Om - Wikipedia

04/02/2019 Om - Wikipedia
Om
Om ( listen , IAST: Oṃ, Devanagari: ॐ, Tamil: ௐ, Kannada: ಓಂ), also
written as 'Aum', is the most sacred syllable, symbol, or mantra in
Hinduism,[1] that signifies the essence of the ultimate reality, consciousness
or Atman.[2][3][4] The Om sound is the primordial sound, and is called the
Shabda-Brahman (Brahman as sound).[5] It is a syllable that is chanted
either independently or before a mantra.[6][7] It is also found in Jainism,
Buddhism, and Sikhism.
Om is part of the iconography found in ancient and medieval era

manuscripts, temples, monasteries and spiritual retreats in Hinduism,
Buddhism, and Jainism.[8][9] The symbol has a spiritual meaning in all
Indian dharmas, but the meaning and connotations of Om vary between the
diverse schools within and across the various traditions. The "Om" symbol in Devanagari
In Hinduism, Om is one of the most important spiritual sounds.[10][11] It

refers to Atman (soul, self within) and Brahman (ultimate reality, entirety of the universe, truth, divine, supreme spirit,
cosmic principles, knowledge).[12][13][14] The syllable is often found at the beginning and the end of chapters in the
Vedas, the Upanishads, and other Hindu texts.[14] It is a sacred spiritual incantation made before and during the
recitation of spiritual texts, during puja and private prayers, in ceremonies of rites of passages (sanskara) such as
weddings, and sometimes during meditative and spiritual activities such as Yoga.[15][16]
The syllable Om is also referred to as onkara (ओ ार, oṅkāra), omkara ( कार, oṃkāra), and pranava ( णव,
praṇava).[17][18]
Contents
Origin and meaning
Written representation
Hinduism
Upanishads
Chandogya Upanishad
Katha Upanishad
Maitri Upanishad
Mundaka Upanishad
Mandukya Upanishad
Shvetashvatara Upanishad
Aitareya Aranyaka
Bhagavad Gita
Yoga Sutra
Puranas
Jainism
Buddhism
Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana)
Niō guardian kings and Komainu lion-dogs
Sikhism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om 1/15
Modern reception
Notes
References
Sources
External links and further reading
Origin and meaning
The syllable Om is referred to as praṇava.[19][20] Other used terms are akṣara (literally, letter of the alphabet,
imperishable, immutable) or ekākṣara (one letter of the alphabet), and omkāra (literally, beginning, female divine
energy).[21][22][23][24] Udgitha, a word found in Sama Veda and bhasya (commentaries) based on it, is also used as a
name of the syllable.[25] The word has three phonemes: "a-u-m",[26][27][28][29] though it is often described as trisyllabic
despite this being either archaic or the result of translation.
The syllable Om is first mentioned in the Upanishads, the mystical texts associated with the Vedanta philosophy. It has
variously been associated with concepts of "cosmic sound" or "mystical syllable" or "affirmation to something divine",
or as symbolism for abstract spiritual concepts in the Upanishads.[14] In the Aranyaka and the Brahmana layers of
Vedic texts, the syllable is so widespread and linked to knowledge, that it stands for the "whole of Veda".[14] The
etymological foundations of Om are repeatedly discussed in the oldest layers of the Vedantic texts (the early
Upanishads).[30][31] The Aitareya Brahmana of Rig Veda, in section 5.32, for example suggests that the three phonetic
components of Om (pronounced AUM) correspond to the three stages of cosmic creation, and when it is read or said, it
celebrates the creative powers of the universe.[14][32] The Brahmana layer of Vedic texts equate Om with Bhurbhuvah
Svah, the latter symbolizing "the whole Veda". They offer various shades of meaning to Om, such as it being "the
universe beyond the sun", or that which is "mysterious and inexhaustible", or "the infinite language, the infinite
knowledge", or "essence of breath, life, everything that exists", or that "with which one is liberated".[14] The Sama
Veda, the poetical Veda, orthographically maps Om to the audible, the musical truths in its numerous variations (Oum,
Aum, Ovā Ovā Ovā Um, etc.) and then attempts to extract musical meters from it.[14]
The syllable Om evolves to mean many abstract ideas in the earliest Upanishads. Max Müller and other scholars state
that these philosophical texts recommend Om as a "tool for meditation", explain various meanings that the syllable
may be in the mind of one meditating, ranging from "artificial and senseless" to "highest concepts such as the cause of
the Universe, essence of life, Brahman, Atman, and Self-knowledge".[33][34]
Written representation
Phonologically, the syllable ओम् represents /aum/, which is regularly monophthongised to [õː] in Sanskrit phonology.
When occurring within spoken Sanskrit, the syllable is subject to the normal rules of sandhi in Sanskrit grammar,
however with the additional peculiarity that after preceding a or ā, the au of aum does not form vriddhi (au) but guna
(o) per Pāṇini 6.1.95 (i.e. 'om'). It is sometimes also written ओ३म् (ō̄m [õːːm]), notably by Arya Samaj, where ३ (i.e., the
digit "3") is pluta ("three times as long"), indicating a length of three morae (that is, the time it takes to say three
syllables) — an overlong nasalised close-mid back rounded vowel.
The Om symbol is a ligature in Devanagari, combining ओ (au) and chandrabindu (◌ँ , ṃ). In Unicode, the symbol is
encoded at U+0950 ॐ DEVANAGARI OM and at U+1F549 OM SYMBOL ("generic symbol independent of Devanagari
font").
The Om or Aum symbol is found on ancient coins, in regional scripts. In Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura era coins (dated
from the 1st to 4th centuries) are embossed with Aum along with other symbols.[35] Nagari or Devanagari
representations are found epigraphically on medieval sculpture, such as the dancing Shiva (ca. 10th to 12th century);
Joseph Campbell (1949) even argued that the dance posture itself can be taken to represent AUM as a symbol of the
entirety of "consciousness, universe" and "the message that God is within a person and without".[36]
The Om symbol, with epigraphical variations, is also found in many southeast Asian countries. For example, it is called
Unalom or Aum in Thailand and has been a part of various flags and official emblems such as in the Thong Chom Klao
of King Rama IV (r. 1851–1868).[37] The Cambodian official seal has similarly incorporated the Aum symbol.[38] In
traditional Chinese characters, it is written as 唵 (pinyin – ǎn), and as 嗡 (pinyin – wēng) in simplified Chinese
characters.
There have been proposals that the Om syllable may already have had written representations in Brahmi script, dating
to before the Common Era. A proposal by Deb (1848) held that the swastika is "a monogrammatic representation of
the syllable Om, wherein two Brahmi /o/ characters (U+11011 BRAHMI LETTER O) were superposed crosswise and
the 'm' was represented by dot".[39] A commentary in Nature considers this theory questionable and unproven.[40] Roy
(2011) proposed that Om was represented using the Brahmi symbols for "A", "U" and "M" ( ), and that this may
have influenced the unusual epigraphical features of the symbol ॐ for Om.[41][42]
Om in various scripts
in Devanagari, (Assamese, Bengali, Arya Samaj Tamil[b]

