Study Centre October 24, 2017

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EDITOR: Debra-Gail Williamson • ASSOCIATE EDITOR – DESIGN: Rorie Atkinson • GRAPHIC ARTIST / PAGINATOR: Roy France
CONT R IBUTOR S
ENGLISH LANGUAGE MATHEMATICS SOCIAL STUDIES

Shawnette Myers-Lawrence Kamau Karenga Charmaine Fuller-Wallace
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS
Shandeen Robinson-White Leroy Munroe Hilary Bassaragh Tedmore Clarke
INTEGRATED SCIENCE ENGLISH LITERATURE COMMUNICATION STUDIES CARIBBEAN STUDIES

Marlene Grey-Tomlinson Simone Gibbs Peta-Gaye Perkins Bryan Debgeri Whitely
www.jamaicaobserver.com JOL LECTURE SERIES Jamaica Observer Limited

ENGLISH
LANGUAGE Lesson 6
with
Shawnett Myers-Lawrence
SUMMARY WRITING:
PUTTING IT TOGETHER
Hello readers. In the last lesson we looked at identifying main
and supporting ideas. I trust that you were able to follow the
steps that I have outlined and applied the tips that were given
to some articles of your own. Today we will look at other skills
that are needed to write an effective summary. In addition to
identifying the main ideas in any piece of writing you are also
required to omit non-essential information such as:
JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page

JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continued from previous page
Most of these are relatively easy to identify but in the case of explanations these may often be difficult to separate
from those important supporting details. We will examine an example and see how we may select only those points
that are necessary. Once we are able to do this then the next step is to put our summary together using our own words
as far as possible. As mentioned in a previous lesson it is not expected that you will not repeat any of the words in the
original passage. Indeed, some words and expressions are difficult to paraphrase and it is unnecessary to try. What
you must attempt is to reproduce the relevant information using your own style of expression.
Below, I have selected an article that we will go through combining the skills that we have acquired so far and the
ones currently being learned. The article is expository in nature and its subject matter is scientific. In an examination,
candidates are expected to read the given article more than once. For our purposes, however, the article will be broken
up to allow for commentary and explanations.
Silk gene for Spiders’ egg case found

The subject matter of this article is the silk
Two researchers at the University of California, Riverside have found gene found in spider’s egg cases. As we
a gene coding for a silk protein used by female spiders to construct discussed in the last lesson, the main idea
their egg cases. The research confirms that the silk protein used for is often found in the first paragraph and in
this case it is so. I will go ahead and
the egg case is different than that used in spider webs. Spider underline this. I have also underlined
silks are renowned for their superior material properties, being another sentence because it connects with
among the toughest known natural fibers. The researchers’ findings the main idea, in that, having found the new
silk protein gene the scientists are looking
may lead to new applications of spider silks for novel high-tech
into how this discovery may be used in
materials. The researchers, Jessica Garb and Cheryl Hayashi, practical ways. This idea is important as it
published their findings in the Proceedings of the National Academy is repeated in the concluding paragraph.
of Sciences on August 1, in the early edition of the journal. Ideas that are repeated tend to be of
significance in an article.
Paragraph two focuses on the actual gene

Until now, the sequence of the silk protein used to construct the egg
sequence of the silk protein and goes into
case was unknown. The team characterized the egg case silk protein
detail about its structure. Since the main
from multiple spider species and found within a species its gene was
idea is about the discovery of the gene
composed of nearly identical, repeating sequences. The repeat units
and its possible use, much of the
were also similar across species that diverged more than 125 million
information in this paragraph would be
years ago. Their findings suggest that the egg case silk gene has been
omitted from the summary. The only point
undergoing what is known as concerted evolution where mutations
that would be noted is the one underlined
in one part of the gene “spread” to other parts of the same gene,
which links to the main idea in that the
creating a highly repetitive gene sequence.
gene is a new discovery.

Paragraph three looks further at protein

“The protein of the egg-case fibers has a different function altogether in terms of its structure and function.
from that of the other silks such as dragline or capture silks,” Garb said. This information is important as it
“Egg-case silk has to last a long time and therefore must be durable connects to the novelty of the discovery
in the sense that this silk is different
under a wide variety of conditions, from freezing to very high from the known ones. Also, it points to
temperatures. It needs to be strong enough to protect the eggs from how the strength of the silk protein
threats such as predators, parasites and molds.” makes it adaptable for the use of which
the scientists have in mind.
Paragraph four acknowledges that even

Although the egg case silk protein is extremely different, its gene though the gene in question is different
sequence shares certain features in common with all other spider silk and previously undiscovered, it bears
genes. According to Garb, this discovery confirms that spider silk genes some resemblance to other spider silk
genes. The writer, in this paragraph,
comprise what is known as a “gene family”. This means that silk genes
goes on to speak of the evolution of the
first evolved with spiders approximately 400 million years ago and silk along with the spiders which create
subsequently evolved into different genes specifically used for different them and to indicate that there are
functions, such as genes for spider webs or genes for egg cases (Gatesy many more silk proteins waiting to be
discovered. This information merely
et al. 2001). The researchers also suggest that there are many more silk
explains that connection suggested by
genes that remain unknown, particularly as there are more than 37,000 the topic sentence of the paragraph but
known species of spiders, and silk genes sequences have been described no additional point is made. This
from only a few species. information therefore, would be omitted
from the summary.
The final paragraph links with the ideas

According to the team, this unknown diversity of silk genes may not presented in the previous paragraph as
only be important for understanding spider evolution but also for the well as the first paragraph. The
development of genetically modified fibers. “Collectively, spider silks sentences underlined do not merely
are some of the toughest natural fibers known,” Hayashi said. “Imagine repeat these ideas but state explicitly
a fabric made from such a substance? It would be incredibly strong, what the silk protein will be used for and
flexible and ultimately, biodegradable.” mentions some benefits that may be
derived from creating fabric from it.

Having gone through and identified those ideas which you would need to include in your summary it is now time
to put the ideas together. If you were to merely piece the underlined sentences together, would this be considered
a good summary? Let us put those sentences together and see what we have.
Two researchers at the University of California, Riverside have found a gene coding for a silk protein used by
female spiders to construct their egg cases. The researchers’ findings may lead to new applications of spider silks
for novel high-tech materials. Until now, the sequence of the silk protein used to construct the egg case was
unknown. “The protein of the egg-case fibers has a different function altogether from that of the other silks such
as dragline or capture silks,” It needs to be strong enough to protect the eggs from threats such as predators,
parasites and molds.” Although the egg case silk protein is extremely different, its gene sequence shares certain
features in common with all other spider silk genes. This unknown diversity of silk genes may not only be
important for understanding spider evolution but also for the development of genetically modified fibers.
“Imagine a fabric made from such a substance? It would be incredibly strong, flexible and ultimately,
biodegradable.”
When you read this, it does make sense and captures the essence of the article but the expression is awkward in
some areas as there are no transitional words to link one point to the next. If your teacher were to mark this work,
you would almost certainly gain the full ten marks for content but since the words in this summary have been taken
verbatim from the passage then the expression and use of language cannot be credited to you. Your grade, if you
submitted this, would likely be a failing one. You must therefore avoid this pitfall. What you must do at this point
is to paraphrase.

WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO PARAPHRASE?
Paraphrasing is simply taking an original idea and rewording it. You are putting it in your own words with your own
sentence structure. It is not merely substituting one word for another but a restatement of the original which captures
the original meaning of what was said or written. Some of you may ask if a paraphrase and a summary are the same
thing. My answer to that would be no because a summary is a condensed version of the original. It uses the skill of
paraphrasing since the writer of the summary must use his/her own words. To paraphrase however, the same ideas in
the same volume may be presented only in different words and sentence structure.
EXAMPLE
Original
A video of a plumber dancing has racked up more than 400,000 views since it was posted on YouTube last week and
the plumber said he has already been approached in public for his autograph.
Incorrect
The video has racked up more than 400,000 views since it was posted on YouTube last week and the plumber has
been approached for his autograph.
Why is this paraphrase incorrect?

There are two key problems with this paraphrase. It does not fully capture all the information and it uses too much
of the original wording and sentence structure. Here is the correct paraphrase.
Correct
Even though the YouTube video of the dancing plumber was posted only last week, it has already had more than
400,000 views. The plumber has become an almost instant celebrity as strangers have even asked him for autographs.
A new gene coding for silk protein used by spiders to make their egg sacs was discovered by two researchers at
the University of California. This new protein is different from the known varieties as it needs to be strong enough
to protect the eggs from destructive elements. Despite this difference the gene sequence has similarities to other
spider silk genes. Such variation in silk proteins has implications not only for understanding the evolution of
spiders but also genetic modification of this fibre. This discovery may lead to the creation of high tech fibres.
Fabric made from the new silk protein would therefore be durable, pliable and biodegradable.
Shawnett Myers-Lawrence is on the staff of St. Hugh’s High School

! Email: shawnomyl@yahoo.com
MATHEMATICS Lesson 6
with Kamau Karenga
HIRE PURCHASE; PROFIT / LOSS;

SIMPLE INTEREST 7 8 9
+
Welcome back. Today we examine an area within the
4 5 6 –
Consumer Arithmetic section which will include Hire
Purchase, Profit and Loss, and Simple Interest.
HIRE PURCHASE
Hire Purchase (HP) is a legal term for a contract where a
customer agrees to pay for an item over several months
1 2 3 –:
without owning the item. They may gain possession, but
0 = +
they do not become owner until the last payment of the
contract is made. It is very popular in the Jamaican context,
especially for large household appliances. Some companies
•
actually encourage HP rather than CASH sales. The student
should be able to do their own calculations to see that the
HP price on some items on the market may be three times Solution 1
the cash price. You have to read the “fine print’.
a) HP price → Deposit paid = $4,900
Example 1 Instalments → $3,150 × 24 months = $75,600
Cash price
The cash price of a = Single payment at Total HP price → $4,900 + $75,600 = $80,500
flat screen television purchase
is $49,000. b) Savings on cash purchase = → HP price – Cash price
It can be bought on HP Price:
Savings = $80,000 – $49,000 = $31,500
hire purchase by Deposit paid at
making a deposit beginning of agreement
PLUS Instalments hire purchase excess
of $4,900 plus 24 c) Per cent increase → ————————— × 100
monthly payments = monthly payments cash price
of $3,150. × number of months
31,500
→ —–—— × 100 = 64.3%
a) What is the total hire purchase price of the 49,000
television?
NOTE: The CASH PRICE is used as the base of
b) How much is saved by buying the television for comparison when considering percentage (%)
cash? increase.
c) What is the per cent increase on the cash price when
paying by hire purchase? JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page
JOL MATHEMATICS continued from previous page
PROFIT AND LOSS Example 3

