Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
By Ihsan UlHaq
Learning Outcomes
Compare and contrast frequency modulation and phase
modulation.
Calculate the modulation index given the maximum deviation
and the maximum modulating frequency and use the
modulation index and Bessel coefficients to determine the
number of significant sidebands in an FM signal.
Calculate the bandwidth of an FM signal by using two methods
and explain the difference between the two.
Explain how pre-emphasis is used to solve the problem of the
interference of high-frequency components by noise.
List the advantages and disadvantages of FM as compared to
AM.
Give the reasons for FM’s superior immunity to noise.
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
3
Topics Covered
5-1: Basic Principles of Frequency Modulation
5-2: Principles of Phase Modulation
5-3: Modulation Index and Sidebands
5-4: Noise-Suppression Effects of FM
5-5: Frequency Modulation Versus Amplitude
Modulation
Introduction
There are three parameters of a carrier that
may carry information:
Amplitude
Frequency
Phase
Frequency and Phase modulation are
closely related and grouped together as
angle modulation
Angle Modulation
The Angle of the carrier signal is varied with the
modulating signal m(t)
Two Cases:
Frequency Modulation
The instantaneous frequency of the carrier signal is
changed with respect to the message signal
Phase Modulation
The phase of the carrier signal is changed according
to the variations in the message signal
Angle modulation
Nonlinear modulation
Requires high bandwidth
Good performance in the presence of noise
Used in situations where BW is not a major concern and
high SNR is required
FM is used in
High fidelity FM broadcasting
TV audio broadcasting
Microwave carrier modulation
Point-to-Point communications system
Frequency Modulation
Power in an FM signal does not vary with
modulation
FM signals do not have an envelope that
reproduces the modulation
1
FM
0.8 message
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
FSK
A type of modulation called frequency-shift keying
(FSK) is used in transmission of binary data in digital
cell phones and low-speed computer modems.
Phase Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Generalized Concept
Representation of PM and FM
PM
Phase is directly proportional to m(t)
(t ) k p m(t )
k p : deviation constants of PM
Or Phase sensitivity of PM
FM
Phase is proportional to the integral of m(t)
t
(t ) 2 k f m( )d
k f : deviation constants of FM
Figure 5-4: Frequency deviation as a function of (a) modulating signal amplitude and
(b) modulating signal frequency.
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
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Converting PM into FM
In order to make PM compatible with FM, the deviation
produced by frequency variations in the modulating
signal must be compensated for.
This compensation can be accomplished by passing the
intelligence signal through a low-pass RC network.
This RC low-pass filter is called a frequency-
correcting network, predistorter, or 1/f filter and
causes the higher modulating frequencies to be
attenuated.
The FM produced by a phase modulator is called
indirect FM.
Phase-Shift Keying
The process of phase modulating a carrier with binary
data is called phase-shift keying (PSK) or binary
phase-shift keying (BPSK).
mf
fm
Bessel Functions
Sidebands
Figure 5-8: Carrier and sideband amplitudes for different modulation indexes of FM
signals based on the Bessel functions.
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
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5-3: Modulation Index
and Sidebands
Figure 5-9: Plot of the Bessel function data from Fig. 5-8.
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
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5-3: Modulation Index
and Sidebands
Bessel Functions
The symbol ! means factorial. This tells you to multiply
all integers from 1 through the number to which the
symbol is attached. (e.g. 5! Means 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 =
120)
Narrowband FM (NBFM) is any FM system in which
the modulation index is less than π/2 = 1.57, or
mf < π /2.
NBFM is widely used in communication. It conserves
spectrum space at the expense of the signal-to-noise
ratio.
Carson’s Rule
Calculating the bandwidth of an FM signal is
simple, but tedious using Bessel functions
Carson’s Rule provides an adequate
approximation for determining FM signal
bandwidth:
Preemphasis
Noise can interfere with an FM signal and particularly
with the high-frequency components of the modulating
signal.
Noise is primarily sharp spikes of energy and contains a
lot of harmonics and other high-frequency components.
To overcome high-frequency noise, a technique known
as preemphasis is used.
A simple high-pass filter can serve as a transmitter’s
pre-emphasis circuit.
Pre-emphasis provides more amplification of only high-
frequency components.
Preemphasis
A simple low-pass filter can operate as a deemphasis
circuit in a receiver.
A deemphasis circuit returns the frequency response to
its normal flat level.
The combined effect of preemphasis and deemphasis is
to increase the signal-to-noise ratio for the high-
frequency components during transmission so that they
will be stronger and not masked by noise.