WITH Ukoug SQL Lectric

12/18/2015
Note: Small fonts in this presentation
Can you read this ?
SQL> select sample_font

2 from dual ;
Copyright © 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | 2
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bio
Copyright © 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. |
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make you more successful with Oracle
SQL-lectric !!!
Connor McDonald
Developer Advocate for SQL
2015
Copyright © 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | Oracle Confidential – Internal/Restricted/Highly Restricted
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why talk about SQL

(part 1)
SQL is sortta important …
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“….the complexity of dealing with a “[Facebook] started in the Hadoop

non-ACID data store in every part of world. We are now bringing in
our business logic would be too relational to enhance that. ... [we]
great, and there was simply no way realized that using the wrong
our business could function without technology for certain kinds of
SQL queries.” problems can be difficult.”
Google, VLDB 2013 Ken Rudin, Facebook, TDWI 2013
https://www.linkedin.com/groups/Find-out-why-Google-decided-4434815.S.273792742 http://tdwi.org/articles/2013/05/06/facebooks-relational-platform.aspx
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why talk about SQL

(part 2)
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we suck at set theory....
....technically
not our fault
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Codd & Date
"data is represented as mathematical n-ary relations, an n-ary

relation being a subset of the Cartesian product of n domains."
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wha ?
we excel at set theory....
....in the real world
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shopping
in the real world
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drive to shop;
pick up items;
pay for items;
drive home;
maybe fill up with petrol;
maybe pick up a newspaper;
efficient
drive to shop;
pick up items;
pay for items;
drive home;
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efficient
drive to shop;
pick up items;
pay for items;
drive home;
efficient
drive to shop;
pick up items;
pay for items;
drive home;
value add
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in the technical world
Shopping v1.0
subroutine PURCHASE_ITEM(item_id)
- drive to shop
- obtain item
- pay for item
- drive home
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Shopping v1.0
- drive to shop
- obtain item
- pay for item
- drive home Shopping v2.0
for each_item in LIST_OF_ITEMS
do
purchase_item;
end loop;
Shopping v1.0
- drive to shop
- obtain item
- pay for item
- drive home Shopping v2.0
for each_item in LIST_OF_ITEMS
do
purchase_item;
Shopping v2.1
end loop;
ORA-20000: No petrol found at supermarket
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business analysts...
procedural analysis
technical analysts...
procedural specifications
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programmers
procedural programs
its all about the SQL
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this session
my favourites
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Favourite:
subquery factoring
WITH clause
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SQL> WITH last_hire AS

2 ( select deptno, max(hiredate)
3 from emp
4 group by deptno
5 )
6 select * from last_hire;
DEPTNO MAX(HIRED
---------- ---------
30 03-DEC-81
20 12-JAN-83
10 23-JAN-82
"gee.......wow"
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why is it cool ?
good solution metaphor
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recall: "We suck at set theory"
"First, get the total salary paid by department...
SQL> WITH dept_salaries AS (

2 SELECT dname, SUM(sal) dept_sal
3 FROM emp e, dept d
4 WHERE e.deptno = d.deptno
5 GROUP BY dname),
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"...then get the average of these totals...
6 avg_sal AS ( SELECT AVG(dept_sal) avsal

7 FROM dept_salaries)
"...then list those departments above average."
8 SELECT * FROM dept_salaries d, avg_sal a

9 WHERE d.dept_sal > a.avsal
10 ORDER BY d.dname;
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5 GROUP BY dname),
6 avg_sal AS ( SELECT AVG(dept_sal) avsal


9 WHERE d.dept_sal > a.avsal
procedural approach....
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...set based solution
things to note...
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execution plan
two possibilities
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temporary storage
----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
----------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
| 1 | TEMP TABLE TRANSFORMATION | |
| 2 | LOAD AS SELECT | |
| 3 | HASH GROUP BY | |
| 4 | MERGE JOIN | |
| 5 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| DEPT |
| 6 | INDEX FULL SCAN | PK_DEPT |
| 7 | SORT JOIN | |
| 8 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | EMP |
| 9 | SORT ORDER BY | |
| 10 | NESTED LOOPS | |
| 11 | VIEW | |
| 12 | SORT AGGREGATE | |
| 13 | VIEW | |
| 14 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | SYS_TEMP_0FD9D6624_AF422F5 |
| 15 | VIEW | |
| 16 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | SYS_TEMP_0FD9D6624_AF422F5 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------
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SQL> alter session set sql_trace = true;
Session altered.

5 GROUP BY dname),
6 avg_sal AS ( SELECT AVG(dept_sal) asal
9 WHERE d.dept_sal > a.asal
DNAME DEPT_SAL ASAL

-------------- ---------- ----------
RESEARCH 21750 19350
SQL> alter session set sql_trace = false;
Session altered.
PARSING IN CURSOR #12 len=179 dep=1 uid=0 oct=1...
CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY

TABLE "SYS"."SYS_TEMP_0FD9D6625_AF422F5"
("C0" VARCHAR2(14),"C1" NUMBER )
IN_MEMORY_METADATA CURSOR_SPECIFIC_SEGMENT
STORAGE (OBJNO 4254950949 ) NOPARALLEL
END OF STMT
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no temporary storage
------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
| 1 | SORT ORDER BY | |
| 2 | NESTED LOOPS | |
| 3 | VIEW | |
| 4 | SORT AGGREGATE | |
| 5 | VIEW | |
| 6 | HASH GROUP BY | |
| 8 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| DEPT |
| 10 | SORT JOIN | |
| 12 | VIEW | |
| 13 | SORT GROUP BY | |
| 15 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | DEPT |
| 17 | SORT JOIN | |
------------------------------------------------------
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explicit control

2 SELECT /*+ INLINE */ dname, SUM(sal) dept_sal
5 GROUP BY dname),
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2 SELECT /*+ MATERIALIZE*/ dname, SUM(sal) dept_sal
5 GROUP BY dname),
undocumented .... sort of
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useful control over optimizer
useful control over database links
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... more on WITH later
Favourite:
temporal validity
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Huh ?
very common
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when is a row "valid"
SQL> CREATE TABLE emp_temporal (

2 empno NUMBER,
3 name VARCHAR2(30),
4 sal NUMBER,
5 deptno NUMBER,
6 start_dt DATE,
7 end_dt DATE,
8
9 );
Table created.
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12c - part of the definition
SQL> CREATE TABLE emp_temporal (

2 empno NUMBER,
3 name VARCHAR2(30),
4 sal NUMBER,
5 deptno NUMBER,
6 start_dt DATE,
7 end_dt DATE,
8 PERIOD FOR valid_range (start_dt, end_dt)
9 );
Table created.
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examples
SQL> select * from emp_temporal

2 order by empno, start_dt;
EMPNO NAME SAL DEPTNO START_DT END_DT

---------- ------------ ---------- ---------- --------- ---------
7369 SMITH 806 20 01-JAN-14 01-MAR-14
7369 SMITHX 8060 21 02-MAR-14 01-OCT-14
7499 ALLEN 1606 30 01-JAN-14 01-MAR-14
7499 ALLENX 16060 31 02-MAR-14 01-OCT-14
7521 WARD 1256 30 01-JAN-14 01-MAR-14
7521 WARDX 12560 31 02-MAR-14 01-OCT-14
7566 JONES 2981 20 01-JAN-14 01-MAR-14
7566 JONESX 29810 21 02-MAR-14 01-OCT-14
7654 MARTIN 1256 30 01-JAN-14 01-MAR-14
7654 MARTINX 12560 31 02-MAR-14 01-OCT-14
7698 BLAKE 2856 30 01-JAN-14 01-MAR-14
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2 as of period for valid_range '01-FEB-14';
EMPNO NAME SAL DEPTNO START_DT END_DT

---------- ------------ ---------- ---------- --------- ---------
7369 SMITH 806 20 01-JAN-14 01-MAR-14
7499 ALLEN 1606 30 01-JAN-14 01-MAR-14
7521 WARD 1256 30 01-JAN-14 01-MAR-14
7566 JONES 2981 20 01-JAN-14 01-MAR-14
7654 MARTIN 1256 30 01-JAN-14 01-MAR-14
so what's happening ?
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a slight digression
Favourite:
query expansion
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SQL> set autotrace traceonly stat
SQL> select * from MY_STUFF

2 where CREATED > sysdate
Statistics
------------------------------------------
651 recursive calls
0 db block gets
2243 consistent gets
24 physical reads
SQL> variable c clob
SQL> begin
2 dbms_utility.expand_sql_text
3 ( 'select * from MY_STUFF'||
4 'where created > sysdate',:c);
5 end;
6 /
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> print c
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SQL> create or replace

