully developed).
2. Physical Virginity - woman is conscious the nature of sexual life and not
having experienced sexual relation. 3. Demi-Virginity - woman who permits any
form of sexual liberties as long as they abstain from rupturing the hymen by
sexual act. 4. Virgo Intacta - truly virgin woman.
88. 88. Parts of the Female Body to be Considered in the Determination of the
Conditions of Virginity 1. Breasts 2. Vaginal Canal 3. Labia Majora and Labia
Minora 4. Fourchette 5. Hymen
89. 89. Defloration - laceration or rupture of the hymenas a result of sexual
intercourse. Parts of Female Genetalia that Must be Examined to Determine
Defloration 1. Condition of the Vulva 2. Fourchette 3. Vaginal Canal