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EXPERIMENT NO: 13
BATCH: M10
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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BOMBAY
CONTENTS
1. Objective 3
4. Procedure 4
5. Calculations 4
7. Precautions 5
LIST OF FIGURES
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OBJECTIVE
To determine the particle size distribution of wheat flour, boric acid powder, ultra slake and
bentonite clay sample using Laser Scattering Particle size Distribution analyzer LA-960.
To find out Mean, Mode, Median, Variance and standard deviation of each sample.
THEORY
Particle size distribution influences rate of reaction, potential to dissolve, packing density,
sedimentation, effectiveness of drug delivery by inhalation, product appearance etc. It is also important
in understanding its physical and chemical properties. Particles in nanometer and micrometer range can
be characterized by dynamic and static laser light scattering (laser diffraction). Analysis of emulsions,
suspensions and dry samples can be done using static laser light scattering.
PRINCIPLE
Laser diffraction measures particle size distributions by measuring the angular variation in intensity of
light scattered as a laser beam passes through a dispersed particulate sample. Large particles scatter
light at small angles relative to the laser beam and small particles scatter light at large angles. The
angular scattering intensity data is then analyzed to calculate the size of the particles responsible for
creating the scattering pattern, using the Mie theory of light scattering. The particle size is reported as a
volume equivalent sphere diameter.
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APPARATUS and CHEMICALS
PROCEDURE
1. Start LA-960 electronic display and go to advance then set mode and then choose dry.
2. Set sample, R.I. of sample etc.
3. Click for measurement screen and set feeder amplitude automatic.
4. First switch vacuum button then air then alignment then blank and then feed.
5. Click on measurement button after which measurement will begin and particle size distribution
will be displayed.
CALCULATIONS
Mode Size : Frequency distribution value’s largest values that become particle diameter of the
frequency distribution graph’s peak.
Standard Deviation (SD): Value taken from arithmetic distribution value’s square root.
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Clay 3 24.66 26.39 20.41 18.59 234 15.30 7.01
Boric acid1 131.83 141.05 45.42 48.01 44990.6 212.11 6.99
Boric acid2 62.63 67.01 38.77 36.67 4240.6 65.12 6.99
Boric acid3 54.47 58.2 36.74 36.66 2799.4 52.91 6.84
We can see wheat flour 3 and Boric acid powder 1 have given very high standard deviation. This
happened because of high feeder rate as because of high feeder rate lumped particles went
inside the system.
PRECAUTIONS
Diameter larger than 1500 micrometer can block the pathway. So use smaller size particle.
Heat the wheat flour before size measurement to vaporize the moisture and avoiding lumping.
Feeder rate should not be very high otherwise lumped particle will not segregate and also can
block the pathway.
Do not operate this unit in areas receiving direct sunlight, direct air conditioning or where large
temperature changes can occur.
Operate the unit where dust levels are low, and no corrosive gases are present.
Unit should be horizontal, and there should be no vibration.
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Unit should be placed on stable support or table.
Do not operate this unit near strong magnetic or electric fields, or high- frequency devices.