2 view MY_STUFF as
3 select
4 o.owner,
5 o.created,
6 s.bytes,
7 s.tablespace_name
8 from
9 dba_segments s,
10 all_objects o
11 where o.owner = s.owner
12 and o.object_name = s.segment_name;
View created.
SELECT "A1"."OWNER" "OWNER",

"A1"."NAME" "NAME",
"A1"."CREATED" "CREATED",
"A1"."BYTES" "BYTES",
"A1"."TABLESPACE_NAME" "TABLESPACE_NAME"
FROM (SELECT "A2"."OWNER" "OWNER",
"A2"."OBJECT_NAME" "NAME",
"A2"."CREATED" "CREATED",
"A3"."BYTES" "BYTES",
"A3"."TABLESPACE_NAME" "TABLESPACE_NAME" FROM (SELECT "A4"
."OWNER" "OWNER",
"A4"."SEGMENT_NAME" "SEGMENT_NAME",
"A4"."PARTITION_NAME" "PARTITION_NAME",
"A4"."SEGMENT_TYPE" "SEGMENT_TYPE",
"A4"."SEGMENT_SUBTYPE" "SEGMENT_SUBTYPE",
"A4"."TABLESPACE_NAME" "TABLESPACE_NAME",
"A4"."HEADER_FILE" "HEADER_FILE",
"A4"."HEADER_BLOCK" "HEADER_BLOCK",
DECODE(BITAND("A4"."SEGMENT_FLAGS",131072),131072,
"A4"."BLOCKS",DECODE(BITAND("A4"."SEGMENT_FLAGS",1),1,
"SYS"."DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN"."SEGMENT_NUMBER_BLOCKS"("A4"."TABLESPACE_ID",
"A4"."RELATIVE_FNO",
"A4"."HEADER_BLOCK",
"A4"."SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",
"A4"."BUFFER_POOL_ID",
"A4"."SEGMENT_FLAGS",
"A4"."SEGMENT_OBJD",
"A4"."BLOCKS"),
"A4"."BLOCKS"))*"A4"."BLOCKSIZE" "BYTES",
DECODE(BITAND("A4"."SEGMENT_FLAGS",131072),131072,
"A4"."BLOCKS",DECODE(BITAND("A4"."SEGMENT_FLAGS",1),1,
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"A4"."BLOCKS"),
"A4"."BLOCKS")) "BLOCKS",DECODE(BITAND("A4"."SEGMENT_FLAGS",131072),131072,
"A4"."EXTENTS",DECODE(BITAND("A4"."SEGMENT_FLAGS",1),1,
"SYS"."DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN"."SEGMENT_NUMBER_EXTENTS"("A4"."TABLESPACE_ID",
"A4"."RELATIVE_FNO",
"A4"."EXTENTS"),
"A4"."EXTENTS")) "EXTENTS",
"A4"."INITIAL_EXTENT" "INITIAL_EXTENT",
"A4"."NEXT_EXTENT" "NEXT_EXTENT",
"A4"."MIN_EXTENTS" "MIN_EXTENTS",
"A4"."MAX_EXTENTS" "MAX_EXTENTS",
"A4"."MAX_SIZE" "MAX_SIZE",
"A4"."RETENTION" "RETENTION",
"A4"."MINRETENTION" "MINRETENTION",
"A4"."PCT_INCREASE" "PCT_INCREASE",
"A4"."FREELISTS" "FREELISTS",
"A4"."FREELIST_GROUPS" "FREELIST_GROUPS",
"A4"."RELATIVE_FNO" "RELATIVE_FNO",Copyright © 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | 82
DECODE("A4"."BUFFER_POOL_ID",1,'KEEP',2,'RECYCLE','DEFAULT') "BUFFER_POOL",
"A198"."SUBNAME" "PARTITION_NAME",
"A196"."OBJECT_TYPE" "SEGMENT_TYPE",
"A195"."TYPE#" "SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",DECODE(BIT
AND("A195"."SPARE1",2097408),2097152,'SECUREFILE',256,'ASSM','MSSM')
"SEGMENT_SUBTYPE",
"A197"."TS#" "TABLESPACE_ID",
"A197"."NAME" "TABLESPACE_NAME",
"A197"."BLOCKSIZE" "BLOCKSIZE",
"A194"."FILE#" "HEADER_FILE",
"A195"."BLOCK#" "HEADER_BLOCK",
"A195"."BLOCKS"*"A197"."BLOCKSIZE" "BYTES",
"A195"."BLOCKS" "BLOCKS",
"A195"."EXTENTS" "EXTENTS",
"A195"."INIEXTS"*"A197"."BLOCKSIZE" "INITIAL_EXTENT",
"A195"."EXTSIZE"*"A197"."BLOCKSIZE" "NEXT_EXTENT",
"A195"."MINEXTS" "MIN_EXTENTS",
"A195"."MAXEXTS"
"MAX_EXTENTS",DECODE(BITAND("A195"."SPARE1",4194304),4194304,
"A195"."BITMAPRANGES",NULL) "MAX_SIZE",TO_CHAR(DECODE(
BITAND("A195"."SPARE1",2097152),2097152,
DECODE("A195"."LISTS",0,'NONE',1,'AUTO',2,'MIN',3,'MAX',4,'DEFAULT','INVALID'
),NULL))
"RETENTION",DECODE(BITAND("A195"."SPARE1",2097152),2097152,
"A195"."GROUPS",NULL)
"MINRETENTION",DECODE(BITAND("A197"."FLAGS",3),1,TO_NUMBER(NULL),
"A195"."EXTPCT") "PCT_INCREASE",DECODE(BITAND("A197"."FLAGS",32),32,
TO_NUMBER(NULL),DECODE("A195"."LISTS",0,1,
"A195"."LISTS"))
"FREELISTS",DECODE(BITAND("A197"."FLAGS",32),32,TO_NUMBER(NULL),DECODE("A195"
."GROUPS",0,1,
"A195"."GROUPS")) "FREELIST_GROUPS",
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DECODE(BITAND("A209"."PROPERTY",8192),8192,'NESTED TABLE','TABLE')
"OBJECT_TYPE",
2 "OBJECT_TYPE_ID",5 "SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",
"A209"."OBJ#" "OBJECT_ID",
"A209"."TS#" "TS_NUMBER" FROM "SYS"."TAB$" "A209" WHERE
BITAND("A209"."PROPERTY",1024)=0) UNI
ON ALL (SELECT 'TABLE PARTITION' "OBJECT_TYPE",19 "OBJECT_TYPE_ID",5
"SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",
"A208"."TS#" "TS_NUMBER" FROM "SYS"."TABPART$" "A208") UNION ALL
(SELECT 'CLUSTER' "OBJECT_TYPE",3 "OBJECT_TYPE_ID",5 "SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",
"A207"."TS#" "TS_NUMBER" FROM "SYS"."CLU$" "A207") UNION ALL
(SELECT DECODE("A206"."TYPE#",8,'LOBINDEX','INDEX') "OBJECT_TYPE",1
"OBJECT_TYPE_ID",6 "SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",
"A206"."TS#" "TS_NUMBER" FROM "SYS"."IND$" "A206" WHERE "A206"."TYPE#"=1 OR
"A206"."TYPE#"=2 OR
"A206"."TYPE#"=3 OR
"A206"."TYPE#"=4 OR
"A206"."TYPE#"=6 OR Copyright © 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | 84
"A206"."TYPE#"=7 OR
"A205"."TS#" "TS_NUMBER" FROM "SYS"."INDPART$" "A205") UNION ALL

(SELECT 'LOBSEGMENT' "OBJECT_TYPE",21 "OBJECT_TYPE_ID",8 "SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",
"A204"."LOBJ#" "OBJECT_ID",
"A204"."TS#" "TS_NUMBER" FROM "SYS"."LOB$" "A204" WHERE
BITAND("A204"."PROPERTY",64)=0 OR
BITAND("A204"."PROPERTY",128)=128) UNION ALL
(SELECT 'TABLE SUBPARTITION' "OBJECT_TYPE",34 "OBJECT_TYPE_ID",5
"SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",
"A203"."TS#" "TS_NUMBER" FROM "SYS"."TABSUBPART$" "A203") UNION ALL
(SELECT 'INDEX SUBPARTITION' "OBJECT_TYPE",35 "OBJECT_TYPE_ID",6
"SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",
"A202"."TS#" "TS_NUMBER" FROM "SYS"."INDSUBPART$" "A202") UNION ALL
(SELECT DECODE("A201"."FRAGTYPE$",'P','LOB PARTITION','LOB SUBPARTITION')
"OBJECT_TYPE",DECODE("A201"."FRAGTYPE$",'P',40,41) "OBJECT_TYPE_ID",8
"SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",
"A201"."FRAGOBJ#" "OBJECT_ID",
"A201"."TS#" "TS_NUMBER" FROM "SYS"."LOBFRAG$" "A201")) "A196",
"SYS"."SEG$" "A195", Copyright © 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | 85
"SYS"."FILE$" "A194" WHERE "A195"."FILE#"="A196"."HEADER_FILE" AND
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"A195"."FILE#"="A194"."RELFILE#") UNION ALL

