Name

Student Number

Calculated data

Quantity Answer Marks Quantity Answer Marks

P 4, 5 12 P 6,7 2.4

H1 183 H5 3476

H2 173.2946 H6 3071.2

H3 3421 H7 3276.2

H4 2936.4 H8 2569.07

Wnet 1586.8246 Qin 3992.305

ɳ𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 40.23 ɳ𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 39.94

Introduction

Thermodynamics is an important tool that helps in understanding energy be it electrical,

mechanical or chemical and its transformations. For example, transformation from chemical to

thermal energy. In this project thermodynamics analysis of a Rankine cycle with double reheat

processes has been done. The analysis entailed determining the enthalpies for each process and

entropies. Using these enthalpies and pump work the heat and work input and output were

calculated. Also, the thermal and Carnot cycle efficiency were determined.
Appendix

Data in this project:

Boiler pressure P3 = 60 bar;

Boiler temperature T3 = 500 oC;

Condenser pressure P1 = 500 oC;

Calculated data

Assumptions

1. Steady state conditions exist

2. Both potential and kinetic energies are negligible

3. Isentropic processes are assumed.

Reheat pressure is 20-25% of the turbine inlet pressure. Taking reheat pressure as 20% of turbine

inlet pressure gives;

P5 = 20% of p3 = 20% * 60 bar = 12 bar;

P7 = 20% of p5 = 20% *12 = 2.4 bar

Figure 1: sketch of T-S diagram.

Finding enthalpies and entropies at principal states:

State 3

H3 at P3 = 60 bar and T3 = 500 oC from superheated steam tables

H3 = 3421 kJ/kg, s3 = 6.879 kJ/ kg K.

State 4

s4 = s3 = 6.879 kJ/kg which lies between 6.926 kJ/kg K

and 6.711 kJ/kg K

H4 is determined by interpolating for pressure between 10 bar and 15 bar and the corresponding

enthalpies (h).

P12 − P10 h12 − h10

=
P15 − P10 h15 − h10

12−10 2944−h 12
= 2944−2955
15−10

2944−h12
2/5 = => h12 = h4 = 2936.4 kJ/kg
19

∴ at p4 = 12 bar, h4 = 2936.4 kJ/kg, s4 = 6.879 kJ/kg and occurs at T4 = 250 oC (super-heated).

State 5

P5 = 12 bar (lies between 10 bar -15 bar in super-heated steam tables), T5 = 500 oC

By interpolation;

P12 − P10 S12 − S10

=
P15 − P10 S15 − S10

12−10 7.761−S 12
= 7.761−7.569 => S12 = S5 = 7.6842 kJ/kg K
15−10

Interpolating to find H5

P12 − P10 h12 − h10

=
P15 − P10 h15 − h10
12−10 H −3478
= 12 => H12 = h5 = 3476 kJ/kg
15−10 3473−3478

State 6

P6 =p7 = 20% of 12 bar = 2.4 bar at 500 oC

S5 = S6 = 7.6842 kJ/kg K (lies between 7.708 kJ/kg K at 2 bar and 7.517 kJ/kg K at 3 bar at 250
o
C (superheated))

Finding h6 by interpolation;

P2 − P2.4 h2 − h2.4
=
P2 − P3 h2 − h3

2−2.4 3072−H2.4
= 3072−3070 => H2.4 = h6 = 3071.2 kJ/kg
2−3

State 7

P7 = 2.4 bar at 500 oC and interpolating from super-heated steam

P2 − P2.4 h2 − h2.4
=
P2 − P3 h2 − h3

2−2.4 3277−H2.4
= 3277−3275 => H2.4 = h7 = 3276.2 kJ/kg
2−3

P2 −P2.4 S2 −S2.4
=
P2 −P3 S2 −S3

2−2.4 8.221−S2.4
= 8.221−8.032
2−3

S7 = S2.4 = 8.1454 kJ/kg K

State 8

8.1454 = Sf + X8Sfg (Michael, J. M. & Howard, N. S, 2007)

8.1454 = 0.622 + X8(7.564)

8.1454−0.622
X8 = = 0.9946
7.564

H8 = Sf + X8 (Hfg)

H8 = 188 + 2394*0.9946

H8 = 2569.07 kJ/kg

State 1

P1 = 0.09 bar from saturated steam tables H1 = 183 kJ/kg

V1 = 0.00162 m3/kg

P2 = 60 bar = 6*103 kPa

P1 = 0.09 bar = 9 kPa

Work of pump Wp = -v(P2-P1) (T D Eastop, A McConkey, 1993)

Work of pump Wp = -v(P2-P1) = -0.00162 (6000-9) = -9.705 kJ/kg

Wp = -9.705 kJ/kg

Enthalpy at state 2;

H2 = H1 + Wp
H2 = 183 + (-9.705) = 173. 2946 kJ/kg

Heat supplied in the boiler Qin = (h3-h2) + (h5 – h4) +(h7-h6) (T D Eastop, A McConkey, 1993)

Qin = (3421-173.2946) + (3476-2936.4) +(3276.2 – 3071.2) = 3992.305 kJ/kg

Qin = 3992.305 kJ/kg

Heat output Qout = H8 – H1 = 2569.07 – 183 = 2386.07 kJ/kg

Qout = 2386.07 kJ/kg

qout
Thermal efficiency ɳthermal = 1 - (T D Eastop, A McConkey, 1993)
qin

2386.07
ɳthermal = 1 - 3992.305 = 0.4023

Net work done Wnet = Wturbine + W pump (Michael, J. M. & Howard, N. S, 2007)

WTurbine = (h3 – h4) + (h5 -h6) + (h7 – h8)

WT = (3421- 2936.4) +(3476 -3071.2) +(3276.2 -2569.07) = 1596.53 kJ/kg

WT = 1596.53 kJ/kg

Wnet = WT + Wout = 1596.53 + (-9.705) = 1586.8246 kj/kg

Wnet = 1586.8246 kj/kg

Wnet
For a Carnot cycle the thermal efficiency is ɳCarnot= (T D Eastop, A McConkey, 1993)
Qin

1586.8246
ɳCarnot = 3972.8946 = 0.39994

ɳCarnot= 39.94 %
Bibliography
Michael, J. M. & Howard, N. S, 2007. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics. 6th ed. s.l.:Wiley.

T D Eastop, A McConkey, 1993. Applied thermodynamics for engineering technologists. 5th ed. Essex,
England: Longman ; New York.