Gujarati, Sourashtri Odia)[a]
& Historical Marathi
Script (Modi)
Tirhuta or Kannada[c] Telugu[c] Malayalam[d]

Mithilakshar (Maithili)
Grantha[e] Siddham[f] Jain symbol Chinese[g]
Tibetan[h] Balinese[i] Javanese[j] Gurmukhi[k]
Hinduism
Om came to be used as a standard utterance at the beginning
of mantras, chants or citations taken from the Vedas. For
example, the Gayatri mantra, which consists of a verse from
the Rigveda Samhita (RV 3.62.10), is prefixed not just by Om
but by Om followed by the formula bhūr bhuvaḥ svaḥ.[43]
Such recitations continue to be in use in Hinduism, with
many major incantations and ceremonial functions beginning
and ending with Om.[7] Maheshwarananda (2002) suggests
that the Om reflects the cosmological beliefs in Hinduism, as
the primordial sound associated with the creation of universe
Om Symbol at Kanaka Durga Temple, Vijayawada from nothing.[44]
Upanishads
The syllable "Om" is described with various meanings in the Upanishads. Descriptions include "the sacred sound, the
Yes!, the Vedas, the Udgitha (song of the universe), the infinite, the all encompassing, the whole world, the truth, the
ultimate reality, the finest essence, the cause of the Universe, the essence of life, the Brahman, the Atman, the vehicle
of deepest knowledge, and Self-knowledge".[34]
Chandogya Upanishad
The Chandogya Upanishad is one of the oldest Upanishads of Hinduism. It opens with the recommendation that "let a
man meditate on Om".[45] It calls the syllable Om as udgitha (उ ीथ, song, chant), and asserts that the significance of the
syllable is thus: the essence of all beings is earth, the essence of earth is water, the essence of water are the plants, the
essence of plants is man, the essence of man is speech, the essence of speech is the Rig Veda, the essence of the Rig
Veda is the Sama Veda, and the essence of Sama Veda is the udgitha (song, Om).[46]
Rik (ऋच्, Ṛc) is speech, states the text, and Sāman (सामन्) is breath; they are pairs, and because they have love for each
other, speech and breath find themselves together and mate to produce a song.[45][46] The highest song is Om, asserts
section 1.1 of Chandogya Upanishad. It is the symbol of awe, of reverence, of threefold knowledge because Adhvaryu
Om is a common symbol found in the ancient texts of Hinduism, such as in the first line of Rig veda (top), as well
as an icon in temples and spiritual retreats.
invokes it, the Hotr recites it, and Udgatr sings it.[46][47]
The second volume of the first chapter continues its discussion of syllable Om, explaining its use as a struggle between
Devas (gods) and Asuras (demons).[48] Max Muller states that this struggle between gods and demons is considered
allegorical by ancient Indian scholars, as good and evil inclinations within man, respectively.[49] The legend in section
1.2 of Chandogya Upanishad states that gods took the Udgitha (song of Om) unto themselves, thinking, "with this song
we shall overcome the demons".[50] The syllable Om is thus implied as that which inspires the good inclinations within
each person.[49][50]
Chandogya Upanishad's exposition of syllable Om in its opening chapter combines etymological speculations,
symbolism, metric structure and philosophical themes.[47][51] In the second chapter of the Chandogya Upanishad, the
meaning and significance of Om evolves into a philosophical discourse, such as in section 2.10 where Om is linked to
the Highest Self,[52] and section 2.23 where the text asserts Om is the essence of three forms of knowledge, Om is
Brahman and "Om is all this [observed world]".[53]
Katha Upanishad
The Katha Upanishad is the legendary story of a little boy, Nachiketa – the son of sage Vajasravasa – who meets Yama,
the Indian deity of death. Their conversation evolves to a discussion of the nature of man, knowledge, Atman (Soul,
Self) and moksha (liberation).[54] In section 1.2, Katha Upanishad characterizes Knowledge/Wisdom as the pursuit of
good, and Ignorance/Delusion as the pursuit of pleasant,[55] that the essence of Veda is to make man liberated and
free, look past what has happened and what has not happened, free from the past and the future, beyond good and evil,
and one word for this essence is the word Om.[56]
The word which all the Vedas proclaim,