(SELECT NVL("A193"."NAME",'SYS') "OWNER",
"A191"."NAME" "SEGMENT_NAME",NULL "PARTITION_NAME",
DECODE("A190"."TYPE#",1,'ROLLBACK',10,'TYPE2 UNDO') "SEGMENT_TYPE",
"A190"."TYPE#" "SEGMENT_TYPE_ID",NULL "SEGMENT_SUBTYPE",
"A190"."MAXEXTS"
"A190"."BITMAPRANGES",NULL) "MAX_SIZE",NULL "RETENTION",NULL "MINRETENTION",
"A190"."EXTPCT"
"PCT_INCREASE",DECODE(BITAND("A192"."FLAGS",32),32,TO_NUMBER(NULL),DECODE("A1
90"."LISTS",0,1,
"A190"."LISTS"))
"FREELISTS",DECODE(BITAND("A192"."FLAGS",32),32,TO_NUMBER(NULL),
DECODE("A190"."GROUPS",0,1,"A190"."GROUPS")) "FREELIST_GROUPS",
"A190"."FILE#" "RELATIVE_FNO",BITAND("A190"."CACHEHINT",3)
"BUFFER_POOL_ID",BITAND("A190"."CACHEHINT",12)/4 "FLASH_CACHE",
BITAND("A190"."CACHEHINT",48)/16 "CELL_FLASH_CACHE",NVL("A190"."SPARE1",0)
"SEGMENT_FLAGS", Copyright © 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | 86
"A191"."US#" "SEGMENT_OBJD" FROM "SYS"."USER$" "A193","SYS"."TS$" "A192",
"A191"."TS#"="A189"."TS#" AND
(SELECT NVL("A188"."NAME",'SYS') "OWNER",
TO_CHAR("A185"."FILE#")||'.'||TO_CHAR("A186"."BLOCK#") "SEGMENT_NAME",NULL
"PARTITION_NAME",
DECODE("A186"."TYPE#",2,'DEFERRED ROLLBACK',3,
'TEMPORARY',4,'CACHE',9,'SPACE HEADER','UNDEFINED') "SEGMENT_TYPE",
"A186"."MAXEXTS"
"A186"."BITMAPRANGES",NULL) "MAX_SIZE",NULL
"RETENTION",NULL
"A186"."EXTPCT")
"PCT_INCREASE",DECODE(BITAND("A187"."FLAGS",32),32,TO_NUMBER(NULL),DECODE("A1
86"."LISTS",0,1,
"A186"."LISTS"))
"FREELISTS",DECODE(BITAND("A187"."FLAGS",32),32,TO_NUMBER(NULL),DECODE("A186"
."GROUPS",0,1, Copyright © 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | 87
"A186"."GROUPS")) "FREELIST_GROUPS",
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"A186"."TYPE#"<>6 AND
"A186"."TYPE#"<>8 AND
"A186"."TYPE#"<>10 AND
"A186"."TYPE#"<>11 AND
"A186"."TS#"="A185"."TS#"
AND
(SELECT NVL("A184"."NAME",'SYS') "OWNER",'HEATMAP' "SEGMENT_NAME",
NULL "PARTITION_NAME",'SYSTEM STATISTICS' "SEGMENT_TYPE",
"A183"."BLO
CKSIZE" "BLOCKSIZE",
"A182"."MAXEXTS"
"A182"."BITMAPRANGES",NULL) "MAX_SIZE",NULL "RETENTION",NULL
"A182"."EXTPCT")
"PCT_INCREASE",DECODE(BITAND("A183"."FLAGS",32),32,TO_NUMBER(NULL),DEC
ODE("A182"."LISTS",0,1,
"SYS"."TS$" "A183",
"SYS"."SEG$" "A182",
"SYS"."FILE$" "A181" WHERE "A182"."TS#"="A183"."TS#" AND
"A182"."USER#"="A184"."USER#"(+) AND
"A182"."TYPE#"=11 AND
"A182"."TS#"="A181"."TS#" AND
"A182"."FILE#"="A181"."RELFILE#")) "A4") "A3", (SELECT "A5"."NAME" "OWNER",
"A6"."NAME" "OBJECT_NAME",
"A6"."SUBNAME" "SUBOBJECT_NAME",
"A6"."DATAOBJ#" "DATA_OBJECT_ID",DECODE("A6"."TYPE#",0,'NEXT OBJECT',1,'INDEX',
2,'TABLE',3,'CLUSTER',4,'VIEW',5,'SYNONYM
',6,'SEQUENCE',7,'PROCEDURE',8,'FUNCTION',9,'PACKAGE',11,'PACKAGE BODY',12,
'TRIGGER',13,'TYPE',14,'TYPE BODY',19,'TABLE PARTITION',20,'INDEX PARTITION',
21,'LOB',22,'LIBRARY',23,'DIRECTORY',24,'QUEUE',28,'JAVA SOURCE',29,'JAVA CLASS',30,
'JAVA RESOURCE',32,'INDEXTYPE',33,'OPERATOR',34,
'TABLE SUBPARTITION',35,'INDEX SUBPARTITION',40,'LOB PARTITION',41,'LOB SUBPARTITION',42
,NVL( (SELECT 'REWRITE EQUIVALENCE' "'REWRITEEQUIVALENCE'" FROM SYS."SUM$" "A52" WHERE
"A52"."OBJ#"="A6"."OBJ#" AND
BITAND("A52"."XPFLAGS",8388608)=8388608),'MATERIALIZED VIEW'),43,'DIMENSION',
44,'CONTEXT',46,'RULE SET',47,'RESOURCE PLAN',48,'CONSUMER GROUP',55,'XML SCHEMA',56,'JAVA
DATA',57,'EDITION',59,'RULE',
60,'CAPTURE',61,'APPLY',62,'EVALUATION CONTEXT',66,'JOB',67,'PROGRAM',68,'JOB CLASS',69,
'WINDOW',72,'SCHEDULER GROUP',74,'SCHEDULE',79,'CHAIN',81,'FILE GROUP',82,'MINING
MODEL',87,'ASSEMBLY',90,'CREDENTIAL',92,'CUBE
DIMENSION',93,'CUBE',94,'MEASURE FOLDER',95,'CUBE BUILD PROCESS',100,'FILE WATCHER',
101,'DESTINATION',114,'SQL TRANSLATION PROFILE',115,'UNIFIED AUDIT POLICY','UNDEFINED')
"OBJECT_TYPE",
"A6"."CTIME" "CREATED", Copyright © 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | 89
"A6"."MTIME" "LAST_DDL_TIME",TO_CHAR("A6"."STIME",'YYYY-MM-DD:HH24:MI:SS') "TIMESTAMP",DEC
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16 ...
more
pages
back to temporal validity
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SQL> variable c clob
SQL> begin
2 dbms_utility.expand_sql_text(
3 q'{select * from emp_temporal
4 as of period for valid_range '01-FEB-14'}',:c);
6 end;
7 /
SQL> print c
C
------------------------------------------------
SELECT
"A1"."EMPNO"
...
FROM (
SELECT "A2"."EMPNO" "EMPNO",
"A2"."NAME"
FROM "SCOTT"."EMP_TEMPORAL" "A2"
WHERE ("A2"."START_DT" IS NULL
OR "A2"."START_DT"<='01-FEB-14')
AND ("A2"."END_DT" IS NULL
OR "A2"."END_DT">'01-FEB-14')
) "A1"
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existing tables
SQL> desc EMPLOYEE
Name Null? Type

------------------------- -------- ---------------
EMPNO NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2(10)
JOB VARCHAR2(9)
MGR NUMBER(4)
HIREDATE DATE
SAL NUMBER(7,2)
COMM NUMBER(12,2)
DEPTNO NUMBER(2)
SQL> alter table EMPLOYEE add period for TIME_RANGE;
Table altered.
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SQL> desc EMPLOYEE
Name Null? Type

------------------------- -------- ---------------
EMPNO NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2(10)
JOB VARCHAR2(9)
MGR NUMBER(4)
HIREDATE DATE
SAL NUMBER(7,2)
COMM NUMBER(12,2)
DEPTNO NUMBER(2)
still looks the same ?

