Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin (2018) 0 (0), 1–6 ISSN 0250-8052. DOI: 10.1111/epp.

12449

First report of invasive brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha

halys (St

al, 1855) in Croatia

I. Sapina  c
and L. Seri  Jelaska
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6,10000, Zagreb, (Croatia); e-mail: slucija@biol.pmf.hr

The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (St
al, 1855) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera:
Pentatomidae), has been spreading over Europe since the first documented records from
Liechtenstein in 2004 and Switzerland in 2007. It is considered to be a pest in many agri-
cultural crops and a household nuisance. In 2017 the species was observed in Croatia for
the first time, in the city of Rijeka on the north Adriatic coast. Halyomorpha halys has
already been recorded in three nearby countries (Italy, Hungary and Serbia), and therefore
the arrival of this species had been expected from neighbouring populations or from distant
sources via trading goods. To identify the pathway of entry, the haplotypes of H. halys
(St

al, 1855) individuals were analysed by comparing a part of the mitochondrial COI gene
with other haplotypes present in the GenBank database. Individual specimens shared the
most common haplotype with nearby Italian and Hungarian populations.

(Cesari et al., 2015) and secondary invasions from estab-

Introduction
The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (St
al,
1855), is a pentatomid polyphagous heteropteran, native to
the Korean peninsula, China, Taiwan and Japan (Hoebeke
& Carter, 2003; La Mantia et al., 2017). It is considered to
be an agricultural, urban and household pest and feeds on
up to 100 plant species (Rice et al., 2014). So far this stink
bug has been documented in several European countries
(Fig. 1): Switzerland (Wermelinger et al., 2008), Liechten-
stein (Arndt, 2009 in Hanselman, 2016), Germany (Heck-
mann, 2012), Italy (Haye & Wyniger, 2013; Pansa et al.,
2013; EPPO, 2014; Maistrello et al., 2014), France (Callot
& Brua, 2013), the United Kingdom (Malumphy, 2014),
Greece (Milonas & Partsinevelos, 2014), Hungary (Vetek

et al., 2014), Serbia (Seat, 2015), Austria (Rabitsch &
Friebe, 2015), Romania (Macavei et al., 2015) and Russia
and Georgia (Gapon, 2016). This species was first docu-
mented in Europe in Liechtenstein in 2004 (Hanselman,
2016) and then in Switzerland in 2007 (Wermelinger et al.,
2008). It probably spread from these countries to neigh-
bouring countries, for example Italy, (Rice et al., 2014;
Cesari et al., 2015), being introduced accidentally through
trade and transportation (e.g. Gariepy et al., 2014b, 2015;
Cesari et al., 2015; Macavei et al., 2015). In some of these
countries the populations were established soon after the
introduction with evident damage in fruits and vegetables
and reports of household nuisance when adult H. halys
enters residences for overwintering (Cesari et al., 2015;
Macavei et al., 2015; Vetek & Koranyi, 2017). Genetic
data from recently established populations in Italy, France,
Greece, Hungary and Southern Switzerland indicate differ-
ent introduction pathways in Europe: multiple invasions
from Asia (Gariepy et al., 2015) and North America
lished populations within Europe (Gariepy et al., 2015). In
Croatia the entry of this pest species has been expected
from the neighbouring countries, since it was reported in
three out of six nearby countries: in Italy (Pansa et al.,
2013; EPPO, 2014; Maistrello et al., 2014), Hungary

(Vetek et al., 2014) and Serbia (Seat, 2015), or from distant
sources via trading goods.
Here, the authors report for the first time the finding of
six adult H. halys individuals in Croatia. The first individ-
ual observed and collected was a female, found incidentally
by the first author on 15 January 2017, in a flat in a small
building in the city of Rijeka in Western Croatia. In the
same flat, a male individual was found incidentally and col-
lected by K. Vucinic, on 25 February 2017. Four individu-
als, one female and three males, were collected by the
authors on 16 May 2017, using a sweep net on the
Ailanthus altissima trees surrounding the building [HTRS
96/TM: E N 337511 5024271,125], [WGS 84: 45°200 22,45″
N 14°250 36,10″E] (72 m above sea level). COI sequences
of newly found H. halys individuals have been obtained
and compared with other sequences available in GenBank
in order to identify their haplotype and to try to elucidate
the pathway of this entry. This paper discusses the potential
spread and possible new entries to the country.
Material and methods
In three visits, 15 January, 25 February and 16 May 2017,
only six live H. halys adult individuals were observed and
collected by hand and using a sweep net, and then pre-
served in absolute ethanol prior to DNA extraction, without
any observations of eggs, juvenile forms or dead individu-
als. For identification the authors used the Wyniger &