That which is expressed in every Tapas (penance, austerity, meditation),
That for which they live the life of a Brahmacharin,
Understand that word in its essence: Om! that is the word.
Yes, this syllable is Brahman,
This syllable is the highest.
He who knows that syllable,
Whatever he desires, is his.
— Katha Upanishad, 1.2.15-1.2.16[56]
Maitri Upanishad
The Maitrayaniya Upanishad in sixth Prapathakas (lesson) discusses the meaning and significance of Om. The text
asserts that Om represents Brahman-Atman. The three roots of the syllable, states the Maitri Upanishad, are A + U +
M.[57] The sound is the body of Soul, and it repeatedly manifests in three: as gender-endowed body – feminine,
masculine, neuter; as light-endowed body – Agni, Vayu and Aditya; as deity-endowed body – Brahma, Rudra[l] and
Vishnu; as mouth-endowed body – Garhapatya, Dakshinagni and Ahavaniya;[58] as knowledge-endowed body – Rig,
Saman and Yajur;[59] as world-endowed body – Bhūr, Bhuvaḥ and Svaḥ; as time-endowed body – Past, Present and
Future; as heat-endowed body – Breath, Fire and Sun; as growth-endowed body – Food, Water and Moon; as thought-
endowed body – intellect, mind and psyche.[57][60] Brahman exists in two forms – the material form, and the
immaterial formless.[61] The material form is changing, unreal. The immaterial formless isn't changing, real. The
immortal formless is truth, the truth is the Brahman, the Brahman is the light, the light is the Sun which is the syllable
Om as the Self.[62][63]
The world is Om, its light is Sun, and the Sun is also the light of the syllable Om, asserts the Upanishad. Meditating on
Om, is acknowledging and meditating on the Brahman-Atman (Soul, Self).[57]
Mundaka Upanishad
The Mundaka Upanishad in the second Mundakam (part), suggests the means to knowing the Self and the Brahman to
be meditation, self-reflection and introspection, that can be aided by the symbol Om.[64][65]
That which is flaming, which is subtler than the subtle,

on which the worlds are set, and their inhabitants –
That is the indestructible Brahman.[66]
It is life, it is speech, it is mind. That is the real. It is immortal.
It is a mark to be penetrated. Penetrate It, my friend.
Taking as a bow the great weapon of the Upanishad,

one should put upon it an arrow sharpened by meditation,
Stretching it with a thought directed to the essence of That,
Penetrate[67] that Imperishable as the mark, my friend.
Om is the bow, the arrow is the Soul, Brahman the mark,

By the undistracted man is It to be penetrated,
One should come to be in It,
as the arrow becomes one with the mark.
— Mundaka Upanishad, 2.2.2 – 2.2.4[68][69]
Adi Shankara, in his review of the Mundaka Upanishad, states Om as a symbolism for Atman (soul, self).[70]
Mandukya Upanishad
The Mandukya Upanishad opens by declaring, "Om!, this syllable is this whole world".[71] Thereafter it presents
various explanations and theories on what it means and signifies.[72] This discussion is built on a structure of "four
fourths" or "fourfold", derived from A + U + M + "silence" (or without an element).[71][72]
Aum as all states of time

In verse 1, the Upanishad states that time is threefold: the past, the present and the future,
that these three are "Aum". The four fourth of time is that which transcends time, that too is
"Aum" expressed.[72]
Aum as all states of Atman
In verse 2, states the Upanishad, everything is Brahman, but Brahman is Atman (the Soul,
Self), and that the Atman is fourfold.[71] Johnston summarizes these four states of Self,
respectively, as seeking the physical, seeking inner thought, seeking the causes and spiritual
consciousness, and the fourth state is realizing oneness with the Self, the Eternal.[73]
Aum as all states of consciousness
In verses 3 to 6, the Mandukya Upanishad enumerates four states of consciousness:
wakeful, dream, deep sleep and the state of ekatma (being one with Self, the oneness of
Self).[72] These four are A + U + M + "without an element" respectively.[72]
Aum as all of knowledge
In verses 9 to 12, the Mandukya Upanishad enumerates fourfold etymological roots of the
syllable "Aum". It states that the first element of "Aum" is A, which is from Apti (obtaining,
reaching) or from Adimatva (being first).[71] The second element is U, which is from Utkarsa
(exaltation) or from Ubhayatva (intermediateness).[72] The third element is M, from Miti
(erecting, constructing) or from Mi Minati, or apīti (annihilation).[71] The fourth is without an
element, without development, beyond the expanse of universe. In this way, states the
Upanishad, the syllable Om is indeed the Atman (the self).[71][72]
Shvetashvatara Upanishad
The Shvetashvatara Upanishad, in verses 1.14 to 1.16, suggests meditating with the help of syllable Om, where one's
perishable body is like one fuel-stick and the syllable Om is the second fuel-stick, which with discipline and diligent
rubbing of the sticks unleashes the concealed fire of thought and awareness within. Such knowledge, asserts the
Upanishad, is the goal of Upanishads.[74][75] The text asserts that Om is a tool of meditation empowering one to know
the God within oneself, to realize one's Atman (Soul, Self).[76]
Aitareya Aranyaka
Aitareya Aranyaka in verse 23.6, explains Om as "an acknowledgment, melodic confirmation, something that gives
momentum and energy to a hymn".[10]
Om (ॐ) is the pratigara (agreement) with a hymn. Likewise is tatha (so be it) with a song. But Om is
something divine, and tatha is something human.
— Aitareya Aranyaka 23.6, [10]
Bhagavad Gita
The Bhagavad Gita, in the Epic Mahabharata, mentions the meaning and significance of Om in several verses. For
example, Fowler notes that verse 9.17 of the Bhagavad Gita synthesizes the competing dualistic and monist streams of
thought in Hinduism, by using "Om which is the symbol for the indescribable, impersonal Brahman".[77]
I am the Father of this world, Mother, Ordainer, Grandfather, the Thing to be known, the Purifier, the
syllable Om, Rik, Saman and also Yajus.
— Krishna to Arjuna, Bhagavad Gita 9.17, [77]
The significance of the sacred syllable in the Hindu traditions, is similarly highlighted in various of its verses, such as
verse 17.24 where the importance of Om during prayers, charity and meditative practices is explained as follows,[78]
Therefore, uttering Om, the acts of yagna (fire ritual), dāna (charity) and tapas (austerity) as enjoined in
the scriptures, are always begun by those who study the Brahman.
— Bhagavad Gita 17.24, [78][79]
Yoga Sutra
The aphoristic verse 1.27 of Pantanjali's Yogasutra links Om to Yoga practice, as follows,[80]
त वाचकः णवः ॥२७॥