SQL> select column_name , hidden_column

2 from USER_TAB_COLS
3 where table_name = 'EMPLOYEE'
4 order by column_id;
COLUMN_NAME HIDDEN_COLUMN
------------------------------ -------------
EMPNO NO
ENAME NO
JOB NO
MGR NO
HIREDATE NO
SAL NO
COMM NO
DEPTNO NO
TIME_RANGE_START YES
TIME_RANGE_END YES
TIME_RANGE YES
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multi temporal validity
SQL> alter table EMP_TEMPORAL add period for CAL_RANGE;
Table altered.
SQL> alter table EMP_TEMPORAL add period for FINYR_RANGE;
Table altered.
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room to grow
no temporal constraints
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SQL> alter table EMP_TEMPORAL add primary key (empno);
Table altered.
SQL> insert into EMP_TEMPORAL

2 (empno, name, start_dt, end_dt )
3 values (20,'BROWN', '01-FEB-14','01-MAR-14');
1 row created.

3 values (20,'BROWN', '01-MAY-14','01-SEP-14');
insert into EMP_TEMPORAL

*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (SYS_C009892) violated
add START_DT to primary key ?
53
12/18/2015
no temporal validation

3 values (10,'JONES', '01-JAN-14','01-MAY-14');
1 row created.

3 values (10,'JONES', '01-FEB-14','01-MAR-14');
1 row created.
54
12/18/2015
no (native) temporal DML
SQL> update EMP_TEMPORAL

2 as of period for valid_range '01-FEB-14'
3 set sal = 10
4 where empno = 20;
as of period for valid_range '01-FEB-14'

*
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-08187: snapshot expression not allowed here
107
55
12/18/2015
SQL> update
2 ( select * from EMP_TEMPORAL
3 as of period for valid_range '01-FEB-14'
4 )
5 set sal = 10
6 where empno = 20;
1 row updated.
take note ..
56
12/18/2015
"Temporal validity is not supported

with a multitenant container
database"
12.1.0.1
bringing it all together
57
12/18/2015
the past the future
flashback temporal
data archive validity
112
SQL> begin
2 DBMS_FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE.ENABLE_AT_VALID_TIME (
3 level=>'ASOF',
4 query_time=>systimestamp+10);
5 end;
6 /
58
12/18/2015
the past the future
flashback temporal
data archive validity
the past the future
flashback
data archive
temporal
validity
59
12/18/2015

2 as of timestamp sysdate-10
3 as of period for valid_range '01-FEB-14';
Favourite:
top-n simplifications
60
12/18/2015
"5 most recently hired employees"
SQL> select empno, ename, hiredate

2 from emp
3 where rownum <= 5
4 order by hiredate desc;
EMPNO ENAME HIREDATE

---------- ---------- -------------------
7654 MARTIN 28/09/1981 00:00:00
7566 JONES 02/04/1981 00:00:00
7521 WARD 22/02/1981 00:00:00
7499 ALLEN 20/02/1981 00:00:00
7369 SMITH 17/12/1980 00:00:00
61
12/18/2015

2 from emp
3 where rownum <= 5

---------- ---------- -------------------
7654 MARTIN 28/09/1981 00:00:00
7566 JONES 02/04/1981 00:00:00
7521 WARD 22/02/1981 00:00:00
7499 ALLEN 20/02/1981 00:00:00
7369 SMITH 17/12/1980 00:00:00
inline view
62
12/18/2015
SQL> select *
2 from (
3 select empno, ename, hiredate
4 from emp
5 order by hiredate desc
6 )
7 where rownum <= 5;

---------- ---------- ---------
7876 ADAMS 23-MAY-87
7788 SCOTT 19-APR-87
...
------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows |
------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 5 |
|* 1 | COUNT STOPKEY | | |
| 2 | VIEW | | 14 |
|* 3 | SORT ORDER BY STOPKEY| | 14 |
| 4 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | EMP | 14 |
------------------------------------------------
63
12/18/2015
SQL> select *
2 from (
3 select
4 empno, ename, hiredate,
5 row_number() over ( order by hiredate desc) rn
6 from emp
7 )
8 where rn <= 5;
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
|* 1 | VIEW | | 14 |
|* 2 | WINDOW SORT PUSHED RANK| | 14 |
-------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):

---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("RN"<=5)
2 - filter(ROW_NUMBER() OVER
( ORDER BY HIREDATE") DESC )<=5)
64
12/18/2015
12c .... easier

2 from emp
4 fetch first 5 rows only;

---------- ---------- ---------
...
65
12/18/2015
behind the scenes
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
|* 1 | VIEW | | 14 |
|* 2 | WINDOW SORT PUSHED RANK| | 14 |
-------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):

---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("from$_subquery$_002".
"rowlimit_$$_rownumber"<=5)
2 - filter(ROW_NUMBER() OVER
( ORDER BY HIREDATE") DESC )<=5)
66
12/18/2015
variations

2 from emp
4 fetch first 1 row only;

---------- ---------- ---------
67
12/18/2015

2 from emp
4 fetch first 5 row only;

---------- ---------- ---------
7934 MILLER 23-JAN-82
7900 JAMES 03-DEC-81
7902 FORD 03-DEC-81

2 from emp
4 fetch first 10 percent rows only;

---------- ---------- ---------
68
12/18/2015
pagination

2 from emp
4 offset 5 rows fetch next 3 rows only;

---------- ---------- ---------
7839 KING 17-NOV-81
7654 MARTIN 28-SEP-81
7844 TURNER 08-SEP-81
69
12/18/2015
can mimic rownum

2 from emp

---------- ---------- ---------
7369 SMITH 17-DEC-80
7499 ALLEN 20-FEB-81
7521 WARD 22-FEB-81
70
12/18/2015
-----------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------
|* 1 | VIEW | | 14 |
|* 2 | WINDOW NOSORT STOPKEY| | 14 |
-----------------------------------------------
1 - filter("from$_subquery$_002"."rowlimit_$
2 - filter(ROW_NUMBER() OVER ( ORDER BY NULL ) <= 3
things to note
71
12/18/2015

2 from emp
4 fetch LAST 5 rows only;
fetch LAST 5 rows only

*
ERROR at line 4:
ORA-00905: missing keyword
SQL> select *
2 from (
4 from emp
5 order by hiredate asc
6 fetch first 5 rows only
7 )

---------- ---------- ---------
7698 BLAKE 01-MAY-81
7566 JONES 02-APR-81
7521 WARD 22-FEB-81
72
12/18/2015
or ...

2 from emp
4 offset ( select count(*)-5 from emp) rows

---------- ---------- ---------
7698 BLAKE 01-MAY-81
7566 JONES 02-APR-81
7521 WARD 22-FEB-81
73
12/18/2015
----------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------
|* 1 | VIEW | | 14 |
| 2 | WINDOW SORT | | 14 |
| 3 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| EMP | 14 |
| 4 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 |
| 5 | INDEX FULL SCAN | PK_EMP | 14 |
----------------------------------------------
ugh
no percent pagination
74
12/18/2015

2 from emp
4 offset 20 percent fetch
5 next 10 percent rows only;
offset 20 percent fetch next 10 percent rows only

*
ERROR at line 4:
ORA-00905: missing keyword

2 from emp
4 offset
5 ( select 20/100*count(*) from emp) rows
6 fetch next 10 percent rows only;

---------- ---------- ---------
7902 FORD 03-DEC-81
75
12/18/2015
PL/SQL quirk
"Note that in real life,

you would use bind variables
instead of hard-coded literals"
- Tom Kyte,
Oracle Magazine
76
12/18/2015
SQL> variable x number

SQL> exec :x := 5

2 from emp
4 fetch first :x rows only;

---------- ---------- ---------
7900 JAMES 03-DEC-81
7902 FORD 03-DEC-81
SQL> declare
2 l_num number := 5;
3 begin
4 for i in (
6 from emp
8 fetch first l_num rows only
9 )
10 loop
11 null;
12 end loop;
13 end;
14 /
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-03113: end-of-file on communication channel
Process ID: 26618
Session ID: 25 Serial number: 53023
77
12/18/2015
SQL> declare
2 l_num number := 5;
3 begin
4 for i in (
6 from emp
8 fetch first cast(l_num as number) rows only
9 )
10 loop
11 null;
12 end loop;
13 end;
14 /
Favourite:
pattern matching
78
12/18/2015
median
top n
analytics ... since 8.1.6

moving average
etc
"analysis"
often
"patterns"
79
12/18/2015
real example
AML
anti-money laundering
80
12/18/2015
"Find 10 consecutive deposits in a