ª 2018 The Authors. Journal compilation ª 2018 OEPP/EPPO, EPPO Bulletin 0, 1–6 1
2 
I. Sapina  Jelaska
and L. S.
Fig. 1 Distribution map of Halyomorpha halys across Europe, representing the first records in each country.
Kment (2010) key to separate H. halys from similar-appear-
ing pentatomids in Central Europe, and Hoebeke & Carter
(2003) which has a detailed morphological description of
the species. For external examination a stereoscopic micro-
scope (Zeiss Stemi 2000-C) with a cold light source (Zeiss
KL 1500 Electronic) was used. The measurements of total
body length (from the tip of the head to the tip of folded
forewings) and width across the humeral angles were taken
with a digital calliper (with accuracy of 0.01 mm). The
DNA was extracted from the middle leg muscles of two
individuals, one female collected on 15 January and one
male collected on 16 May 2017 using a DNeasy Blood and
Tissue Kit (Qiagen), and amplified by PCR using general
invertebrate primers LCO-1490 (50 -GGTCAACAAATCA-
TAAAGATATTGG-30 ) and HCO-2198 (50 -TAAACTT-
CAGGGTGACCAAAAAATCA-30 ), generating a 710-bp
fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI)
gene (Folmer et al., 1994) using the same conditions as in
 c Jelaska et al. (2014). Polymerase chain reaction began
Seri
with a 15-min initialization step at 95°C, followed by 35
cycles of denaturation for 90 s at 94°C, primer annealing
for 90 s at 45°C and fragment elongation for 1 min at
72°C. The programme ended with the final reaction of
DNA synthesis lasting 7 min at 72°C. PCR products were
purified using a Roche High Pure PCR Product Purification
Kit, following the manufacturer’s instructions, and sequenced
ª 2018 The Authors. Journal compilation ª 2018 OEPP/EPPO, EPPO Bulletin 0, 1–6
in one direction by Macrogen Inc. (Republic of Korea) using
the LCO-1490 primer. Sequences are deposited in GenBank
under accession numbers KY930699, KY930700 and
KY930701. Novel sequences were aligned with other
sequences of the COI region of H. halys deposited in NCBI
GenBank using BioEdit 7.2.1. The Statistical Parsimony
method (TCS) (Clement et al., 2000) within PopART soft-
ware (version 1.7) was used to construct a haplotype network
based on novel data and those already available in GenBank
up to May 2017 (see the online Supporting Information).
Results
Material examined
Two adult female (see Fig. 2) and four male Halyomorpha
halys (Pentatominae: Cappaeini) were examined, with aver-
age total body length of 15.9 and 14.1 mm, respectively,
and average length across the humeral angles of 8.36 and
8.13 mm, respectively.
Identification
Since available keys for European insects or Heteroptera
will lead to Pentatoma rufipes (Linneaus, 1758) if identify-
ing H. halys specimens (Wyniger & Kment, 2010), a

Fig. 2 Halyomorpha halys female found indoors, in Rijeka, Croatia.
simple comparison of distinct features for H. halys and the
two most similar European species is presented in Table 1.
Two specimens generated three DNA sequences for the
50 end of the mitochondrial COI gene 703, 719 and 722 bp
long.
Genetic analyses showed that Croatian individuals share
the same haplotype (H5, node number 5, Fig. 3A,B) with
Hungarian and Italian populations. The same haplotype has
also been reported in populations from three other European
countries, namely Switzerland, France and Greece. Along
with H5 that has been dominant in the Emilia Romagna
Region in Italy (Cesary et al., 2015), Italian populations share
the H3 haplotype (placed within node 3, Fig. 3A) also present
in France and Switzerland Fig. 3B); Hungarian populations,
along with H5, shared the H4 haplotype (node number 3, Fig.
3A), but according to Gariepy et al., (2015) with much lower
proportions than H5. Haplotype H4 is also present in France,
Switzerland and Greece. Haplotypes within nodes 8, 9, 22,
23 and 25 are present only in Greek populations and H12
(node 12) in Switzerland (Fig. 3B).
Discussion
The first record of H. halys for Croatia occurred in the
western part of the country, in the city of Rijeka. So far
Table 1. Differences in external morphology between Halyomorpha halys and two similar European species, Rhaphigaster nebulosa (Poda, 1761)
and Pentatoma rufipes (Linneaus, 1758).
Species H. halys
*
Antennae coloration
2nd segment* Uniformly coloured, dark
4nd segment* Uniformly coloured, white
Antennae length
2nd segment Much shorter than the 3rd,
4th or 5th segments
Head shape Rectangular
Membrane* Dark stripes
Trapezoidal white fields
Frenum* Uniformly coloured
*
Variable in shape and size but consistent in general description.
ª 2018 The Authors. Journal compilation ª 2018 OEPP/EPPO, EPPO Bulletin 0, 1–6
Invasive Halyomorpha halys in Croatia 3
only six specimens have been found, in January, February
and May 2017. Two specimens were found incidentally,
inside a flat, in January and February, and four specimens
were observed during an additional search of the surround-
ing A. altissima trees in May 2017. After genetic analysis it
has been shown that the specimens that were found in this
study are from a haplotype that is found in H. halys popu-
lations present in Asia, North America and Europe, and
according to Gariepy et al. (2015) and Cesari et al. (2015)
and is the most common haplotype within nearby Italian
and Hungarian populations.
The arrival of H. halys in Croatia was expected from
two different sources: from the populations from three
neighbouring countries, Italy, Hungary and Serbia, since it
had already been reported there (EPPO, 2014; Vetek et al.,