His word is Om.
— Yogasutra 1.27, [80]
Johnston states this verse highlights the importance of Om in the meditative practice of Yoga, where it symbolizes
three worlds in the Soul; the three times – past, present and future eternity, the three divine powers – creation,
preservation and transformation in one Being; and three essences in one Spirit – immortality, omniscience and joy. It
is, asserts Johnston, a symbol for the perfected Spiritual Man (his emphasis).[80]
Puranas
The medieval era texts of Hinduism, such as the Puranas adopt and expand the
concept of Om in their own ways, and to their own theistic sects. According to the
Vayu Purana, Om is the representation of the Hindu Trimurti, and represents the
union of the three gods, viz. A for Brahma, U for Vishnu and M for Shiva. The three
sounds also symbolise the three Vedas, namely (Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda).
The Shiva Purana highlights the relation between deity Shiva and the Pranava or
Om. Shiva is declared to be Om, and that Om is Shiva.[83]
Jainism The Hindu deity Ganesha is

sometimes linked to the
In Jainism, om is considered a condensed form of reference to the Pañca-
symbol Om and as the
Parameṣṭhi, by their initials A+A+A+U+M (o3m). The Dravyasamgraha quotes a symbol for Upanishadic
Prakrit line:[84] concept of Brahman.[81][82]
ओम एका र प परमे नामा दपम् त थ म त चेत "अ रहंता असरीरा आय रया

तह उव ाया मु णयां"[m]
Translation: Veneration to the Arhats, veneration to the perfect ones, veneration to the
masters, veneration to the teachers, veneration to all the monks in the world.[84]
AAAUM (or just "Om") is one syllable short form of the initials of the five parameshthis:
"Arihant, Ashiri, Acharya, Upajjhaya, Muni".[85]
नमः (Oṃ namaḥ) Siddhanam (6 syllables), Om Nhi (2 syllables) and just

Om (1 syllable) are the short forms of the Paramesthi-Mantra, also called
Namokar Mantra or Navkar Mantra in Jainism.[84]
Buddhism
Om is often used in some later schools of Buddhism, for example Tibetan
Buddhism, which was influenced by Indian Hinduism and Tantra.[88][89]
In Chinese Buddhism, Om is often transliterated as the Chinese character

唵 (pinyin ǎn) or 嗡 (pinyin wēng).
Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana)

In Tibetan Buddhism, Om is often placed at the beginning of mantras and
Aum in Jainism
dharanis. Probably the most well known mantra is "Om mani padme hum",
the six syllable mantra of the Bodhisattva of compassion, Avalokiteśvara.
This mantra is particularly associated with the four-armed Shadakshari
form of Avalokiteśvara. Moreover, as a seed syllable (bija mantra), Aum is
considered sacred and holy in Esoteric Buddhism.[90]
Some scholars interpret the first word of the mantra oṃ maṇipadme hūṃ
to be auṃ, with a meaning similar to Hinduism – the totality of sound,
existence and consciousness.[91][92]
Oṃ has been described by the 14th Dalai Lama as "composed of three pure Nio statues in Kyoto prefecture of
letters, A, U, and M. These symbolize the impure body, speech, and mind of Japan, believed to be saying the
everyday unenlightened life of a practitioner; they also symbolize the pure start and the end of syllable
"AUM"[86][87]
exalted body, speech and mind of an enlightened Buddha."[93][94]
According to Simpkins, Om is a part of many mantras in Tibetan Buddhism
and is a symbolism for "wholeness, perfection and the infinite".[95]
Niō guardian kings and Komainu lion-dogs