24 hour period, then
a withdrawal within three days of
the last deposit, at a different outlet"
ACCT TSTAMP WTHD_TSTAMP T AMT

---------- ------------------ ------------------ - ----------
54261 25/01/13 17:20:55 D 100
54261 25/01/13 17:56:58 D 165
54261 26/01/13 11:24:14 D 30
54261 26/01/13 11:47:53 D 45
54261 26/01/13 12:59:38 D 100
54261 26/01/13 13:26:04 D 80
54261 26/01/13 14:41:09 D 50
54261 26/01/13 14:53:12 D 50
54261 26/01/13 15:15:05 D 50
54261 26/01/13 15:51:17 D 50
54261 26/01/13 16:15:02 D 120
54261 26/01/13 16:36:51 D 100
54261 26/01/13 16:55:09 D 100
54261 26/01/13 18:07:17 26/01/13 18:07:17 W -500
81
12/18/2015
hard...
pattern matching
82
12/18/2015
SQL> select acct, tstamp, wthd_tstamp, txn_type, amt

2 from account_txns
3 MATCH_RECOGNIZE
4 (
5 partition by acct
6 order by tstamp
7 measures
8 dep.tstamp dep_tstamp,
9 wthd.tstamp wthd_tstamp
10
11 all rows per match
12 pattern ( dep{10,} wthd )
13 define
14 dep as
15 txn_type = 'D',
16 wthd as
17 txn_type = 'W'
18 and last(dep.tstamp)-first(dep.tstamp) < interval '1' day
19 and wthd.tstamp - last(dep.tstamp) < interval '3' day
20 and wthd.location != last(dep.location)
21 )
"What is the longest losing

streak for customers since
the start of the month"
83
12/18/2015
SQL> select acct, started_losing, finished_losing

2 from account_txns
3 MATCH_RECOGNIZE
4 (
5 partition by acct
6 order by tstamp
7 measures
8 tstamp as tstamp, outcome as outcome,
9 first(still_losing.tstamp) started_losing,
10 got_lucky.tstamp finished_losing
11 one row per match
12 pattern ( still_losing* got_lucky )
13 define
14 still_losing as outcome = 'L'
15 and still_losing.outcome =
16 first(still_losing.outcome),
17 got_lucky as outcome = 'W'
18 );
ACCT STARTED_LOSING FINISHED_LOSING

---------- ------------------- -------------------
66 01/02/2014 10:49:41 01/02/2014 16:30:01
66 01/02/2014 16:30:56 01/02/2014 17:23:06
66 01/02/2014 17:24:03 01/02/2014 18:11:32
66 01/02/2014 18:11:44 01/02/2014 19:13:04
66 01/02/2014 19:13:19 01/02/2014 19:44:04
66 01/02/2014 19:44:21 01/02/2014 20:15:33
184 02/02/2014 11:50:46 02/02/2014 12:23:49
184 02/02/2014 12:26:29 02/02/2014 12:56:57
184 02/02/2014 12:57:00 02/02/2014 13:19:51
184 02/02/2014 13:23:35 08/02/2014 14:24:35
280 01/02/2014 12:37:05 01/02/2014 14:36:18
280 01/02/2014 14:36:27 01/02/2014 14:49:43
280 01/02/2014 14:49:50 01/02/2014 15:47:21
280 01/02/2014 15:47:48 01/02/2014 23:30:12
280 02/02/2014 12:16:43 02/02/2014 13:15:52
84
12/18/2015
SQL> select acct, ceil(max(finished_losing-started_losing))

2 from account_txns
3 MATCH_RECOGNIZE
4 (
5 partition by acct
6 order by tstamp
7 measures
8 tstamp as tstamp, outcome as outcome,
9 first(still_losing.tstamp) started_losing,
10 got_lucky.tstamp finished_losing
11 one row per match
12 pattern ( still_losing* got_lucky )
13 define
14 still_losing as outcome = 'L'
15 and still_losing.outcome =
16 first(still_losing.outcome),
17 got_lucky as outcome = 'W'
18 )
19 group by acct
20 order by 1,2;
ACCT CEIL(MAX(FINISHED_LOSING-STARTED_LOSING))
---------- -----------------------------------------
66 3
184 7
280 2
416 1
814 3
908 5
1083 2
1142 3
1256 1
1260 1
1282 15
1676 2
1794 1
2085 12
2133 4
...
85
12/18/2015
Favourite:
join enhancements
11.2
86
12/18/2015
SQL> create table emp2 as

2 select * from emp;
Table created.
SQL> select *
2 from emp e,
3 emp2 e2,
4 dept d
5 where e.deptno = d.deptno(+)
6 and e2.deptno = d.deptno(+)
7 and e.empno = e2.empno
8 /
where e.deptno = d.deptno(+)

*
ERROR at line 5:
ORA-01417: a table may be outer joined to at most one other table
but ANSI syntax works …
87
12/18/2015
12c
SQL> select *
2 from emp e,
3 emp2 e2,
4 dept d
5 where e.deptno = d.deptno(+)
6 and e2.deptno = d.deptno(+)
7 and e.empno = e2.empno
8 /
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR

---------- ---------- --------- ----------
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782
...
88
12/18/2015
correlated inline views
SQL> create table DEPT_BENEFITS as

2 select d.*, 10 benefits from dept d;
Table created.
SQL> insert into DEPT_BENEFITS

2 select d.*, 20 benefits from dept d;
4 rows created.
89
12/18/2015
SQL> select e.empno, e.deptno, d.benefits

2 from emp e,
3 DEPT_BENEFITS d
4 where e.deptno = d.deptno
5 order by 1,3;
EMPNO DEPTNO BENEFITS

---------- ---------- ----------
7369 20 10
7369 20 20
7499 30 10
7499 30 20
7521 30 10
7521 30 20
...
...
"benefits for each employee"
90
12/18/2015
SQL> select e.empno, d.deptno, b.benefits

2 from emp e,
3 ( select benefits
4 from DEPT_BENEFITS d
5 where d.deptno = e.deptno
6 ) b
7 order by 1,3;
where d.deptno = e.deptno

*
ERROR at line 5:
ORA-00904: "E"."DEPTNO": invalid identifier
CROSS APPLY
91
12/18/2015
SQL> select e.empno, e.deptno, b.benefits

2 from emp e
3 CROSS APPLY
4 ( select benefits
7 ) b
8 order by 1,3;

---------- ---------- ----------
7369 20 10
7369 20 20
7499 30 10
...
...
"big deal"
92
12/18/2015

2 from emp e,
3 ( select benefits
6 ) b
7
8 order by 1,3;

2 from emp e,
3 ( select benefits
5
6 ) b
8 order by 1,3;
93
12/18/2015
"best benefit for each employee"
SQL> select e.empno, e.deptno, b.benefits

2 from emp e
3 CROSS APPLY
4 ( select benefits
7 order by benefits desc
8 fetch first 1 rows only
9 ) b
10 order by 1,3;

---------- ---------- ----------
7369 20 20
7499 30 20
7521 30 20
7566 20 20
7654 30 20
...
94
12/18/2015
Favourite:
DML error logging
SQL> insert /*+ APPEND */ into MY_TABLE

2 select *
3 from MY_WHOPPING_GREAT_FAT_TABLE;
95
12/18/2015

2 select *
MY_WHOPPING_GREAT_FAT_TABLE;
96
12/18/2015
97
12/18/2015
98
12/18/2015

2 select *

2 select *
Elapsed: 06:12:34.00
99
12/18/2015

2 select *
Elapsed: 06:12:34.00
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (DEMO.WHOPPER_PK) violated
100
12/18/2015
SQL> select count(*) from MY_TABLE;
COUNT(*)
----------
0
what we want
101
12/18/2015
keep successful rows
skip / bypass bad rows
102
12/18/2015

2 select *
3 from MY_WHOPPING_GREAT_FAT_TABLE

2 select *
3 from MY_WHOPPING_GREAT_FAT_TABLE
4 where "not a duplicate"
5 and "datatypes are ok"
6 and "foreign keys are ok"
7 and "check constraints are ok"
103
12/18/2015
SQL> exec DBMS_ERRLOG.CREATE_ERROR_LOG('EMP')
ERR$_EMP
104
12/18/2015
DBMS_ERRLOG.CREATE_ERROR_LOG (
dml_table_name IN VARCHAR2,
err_log_table_name IN VARCHAR2 := NULL,
err_log_table_owner IN VARCHAR2 := NULL,
...
SQL> desc ERR$_EMP