2014; Seat, 2015), and as a hitchhiker on goods from dis-
tant areas (e.g. by the wood and plant trade through sea-
ports, by roads, etc.). Most of the first observations of this
pest in Europe occurred in large urban areas and capital
cities [e.g. Athens (Milonas & Partsinevelos, 2014), Buda-
pest (Vetek et al., 2014) and Vienna (Rabitsch & Friebe,
2015)], probably due to intensive trade and transportation
that are also concentrated in the city of Rijeka as the prin-
cipal seaport in Croatia.
Although Italy has a sea border with Croatia, the Italian
terrestrial border is around 60 km away from Rijeka, and
intensive trade and transportation by roads, connecting North-
ern Italy and Western Croatia, might facilitate the spread of
this species from Italy. In Italy the first record of this species
occurred more than 5 years ago, in 2012 (Haye & Wyniger,
2013; EPPO, 2014; Maistrello et al., 2014), with evidence of
population establishment in the Emilia Romagna Region 3
years later (Cesari et al., 2015). In Hungary and Serbia, the
species was observed for the first time in 2014 and 2015,

respectively (Vetek et al., 2014; Seat, 2015), with records of
serious damage to vegetables in Hungary (Vetek & Koranyi,
2017), so those populations can act as a source for new entry
and spread towards Northern and Eastern Croatia.
Halyomorpha halys is polyphagous with preferences for
the invasive A. altissima (Miller) Swingle and non-native
R. nebulosa P. rufipes
Base white, apex coloured Base uniformly coloured, apex white
Base white, apex coloured Base uniformly coloured, apex white
Equal to the 4th or 5th segments Slightly shorter than the 3rd, 4th or
5th segments
Triangular Triangular
Dark spots No markings
White mushroom-shaped fields White T-shaped fields
Differently coloured Differently coloured
4 
I. Sapina  Jelaska
and L. S.

(A)

(B)

B C

Fig. 3 (A) Phylogenetic network showing relationships among COI haplotypes from Halyomorpha halys populations recorded in Europe. The
numbers at the nodes denote different haplotypes and different colours within the circles denote the presence of the haplotypes in the six European
countries and their presence in other continents: Asia and North America. Black dots indicate evolutionary mutational steps. The diagram represents
only haplotype connectivity and does not provide a quantitative representation of these haplotypes. (B) Distribution map of nine haplotypes (H3, 4,
5, 8, 9, 12, 22, 23, 25) in Europe (A), North America (B) and Asia (C). Different haplotypes are represented in the pie charts with different colours.
Distribution data has been taken from NCBI GenBank and published literature (Gariepy et al., 2014a,b, 2015; Xu et al., 2014; Cesari et al., 2015;
Dhami et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2016). The list of haplotypes screened for this study in May 2017 is listed in the online Supporting Information.