The table below shows the cost price, selling price, and profit
Profit depends on the income from sales and the cost of or loss as a percentage of the cost price of three items.
bringing the goods and service to market. When the costs
are removed from the sales income, we have the profit. If Copy and complete the table. Insert the missing values at
the costs are more than the sales income, there is a loss. (i), (ii) and (iii).
Every business depends on profit to survive. If a business
does not bring in profit, if a vendor does not bring in PERCENTAGE
profit, if a country does not bring in profit, the system is COST PRICE SELLING PRICE
PROFIT OR LOSS
not sustainable and will eventually die a natural death.
Let’s look at some examples. i. Item A $196.00 $166.60 ________

Example 2
A wholesaler paid $12,500 for 50 scientific calculators ii. Item B ________ $128.25 35% profit
bought in China. The Customs Department in his
country charged him $1,760 in duty.
iii. Item C $660.00 ________ 20% profit
a) Calculate the total cost of the 50 calculators,
inclusive of duty.
Solution 3
b) The wholesaler sells the 50 calculators at a price of
$750 each. i. Item A has a selling price that is lower than the cost
price, so the item is sold at a loss.
i. Calculate the total profit he made on the sale The loss is calculated by cost price – selling price.
of the 50 calculators. Loss = $196.00 – $166.60 = $29.40
ii. Calculate the profit as a percentage of the Compare this loss with the cost price:
loss
total cost price, giving your answer to the ! % loss = ———— × 100
nearest whole number. cost price
29.40
Solution 2 Percentage Loss = ———— × 100 = 15%
196.00
a) Total cost = purchase price + duty ii. Item B has a selling price of $128.25 with a profit of 35 %;
! $12,500 + $1,760 = $14,260 That means $128.25 includes the 35 % profit.
If we calculate 35% of the selling price, we will not
b) i. Total income from the sale of the 50 calculators find the profit.
= 50 × $750 = $37,500 We have to divide the selling price by 135%, and
Total Profit = selling price – cost price then multiply by 100% to get the cost price.
! $37,500 – $14,260 = $23,240
selling price
Cost price = ————— × 100%
profit 135%
ii. Percentage profit = ————— × 100
cost price 128.25
! —––— × 100 = $95.00
135
$23,240
! ———— × 100 = 163% JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page
$14,260
iii. Item C gives the cost price and the % profit. The Example 4
profit can be calculated as 20% of cost price.
Mrs. Black borrowed $100,000 from a bank at 9% per
20 annum for 3 years.
Profit = —— × $660.00 = $132.00
100 a) What is the simple interest payable?
Selling price = Cost Price + Profit b) Find the amount accruing for the loan
! $660.00 + $132.00 = $792.00
c) Determine the sum of each monthly instalment
The completed table is therefore:
Solution 4
PERCENTAGE a) Simple interest payabl (SI)
SELLING
COST PRICE PROFIT Principal × Rate × Time
PRICE SI = ——————————
OR LOSS
100
100,000 × 9 × 3
→ ——————— = $27,000
i. Item A $196.00 $166.60 15% loss 100
b) Amount accruing refers to the accumulated amount

of the loan. On top of the principal we are going to
ii. Item B $95.00 $128.25 35% profit add the interest to determine the amount accruing
Amount accuring = $100,000 + $27,000 = $127,000
c) Monthly instalments refer to the payback rate over

36 months (3 years)
iii. Item C $660.00 $792.00 20% profit
Monthly instalments
Amount accruing $127,000
= —————————— → ————
the number of months 36
= $3,527.78 (accurate to the nearest cent)
SIMPLE INTEREST
COMPOUND INTEREST
Simple Interest calculations are done using the simple
interest formula; which is not on the CSEC formula sheet. Compound Interest is a part of CSEC syllabus, and there is a
formula for compound interest. However, the compound
SI represents Simple Interest interest problems will be restricted to two-year or three-year
periods at most. The concept of compound interest is that at
P represents the Principal amount the end of each year, the interest is added to the principal
or the amount invested PRT and a new principal is applied to the new year. It is
SI = —— recommended that Compound Interest calculations are
R is the Rate in per cent per year 100 carried out on a ‘year by year’ basis. The interest from the
T represents the amount of Time, first year is added to the principal to get a new principal for
expressed in years. the second year, and the interest from the second year is
added to the principal to get a new principal for the third
Students will have to remember the formula and learn year. Each time period calculated will be 1 year each.
to substitute known values to calculate unknown values
as required. JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page
WATCH THE VIDEO BELOW FOR MORE.
Next week we will introduce ALGEBRA. Peace and love.
Kamau Karenga is on the staff of Portmore Community College ! Email: kkarenga@pcc.edu.jm
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SOCIAL
STUDIES Lesson 6
with
Charmaine Fuller-Wallace
FAMILIES IN THE CARIBBEAN
Families are critical to the survival and well being of the entire society. A family is an example of a Primary Group.
This is because members of the family are very close to each other, they have face-to-face regular interaction and
members know each other. Families differ in terms of size, structure and the kind of relationship upon which the family
is based. These differences have resulted in many different family patterns in the Caribbean. Apart from family pattern,
other terms that have often been used to describe the family include: family types, family forms and family structure.
WHAT IS A FAMILY?
There is no single definition for a family. Generally however one can define family as “the basic social unit that consists
of a group of people who are related to each other by blood, marriage, adoption or birth and living together under the
same roof supporting each other socially, emotionally and economically”.
ACTIVITY # 1: CONCEPTS RELATED TO INDIVIDUAL FAMILY AND SOCIETY
Instruction: Use the following terms to match with the correct definition.
Adoption Family tree Emotional Support
Monogamy Annulment Cultural transmission
Government Patriarchal Bigamy
Reproduction Household Polyandry
Common-law union Socialization Inheritance
Polygamy Courtship Intestacy
Procreation Culture Leader
Role Conflict Desertion Economic Support
Legal Union Sibling Divorce
Marginalization of male Social Group Electoral process
Marriage Educational Visiting Relationship
Electorate Matriarchal Generation Gap
JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continued from previous page
TERMS MEANINGS
1 A group of people sharing a home/living space/residence
2 A younger brother or sister
3 A legally recognized relationship between an adult male and female
4 The dissolution of a marriage by the court making the marriage null and void
The money or property that passes upon the death of an individual to another though
5
a will, laws of intestacy or by a decision of the law courts.
6 Leaving no will
This is a legal contract between a male and female in the presence of a marriage officer
7
and a witness and may or may not include a religious ceremony.
This is where a man and a woman live together by mutual agreement without going
8
through a marriage ceremony.
9 The legal ending of a marriage
This is when two partners, a male and a female, are not married, do not live together
10
but are in a sexual relationship
11 One female to one male husband
12 The practice or custom of having more than one wife or husband at the same time.
13 A woman having more than one husbands
The act of going through a marriage ceremony while already married to another
14
person
15 Residing with relatives in a male headed household
16 Residing with relatives in a female headed household
17 The biological process of having children
18 The period before engagement or marriage when a couple gets to know each other

TERMS MEANINGS
A geological chart or diagram which shows ancestry, line of descent and relationship
19
among family members
20 The formal legal procedure of taking someone else’s child as your own
The issues which occur between people of different generations because of their
21
varying attitudes, behaviours and beliefs.
A situation in which a person is expected to play two roles which are not considered
22
with each other
23 This is where males in the society are discriminated against, based solely on their sex.
24 Abandoning a duty or responsibility such as that of a spouse or parent
This is all the customs, ideas, behaviours and belief as a society that have been passed
25
on from generation to generation
This is where a two or more persons interact with each other, share similar
26
characteristics, and collectively have a sense of unity
27 Someone who guides or direct a group or institution
28 A group of individuals elected by the people to direct the affairs of the country
29 The method by which candidates or parties are elected to parliament
30 All the persons in a country who are eligible to vote in an election
31 To have children which will help in the continuation of the human species
32 Provision of food, clothing, shelter, resources for health and educational support
33 To pass on the beliefs and practices of the family and the society
In this function members are taught what is right and wrong, discipline, obedience,
34
manners and responsibility.
The family assist the children with their homework, teach them how to count, spell
35
etc.
36 The provision of love and support to its members

DEFINITION, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE DIFFERENT FAMILY TYPES IN THE CARIBBEAN
FAMILY TYPE DEFINITION ADVANTAGES DISADVANATGES
~ Behavioural problems may occur

because of lack of supervision of
children since there’s only one
~ Children usually learn to be more parent at home. Children, if they
responsible: are left unsupervised may engage
in behaviours which can be
A single parent usually has to handle harmful to them and others around
almost all the aspects of parenting. them.
It however also means that children
will learn to be responsible at a ~ Financial problems such as inability
young age as often times children to provide basic needs may occur
are assigned duties that the parent because there’s one source of
One parent and a child/children expects to be carried out. income.
Single Parent own/adopted living together under
the same roof Children are often consulted when ~ Because there are fewer persons in
decisions are to be made and this the home, the immediate family
will also instill a sense of support is sometimes less.
responsibility that will come from
participating in teamwork and ~ Children tend to be less supervised
everyday decision-making process. because the burden is sometimes
on the one parent to provide the
The child/children will learn the necessary supervision for the child.
importance of planning and taking This can be lacking especially if the
responsibility his or her actions. parent has to work outside the
home and there is little or no
support from the other parent and
family members.
~ The child/children has/have both

male and female role models.
~ Both parents share in the

~ Sometimes even though both
responsibility of growing the
A man and a woman and a parents are present in the home, it
children
Nuclear child/children (own/adopted) living does not necessarily mean that
together under the same roof. they both will play a meaningful
~ The children may benefit from the
role in child’s life.
love and affection of both parents
~ Greater economic/financial support

for the family

FAMILY TYPE DEFINITION ADVANTAGES DISADVANATGES
~ If all adults in the home work

together as a team, they can
ensure that the child/children are
adequately supervised and are
~ Financial problems may occur if
taught the importance of adapting
family members who work do not
and practicing good behaviours in
make enough money to support
~ This is where a parent/parents and the home and in the society.
the household.
a child/children live together with
Extended another relative such as ~ More members in the household
~ If clear lines are not established as
grandmother/cousin living are able to help to meet the
to whom the main authority figure
together under the same roof. family’s financial needs
in the home is, there can be
conflict when it comes to decision
When persons such as grandparents
making.
live in the home, they usually teach
the children the culture, which
includes the belief and practices of
the society.
~ Sometimes the children are not

provided with adequate
~ Often siblings tend to develop supervision.
~ There is no parent in the household
Sibling stronger bonds/friendship as they
and a older brother/sister takes
Household all have to depend on each other ~ Sometimes the children use the
care of the siblings
for support opportunity to participate in
defiant behaviours such as drug
abuse and early sexual activity
ANSWERS TO ACTIVITY #1
1. Household 13. Polyandry 25. Culture