Aum is symbolically represented by Niō (仁王) statues in Japan, and their equivalent in East
Asia. Niō appear in pairs in front of Buddhist temple gates and stupas, in the form of two
fierce looking guardian kings (Vajra).[86] One has an open mouth, regarded by Buddhists as
symbolically speaking the "A" syllable; the other has a closed mouth, symbolically speaking
Tibetan Om ༀ
the "Um" syllable. The two together are regarded as saying "Aum", the vajrabreath, or the
Absolute in Sanskrit.[86][87]
Komainu (狛犬), also called lion-dogs, found in Japan, Korea and China, also occur in pairs before Buddhist temples
and public spaces, and again, one has an open mouth (Agyō), the other closed (Ungyō).[96] Like Nio statues, they are
traditionally interpreted to be saying the start and end of "Aun" – a transliteration of the Sanskrit sacred syllable Aum
(or Om), signifying the start and end of everything.[97][98]
Sikhism
Ik Oankar, iconically represented as ੴ in Sikhism are the opening words of the Guru Granth Sahib, the Sikh
scripture.[99] It is the statement that 'there is one God',[100] and that there is 'singularity despite seeming plurality'.[101]
The Oankar of Sikhism is related to Om in Hinduism, states the Indologist Wendy Doniger.[99] Some Sikhs disagree
that Ik Oankar is same as Om.[99] The phrase is a compound of the numeral one (ik) and onkar,
states Doniger, canonically understood in Sikhism to refer to "absolute monotheistic unity of
God".[99]
Onkar is, states Wazir Singh, a "variation of Om (Aum) of the ancient Indian scriptures (with a
slight change in its orthography), implying the seed-force that evolves as the universe".[102] Ik Ik Onkar of
Onkar is part of the "Mul Mantra" in Sikh teachings and represents "One God", explains Gulati, Sikhism
where "Ik" means One, and Onkar is "equivalent of the Hindu "Om" (Aum)".[103] Guru Nanak
wrote a poem entitled Oankar in which, states Doniger, he "attributed the origin and sense of
speech to the Divinity, who is thus the Om-maker".[99]
Oankar ('the Primal Sound') created Brahma, Oankar fashioned the consciousness,
From Oankar came mountains and ages, Oankar produced the Vedas,
By the grace of Oankar, people were saved through the divine word,
By the grace of Oankar, they were liberated through the teachings of the Guru.
— Ramakali Dakkhani, Adi Granth 929-930, Translated by Pashaura Singh[104]
Ik Aumkara appears at the start of Mul Mantra, states Kohli, and it occurs as "Aum" in the Upanishads and in
Gurbani.[105] However, the meaning of Oankar in the Sikh tradition, states Pashaura Singh, is quite different in certain
respects than those in other Indian philosophical traditions.[104]
Modern reception
The Brahmic script om-ligature has become widely recognised in Western counterculture since the 1960s, mostly in its
standard Devanagari form (ॐ), but the Tibetan alphabet om (ༀ) has also gained limited currency in popular
culture.[106]
Notes
a. ଓଁ (U+0B13 & U+0B01), ওঁ (U+0993 & U+0981)
b. ௐ (U+0BD0)
c. Kannada ಓಂ (U+0C93 & U+0C82)
Telugu ఓం (U+0C13 & U+0C02)
d. ഓം (U+0D13 & U+0D02)
e. (U+11350)
f. (U+1158D & U+115BC)
g. 唵 (U+5535)
h. ༀ (U+0F00)
i. (U+1B12 & U+1B01)
j. (U+A98E & U+A980 & U+A9B4)
k. ੴ (U+0A74)
l. later called as Shiva
m. oma ekākṣara pañca-parameṣṭhi-nāmā-dipam tatkathamiti cheta "arihatā asarīrā āyariyā taha uvajjhāyā muṇiyā"
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8. T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993), Elements of Hindu Iconography, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-
8120808775, p. 248
9. Sehdev Kumar (2001), A Thousand Petalled Lotus: Jain Temples of Rajasthan, ISBN 978-8170173489, p. 5
10. Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus (2011), Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit
Hinduism, De Gruyter, ISBN 978-3110181593, page 435
11. Krishna Sivaraman (2008), Hindu Spirituality Vedas Through Vedanta, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-
8120812543, page 433
12. David Leeming (2005), The Oxford Companion to World Mythology, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-
0195156690, page 54
13. Hajime Nakamura, A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy, Part 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120819634,
page 318
14. Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus (2011), Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit
Hinduism, De Gruyter, ISBN 978-3110181593, pages 435–456
15. David White (2011), Yoga in Practice, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691140865, pp. 104–111
16. Alexander Studholme (2012), The Origins of Om Manipadme Hum: A Study of the Karandavyuha Sutra, State
University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791453902, pages 1–4
17. Nityanand Misra (25 July 2018). The Om Mala: Meanings of the Mystic Sound (https://books.google.com/books?id
=e89eDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT104). Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 104–. ISBN 978-93-87471-85-6.
18. "OM (http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=OM&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0)". Sanskrit
English Dictionary, University of Köln, Germany
19. James Lochtefeld (2002), Pranava, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing.
ISBN 978-0823931804, page 522
20. Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 74-
75, 347, 364, 667
21. Diana Eck (2013), India: A Sacred Geography, Random House, ISBN 978-0385531924, page 245
22. R Mehta (2007), The Call of the Upanishads, Motilal Barnarsidass, ISBN 978-8120807495, page 67
23. Omkara (http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=omkara&trans=Translate&direction
=AU), Sanskrit-English Dictionary, University of Koeln, Germany
24. CK Chapple, W Sargeant (2009), The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition, State University of New
York Press, ISBN 978-1438428420, page 435
25. Max Muller, Chandogya Upanishad (https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n123/mode/2up), The
Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, page 12 with footnote 1
26. Osho (2012). The Book of Secrets (https://books.google.com/books?id=LpJ1CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT546&dq=aum+th
ree&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjo3JOV7szcAhUCL6wKHYwIC58Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=aum%20three&f=f
alse), unpaginated. Osho International Foundation. ISBN 9780880507707.
27. Mehta, Kiran K. (2008). Milk, Honey and Grapes, p.14. Puja Publications, Atlanta. ISBN 9781438209159.
28. Misra, Nityanand (2018). The Om Mala (https://books.google.com/books?id=e89eDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT287&dq=%
22om%22+%22three%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjWvpr3_8zcAhVDd6wKHehnCgIQ6AEIQzAF#v=onepage
&q=%22om%22%20%22three%22&f=false), unpaginated. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9789387471856.
29. Vālmīki; trans. Mitra, Vihārilāla (1891). The Yoga-vásishtha-mahárámáyana of Válmiki, Volume 1 (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=dLlIAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA61&dq=%22om%22+%22three%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjWv
pr3_8zcAhVDd6wKHehnCgIQ6AEITzAH#v=onepage&q=%22om%22%20%22three%22&f=false), p.61.
Bonnerjee and Company. [ISBN unspecified].
30. Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, page 207