Name Null? Type
----------------------------- -------- ----------------
ORA_ERR_NUMBER$ NUMBER
ORA_ERR_MESG$ VARCHAR2(2000)
ORA_ERR_ROWID$ ROWID
ORA_ERR_OPTYP$ VARCHAR2(2)
ORA_ERR_TAG$ VARCHAR2(2000)
EMPNO VARCHAR2(4000)
ENAME VARCHAR2(4000)
JOB VARCHAR2(4000)
MGR VARCHAR2(4000)
HIREDATE VARCHAR2(4000)
SAL VARCHAR2(4000)
COMM VARCHAR2(4000)
DEPTNO VARCHAR2(4000)
105
12/18/2015
SQL> desc ERR$_EMP

Name Null? Type
----------------------------- -------- ----------------
JOB VARCHAR2(4000)
MGR VARCHAR2(4000)
SAL VARCHAR2(4000)
COMM VARCHAR2(4000)
SQL> desc ERR$_EMP

Name Null? Type
----------------------------- -------- ----------------
JOB VARCHAR2(4000)
MGR VARCHAR2(4000)
SAL VARCHAR2(4000)
COMM VARCHAR2(4000)
106
12/18/2015
SQL> desc ERR$_EMP

Name Null? Type
----------------------------- -------- ----------------
JOB VARCHAR2(4000)
MGR VARCHAR2(4000)
SAL VARCHAR2(4000)
COMM VARCHAR2(4000)
107
12/18/2015
demo
SQL> select * from NEW_DATA;
EMPNO SAL DEPTNO

---------- ---------- ----------
1000 5000 20
100X 3550 10
2000 2500 50
7934 4000 20
108
12/18/2015
non-numeric
EMPNO SAL DEPTNO

---------- ---------- ----------
1000 5000 20
100X 3550 10
2000 2500 50
7934 4000 20
non-numeric
EMPNO SAL DEPTNO

---------- ---------- ----------
1000 5000 20
100X 3550 10
2000 2500 50
7934 4000 20
109
12/18/2015
no dept 50
non-numeric
EMPNO SAL DEPTNO

---------- ---------- ----------
1000 5000 20
100X 3550 10
2000 2500 50
7934 4000 20
no dept 50
non-numeric
EMPNO SAL DEPTNO

---------- ---------- ----------
1000 5000 20
100X 3550 10
2000 2500 50
7934 4000 20
110
12/18/2015
no dept 50
non-numeric
EMPNO SAL DEPTNO

---------- ---------- ----------
1000 5000 20
100X 3550 10
2000 2500 50
7934 4000 20
duplicate
SQL> insert into EMP (empno,sal,deptno)

2 select empno,sal,deptno
3 from NEW_DATA
111
12/18/2015
SQL> exec dbms_errlog.create_error_log( 'EMP' );

3 from NEW_DATA

3 from NEW_DATA
4 LOG ERRORS REJECT LIMIT UNLIMITED;
112
12/18/2015

3 from NEW_DATA
4 LOG ERRORS REJECT LIMIT 50
UNLIMITED;

3 from NEW_DATA
4 LOG ERRORS REJECT LIMIT 50
UNLIMITED;
1 row created.
113
12/18/2015
SQL> select ORA_ERR_OPTYP$ op, ORA_ERR_MESG$, EMPNO

2 from ERR$_EMP
SQL> select ORA_ERR_OPTYP$ op, ORA_ERR_MESG$, EMPNO

2 from ERR$_EMP
OP ORA_ERR_MESG$ EMPNO
-- ------------------------------------------------------------ -----
I ORA-01722: invalid number 100X
I ORA-02291: integrity constraint (SCOTT.FK_DEPTNO) violated 2000
I ORA-00001: unique constraint (SCOTT.PK_EMP) violated 7934
114
12/18/2015
favourite:
query blocks
C# application
208 Copyright © 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. |
115
12/18/2015
C#, C++
116
12/18/2015
C#, C++
C#, C++
PL/SQL
117
12/18/2015
No comments
118
12/18/2015
"C# is self-documenting"
good code in any language ...
119
12/18/2015
... should self document
SQL is no different
120
12/18/2015
select emp.*
from emp,
( select trunc(hiredate,'YYYY'), max(empno) empno
from emp
where empno > 0
group by trunc(hiredate,'YYYY') ) x,
( select deptno, avg(sal)
from emp
group by deptno ) y
where x.empno = emp.empno
and y.deptno = emp.deptno
Explain plan
121
12/18/2015
Id | Operation | Name |
----------------------------------------------|
0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
1 | HASH JOIN | |
2 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | EMP |
3 | NESTED LOOPS | |
4 | VIEW | |
5 | SORT GROUP BY | |
6 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| EMP |
7 | INDEX FULL SCAN | E2 |
8 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | E1 |
9 | VIEW | |
?
122
12/18/2015
explain plan for

select emp.*
from emp,
( select /*+ QB_NAME(lastemp) */
trunc(hiredate,'YYYY'), max(empno) empno
from emp
where empno > 0
( select /*+ QB_NAME(avgsal) */
deptno, avg(sal)
from emp
group by deptno ) y
explain plan for

select emp.*
from emp,
from emp
where empno > 0
deptno, avg(sal)
from emp
group by deptno ) y
123
12/18/2015
explain plan for

select emp.*
from emp,
from emp
where empno > 0
deptno, avg(sal)
from emp
group by deptno ) y
----------------------------------------------|
1 | HASH JOIN | |
4 | VIEW | |
6 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| EMP |
7 | INDEX FULL SCAN | E2 |
9 | VIEW | |
124
12/18/2015
----------------------------------------------|
1 | HASH JOIN | |
3 | Query
NESTED LOOPS
Block | by operation
Name / Alias (identified | id):
4 | ---------------------------------------------------------
VIEW | |
5 | 1 SORT
- SEL$1
GROUP BY | |
6 | 3 -TABLE
AVGSAL
ACCESS/ Y@SEL$1
BY INDEX ROWID| EMP |
7 | 4 - INDEX
AVGSALFULL SCAN | E2 |
8 | 5 - AVGSAL
INDEX RANGE SCAN/ EMP@AVGSAL | E1 |
6 - SEL$1 / EMP@SEL$1
9 | VIEW | |
7 - LASTEMP / X@SEL$1
10 | SORT GROUP BY
8 - LASTEMP
| |
11 | TABLE ACCESS
9 - LASTEMP BY INDEX ROWID
/ EMP@LASTEMP | EMP |
query PLAN_TABLE
125
12/18/2015
Id | Operation | Name | Query Block

----------------------------------------------|--------------
1 | HASH JOIN | | SEL$4ADCCA61
2 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | EMP | SEL$4ADCCA61
4 | VIEW | | AVGSAL
5 | SORT GROUP BY | | AVGSAL
6 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| EMP | AVGSAL
7 | INDEX FULL SCAN | E2 | AVGSAL
8 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | E1 | SEL$4ADCCA61
9 | VIEW | | LASTEMP
10 | SORT GROUP BY | | LASTEMP
11 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | EMP | LASTEMP
12 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | E2 | LASTEMP
Runtime statistics as well
126
12/18/2015
SQL> select /*+ gather_plan_statistics */

2 emp.*
3 from emp,
4 ( select /*+ QB_NAME(lastemp) */
5 trunc(hiredate,'YYYY'), max(empno) empno
6 from emp
7 where empno > 0
8 group by trunc(hiredate,'YYYY') ) x,
9 ( select /*+ QB_NAME(avgsal) */
10 deptno, avg(sal)
11 from emp
12 group by deptno ) y
13 where x.empno = emp.empno
14 and y.deptno = emp.deptno
15 /
SQL> select * from

2 table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor(null,null,'IOSTATS LAST +ALIAS'));
127
12/18/2015
SQL> select * from

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|Id | Operation | Name |Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows |A-Time | Buffers |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | | 4 |00:00.01 | 21 |
| 1 | HASH JOIN | | 1 | 13 | 4 |00:00.01 | 21 |
| 2 | HASH JOIN | | 1 | 14 | 14 |00:00.01 | 14 |
| 3 | VIEW | | 1 | 3 | 3 |00:00.01 | 7 |
| 4 | HASH GROUP BY | | 1 | 3 | 3 |00:00.01 | 7 |
| 5 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| EMP | 1 | 14 | 14 |00:00.01 | 7 |
| 6 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | EMP | 1 | 14 | 14 |00:00.01 | 7 |
| 7 | VIEW | | 1 | 13 | 4 |00:00.01 | 7 |
| 8 | HASH GROUP BY | | 1 | 13 | 4 |00:00.01 | 7 |
| 9 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | EMP | 1 | 14 | 14 |00:00.01 | 7 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SQL> select * from