2. Sibling 14. Bigamy 26. Social Group
3. Marriage 15. Patriarchal 27. Leader
4. Annulment 16. Matriarchal 28. Government
5. Inheritance 17. Procreation 29. Electoral process
6. Intestacy 18. Courtship 30. Electorate
7. Legal union 19. Family tree 31. Reproduction
8. Common-law union 20. Adoption 32. Economic Support
9. Divorce 21. Generation gap 33. Cultural transmission
10.Visiting relationship 22. Role Conflict 34. Educational
11.Monogamy 23. Marginalization of male 35. Socialization
12.Polygamy 24. Desertion 36. Emotional Support
Have a good week!!!
Charmaine Fuller-Wallace is on the staff of St. Andrew Technical High School

! Email: charmief2@yahoo.com

INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY Lesson 6
with
Shandeen Robinson-White
INTRODUCING SPREADSHEET
MANAGEMENT USING MS EXCEL 2013
In the interest of your SBA, today we will continue to
explore the practical components of the syllabus, which
are sections 6, 7 and 8.
Name box –
identifies
the active
cell
Row 4 Cell C4 Column H

Excel is an electronic spreadsheet program that is used for storing, organising and manipulating data.
Data is stored in individual cells that are usually organised in a series of columns and rows in a worksheet. This collection
of columns and rows is referred to as a table. Tables use headings in the top row (title headings) and down the left
side of the table (row headings) to identify the data stored in the table.
Excel can also perform calculations on the data using formulas. To help make it easier to find and read the information
in a worksheet, Excel has a number of formatting features that can be applied to individual cells, to rows and columns,
or to entire tables of data.
Since each worksheet in recent versions of Excel contains billions of cells per worksheet, each cell has an address known
as a cell reference (eg. C4) so that it can be referenced in formulas, charts, and other features of the program.
JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continued from previous page
SPREADSHEET FUNCTIONS
In order to complete your SBA you need to be able to use the following Excel inbuilt functions quite efficiently:
1. IF function
2. VLookup function
3. Basic functions such as Sum, Max, Min, Average, Count etc
Let us examine a spreadsheet which uses user created formulas and excel functions to complete a task.
Excel uses standard operators for formulas, such as a plus sign for addition (+), a minus sign for subtraction (-), an
asterisk for multiplication (*), and a forward slash for division (/).
NOTE: All formulas in Excel must begin with an equals sign (=). This is because the cell contains, or is equal to, the
formula and the value it calculates.

UNDERSTANDING CELL REFERENCES
While you can create simple formulas in Excel manually (for example, =10+5 or =3*5), most of the time you will use
cell addresses (eg. C4) to create a formula. This is known as making a cell reference. Using cell references will ensure
that your formulas are always accurate because you can change the value of referenced cells without having to rewrite
the formula.
By combining a mathematical operator with cell references, you can create a variety of simple formulas in Excel.

Formulas can also include a combination of cell references Q2. Which formula would add the June and July profits?
and numbers, as in the examples below:
(a) =A7+A8
(b) =B7*B8
Note: Excel will not always tell you if your formula contains
an error, so it’s up to you to check all of your formulas. (c) =B7+B8
(d) B6+A7
Try these questions: To show all of the formulas in a

spreadsheet, you can hold the
Ctrl key and press ~ (tilde).
The tilde key is usually
Q1. Which formula would add the January and February located in the top-left corner
profits? of the keyboard.
You can press Ctrl+~ again to
switch back to the normal view.
NOTE:
Every function is a formula,
but not all formulas are functions.
(a) =B2+B3
(b) B2+B3=
(c) B2+B3
(d) B3+B4= JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page
RELATIVE CELL REFERENCES
Formulas can also be copied to adjacent cells with the fill handle, which can save a lot of time and effort if you need to
perform the same calculation multiple times in a worksheet.
Examine the following diagram:
This is known as relative cell reference because the cell references change each time to suit the new row.

ABSOLUTE CELL REFERENCES
There may be times when you do not want a cell

reference to change when filling/copying cells. Unlike
relative references, absolute references do not change
when copied or filled. You can use an absolute
reference to keep a row and/or column constant.
An absolute reference is designated in a formula by the

addition of a dollar sign ($). It can precede the column
reference, the row reference, or both.
NOTE: You will generally use the $A$2 format when creating formulas that contain absolute references. The other
two formats are used much less frequently.
When writing a formula, you can press the F4 key on your keyboard to switch between relative and absolute cell
references. This is an easy way to quickly insert an absolute reference.
To create and copy a formula using absolute references:

In our example, we will use a 7.5% sales tax rate in cell E1 to calculate the sales tax for all items in column D. We will
need to use the absolute cell reference $E$1 in our formula. Because each formula is using the same tax rate, we want
that reference to remain constant when the formula is copied and filled to other cells in column D.
Select the cell that will contain the formula. In our example, we will select cell D3.

Enter the formula to calculate the desired value. In our example, we will type =(B3*C3)*$E$1.
Press Enter on your keyboard. The formula will calculate, and the result will display in the cell.
Locate the fill handle in the bottom-right corner of the desired cell. In our example, we will locate the fill handle for
cell D3.

Click, hold, and drag the fill handle over the cells you want to fill: cells D4:D13 in our example.
Release the mouse. The formula will be copied to the selected cells with an absolute reference, and the values will be
calculated in each cell.

You can double-click the filled cells to check their formulas for accuracy. The absolute reference should be the same for
each cell, while the other references are relative to the cell’s row.
NOTE: Be sure to include the dollar sign ($) whenever you’re making an absolute reference across multiple cells. The
dollar signs were omitted in the example below. This caused Excel to interpret it as a relative reference,
producing an incorrect result when copied to other cells.

Read each diagram carefully. While spreadsheet may look difficult, the truth is it’s very practical. Practise becomes
perfect!
Word to the wise: Failure will never overtake you if your determination to succeed is strong enough. – Og Mandino
WATCH THE THE VIDEO BELOW FOR MORE.
This is where I will stop for this week. Until then, keep reading.
Shandeen Robinson-White is affiliated with Maths Unlimited and Hillel Academy.

! Email: teacherrobwhite@hotmail.com

HUMAN & SOCIAL
BIOLOGY Lesson 6
with
Leroy Munroe
MICROBES (MICRO-ORGANISMS)
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson students should be able to:
" Define, identify and describe the structure of

microbes.
Microbes are living organisms that are too small to be seen

with the naked eye. Microbes can only be seen using a
microscope. Microbes are so small; millions can fit into the
eye of a needle. They were on earth before mankind.
Microbes live everywhere on earth, they can be found in the air we breathe, ground we walk on, rocks, water, the food
we eat and even inside our body. Bacteria for example, are found almost everywhere in the human body; they are
present on your teeth, stomach, skin and even intestine. More of them can be found on a person’s hand than there are
people on the entire planet, hence, the reason it is important to wash your hands regularly especially before meals.
Microbes include viruses, bacteria (singular bacterium), fungi (singular fungus) and protozoa (singular protozoon).
Microbes cause diseases not only in humans but also plants. Some are essential for us to live a healthy life and without
them we cannot exist, but they can exist without us. Without microbes, plants could not grow, garbage would not
decay and there would be a lot less oxygen for us to breathe. Humans and other animals depend on them to digest
their food.
Microbes are either pathogenic or non-pathogenic. Pathogenic microbes are harmful, that is, they cause diseases.
Sometimes we refer to these disease-causing microbes as “bugs”. Oftentimes we refer to microbes that cause diseases
as “germs”. Non-pathogenic microbes are not harmful, these microbes do not cause diseases; hence they are important
for our survival. Example, bacteria and fungi are useful in the decomposition of dead animals and plants and in
fermentation by converting sugar into acids, gases or alcohol. Bacteria are also important in the conversion of nitrogen
into nitrates in the soil and are harmful when they cause infectious diseases such as cholera and typhoid.
JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page

JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continued from previous page
VIRUS
A viral cell is about one hundred Characteristics of viruses

times smaller than a bacterial cell. ♦ They can only multiply and survive in the cell of another living organism,
Viruses are acellular particles, called the host.
meaning they are not made up of ♦ They are non-cellular; meaning they are not a true cell because they do
living cells like animals and plants not have any of the organelles found in normal animal and plant cells.
do. They do not have the ♦ They do not need feed.
characteristics that are associated ♦ They do not respire, metabolize and grow.
with living organisms. They have
♦ They can reproduce but need a living host.
no energy metabolism, they do not
♦ They are made of an outer protein coat called capsid.
grow, they produce no waste
products, and they do not respond ♦ They have spikes, which help them to attach to the host cell.
to stimuli. Viruses are small ♦ They have nucleic acid core containing either DNA or RNA.
parasites that lack the capacity to ♦ Outside of the living organisms they survive as complicated chemicals
thrive and reproduce outside a and not as a virus.
living host; therefore, they need a ♦ They are parasites because they need a living host or organism in order
living host in order to survive. to survive.
Viruses are found on or in just ♦ Ribosomes and enzymes are absent, which are needed for metabolism.
about every material and ♦ They are enclosed in a protective envelope.
environment on Earth from the
soil, to water, to air. They are Diagram of virus
basically found anywhere there are
cells to be infected.
genetic material
Viruses infect every form of life,
from animal to plant to fungi and
bacteria. Viruses cannot reproduce
on its own. They can only live and
multiply or reproduce in the cell of
a living organism called the host.
Outside of the living organism or
host, they survive as complicated
chemicals. A virus is made up of a
core of genetic material, either
DNA or RNA, surrounded by a
protective coat called a capsid
which is made up of protein. There
are many pathogenic viruses, protein coat surface proteins
which cause harm for humans,
plants and animals. In humans
some of the diseases caused by
viruses include HIV, influenza,
herpes, hepatitis among others. JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
BACTERIA
Bacteria are single-celled microbes that can exist either as a free living organism or a parasite. They are the
simplest creatures considered to be alive and can be found everywhere on earth. Bacteria can be found in the air
we breathe, water, soil, animals, people and even the food we eat. As you read this lesson, millions can be found
on your body especially your hands in and around the palm and finger nails, hence the reason to wash your hands
regularly. More bacterial cells are found in the human body than body cells. Most of these bacterial cells are found
in the stomach and mouth.
Though small, bacteria are powerful and complex, and they can survive in extreme conditions and environments - from
hot water to ice. Bacteria have a tough protective coating that boosts their resistance to white blood cells in the body.
It is surrounded on the outside by a cell wall like the plant cell, which often secretes sticky mucus that help them stick
to one another, hard surfaces, and human body cells. Some bacteria are surrounded by a slimy capsule that gives them
extra protection and prevents them from drying out. Some bacteria have a tail, called a flagellum (plural flagella), that
helps them to move around by lashing from side to side propelling the body along.
Their cell structure is simpler than that of other organisms. They are much smaller than animal and plant cells. They
also have some organelles similar to that of animal and plant cells. They have a cell wall that is similar to the cell wall
of a plant but is more flexible, cell membrane, ribosome and cytoplasm; they do not have any nucleus or any other cell
organelles. They have two types of DNA- plasmid and chromosomal. The chromosomal DNA carries most of the genetic
information. Plasmid DNA forms small loops and carries extra information. Instead their control centre containing the
genetic information is contained in a single loop of DNA.
Bacteria are called decomposers because they feed on dead animals and plants. Some are photosynthetic, these bacteria
can make their own food from sunlight, just like plants, oxygen is given off in the process. Others feed by absorbing
their food from the material on which they live on or in. They feed by secreting enzymes that breakdown or digest the
food or organic material from the outside then they easily absorb it on the inside.
There are bacteria that live in the soil or on dead plant matter, where they play an important role in the cycling of
nutrients. For example, bacteria break down dead matter in the environment, like dead leaves, releasing carbon dioxide
and nutrients in the process. Without the release of carbon dioxide, plants are unable to grow. Some types cause food
spoilage and crop damage but others are useful in the production of fermented foods such as yoghurt, cheese, sour
cream and soy sauce.
There are many more good bacteria than bad, some bacteria are harmful. If you consume or come in contact with
harmful bacteria, they may reproduce in your body and release toxins that can damage your body’s tissues and make
you feel ill. Harmful bacteria are called pathogenic bacteria because they cause disease and illnesses. Other bacteria
are non-pathogenic because they do not cause any disease or illnesses.