31. John Grimes (1995), Ganapati: The Song of Self, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791424391,
pages 78-80 and 201 footnote 34
32. Aitareya Brahmana 5.32 (http://www.wilbourhall.org/pdfs/vedas/aitereya/the_aitareya_brahmanam_of_the_rigveda
__s.pdf), Rig Veda, pages 139-140 (Sanskrit); for English translation: See Arthur Berriedale Keith (1920). The
Aitareya and Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇas of the Rigveda (https://books.google.com/books?id=DSgYAAAAYAAJ).
Harvard University Press. p. 256.
33. Max Muller, Chandogya Upanishad (https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n111/mode/2up), Oxford
University Press, pages 1-21
85, 227, 284, 308, 318, 361-366, 468, 600-601, 667, 772
35. Henry Parker, Ancient Ceylon (1909), p. 490 (https://books.google.ch/books?id=Nk8xpkY0bqEC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA
490).
36. Joseph Campbell (1949), The Hero with a Thousand Faces, 108f.
37. Deborah Wong (2001), Sounding the Center: History and Aesthetics in Thai Buddhist Performance, University of
Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0226905853, page 292
38. James Minahan (2009), The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems, ISBN 978-0313344961, pages
28-29
39. HK Deb, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume XVII, Number 3, page 137
40. The Swastika (https://books.google.com/books?id=1bMzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAPA365), p. PA365, at Google Books,
Nature, Vol. 110, No. 2758, page 365
41. Ankita Roy (2011), Rediscovering the Brahmi Script (http://www.mrane.com/images/bramhi.pdf). Industrial Design
Center, IIT Bombay. See the section, "Ancient Symbols".
42. SC Kak (1990), Indus and Brahmi: Further Connections. Cryptologia, 14(2), pages 169-183
43. Monier Monier-Williams (1893), Indian Wisdom, Luzac & Co., London, page 17
44. Paramhans Swami Maheshwarananda, The hidden power in humans, Ibera Verlag (2002), p. 15.
Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pages 1-3 with footnotes
70
47. Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanishads, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195124354, page 171-185
71 with footnotes
50. Robert Hume, Chandogya Upanishad (https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n199/mode/2u
p), The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 178-180
Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, page 28 with footnote 1
53. Max Muller, Chandogya Upanishad (https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/34/mode/2up), The
Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, page 35
273
55. Max Muller (1962), Katha Upanishad, in The Upanishads – Part II, Dover Publications, ISBN 978-0486209937,
page 8
286
57. Max Muller, The Upanishads, Part 2, Maitrayana-Brahmana Upanishad (https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02
ml#page/306/mode/2up), Oxford University Press, pages 307-308
58. this is a reference to the three major Vedic fire rituals
59. this is a reference to the three major Vedas
60. Maitri Upanishad – Sanskrit Text with English Translation (https://www.shemtaia.com/SKT/PDF/Upanishads/cowell
maitriskt.pdf) EB Cowell (Translator), Cambridge University, Bibliotheca Indica, page 258-260
61. Max Muller, The Upanishads, Part 2, Maitrayana-Brahmana Upanishad (https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02
ml#page/306/mode/2up), Oxford University Press, pages 306-307 verse 6.3
62. Sanskrit Original: वाव णो पे मूत चामूत च । अथ य ूत तदस म् यदमूत त म् त त ो तः य ो तः स आ द ः स वा एष
ओ म ेतदा ाभवत् | Maitrayani Upanishad (https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/मै ाय ण_उप नषद्) Wikisource;
English Translation: Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-
8120814684, page 347
63. Maitri Upanishad – Sanskrit Text with English Translation (https://www.shemtaia.com/SKT/PDF/Upanishads/cowell
maitriskt.pdf) EB Cowell (Translator), Cambridge University, Bibliotheca Indica, page 258
64. Paul Deussen (Translator), Sixty Upanisads of the Veda, Vol 2, Motilal Banarsidass (2010 Reprint), ISBN 978-
8120814691, pages 580-581
65. Eduard Roer, Mundaka Upanishad (https://www.shemtaia.com/SKT/PDF/Upanishads/roermundakaeng.pdf)
Bibliotheca Indica, Vol. XV, No. 41 and 50, Asiatic Society of Bengal, page 144
66. Hume translates this as "imperishable Brahma", Max Muller translates it as "indestructible Brahman"; see: Max
Muller, The Upanishads, Part 2, Mundaka Upanishad (https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/36/mode/
2up), Oxford University Press, page 36
67. The Sanskrit word used is Vyadh, which means both "penetrate" and "know"; Robert Hume uses penetrate, but
mentions the second meaning; see: Robert Hume, Mundaka Upanishad (https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincip
a028442mbp#page/n387/mode/2up), Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, page 372 with
footnote 1
68. Robert Hume, Mundaka Upanishad (https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n393/mode/2up),
Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 372-373
69. Charles Johnston, The Mukhya Upanishads: Books of Hidden Wisdom, (1920–1931), The Mukhya Upanishads,
Kshetra Books, ISBN 978-1495946530 (Reprinted in 2014), Archive of Mundaka Upanishad, pages 310-311 (htt
p://www.universaltheosophy.com/pdf-library/Mundaka%20Upanishad_Johnston.pdf) from Theosophical Quarterly
journal
70. Mundaka Upanishad (https://archive.org/stream/upanishadssrisan00sita#page/138/mode/2up), in Upanishads and
Sri Sankara's commentary – Volume 1: The Isa Kena and Mundaka, SS Sastri (Translator), University of Toronto
Archives, page 144 with section in 138-152
637
72. Hume, Robert Ernest (1921), The Thirteen Principal Upanishads (https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa02844
2mbp#page/n411/mode/2up), Oxford University Press, pp. 391–393
73. Charles Johnston, The Measures of the Eternal – Mandukya Upanishad (http://www.universaltheosophy.com/pdf-li
brary/Mandukya%20Upanishad_Johnston.pdf) Theosophical Quarterly, October, 1923, pages 158-162
74. Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 308
75. Max Muller, Shvetashvatara Upanishad (https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/236/mode/2up), The
Upanishads, Part II, Oxford University Press, page 237
76. Robert Hume (1921), Shvetashvatara Upanishad 1.14 – 1.16 (https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442m
bp#page/n417/mode/2up), The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 396-397 with
footnotes
77. Jeaneane D. Fowler (2012), The Bhagavad Gita: A Text and Commentary for Students, Sussex Academic Press,
ISBN 978-1845193461, page 164
78. Jeaneane D. Fowler (2012), The Bhagavad Gita: A Text and Commentary for Students, Sussex Academic Press,
ISBN 978-1845193461, page 271
79. Translator: KT Telang, Editor: Max Muller, The Bhagavadgita with the Sanatsujatiya and the Anugita (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=5cPKAgAAQBAJ) at Google Books, Routledge Print, ISBN 978-0700715473, page 120
80. The Yogasutras of Patanjali (https://archive.org/stream/yogasutrasofpata00pata#page/n5/mode/2up) Charles
Johnston (Translator), page 15
81. John A Grimes (1995). Ganapati: Song of the Self (https://books.google.com/books?id=aoqB4n95pSoC). State
University of New York Press. pp. 77–78. ISBN 978-0-7914-2439-1.
82. Stephen Alter (2004), Elephas Maximus, Penguin, ISBN 978-0143031741, page 95