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|Id | Operation | Name |Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows |A-Time | Buffers |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | | 4 |00:00.01 | 21 |
| 1 | HASH JOIN | | 1 | 13 | 4 |00:00.01 | 21 |
| 2 | HASH JOINBlock Name |/ Object
Query | 1 | (identified
Alias 14 | 14
by |00:00.01
operation| id): 14 |
| 3 | VIEW | | 1 | 3 | 3 |00:00.01 | 7 |
-------------------------------------------------------------
| 4 | HASH GROUP BY | | 1 | 3 | 3 |00:00.01 | 7 |
| 5 |
1 - SEL$1
TABLE ACCESS FULL| EMP | 1 | 14 | 14 |00:00.01 | 7 |
| 6 | 3 ACCESS
TABLE - AVGSALFULL |/ EMP
Y@SEL$1
| 1 | 14 | 14 |00:00.01 | 7 |
| 7 | VIEW 4 - AVGSAL | | 1 | 13 | 4 |00:00.01 | 7 |
| 8 | HASH5GROUP
- AVGSAL
BY |/ EMP@AVGSAL
| 1 | 13 | 4 |00:00.01 | 7 |
| 9 | 6 -ACCESS
TABLE SEL$1FULL |/ EMP
EMP@SEL$1
| 1 | 14 | 14 |00:00.01 | 7 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 - LASTEMP / X@SEL$1
8 - LASTEMP
9 - LASTEMP / EMP@LASTEMP
128
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SQL> alter session set

2 events = '10053 trace name context forever, level 1';
Session altered.
**************************
Query transformations (QT)
**************************
CBQT: Validity checks passed for 7jpzpr2475cqw.
CSE: Sub-expression elimination in query block SEL$1 (#0)
*************************
Common Subexpression elimination (CSE)
*************************
CSE: CSE not performed on query block LAST_EMP(#0).
CSE: Sub-expression elimination in query block AVG_SAL (#0)
CSE: CSE not performed on query block AV_SAL (#0).
CSE: CSE not performed on query block SEL$1 (#0).
***************************
Order-by elimination (OBYE)
***************************
OBYE: Considering Order-by Elimination from view SEL$1 (#0)
129
12/18/2015
assist with hints
select
/*+ QB_NAME(top)
INDEX(@yr_hire emp (empno))
FULL(@av_sal emp)
*/
emp.*
from emp,
( select /*+ QB_NAME(YR_HIRE) */
from emp
where empno > 0
( select /*+ QB_NAME(AV_SAL) */
deptno, avg(sal)
from emp
group by deptno ) y
130
12/18/2015
Help the next person
It’s probably you
131
12/18/2015
Favourite:
subquery factoring
part 2
first principles
132
12/18/2015
SQL> select rpad(' ',level)||ename,

2 from emp
3 start with mgr is null
4 connect by prior empno = mgr
ENAME
---------------------------
KING
BLAKE
JAMES
ALLEN
WARD
CLARK
MILLER
SQL> select empno, ename, mgr

2 from emp
3 where mgr is null;
EMPNO ENAME MGR

---------- -------------------- ----------
7839 KING
133
12/18/2015
SQL> select e2.empno, e2.ename, e2.mgr

2 from emp e2,
3 ( select empno, mgr
4 from emp
5 where mgr is null ) inner
6 where e2.mgr = inner.empno;
EMPNO ENAME MGR

---------- -------------------- ----------
7566 JONES 7839
7698 BLAKE 7839
7782 CLARK 7839

2 from emp e3,
3 ( select e2.empno, e2.ename, e2.mgr
4 from emp e2,
6 from emp
8 where e2.mgr = inner.empno ) inner
EMPNO ENAME MGR

---------- -------------------- ----------
7902 FORD 7566
7788 SCOTT 7566
7900 JAMES 7698
7844 TURNER 7698
7654 MARTIN 7698
7521 WARD 7698
7934 MILLER 7782
134
12/18/2015

2 from emp e4,
4 from emp e3,
6 from emp e2,
8 from emp
EMPNO ENAME MGR

---------- -------------------- ----------
7876 ADAMS 7788

2 from emp e4,
4 from emp e3,
6 from emp e2,
8 from emp
EMPNO ENAME MGR

---------- -------------------- ----------
7876 ADAMS 7788
recursive...
135
12/18/2015
WITH can be recursive
136
12/18/2015
SQL> with EACH_LEVEL (empno, name, mgr) as

2 ( --
3 -- start with
4 --
5 select empno, ename, mgr
6 from emp
7 where mgr is null
137
12/18/2015

2 ( --
3 -- start with
4 --
6 from emp
7 where mgr is null
8 --
9 -- connect by
10 --
11 union all
12 select emp.empno, emp.ename, emp.mgr
13 from emp, EACH_LEVEL
14 where emp.mgr = each_level.empno

2 ( --
3 -- start with
4 --
6 from emp
7 where mgr is null
8 --
9 -- connect by
10 --
11 union all
12 select emp.empno, emp.ename, emp.mgr
13 from emp, EACH_LEVEL
15 )
16 select *
17 from each_level;
138
12/18/2015
EMPNO NAME MGR

---------- --------------- ----------
7839 KING
7566 JONES 7839
7698 BLAKE 7839
7782 CLARK 7839
7499 ALLEN 7698
7521 WARD 7698
7654 MARTIN 7698
7788 SCOTT 7566
7844 TURNER 7698
7900 JAMES 7698
7902 FORD 7566
7934 MILLER 7782
7369 SMITH 7902
7876 ADAMS 7788
two part structure
139
12/18/2015
with RECURSIVE_WITH (c1,c2,c3) as

(
<starting/entry point>
union all
<recursive relationship>
)
select ...
from RECURSIVE_WITH
you control pseudo-functions
140
12/18/2015
SQL> with each_level (empno, name, mgr, rlevel) as

2 ( select empno, ename, mgr, 1 rlevel
3 from emp
4 where mgr is null
5 union all
6 select emp.empno, emp.ename, emp.mgr, rlevel+1
7 from emp, each_level
9 )
10 select * from each_level;
EMPNO NAME MGR RLEVEL

---------- --------------- ---------- ----------
7839 KING 1
7566 JONES 7839 2
7698 BLAKE 7839 2
7782 CLARK 7839 2
7499 ALLEN 7698 3
<etc>
SQL> with each_level (empno, name, mgr, level) as

2 ( select empno, ename, mgr, 1 level
3 from emp
4 where mgr is null
5 union all
6 select emp.empno, emp.ename, emp.mgr, level+1
9 )
10 select empno, name, mgr, level from each_level;
with each_level (empno, name, mgr, level) as

*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00904: : invalid identifier
141
12/18/2015
SQL> with each_level (empno, name, mgr, rlevel) as

2 ( select empno, ename, mgr, 1 rlevel
3 from emp
4 where mgr is null
5 union all
6 select emp.empno, emp.ename, emp.mgr, rlevel+1
9 )
10 select empno, name, mgr, rlevel as "LEVEL"
11 from each_level;
SQL> with each_level (empno, name, mgr, padding) as

2 ( select empno, ename, mgr, '' padding
3 from emp
4 where mgr is null
5 union all
6 select e.empno, e.ename, e.mgr, padding || ' '
7 from emp e, each_level
8 where e.mgr = each_level.empno
9 )
142
12/18/2015

2 ( select empno, ename, mgr, '' padding
3 from emp
4 where mgr is null
5 union all
9 )
10 select empno, padding||name name
11 from each_level;
ERROR:
ORA-01489: result of string concatenation is too long

2 ( select empno, ename, mgr,
3 cast('' as varchar2(100)) padding
4 from emp
5 where mgr is null
6 union all
10 )
11 select empno, padding||name name
12 from each_level;
EMPNO NAME
---------- --------------------------------
7839 KING
7566 JONES
...
143
12/18/2015
SQL> with each_level (empno, name) as

2 ( select empno, ename from emp
3 where mgr is null
4 union all
5 select e.empno,
6 each_level.name||'-'||e.ename
9 )
10 select empno, name from each_level;
EMPNO NAME
---------- --------------------------------
7839 KING
7566 KING-JONES
7698 KING-BLAKE
7782 KING-CLARK
7499 KING-BLAKE-ALLEN
7521 KING-BLAKE-WARD
<etc>
some nice touches...
144
12/18/2015
SQL> with each_level (empno, name, hiredate, mgr) as