Structure of bacteria
♦ They contain cell wall. Their cell wall is different from that of a plant cell because it does not contain cellulose.
The cell wall may or may not secrete slimy sticky mucus that prevents them from drying out.
♦ They have a cell membrane.
♦ They do not have an organized or true nucleus; they contain DNA or RNA.
♦ They do not contain organelles such as those found in plant and animal cell except for ribosomes.
♦ They have flagella (singular flagellum) or tail. The flagellum helps the bacterium to swim.
♦ They are parasites.
Diagram of a bacterium cell
stored food reserve cytoplasm cell wall cell membrane
flagellum or tail a loop of DNA plasmid ribosomer

FUNGI
Fungi can either be single-cellular or a multi-cellular organism. Fungi are neither a plant nor animal. They are found
just about everywhere, especially in areas that are damped or moist, mainly in the soil, or on dead plants and animals.
Like bacteria, fungi are decomposers hence; they play an important role in the nitrogen and carbon cycles by recycling
carbon and nitrogen back into the atmosphere.
They can also be a parasitic plant-like organism that lack chlorophyll, leaves, true stem, roots and reproduce by spores
and live as parasites or saprotroph. Fungi include organisms such as mildew that grow on your clothes when left in a
damped area for a period, mold that grows on your bread, mushroom and toadstool that grows on dead plants and
yeast used in the baking industry.
The main body of most fungi is made up of fine, branching, and usually colourless threads called hyphae. Each fungus
has vast numbers of these hyphae, all intertwining to make up a tangled web called the mycelium. The mycelium is
generally too fine to be seen by the naked eye, except where the hyphae are very closely packed together. Fungi can
grow rapidly because of the structure of their mycelium. Fungi reproduce asexually and sexually to produce spores.
These fungal spores come in all different shapes and sizes. Under non dynamic conditions, the spores are created
asexually; under changing conditions, the spores are created sexually.
Some fungi cause diseases (pathogenic) by using living organisms for food. These fungi infect plants, animals and even
other fungi. Athlete’s foot, thrush and ringworm are fungal diseases that affect humans. Fungi release enzymes that
essentially digest the food that they are attached to. Once the organism is broken down by the enzymes, the fungi are
able to simply absorb the nutrients to live.
Fungi are saprophyte heterotrophs, meaning they cannot make their own food and is dependent on complex organic
substances for nutrition. Fungi feed by absorbing nutrients from the living or dead organic matter that they grow on.
They must digest their food on the outside before it can pass through the cell wall into the hyphae. The hyphae secrete
acids and enzymes that breakdown or digest the organic material from the outside then they easily absorb it. The
living body of the fungus is a mycelium made out of a web of tiny filaments called hyphae. The mycelium is usually
hidden in the soil, in wood, or another food source.
Characteristics of fungi
♦ The main body of most fungi is made up of fine, branching, and usually colourless threads called hyphae.
♦ Each fungus has vast numbers of hyphae, all intertwining to make up a tangled web called the mycelium.
♦ They have a rigid cell wall that contain complex polysaccharide (carbohydrate)
♦ They are either unicellular or multicellular
♦ Fungi like to be in a moist or damped and slightly acidic environment; they can grow with or without light
and oxygen.
♦ They are decomposers

Diagram of fungi
hyphae
mycelium hyphae

Have a good week.
Leroy Munroe is on staff of the Trench Town Polytechnic College ! Email: leroy_munroe@yahoo.com
LECTURE SERIES NOW

♦ Spanish YOUR
COPIES

PRINCIPLES OF
BUSINESS Lesson 6
with
Hilary Bassaragh
FORMS OF BUSINESS CONTINUED
In today’s lesson, we will continue to look at the following
1. Forms of Business
PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANIES

A public limited company has a minimum of seven shareholders, but no maximum. Examples include Sagicor and
the Bank of Nova Scotia PLC. It may start out as a public company or be formed from a private company that has
‘gone public’.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC COMPANIES
1. The company’s name will have PLC at the end of it.
2. In addition to the documents that must be provided to the Registrar of Companies by the private company, the
public company also needs a Certificate of Trading. This is issued by the Registrar of Companies when they are
satisfied that the business has raised the minimum amount of capital that will result in the fulfillment of their
plans and objectives.
3. At the annual general meeting, shareholders elect a board of directors who are responsible for the decisions of
the company. There is one vote per ordinary share.
4. A share is part of the capital of a company or co-operative. Shares are sold to the general public through the
stock exchange. There are two main types of shares sold: ordinary shares and preference shares. You will find it
useful to consider the similarities and differences between these two types of shares.
5. The registrar will approve the issue of a certain number of shares of a certain par or nominal value.
6. Each public company must have a secretary and must publish their accounts.
7. Profits are distributed among shareholders in the form of dividends.
JOL PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS continues on next page

JOL PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS continued from previous page
Legal Aspects Reasons firms grow
These are the same as for the private limited company " Gaining economies of scale. As firms grow in size,
they will begin to enjoy the benefits of Economies
with the addition that they are legally allowed to register
of Scale. This means that unit production costs will
and use the stock exchange. fall and efficiency and profits will improve.
" To increase future profitability- By growing and

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES selling larger volumes, a firm will hope to raise
profits in the future
1. The organizational " Gaining market share- If a firm can develop a degree
1. They are able to raise of monopoly power through growth, it might be
structure is hard to
large sums of capital. able to raise price or control part of the market.
understand
" To reduce risk. Risk can be reduced through
2. The personal touch diversification. Branching into new markets and
2. All shareholders have which is evident in new products mean that if one project fails success
unlimited liability smaller businesses is in others can keep the company going. E.g. N.C. B.
often lost.
Strategies of growth
3. These businesses are
3. Shares can be Internal growth
more difficult to
transferred from Internal growth is when a firm expands without
manage than smaller
owner to owner involving other businesses. Organic growth means that
ones.
the firm expands by selling more of its existing
4. Since they are 4. Conflicts of interest products. This could be achieved by selling to a wider
large-scale businesses, may arise between market, either at home or abroad.
they may reap managers and
External growth
economies of scale. shareholders.
Acquisition or Takeover of other businesses –when one
company buys control of another
5. The public limited 5. Too much expansion
Mergers - two companies have agreed to join together
company is leads to diseconomies of
and create a new third company.
independent of its scale (disadvantages of
owners. large-scale production).
Why companies merge?
6. Shareholders share 6. Accounts must be 1. Make savings from being bigger

the risk of the audited and
business. published 2. Compete with larger corporations or eliminate
competition
3. Spread production over larger range of products

7. Shareholders receive
dividend 4. Take advantage of economies of scale

SUBSIDIARIES, JOINT VENTURES, JOINT VENTURES

MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES,
A joint venture is when individuals, groups of
AND HOLDING COMPANIES individuals, corporations, limited companies or
partnerships form a short term partnership, e.g. for one
Subsidiaries project, to carry out economic activities collectively. The
companies in the joint venture all supply equity and
A subsidiary is a company that is bought over or controlled share the risks, profits and costs.
by another company. The company that controls the
Joint ventures are often used to enter foreign
subsidiary with 51% or more shares is called the parent
markets where the foreign company then forms a
company. When a company has several subsidiaries it is
joint venture with a domestic company. This is
called a group. beneficial for both because:
An important fact about subsidiaries is that they are a 1. the foreign company has the knowledge and
different legal entity than the parent company which technology
means it has different taxations and regulations, which
can be used to benefit the parent company. 2. the domestic company already has the customers
and knows the market well
Advantages ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

1. Spread risks - parent company is not liable for the
subsidiary
" Sharing of risks " It will not
2. Losses of subsidiary do not affect the parent necessarily be
company (because of different legal entity) " Open doors to new successful
technology and
3. Widen territory or place of distribution - customers " Sharing of
consumers always see the same company knowledge could be
everywhere " Gain competitive abused - only one
advantage - several company walks away
companies work with the benefits
together
" Increasing market

Disadvantages segment
1. Can be costly - other investments might be a " Combined research

better option and development
2. More administrative work required to keep two or

more companies on track
MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES FRANCHISES
A multinational organization is a company that supplies A franchise is a right sold by one company or individual to
or makes their product in at least two countries. another and it allows them to make a profit by selling
goods and services under the franchiser’s name. The
Important features: franchise owner and the franchisee enter into an
1. Large size and huge capital - a lot of power, can agreement. The franchisee must abide by the guidelines
influence economies and political relations between and regulations of the franchiser. The franchise is usually
countries. set for a specific period of time and the franchisee must
2. Played an important role in globalization because - pay the franchiser a fee known as a royalty for operating
went to poor countries to produce their goods for under his name. Many fast food outlets in Jamaica are
cheap labour. franchises, e.g. Kentucky Fried Chicken, Burger King and
Wendy’s.
An example of this is Google
Advantages:
The advantages of being a franchisor:
1. Products are sold all over the world
2. Possibility to work on revolutionizing ideas " Large companies see it as a means of rapid
expansion with the franchisee providing most of the
Disadvantages: finance.
1. Not all products can be sold everywhere in the world " If the franchise model works, then there are large
- different legislation, culture, etc. profits to made from
- selling franchises
- royalty payments
HOLDING COMPANIES - selling raw materials and equipment.
A holding company is a company that owns another The advantages of setting up as a franchisee are:
company. They need to have enough stock to be able to
control the board of directors, which then means they can
" The franchisee is given support by the franchiser.
direct management and operations.
This includes marketing and staff training. So
starting a business in this way requires less
They do this so they can operate the company the way in
expertise and is less lonely.
which they think it is best, and has higher profits. A
" The franchisee may benefit from national
holding is beneficial because it is like having another
advertising and being part of a well-known
company but only with less liability and risk. Many holding
organization with an established name, format and
companies are formed in order to eliminate competition.
product
An example of a holding company is Neal and Massey
" Less investment is required at the start-up stage
Holding Limited who assemble and sell motor vehicles.
since the franchise business idea has already been
developed
Advantages
" A franchise allows people to start and run their own
• As the company expanses they will enjoy economies
business with less risk. The chance of failure among
of scale.
new franchises is lower as their product is a proven
• Greater variety of products
success and has a secure place in the market
Disadvantage
• Competition is eliminated JOL PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS continues on next page
The disadvantages of setting up as a franchisee are:

" Cost to buy franchise – can be very expensive (hundreds of thousands of dollars).
" Have to pay a percentage of your revenue to the business you have bought the franchise from.
" Have to follow the franchise model, so less flexible. You would probably be told what prices to set, what
advertising to use and what type of staff to employ.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
The risk of failure becomes less as their 'eggs are not Some of these companies become so large that
in one basket' effective analysis is difficult
Better opportunities are provided in terms of Friction often occurs among different lines of
employment and promotions authority
Companies can draw on one another's resource Many managers resent being controlled by others
expertise outside of their own company.
CONGLOMERATES
These are formed by the merging or joining together of two or more companies which are engaged in unrelated types
of goods and services. The main aim in forming conglomerates is to increase profits.
Examples of conglomerates are Geddes Grant Ltd. and Grace Kennedy Co. Ltd.
Hilary Bassaragh is on the staff of The Queen’s School

! Email: ac_teacher@yahoo.com
LECTURE SERIES NOW

♦ Spanish YOUR
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PRINCIPLES OF
ACCOUNTS Lesson 6
with
Tedmore Clarke
CONCLUSION OF DAY BOOKS
Today’s lesson uses a single comprehensive activity to illustrate the use of all four journals discussed to date.
ACTIVITY
From the following information taken from the books of Quality Traders Ltd. for the month of May 2017, you are
required to:
a) Write up the subsidiary books (Sales Journal, Purchases Journal, Returns Inward Journal and Returns Outward
Journal);
b) Prepare the individual personal accounts in the sales and purchases ledgers; and
c) Show the transfers to the general ledger at the end of the month.
2017
May 1 Sold goods on credit to B. Morris $300.
7 Bought goods on credit from Goodbuy Ltd., priced at $2,400, less 25% trade discount.
12 Sold goods on credit to: R. Norman $440; B. Morris 700.
14 R. Norman returned $40 worth of the goods sold to him on May 12.
17 Sold goods on credit to D. Baker priced at $900, less 20% trade discount.
20 Bought $3,000 worth of goods from Discount Ltd., less 33 1/3% trade discount.
22 Goods returned by B. Morris $75.
25 Returned part of goods bought from Discount Ltd. on May 20, list price $300.
27 Bought goods on credit from A. Smith $750.
31 Returned goods valued at $50 to A. Smith.
JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continues on next page

JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continued from previous page
SOLUTION


TUTORIAL NOTES:
1. Where a transaction is shown at list price, it normally involves trade discount. Deduct the trade discount
applicable then record the net amount of the transaction.
2. Where goods are returned at list price (catalogue price), the same rate of trade discount applied on the
original purchase or sale must also be applied on the returns.
3. There should be only one General Ledger containing all four accounts (Sales, Purchases, Returns Inward and
Returns Outward accounts).
See you next week!
Tedmore Clarke is on the staff of Quality Academics

! Email: tedmoreorless@hotmail.com

INTEGRATED
SCIENCE Lesson 6
with
Marlene Grey-Tomlinson
HEALTH AND SANITATION –

PART 2
Hello students, in this the second of three lessons, we will suggest appropriate
methods of control in the lifecycle of a mosquito and housefly.
Houseflies can carry many diseases of humans and domestic animals, therefore it is
important to keep their populations low. Understanding their habits and life cycle
can help to eliminate most flies using methods which are best for the environment.
FLY LIFE CYCLE
Adult flies lay their eggs in moist organic

material; for example, food scraps, rubbish
heaps, animal faeces (droppings), grass
clippings or dead animals. After a few hours
the eggs turn into larvae, called maggots. The
maggots feed on the organic material and
grow quickly. After four or five days the
maggots move to dry soil and burrow down
into it and turn into pupae. A special hard
protective covering called a pupal case
encloses each of the pupae while they
continue to develop. Pupae are brown to
black in colour and can sometimes be
mistaken for mice droppings. After four or
five days, pupae turn into adult flies. They
break out of the pupal case, burrow up
through the soil to the surface and fly away.
Flies are able to travel many kilometres

from their breeding place. However, if there
are lots of flies around, it usually means
there is a good breeding place nearby.
Examine the life cycle diagram of the

house fly below and identify the
stages outlined. JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page
JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continued from previous page
CONTROL OF THE HOUSEFLY
Three types of control methods can be used to limit the number of house flies in any area; cultural, biological and
chemical. It is best to use all three methods.
3 Cultural control:
this means
changing the
environment to
prevent houseflies
from developing.
The best cultural
method is to
properly dispose of
any organic matter,
such as vegetable
or other food
products, where
houseflies might
lay eggs. Place
these materials in
garbage bags and
tie the bags
securely. Remove
all food residues
and clean your
garbage bins at
least once per week
with disinfectant.
Another cultural
method is to keep
houseflies out of
the house by; 3 Biological control: Parasitic wasps and fire ants suppress housefly populations naturally.
keeping windows The pupae, which are already infected with the parasites, can be spread around homes
screened and doors or near where houseflies are developing. Place the pupae in areas out of direct sunlight
closed, place sticky where they will not be stepped on. Parasitic wasps do not harm people or animals.
traps and They seek out and kill immature houseflies. However, parasitic wasps take time to work,
ultraviolet light and they alone will not eliminate a housefly population.
traps around the
home. Hang resin
3 Chemical control: When necessary, insecticides can help suppress housefly populations.
strips (flypaper) in
Fly baits, are usually sugar-based and contain a compound that attracts the adult flies.
infested areas
Flies that feed on these baits are killed by the insecticide they digest.
where there is little
or no air
movement. JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page
LIFE CYCLE OF MOSQUITOES
Knowing the different stages of the mosquito’s life Pupae: The pupae are called “tumblers” for the way they
will help determine how best to control them. All fall into the deepest part of the water when threatened by
mosquito species go through four distinct stages predators. They are shaped like commas, partially encased
during their life cycle: in cocoons, with the head at one end and tiny flippers at
the other. The pupae do not feed while developing, but
Eggs: Female mosquitoes lay eggs about every third day breathe through tubes like the larvae. It takes about four
during their lifespan, usually in clumps of 100 to 300 eggs. days for the adult mosquito to emerge.
The eggs are deposited either as “rafts” floating on the
Adults: - The newly emerged adults climb out of the water
surface of standing water or on the ground in areas that
to rest and wait for their bodies to dry out. The males will
flood regularly. Mosquitoes can lay eggs in as little as one
take a day or two to fully develop their reproductive
inch of water. The eggs, generally white when laid, cannot
organs, and then seek out a female for mating. They will
hatch unless they are in water, usually for two to three live about three to five days after that, feeding on fruit and
days. plant nectar. The females mate once, but continue laying
eggs after every blood meal. Under the best conditions,
Larvae: When the eggs hatch, the larvae emerge. They are they can live up to a month or two.
called “wigglers” because that is how they swim. Most of
the time, they hang from the surface of the water, Examine the life cycle of the mosquito below and identify
breathing through tubes. the stages outlined above.
JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page

CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES
As with most insect pests, the best way to control mosquitoes is to get rid of their breeding sites. This means making
sure that water is not allowed to collect in unwanted equipment and containers which are left lying around. Mosquitoes
breed in stagnant water, that is, water that is not moving. Cool, dark and damp places such as rain water in discarded
refrigerators, car tyres and tins are common breeding sites for mosquitoes. Mosquitoes can also breed in:
" water which has collected in blocked gutters, drains and gullies
" tin cans, plastic containers, drums, lids and jars
" water tanks, septic tanks which do not have lids
" open sewage tanks
" pools of water lying under leaking taps
This yard is perfect for breeding mosquitoes.

For those mosquitoes which do manage to breed somewhere and become a pest in the community, it is important to
keep them out of houses.
" Putting up fly wire on all door openings and windows is a good way of keeping mosquitoes out of homes.
" Wearing cover-up clothes, long sleeve shirts and pants to the ankles.
" Using insect repellent on exposed skin reduces the risk of being bitten when outside during the biting times.
" Loose clothes are best because mosquitoes can bite through clothing which is tight against the skin, even jeans.
" Sleeping children and babies should be protected with mosquito nets. Insect repellent should never be used on
babies – cover them with a net instead.
Sometimes when the mosquitoes are really bad or if there is lots of mosquito disease around, the mosquitoes might
need to be controlled using pesticides.
There are two types of pesticides – one that kills the wrigglers in the water and one that kills the adult mosquitoes
that are flying around.
Mosquito larvae are the easiest to kill by simply pouring oil/grease in the water. This prevents them from getting air,
they cannot breathe and so they die. The Government helps to kill the adult mosquitoes by “fogging”. This is usually
done in the evenings, just before it gets dark.