83. Guy Beck (1995), Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120812611,
page 154
84. von Glasenapp 1999, pp. 410-411.
85. Om – significance in Jainism (http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/om.html), Languages and Scripts of India,
Colorado State University
86. Snodgrass, Adrian (2007). The Symbolism of the Stupa, Motilal Banarsidass. p. 303. ISBN 978-8120807815.
87. Baroni, Helen J. (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism. Rosen Publishing. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-
8239-2240-6.
88. Samuel, Geoffrey (2005). Tantric Revisionings: New Understandings of Tibetan Buddhism and Indian Religion (htt
ps://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=XXgy1WvZCI0C&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=vajrayana+tantra&ots=C1ZvjK
_z5A&sig=UU0LHbiCHNqaDBAxuzUUm7egu6k#v=onepage&q=vajrayana%20tantra&f=false). Motilal
Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 9788120827523.
89. "Vajrayana Buddhism Origins, Vajrayana Buddhism History, Vajrayana Buddhism Beliefs" (http://www.patheos.co
m/Library/Vajrayana-Buddhism). www.patheos.com. Retrieved 2017-08-04.
90. " "OM" - THE SYMBOL OF THE ABSOLUTE" (http://www.indiancentury.com/om.htm). Retrieved 2015-10-13.
91. Olsen, Carl (2014). The Different Paths of Buddhism: A Narrative-Historical Introduction. Rutgers University Press.
p. 215. ISBN 978-0-8135-3778-8.
92. Getty, Alice (1988). The Gods of Northern Buddhism: Their History and Iconography. Dover Publications. pp. 29,
191–192. ISBN 978-0-486-25575-0.
93. "Om Mani Padme Hum by The Dalai Lama" (http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/tib/omph.htm). www.sacred-
texts.com. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
94. C. Alexander Simpkins; Annellen M. Simpkins (2009). Meditation for Therapists and Their Clients (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=dau4DvZS-pkC&pg=PA159). W.W. Norton. pp. 159–160. ISBN 978-0-393-70565-2.
95. C. Alexander Simpkins; Annellen M. Simpkins (2009). Meditation for Therapists and Their Clients (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=dau4DvZS-pkC&pg=PA159). W.W. Norton. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-393-70565-2.
96. Komainu and Niô (http://www.dentsdelion.com/NEWSLETTER/03_Komainu.pdf) Dentsdelion Antiques Tokyo
Newsletter, Volume 11, Part 3 (2011)
97. Ball, Katherine (2004). Animal Motifs in Asian Art. Dover Publishers. pp. 59–60. ISBN 978-0-486-43338-7.
98. Arthur, Chris (2009). Irish Elegies. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-230-61534-2.
99. Doniger, Wendy (1999). Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of world religions (https://books.google.com/books?id=Z
P_f9icf2roC&pg=PA500). Merriam-Webster. p. 500. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0. Retrieved 2015-09-23.
100. Singh, Khushwant (2002). "The Sikhs" (https://books.google.com/books?id=5LSvkQvvmAMC&pg=PA114&). In
Kitagawa, Joseph Mitsuo. The religious traditions of Asia: religion, history, and culture. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
p. 114. ISBN 0-7007-1762-5.
101. Singh, Wazir (1969). Aspects of Guru Nanak's philosophy (https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rWM9AAAAIAAJ
&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=substitute+ekankar). Lahore Book Shop. p. 20. Retrieved 2015-09-17. "the 'a,' 'u,'
and 'm' of aum have also been explained as signifying the three principles of creation, sustenance and
annihilation. ... aumkār in relation to existence implies plurality, ... but its substitute Ik Oankar definitely implies
singularity in spite of the seeming multiplicity of existence. ..."
102. Wazir Singh (1969), Guru Nanak's philosophy, Journal of Religious Studies, Vol. 1, Issue 1, page 56
103. Mahinder Gulati (2008), Comparative Religious And Philosophies : Anthropomorphlsm And Divinity, Atlantic,
ISBN 978-8126909025, pages 284-285; Quote: "While Ek literally means One, Onkar is the equivalent of the
Hindu "Om" (Aum), the one syllable sound representing the holy trinity of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva - the God in
His entirety."
104. Pashaura Singh (2014), in The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies (Editors: Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech),
Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199699308, page 227
105. SS Kohli (1993), The Sikh and Sikhism, Atlantic, ISBN 81-71563368, page 35, Quote: "Ik Aumkara is a significant
name in Guru Granth Sahib and appears in the very beginning of Mul Mantra. It occurs as Aum in the Upanishads
and in Gurbani, the Onam Akshara (the letter Aum) has been considered as the abstract of three worlds (p. 930).
According to Brihadaranyaka Upanishad "Aum" connotes both the transcendent and immanent Brahman.
106. Messerle, Ulrich. "Graphics of the Sacred Symbol OM" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171231191837/http://om.pi
nkproton.org/pictures/). Archived from the original (http://om.pinkproton.org/pictures/) on 31 December 2017.
Retrieved 14 January 2019.
Sources
von Glasenapp, Helmuth (1999), Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation (https://books.google.com/books/about/J
ainism.html?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC) [Der Jainismus: Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion], Shridhar B. Shrotri (trans.),
Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-1376-6
External links and further reading
Wiktionary entry: "ॐ"
Just say Om (http://www.thebuddhasaidiamawake.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Just-Say-Om-Printout-TIME.p
df) Joel Stein, Time Magazine Archives
Kumar, S.; Nagendra, H.; Manjunath, N.; Naveen, K.; Telles, S. (2010). "Meditation on OM: Relevance from
ancient texts and contemporary science" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2952121). International
Journal of Yoga. 3 (1): 2–5. doi:10.4103/0973-6131.66771 (https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0973-6131.66771).
PMC 2952121 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2952121). PMID 20948894 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.ni
h.gov/pubmed/20948894).
Autonomic changes during "OM" meditation (http://www.ijpp.com/IJPP%20archives/1995_39_4/418-420.pdf)
Telles et al. (1995)
Francke, A. H. (1915). "The Meaning of the "Om-mani-padme-hum" Formula". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic
Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 397–404. JSTOR 25189337 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/25189337).
"Analysis of Acoustic of "OM " Chant to Study It's Effect on Nervous System". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.186.8652 (https://c
iteseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.186.8652).
Kumar, Uttam; Guleria, Anupam; Khetrapal, Chunni Lal (2015). "Neuro-cognitive aspects of "OM" sound/syllable
perception: A functional neuroimaging study". Cognition and Emotion. 29 (3): 432–441.
doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.917609 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02699931.2014.917609). PMID 24845107 (http
s://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24845107).
The Mantra Om: Word and Wisdom Swami Vivekananda
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Om is part of the iconography found in ancient and medieval era