2 ( ... )
9 SEARCH BREADTH FIRST BY HIREDATE SET IDX
10 select name, hiredate, idx from each_level;
NAME HIREDATE IDX

-------------------------------- --------- ----------
KING 17-NOV-81 1
KING-JONES 02-APR-81 2
KING-BLAKE 01-MAY-81 3
KING-CLARK 09-JUN-81 4
KING-BLAKE-ALLEN 20-FEB-81 5
KING-BLAKE-WARD 22-FEB-81 6
[snip]
KING-JONES-FORD-SMITH 17-DEC-80 13
KING-JONES-SCOTT-ADAMS 23-MAY-87 14
SQL> with each_level (empno, name, hiredate, mgr) as

2 ( ... )
9 SEARCH DEPTH FIRST BY HIREDATE SET IDX
10 select name, hiredate, idx from each_level;
NAME HIREDATE IDX

-------------------------------- --------- ----------
KING 17-NOV-81 1
KING-JONES 02-APR-81 2
KING-JONES-FORD 03-DEC-81 3
KING-JONES-FORD-SMITH 17-DEC-80 4
KING-JONES-SCOTT 19-APR-87 5
KING-JONES-SCOTT-ADAMS 23-MAY-87 6
KING-BLAKE 01-MAY-81 7
KING-BLAKE-ALLEN 20-FEB-81 8
etc
145
12/18/2015
get used to it .....
ANSI
Favourite:
sql transposition
146
12/18/2015
rows to columns, colums to rows
"I need sales by product

for each quarter....now"
147
12/18/2015
SQL> select product,

2 trunc(txn_date,'Q') mth, sum(quantity) total
3 from SALES
4 group by product,trunc(txn_date,'Q')
5 order by 1,2;
PRODUCT MTH TOTAL

-------------------- --- ----------
CHAINSAW JAN 251473
CHAINSAW APR 254830
CHAINSAW JUL 251994
CHAINSAW OCT 243748
HAMMER JAN 249889
HAMMER APR 256566
HAMMER JUL 252992
HAMMER OCT 249104
SCREW DRIVER JAN 245988
SCREW DRIVER APR 249219
SCREW DRIVER JUL 252128
"That’s junk...surely you know

I wanted it ACROSS the page"
148
12/18/2015
149
12/18/2015
PIVOT clause
SQL> select *
2 from (select product,
3 trunc(txn_date,'Q') mth,
4 quantity
5 from sales )
6 pivot( sum(quantity) for mth in
7 ( 'JAN','APR','JUL','OCT' ) )
11 order by 1
12 /
PRODUCT 'JAN' 'APR' 'JUL' 'OCT'

-------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
CHAINSAW 251473 254830 251994 243748
HAMMER 249889 256566 252992 249104
SCREW DRIVER 245988 249219 252128 244721
SPADE 242434 254090 259613 248428
WHEEL BARROW 243899 249327 252296 254137
150
12/18/2015
"nah...make it go DOWN the page
SQL> create table PIVOTED_SALES as select *

2 from (select product,
3 trunc(txn_date,'Q') mth,
4 quantity
5 from sales )
6 pivot( sum(quantity) for mth in
7 ( 'JAN',
8 'APR',
9 'JUL',
10 'OCT') )
11 order by 1
12 /
Table created.
151
12/18/2015
UNPIVOT clause
SQL> desc PIVOTED_SALES
Name Null? Type

----------------------------- -------- -------------
PRODUCT VARCHAR2(20)
Q1 NUMBER
Q2 NUMBER
Q3 NUMBER
Q4 NUMBER
152
12/18/2015
SQL> select *
2 from PIVOTED_SALES
3 UNPIVOT
4 ( quantity for quarter in (Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4) )
5 /
PRODUCT QUARTER QUANTITY

-------------------- ------- ----------
CHAINSAW Q1 251473
CHAINSAW Q2 254830
CHAINSAW Q3 251994
CHAINSAW Q4 243748
HAMMER Q1 249889
HAMMER Q2 256566
HAMMER Q3 252992
HAMMER Q4 249104
SCREW DRIVER Q1 245988
...
SQL> select * column values

2 from PIVOTED_SALES become "quantity"
3 UNPIVOT
5 /

-------------------- ------- ----------
CHAINSAW Q1 251473
CHAINSAW Q2 254830
CHAINSAW Q3 251994
CHAINSAW Q4 243748
HAMMER Q1 249889
HAMMER Q2 256566
HAMMER Q3 252992
HAMMER Q4 249104
...
153
12/18/2015

3 UNPIVOT
5 /

-------------------- ------- ----------
CHAINSAW Q1 251473
CHAINSAW Q2 254830
CHAINSAW Q3 251994
CHAINSAW Q4 243748
HAMMER Q1 249889
HAMMER Q2 256566
HAMMER Q3 252992
HAMMER Q4 249104
...

3 UNPIVOT
5 /
PRODUCT QUARTER QUANTITY column names

-------------------- ------- ----------
CHAINSAW Q1 251473 become "quarter"
CHAINSAW Q2 254830
CHAINSAW Q3 251994
CHAINSAW Q4 243748
HAMMER Q1 249889
HAMMER Q2 256566
HAMMER Q3 252992
HAMMER Q4 249104
...
154
12/18/2015
elements must be known in advance
Wrap up
155
12/18/2015
lots not covered today
why talk about SQL

(part 3)
156
12/18/2015
Life is too short
(look away now if you are squeamish)
157
12/18/2015
import java.sql.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.border.*;
import javax.accessibility.*;
import com.sun.java.accessibility.util.*;
public AssistiveExample extends JPanel

implements MouseMotionListener, ActionListener,
GUIInitializedListener {
Timer timer;
static JFrame frame;
JLabel nameLabel = new JLabel();

JLabel descriptionLabel = new JLabel();
JLabel tableLabel = new JLabel();
JCheckBox selectionCheckBox = new JCheckBox("Selection",

false);
JCheckBox textCheckBox = new JCheckBox("Text", false);
JCheckBox valueCheckBox = new JCheckBox("Value", false);
JCheckBox componentCheckBox = new JCheckBox("Component",
false);
JCheckBox actionCheckBox = new JCheckBox("Action", false);
JCheckBox hypertextCheckBox = new JCheckBox("Hypertext",
false);
JCheckBox iconCheckBox = new JCheckBox("Icon", false);
JCheckBox tableCheckBox = new JCheckBox("Table", false);
JCheckBox editableTextCheckBox = new JCheckBox("EditableText",
false);
JLabel classLabel = new JLabel();
JLabel parentLabel = new JLabel();
JLabel relationLabel = new JLabel();
JButton performAction = new JButton("Perform Action");
try{
if(stmt!=null)
stmt.close();
}catch(SQLException se2){
}// nothing we can do
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}
}
158
12/18/2015
SQL is faster
SQL is easier
159
12/18/2015
SQL is more exciting
Connor McDonald
160
12/18/2015
ORA-03113
Creative Commons Image Resources
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Horse_Race_Finish_Line_(11888565543).jpg
https://pixabay.com/en/iphone-iphone-6-apple-flat-762044/
https://pixabay.com/en/curve-return-pass-road-384406/
https://pixabay.com/en/high-five-figure-man-blue-150911/
https://pixabay.com/en/joker-jester-card-playing-card-164030/
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2008-08-19_Flat_tire.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/3DCrystal_ball.png
161

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12/18/2015

Note: Small fonts in this presentation

Can you read this ?

SQL> select sample_font

Copyright © 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | 2

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make you more successful with Oracle

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why talk about SQL

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SQL is sortta important …

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“….the complexity of dealing with a “[Facebook] started in the Hadoop

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why talk about SQL

Copyright © 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | 18

we suck at set theory....

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not our fault

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Codd & Date

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"data is represented as mathematical n-ary relations, an n-ary

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we excel at set theory....

....in the real world

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in the real world

Copyright © 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | 26

pay for items;

maybe fill up with petrol;

maybe pick up a newspaper;

Copyright © 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | 27

pay for items;

maybe fill up with petrol;

maybe pick up a newspaper;

Copyright © 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | 27

pay for items;

maybe fill up with petrol;

maybe pick up a newspaper;

Copyright © 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | 27

pay for items;

maybe fill up with petrol;

maybe pick up a newspaper;

in the technical world

Copyright © 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | 28

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Copyright © 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | 29

ORA-20000: No petrol found at supermarket

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Copyright © 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | 32

its all about the SQL

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