Until next week when the lesson continues, keep reading!
Marlene Grey-Tomlinson is on the staff of Excelsior High School ! Email: mgrey.xlcr@gmail.com
LECTURE SERIES NOW

♦ Spanish YOUR
COPIES

ENGLISH
LITERATURE Lesson 6
with
Simone Gibbs
POEMS FROM THE

PRESCRIBED TEXT
Thank you for joining me for another week’s lesson.
This week I will focus on two of the poems from the prescribed
text A World of Poetry for CSEC edited by Mark McWatt and
Hazel Simmons-McDonald. These two poems will be “The
Woman Speaks to the Man who has Employed her Son” by
Lorna Goodison and “A Stone’s Throw” by Elma Mitchell.
From the twenty prescribed poems you will be asked to

write ONE essay using TWO of the poems on Paper 02 of
the examination. There will be a sample essay question
at the end of the lesson.
POEM #1:
“The Woman Speaks To The Man Who Has Employed Her Son”
The speaker in the poem is a third person (distant, not speaking from personal experience) who tells a story about
a poor woman and her son. This single mother has raised her son without any assistance from his father, who has
had several children like the woman’s son. According to the poet, the father was “fair-minded” as “he treated all
his children with equal and unbiased indifference”. Clearly this man was more of a liability than an asset to his
children and to society.
Despite the adversities that she has faced, the woman has done her best for her son and hopes that he will eventually
become some kind of professional, who will contribute positively to society. Unfortunately, however, he asked a man
in his community for “bread” in a time of need. This man decides to “employ” the woman’s son and gives him “one
whole submachine gun for him[self]” in order to execute the duties of this job.
The mother is now saddened by the situation that her son is in. She cannot understand what kind of man would be
so wicked that he would send her son to commit criminal acts when all he asked for was help. Neither can she
understand why her son considers this evil man to be his father.
JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continues on next page

JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continued from previous page
The woman feels powerless as she cannot convince her son to walk away from this man and what he offers, nor can
she insist that this man leave her son alone. She is certain that her son will be killed soon. As a result she goes
downtown and purchases “three and one-third yards of black cloth”, no doubt in order to make funeral clothes: perhaps
two yards for her clothes and the standard one yard plus a third to make a man’s pants, for her son.
In turmoil she seeks help and strength from God. She cries and prays to him on behalf of her son and hopes that God
will deal justly with this imposter who is pretending to care about her son.
The reference to God and other references from the Bible, for example, ‘psalms’ (lines 36 and 37) and ‘Judas Iscariot’
(line 42) is an example of the literary device known as Biblical Allusion. Do you remember what literary/figurative
devices are? They are tools that writers use in order to enhance their work. That is, to make the work vivid,
interesting, humorous etc.
Another literary device that can be found in this poem is irony. The word “employed” is used to refer to the deadly
occupation that the son has. Employment is usually seen in a positive light as it provides upward mobility and it should
allow the individual who is employed to contribute positively to society. In this case, however, the opposite is true.
What other devices can you identify in this poem?
After you have read this poem it is likely that you have several thoughts about the persons mentioned, society and life
in general. This is not accidental. Writers intentionally try to influence their audience. This is referred to as the author’s
or writer’s intent.
WHAT IS THE WRITER’S INTENT?
Whenever a writer composes a play, poem or story, it is usually because something has made an impression on him/her
and that writer wishes to make a statement about such an impression. The “author’s intent”, is therefore, what s/he
wants to say about an event or an issue. It is the message or messages the author wishes to convey. S/he uses the
text as a vehicle to get this message to the reader. Often, the writer wants to make an impression on the reader, that
is, to evoke a response, so that the reader thinks about the issues involved and learns from them.
You can determine what the author wants to say by reading the text with a critical eye. What do I mean by ‘critical
eye’? It means that as you are read, you should ask yourself certain questions such as – Why does the writer use
particular words and not others? You should therefore pay attention to the writer’s choice of words and also the
language that s/he uses.
Here are some messages that could be gleaned from Lorna Goodison’s poem:
1. Single women often find it difficult to raise boys successfully.
2. Men in society should take more responsibility for the children they help to produce as well as the children they
come into contact with.
3. Despite the efforts of a well-meaning single parent, children often experience a sense of lack in their lives, which
may cause them to make poor decisions.

Let us take a look at Elma Mitchell’s A Stone’s Throw, to see what literary devices we can identify within and what
messages this poet may want to pass on.
POEM #2:
“A Stone’s Throw”
This poem alludes to the Biblical story of the woman caught in the act of adultery (John 8:3-11). When her
accusers catch her, they handle her roughly and take her before the ‘guru’ with the hope that he will pass
judgement on her and allow them to execute justice. The penalty for a woman who is caught in the act of adultery
is that she be stoned to death.
Instead of passing judgement, however, the guru simply stoops down and begins to write in the dirt. This upsets her
accusers as they feel that this disgraceful act committed by this terrible woman warranted his immediate attention.
The woman’s accusers believe that there is distance between her and them. They are self-righteous and believe that
the guru should agree with them and allow them to mete out the punishment that she deserves. The guru’s actions,
however, forces them to stop and reconsider their actions. They are given the opportunity to reflect on their own lives
and can only conclude that they are not in a position to judge her after all.
What literary devices can you identify in this poem?
Firstly, there is the obvious: Biblical Allusion. As mentioned previously, the poem is based on the story found in John
chapter 8: 3-11. The actions of the ‘guru’ mentioned in the poem, are similar to the actions of Jesus.
Secondly, there is Pun. The title of the poem, A Stone’s Throw, has a dual meaning. It is a reference to the punishment
that the woman should have received, by law, when caught in the act of adultery. The title also points to the fact
that although the persona thinks that he is different from this woman and that he is superior to her, in actuality
they are more alike than he would like to admit. In other words, his character is just a ‘stone’s throw’ (or not far
away) from hers.
Thirdly, there is Irony. The poet uses this device to highlight the smug, self-righteous nature of the accusers.
When challenged, they have to walk away with the stones in their hands. They cannot cast their stones as they
too have sinned.

Messages from A Stone’s Throw could include the following:
1. We should not be quick to highlight others’ indiscretions or publicise their mistakes.
2. Those who act holy and righteous are sometimes the ones who can cause the most harm to others.
3. Although we have the right to execute punishment (justice) we can choose to offer forgiveness (show
mercy) instead.
4. None of us are without sin; therefore we should not be quick to ‘cast the first stone’.
Consider the following essay question. Although the question is written in parts you should write your response in
continuous paragraphs NOT in sections.
SAMPLE QUESTION
“A Stone’s Throw” and “The Woman Speaks to the Man Who has Employed Her Son” are both poems which include
situations which women face. For EACH poem:
(a) Describe what happens to the woman (8 marks)
(b) Discuss the statements that the poet wishes to make about the treatment of women in society. (8 marks)
(c) Identify ONE literary device that the poet uses and comment on its effectiveness. (9 marks)
Total 25 marks
Added to the 25 marks allotted for content, 10 marks will be given for organisation and mechanics of writing.
Go ahead and attempt this question. Next week I will write my response to the above question.
Take care until then.
Simone Gibbs is on the staff of Calabar High School

! Email: simonecgibbs@yahoo.com
HEART CAREER TALK continued from previous page
www.jamaicaobserver.com
Article
with Career Development Services 6
THE NATIONAL TRAINING AGENCY
ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS
The last article explored the self, self assessment and its Another very important assessment instrument is the
benefits and looked at why an understanding of yourself interest inventory, which is a scientific way of finding out
is important in choosing a career. There are several ways what persons’ interests are.
to do a self assessment or to find out more about oneself.
You can get feedback from your parents, your friends or INTEREST INVENTORY
others you interact with. You can gather information from
an interview or do a self evaluation. You can also put
yourself in different scenarios and think about what you An interest inventory is a self assessment tool, used in
would do in the different situations. All of these methods career planning, that assesses one’s likes and dislikes for
will give you some insight into self attributes but because a variety of activities, objects, and types of persons; the
of the informal nature of each approach, career premise is that people in the same career (and satisfied in
practitioners developed a more calculated approach by that career) have similar interests.
creating what they refer to as assessment instruments.
After the inventory is completed, persons are categorized
based on their likes and dislikes. Note that not all persons
ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS are pure types; most persons are a combination of two or
more types.
Assessment instruments are scientific instruments used to
conduct self assessment, also referred to as psychometric One of the most popular assessment tool or interest
instruments. There are different forms of assessment inventory is called “Finding Your Place” by professor John
instruments; paper and pencil administered instruments Hollands. This week’s article will look at the finding your
where you complete a questionnaire then your answers place personality inventory.
are analyzed and a report generated; computer based
administered instruments where you complete a series of According to John Hollands, there are 6 types of
questions then a report with your profile is generated by personalities which could make individuals fit better in
the computer and verbally administered instruments certain occupations. Hollands claims that people will have
where you are asked question by a career practitioner then the most job satisfaction in occupations that match their
he or she analyses the results or your answers to those personality type and so it is recommended that they
questions. choose a career that is reflective of their personality.
Quoting John Holland himself, “people can function and
There are three main types of psychometric testing: develop best and find job satisfaction in work
environments that are compatible with their
" Ability Testing personalities” (ICDM, 1991, p. 4-4).
" Aptitude testing
" Personality testing HEART CAREER TALK continues on next page
The six personalities types are:

v Realistic v Social v Investigative v Enterprising v Artistic v Conventional
Each of the six personality types has a list of various careers that are linked to them.
REALISTIC
They enjoy using their hands and eyes to explore the world and accomplish things. This individual likes doing outdoor,
mechanical and physical activities and occupations. They prefer working with things, such as objects, tools, machines,
plants, and animals rather than with ideas, data, and people.
They prefer manipulating objects, tools, machines, and working with animals. Also, they enjoy using manual,
mechanical, agricultural, electrical and technical competencies; and are likely to be shy, conforming, frank, genuine,
materialistic, natural, normal, persistent, practical, self-effacing, stable, thrifty and uninvolved. They also tend to value
money, power, status.
Careers related to realistic personality type are:
" Ship architect
" Landscape architect
" News photographer
" Restaurant owner
" Airline pilot
" Telecommunication lines

or cables installer or repairer
" Sailor
" Pest controller
" Metal Moulder
" Bricklayer
" Printing machine operator
" Power plant operator
HEART CAREER TALK continues on next page

INVESTIGATIVE
An investigative personality type tends to be analytical, intellectual and scholarly. They enjoy research, mathematical
or scientific activities. These individuals live in their mind and prefer to deal with the real world from a distance. They
like to read, study, use books and other data instead of working hands-on. These individuals are unconventional and
independent thinkers, who are curious and very insightful.
Prefers observing and investigating physical, biological, and cultural phenomena in order to understand and control
them. Enjoys using scientific and mathematical competencies. Likely to be analytical, cautious, critical, curious,
independent, intellectual, introspective, introverted, methodical, passive, pessimistic, precise, rational, reserved and
unassuming. Values scientific endeavors.
Careers related to investigative personality types:
" Investigative journalist
" Art historian
" Anthropologist
" Market researcher
" Archaeologist
" Dentist
" Surgeon
" Electrical engineer (professional)
" Laboratory analyst
" Civil engineering technician
" Food scientist

ARTISTIC
An artistic personality type uses their hands and mind to create new things. They appreciate beauty, unstructured
activities and variety. They enjoy interesting and unusual people, sights, textures and sounds. These individuals prefer
to work in unstructured situations and use their creativity and imagination.
Prefers activities that are free, ambiguous, unsystematized and which entail the manipulation of physical, verbal or
human materials to create art forms or products. Enjoys using language, art, music, drama and writing competencies.
Likely to be complicated, disorderly, emotional, idealistic, imaginative, impractical, impulsive, independent,
introspective, intuitive, non-conforming, and original. Values esthetic qualities.
Careers related to artistic personality group:
" Copywriter
" Writer
" Editor
" Desktop publisher, DTP worker
" Art critic
" Art curator
" Film, stage or related director
" Program maker
" Advertising producer
" Artist