In Hinduism, Om is one of the most important spiritual sounds.[10][11] It

in Devanagari, (Assamese, Bengali, Arya Samaj Tamil[b]

Tirhuta or Kannada[c] Telugu[c] Malayalam[d]

Grantha[e] Siddham[f] Jain symbol Chinese[g]

Tibetan[h] Balinese[i] Javanese[j] Gurmukhi[k]

The word which all the Vedas proclaim,

— Katha Upanishad, 1.2.15-1.2.16[56]

That which is flaming, which is subtler than the subtle,

Taking as a bow the great weapon of the Upanishad,

Om is the bow, the arrow is the Soul, Brahman the mark,

— Mundaka Upanishad, 2.2.2 – 2.2.4[68][69]

Aum as all states of time

— Aitareya Aranyaka 23.6, [10]

— Krishna to Arjuna, Bhagavad Gita 9.17, [77]

— Bhagavad Gita 17.24, [78][79]

त वाचकः णवः ॥२७॥

— Yogasutra 1.27, [80]

Jainism The Hindu deity Ganesha is

ओम एका र प परमे नामा दपम् त थ म त चेत "अ रहंता असरीरा आय रया

नमः (Oṃ namaḥ) Siddhanam (6 syllables), Om Nhi (2 syllables) and just

In Chinese Buddhism, Om is often transliterated as the Chinese character

Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana)

Niō guardian kings and Komainu lion-dogs

— Ramakali Dakkhani, Adi Granth 929-930, Translated by Pashaura Singh[104]

i. (U+1B12 & U+1B01)

j. (U+A98E & U+A980 & U+A9B4)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Om&oldid=881147873"

This page was last edited on 31 January 2019, at 19:19 (UTC).

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