SOCIAL
Individuals with a social personality type are dedicated leaders, humanistic, responsible and supportive. They use
feelings, words and ideas to work with people rather than physical activity to do things. They enjoy closeness, sharing,
groups, unstructured activity and being in charge.
Prefers informing, training, developing, curing, or enlightening others. Enjoys using human relations competencies,
i.e., interpersonal and educational. Likely to be cooperative, friendly, generous, helpful, idealistic, insightful, kind,
persuasive, responsible, sociable, tactful, controlling, and understanding. Values social and ethical activities and
problems.
Careers related to social personality type:
" Secondary school Arts teacher
" Architecture teacher
" Art academy teacher
" Recreation program worker
" TV presenter
" General practitioner
" Veterinary technician
" Post secondary education

teacher
" Psychologist
" Speech therapist
" Intensive care, recovery nurse
" Dietician
" Education advisor

ENTERPRISING
These individuals like to work with people, influence, persuade, lead or manage for organizational goals or economic
gain. An enterprising personality type is often a leader who is talented at organizing, persuading and managing. They
enjoy money, power, status and being in charge.
Prefers working with others to attain organizational or economic gain. Enjoys using leadership, interpersonal and
persuasive competencies. Likely to be acquisitive, adventurous, ambitious, argumentative, dependent, domineering,
energetic, exhibitionistic, impulsive, optimistic, pleasure-seeking, self-confident, sociable and talkative. Values political
and economic achievement.
Careers related enterprising personality type:
" Editor in chief
" Gallerist
" Chef cook
" Producer
" Management consultant
" Financial services manager
" Recruitment psychologist
" Sales or marketing manager
" Lawyer
" Key account manager
" HR manager
" Department store manager
" Child care services manager
" Hotel manager
" Primary school head

CONVENTIONAL
A conventional personality type likes to work with data and numbers, carry out tasks in detail and follow through on
the instructions of others. They are quiet, careful, responsible, well organized and task oriented. These individuals use
their mind, eyes and hands to carry out tasks.
Prefers working with data, keeping records, reproducing and filing materials, organizing data according to a plan, and
using technology to attain goals. Likely to have good clerical, computational, and business system competencies. Likely
to be conforming, conscientious, defensive, efficient, flexible, inhibited, obedient, orderly, and to have clerical and
computational ability. Values business and economic achievement.
Careers related to conventional personality group:

" Desk editor
" Web editor
" Proofreader, translator
" Tax inspector
" Police inspector
" Filing clerk
" Web developer
" Financial clerk
" Database designer
" Accountant
" Payroll clerk
" IT systems administrator
" Police inspector
" Quality inspector, all other products
" Medical laboratory technician
" Policy advisor

CONCLUSION
It is important to remember that there are other factors to consider a part from self assessment when you are making
career choices. Although it is important to choose an area that you are good at or that your strengths matches up with,
you must also choose an area that you enjoy. Your area of choice must be one that is realistic and where opportunities
for employment exist. Self assessment results are one of the main indicators for choosing a career area, but it does not
automatically determine an area that you should work and an area that you should not work. So after the self
assessment is done, your job is to now research areas that matches of with your strengths and interest and determine
whether or not these are areas that you would enjoy working in.
Next week’s article will feature the John Holland’s inventory and you will be able to complete it and tell to which of
the groups you belong.
Erica Williams, Manager,

Career Development Services, HEART Trust/NTA, National TVET Centre,
Gordon Town Road, Kingston.
! E-mail: Erica_Williams@heart-nta.org.
Telephone: 977-1700-5, 970-2139
Website: www.heart-nta.org
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COMMUNICATION
STUDIES Lesson 6
with
Peta-Gaye Perkins Bryan
BARRIERS AND FACILITATORS

OF COMMUNICATION
Hi everyone. Before we get into today’s lesson let us look
at how you did last time with identifying the problems in
the video. What did you note as factors that contributed
to the breakdown in the communication process between
the two young ladies at the train station?
Now, based on the video below, there are some elements in the communication process that were affected which
resulted in ineffective communication. I do hope that you were able to identify some of the suggestions I have on the
next page.
Or click the link here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ox5LhIJSBE
JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continues on next page

JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continued from previous page
BARRIERS
MY OBSERVATIONS
The most obvious problem was ‘noise’. We got noise

from the train as well as the announcer at the train
station. Another element was the receiver. She was
unable to decode the message because she was deaf
and could not hear the message from the sender. As
a result the feedback was not forthcoming as she
could not hear to respond. Feedback is the final link
in the communication process but feedback provides
an opportunity for the sender to take corrective
action to clarify a misunderstood message. We must
note however that the receiver had a device that
should have helped her with communicating with
others but there was the problem of low battery. This 1. Language – If you do not speak French, or know a
was intended to be a facilitator to communication but word of Spanish, you are definitely going to have a
problem communicating with natives in countries
it was no good at enhancing the communication
where Spanish and French are the official languages.
because the battery died. The sender’s religion
prevented her from removing her hijab so that the
receiver could read her lips and this negatively
affected the communication process between the
two. The fact that she refused to remove her hijab
proved to be a barrier to the communication process.
For today’s lesson, we are going to spend a bit of time

looking at the barriers and facilitators of communication. If we think of the generation gap, we can arguably say that
If we think about a barrier, much like our fences at home, there will also be a language barrier when
you will realize that there will be a block to something. communicating. Certainly if a student said the
On the other hand, when we think of a facilitator, much inter-clubbing ‘shell dung’ the teacher may not
like your teachers, we are supposed to help you. understand. Adults do know some slangs but because of
Therefore, barriers to communication mean problems the generation gap and how dynamic language is, there
between the sender and the receiver and the facilitator is going to be a barrier to the message being decoded by
is anything that enhances the communication process. the adult as it may sound like German.
There are different ways in which we can group barriers
and facilitators of communication. JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continues on next page
2. Medium/channel – Choosing a medium is effective to getting the desired feedback. If the medium selected is not
accessible by the receiver then communication would not have taken place. If, for example, you were asked by
your neighbour to collect his/her 3 year old child from school, how would you get the message to the correct
individual that you were going to take the child home? You cannot use your smartphone to send a Whatsapp
message to the child as the child does not have a smartphone. You would not use the radio either as such an
announcement would not be logical. Why then would you write an email to someone you know does not have
internet access? You must select your medium or channel wisely when you try to communicate with others as it
is important for you to get feedback so as to ensure your message was delivered as intended.
3. Culture – If a visitor attempts to communicate with you and you choose to use some of the words you think may
be easily understood, you may actually realize that you may be presenting a barrier to the communication process.
There are some aspects of life that are uniquely Jamaican. You may become hungry and say you are going to buy
a patty. You take it for granted that your patty will be seasoned with minced beef and baked in a crust which
comes out yellow-orange but your visitor will not understand. Your visitor may have thought that you were
going to take him/her to the grocery store and purchase the packaged ground beef in the box which you would
use between your burger buns. Try to consider some of the things we say. In our culture, if a friend is crying and
we want to show that we sympathize with him/her we will sit and then say, “hush ya” and it will be understood
by your Jamaican counterpart. This will not be the case for your visitor. The fact that you have said ‘hush’ will
indicate to that person that you are insensitive and not being much of a friend. Why is this? Well, this is because
the denotative meaning of ‘hush’ is silence or to tell someone to be quiet and this will negatively impact the
communication between you and your friend.

4. Physical factors – If you are feeling ill, feeling tired, There are also other ways we can enhance the communication
not listening or even being judgmental, these between ourselves and others. Some include:
factors will all have a negative effect on how you
communicate. When you are ill the tendency is to 1. Use of audio equipment – A public address system
take some medication, possibly rest or just desiring (P.A.) can help with reaching a wide audience. If you
to be left alone. Can you think of what it would be know you are going to be conducting devotion for
like for someone to be talking to you about a group your club’s week of exposition it will be good to
presentation at that time? You will not be in the have the microphone as chances are not everyone
frame of mind for such a conversation as your illness will hear you if you attempt to speak without it. If
you are desirous of having new members join the
will be a barrier to you effectively providing the
club it will be helpful to be heard by the entire
feedback which will be required.
school body. The use of the equipment will enhance
the process of conveying the message and this will
be a good facilitator of communication at that time.
FACILITATORS 2. Audio-visual aids – One of the things that help with

the understanding of a presentation is the use of
audio-visual equipment. They make communication
There are different ways in which we can ensure that our easily understood and fun, therefore the audience
messages are received as we originally intended. Based on will keep attuned to your message.
the barriers above we can infer that speaking the same
language will help to enhance the communication process. There are so many ways we can incorporate different
Selecting the appropriate medium and/or channel is also things to facilitate communication. We can use Braille for
going to play an integral role in the receiver getting the the visually impaired or hearing aids for individuals with
message. We could also be mindful of cultural differences challenges hearing. What we choose as facilitators,
when communicating and it should assist with the flow of however, will depend on our audience/receiver.
communication. When we remove the barriers then
communication is facilitated. JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continues on next page
As you would have noted, effective communication is more than just relaying a message to your sender. It involves
an understanding of your receiver and the different internal and external factors that might affect the message.
It is important therefore to bear in mind the different elements of the communication process. Do not only think
about your receiver but also the role you will play in ensuring the message is received and interpreted as you
originally intended.
This is where we stop for this week but for next week’s lesson we will look at Types of Communication. As you go
through this week I am sharing a scenario for your perusal. You will need to review what we have covered so far, as
well as read ahead, in order to answer all the questions. Have fun with it.
CASE OF OMAR AND ALICIA
Omar agreed to volunteer at a publishing house for one year but when he was offered a full time job at another
publishing house he had to leave before the one year expired. He decided to meet with the president to share the
reasons for his sudden departure. However, the secretary of the president, Alicia, did not permit Omar to meet with
the president by saying that he was busy. Omar left without meeting the president. Omar, while at his new job, wrote
an article for an international journal. It was published after 6 months and he received complimentary copies from the
publisher. As a result of this Omar wanted to share the successful publication with the president from the publishing
house he had volunteered and he went to meet him to gift the book as a complimentary copy. Below was the
conversation Omar had with the president’s secretary.
Omar: I would appreciate if you could arrange an appointment with the president. I want….. (Secretary interrupted)
Secretary: Why are you here? You decided you wanted to work elsewhere. You may go now.
Omar: I am only here to visit so do not assume that I have clandestine intentions. I have come to gift a complimentary
copy of my article which was featured in an international journal. The president would be glad to share my success.
Secretary: No, no, our president sees everything and knows everything as every article publication is known to him.
Omar: It is not a departmental journal. It is a prestigious journal globally and I want to inform him and gift the book.
Secretary: “I will not be scheduling an appointment. The president is busy,” she said firmly.
Omar: I anticipated that the president would be busy and I have already written the details of my name over the
complimentary copy.
Secretary: Okay, leave it and go. (She said impolitely and started looking here and there)
(Omar handed over the complimentary copy to the Secretary.)
Omar: No problem, please hand this over to the president for me. I am leaving this place. However, I will send an email
to the president about stopping by to gift the book.

(The Secretary was probably worried as Omar had already mentally prepared to send the email and keep the
president informed. If the Secretary had any intention to skip handing over the complimentary copy, the president
will know as Omar would send the email.) Omar handed over the complimentary copy to the Secretary and left the
office. He sent an email to the president about his coming and he could not meet as the latter was busy with his
schedules. After 5 hours, the Secretary telephoned Omar and said firmly, “The President advised me to return the
book to you. You need to come and take the book back.” Omar replied, “It is the complimentary copy meant for the
President only”. The Secretary insisted on Omar returning to retrieve the book immediately. Omar told the Secretary
to courier the copy as he was about to give an address to some Literature students at a university in Qatar. The
Secretary interrupted Omar’s conversation and replied, “No, we won’t send it to you through a courier. You have to
come and take it.” Omar responded politely, “Right now, I am far away from that place. When I return to the country
and visit that area again I will collect the book.” The very next day, Omar received an email from the President
congratulating Omar for the publication and thanked him for coming all the way to gift the book. Omar felt excited
that the president was pleased with the publication.
Questions:
1. Was the Secretary right in avoiding Omar, who came all the way from long distance to gift the complimentary
copy?
2. Was it right for the secretary to be insisting that Omar should take the complimentary copy back physically
instead of sending it by courier?
3. Was the secretary a good listener and did she seem to empathise with Omar?
4. Should the interaction be televised, what non-verbal elements would be highlighted as having a negative impact
on the communication?
REFERENCE
Frater, Glynis. (2003). Business and Communication Systems. United Kingdom: Nelson Thornes Ltd.
Until next week, take care and don’t forget to prepare ☺
Peta-Gaye Perkins Bryan is on the staff of Queen’s High School for Girls
! Email: perkins.pg@gmail.com

CARIBBEAN
STUDIES Lesson 6
with
Debgeri Whitely
SCHOOL - BASED ASSESSMENT

(PART 3)
Hello everyone, welcome back! This week we will look at the final requirements Caribbean Sea
for the School - Based Assessment for Caribbean Studies.
ANSWERS FOR LAST LESSON'S ACTIVITY – OCTOBER 10, 2017
Conduct a research on the research designs (qualitative or quantitative) and the different types of sampling techniques
(probability and non-probability) and target population.
JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continues on next page

JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continued from previous page
Resources:
https://www.google.com.jm/search?q=qualitative+vs+quantitative+research+design
https://www.google.com.jm/search?q=qualitative+vs+quantitative+research+design
Qualitative Research Design - is a method of data collection which uses observation and interpretation to get a better
understanding of the world. The results are often presented in a narrative or descriptive form.
Quantitative Research Design - is a method used in the collection and statistical analysis of numerical data, which is
used to explain a specific phenomenon.
Source: CAPE Revision Guide Caribbean Studies by Thompson, Lawson-Downer, St John and Thomas-Hunte (Distributed
by HarperCollins Publishers Ltd); pg. 31.

Random Sampling
Snowball Sampling Cluster Sampling
SAMPLING Stratified Random

Quota Sampling
TECHNIQUES Sampling
Convenience Sampling Systemic Sampling
Purposive Sampling
The table below shows the sampling techniques that are probability and non-probability sample.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING –
PROBABILITY SAMPLING –
chooses the sample according
are samples in which each member
to particular characteristics
has the same chance of being selected.
(this limits your chance of being selected).
Simple Random Sampling Convenience Sampling
Systematic Random Sampling Purposive Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling Quota Sampling
Cluster Sampling Snowball Sampling

Multistage Sampling
Multiphase Sampling
See any Caribbean textbook for additional information on the types of sampling mentioned above.
Target population
" Refers to the people from whom the researchers want information or
" This is the predetermined group of elements about which conclusions will be drawn and from which the
researcher will select their sample for research

ACTIVITY
Instruction: Match the technique for analyzing data with the following definitions.
a. Pattern is the evident repeated nature in which a series of results or data are yielded.
b. Categorization involves placing the data into groups based on classifications, whether they are pre-sit or created.
c. Trend is the gradual change of a condition or an output over time.
d. Comparison refers to the calculation of data and displaying them to show similarities and differences in results.
We now continue to look at the remaining sections /areas within the SBA
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS [12 MARKS]
This is a logical and coherent discussion of the findings and their implications. The discussion should relate to the
purpose of the investigation, and make comparisons with previous research.
" In order to discuss your findings, ensure that you go back to the Literature Review. Compare what you found
with the data from the experts. Explain how the data gathered answers EACH research question/objective.
" Discuss the similarities and the differences of what the data from your instrument and the literature from the
different sources revealed. Do not include new information here and do not repeat precisely what was written
in the literature review.
" In the last paragraph highlight any significant differences by comparing the sampling methods or research
methods used.

CONCLUSION, LIMITATIONS
AND RECOMMENDATIONS [8 MARKS]
" Conclusions (2 marks): In this section critically

summarize your results and restate educational
value, put your research in the context of the other
experts. Explain how the problem statement and the
three research questions have been answered.
" Limitations (2 marks): Discuss the limitations

(restrictions/constraints) you faced throughout the REFERENCING STYLE
research process. This shows your reader that you
know the study’s short comings, refer to the sample
size, data collection procedures - instruments and It is recommended that you use the American
sampling methods which may have affected your Psychological Association (APA) writing format.
research. Discuss how any changes in your approach However, consistent use of any single convention
would probably have given a better result. (MLA or Chicago Manual of Style) is accepted.
" Recommendations (4 marks): These are policies Remember you must include a bibliography in the study.
that address the key findings of the research or can It must be placed before the appendix and must
be seen as actions to be implemented to address correspond with the rest of the study. Do not present
the problems found in the research project. sources which were not used in the study, and do not omit
Recommendations do not have to be a solution to sources which were used in the study.
a problem. It can also be a suggestion for
promoting certain practices or improving on a Things to remember:
positive outcome. Therefore, suggest THREE
recommendations (policy recommendations and " Make sure to follow the principles of ethical conduct
recommendations for further research). They ■ Get the consent of the research subjects
should be sensible, practical solutions which can ■ Have respect for the privacy and
easily be implemented. confidentiality of the subjects
■ Ensure there is integrity and transparency of
the research process
NOTE ■ And avoid plagiarism
Please remember that the conclusion and " Follow the format as stipulated by the governing
recommendations must be based on the results exam body
that were yielded in the analysis of data.
" Ensure that you stay with the word limit (2000 –
DO NOT RECOMMEND ACTIVITIES/STRATEGIES WHICH
ALREADY EXIST AS THIS SHOWS A LACK OF KNOWLEDGE 2500 words)
OF THE PROBLEM YOU RESEARCHED.
OVERALL PRESENTATION AND WRITING SKILLS
This has to do with the communication of information in a logical way using correct grammar. The overall presentation
is to be evident in how you organize the project. It should be neatly presented and have the following components
(cover page, acknowledgements, table of contents, appendices and bibliography - 2 marks)
Additionally, you will be graded for your writing skills. Therefore, you are expected to have a high level of competence,
that is, your ideas and arguments must flow, the language used, grammar and spelling must superb so that you can
obtain the required 3 marks.
REFERENCES
1. CAPE Caribbean Studies for self-study and distance learning (distributed by Nelson-Thornes Ltd)
2. CAPE Caribbean Studies: An Interdisciplinary approach by Jennifer Mohamed - 2nd Ed ( distributed by Macmillan
Education)
3. CAPE Caribbean Studies by Ottley, Gentles and Dawson (distributed by Pearson Education Ltd)
4. CAPE Revision Guide Caribbean Studies by Thompson, Lawson-Downer, St John and Thomas-Hunte (Distributed
by HarperCollins Publishers Ltd)
Debgeri Whitely is on the staff of St. Hugh’s High School

! Email: dwhitely@sthughshigh.org
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ENGLISH LANGUAGE MATHEMATICS SOCIAL STUDIES

INTEGRATED SCIENCE ENGLISH LITERATURE COMMUNICATION STUDIES CARIBBEAN STUDIES

www.jamaicaobserver.com JOL LECTURE SERIES Jamaica Observer Limited

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Silk gene for Spiders’ egg case found

Paragraph two focuses on the actual gene

JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page

Paragraph three looks further at protein

Paragraph four acknowledges that even

The final paragraph links with the ideas

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WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO PARAPHRASE?

Why is this paraphrase incorrect?

Shawnett Myers-Lawrence is on the staff of St. Hugh’s High School

www.jamaicaobserver.com JOL LECTURE SERIES Jamaica Observer Limited

HIRE PURCHASE; PROFIT / LOSS;

PROFIT AND LOSS Example 3

Let’s look at some examples. i. Item A $196.00 $166.60 ________

b) Amount accruing refers to the accumulated amount

c) Monthly instalments refer to the payback rate over

WATCH THE VIDEO BELOW FOR MORE.

Next week we will introduce ALGEBRA. Peace and love.

Kamau Karenga is on the staff of Portmore Community College ! Email: kkarenga@pcc.edu.jm

LECTURE SERIES NOW

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FAMILIES IN THE CARIBBEAN

ACTIVITY # 1: CONCEPTS RELATED TO INDIVIDUAL FAMILY AND SOCIETY

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page

1 A group of people sharing a home/living space/residence

2 A younger brother or sister

3 A legally recognized relationship between an adult male and female

9 The legal ending of a marriage

11 One female to one male husband

13 A woman having more than one husbands

15 Residing with relatives in a male headed household

16 Residing with relatives in a female headed household

17 The biological process of having children

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page

24 Abandoning a duty or responsibility such as that of a spouse or parent

27 Someone who guides or direct a group or institution

29 The method by which candidates or parties are elected to parliament

30 All the persons in a country who are eligible to vote in an election

36 The provision of love and support to its members

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page

FAMILY TYPE DEFINITION ADVANTAGES DISADVANATGES

~ Behavioural problems may occur

~ The child/children has/have both

~ Both parents share in the

~ Greater economic/financial support

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page

FAMILY TYPE DEFINITION ADVANTAGES DISADVANATGES

~ If all adults in the home work

~ Sometimes the children are not

1. Household 13. Polyandry 25. Culture

Have a good week!!!

Charmaine Fuller-Wallace is on the staff of St. Andrew Technical High School

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Row 4 Cell C4 Column H

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UNDERSTANDING CELL REFERENCES

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