ª 2018 The Authors. Journal compilation ª 2018 OEPP/EPPO, EPPO Bulletin 0, 1–6

Paulownia tomentosa (Thunberg) Steudel (Haye et al.,
2014; Rice et al., 2014). Ailanthus altissima is found in
Rijeka and P. tomentosa occurs outside the city (Flora
Croatica Database, Nikolic, 2017). Both plant species are
considered very important for the establishment of popula-
tions of H. halys in areas where they are newly introduced,
especially in the final stages of their development (Rice
et al., 2014). Unfortunately, urban habitats in Croatia suffer
from a strong invasion of A. altissima (Nikolic et al.,
2013). This plant could facilitate the establishment of stable
H. halys populations in urban areas in Croatia, therefore
the authors suggest further monitoring of this area in order
to check if populations will establish. Besides urban areas,
the arrival of H. halys could be expected in eastern and
northern parts of Croatia in orchards and vegetable gardens,
spreading from neighbouring Hungary.
The genus Halyomorpha Mayr, 1864 is represented by
37 species (Rider, 2005), and only one species has been
recorded outside its native area. Still, the possibility that
some other species of this genus will expand out of their
native range through human activities cannot be excluded,
and thus a good identification key to Halyomorpha
should be made for easier monitoring and further predic-
tions.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank to S. D. Jelaska for taking
photographs, J. Skejo and anonymous reviewers for helpful
comments on the manuscript, V. Plazonic and L. Rucevic

for language editing and K. Vucinic for enabling I. Sapina
to inspect the apartment and associated facilities in the
building where the specimens were found.
Premier signalement de la punaise diabolique
envahissante Halyomorpha halys (St

al, 1855) en
Croatie
La punaise diabolique Halyomorpha halys (St
al, 1855)
(Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), se dissemine en
Europe depuis les premiers signalements du Liechtenstein
en 2004 et de la Suisse en 2007. Elle est consideree
comme un organisme nuisible a de nombreuses cultures
agricoles, ainsi qu’une nuisance domestique. En 2017,
l’espece a ete observee pour la premiere fois en Croatie,
dans la ville de Rijeka sur la c^ote nord de l’Adriatique. H.
halys a deja ete signalee dans trois pays voisins (Italie,
Hongrie et Serbie). Par consequent, l’arrivee de cette
espece etait attendue depuis ces populations voisins, ou de
sources eloignees via le commerce de marchandises. Pour
identifier la filiere d’entree, les haplotypes des specimens
de H. halys (St
al, 1855) ont ete analyses en comparant une
partie du gene mitochondrial COI avec d’autres haplotypes
presents dans la base de donnees GenBank. Les specimens
partageaient l’haplotype le plus commun avec les
populations italiennes et hongroises voisines.
ª 2018 The Authors. Journal compilation ª 2018 OEPP/EPPO, EPPO Bulletin 0, 1–6
Invasive Halyomorpha halys in Croatia 5
Пepвoe cooбщeниe oб инвaзивнoм
кopичнeвoм мpaмopнoм щитникe Halyomorpha
halys (St

al, 1855) в Xopвaтии
C мoмeнтa пoявлeния пepвыx дoкyмeнтиpoвaнныx
cooбщeний пoлyчeнныx из Лиxтeнштeйнa в 2004 гoдy и
из Швeйцapии в 2007 гoдy, кopичнeвый мpaмopный
щитник Halyomorpha halys (St
al, 1855) (Hemiptera:
Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) pacпpocтpaняли пo вceй
Eвpoпe. Oн cчитaeтcя вpeдитeлeм мнoгиx
ceльcкoxoзяйcтвeнныx кyльтyp и cyщecтвoм,
дoкyчaющим людям в дoмax. B 2017 гoдy этoт вид был
впepвыe oбнapyжeн в Xopвaтии, в гopoдe Pиeкa нa
ceвepнoм пoбepeжьe Aдpиaтичecкoгo мopя. H. halys yжe
был зapeгиcтpиpoвaн в тpex coceдниx cтpaнax (Итaлии,
Beнгpии и Cepбии), и пoэтoмy пoявлeниe этoгo видa
oжидaлocь либo из coceдниx пoпyляций, либo из
oтдaлeнныx иcтoчникoв чepeз тoвapы, пpи тopгoвлe. Для
выявлeния пyти pacпpocтpaнeния, гaплoтипы ocoбeй H.
al, 1855) были изyчeны пyтeм cpaвнeния чacти
halys (St

митoxoндpиaльнoгo гeнa COI c дpyгими гaплoтипaми
cyщecтвyющими в бaзe дaнныx GenBank.
Индивидyaльныe ocoби имeли oбщий нaибoлee
pacпpocтpaнeнный гaплoтип c coceдними итaльянcкими
и вeнгepcкими пoпyляциями.
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Supporting Information
Table S1. Accession numbers of the nucleotide
sequences of the Halyomorpha halys taken from the NCBI
Database on the 10th of May 2017 and used in the
analyses, with annotated haplotypes and geographical
position (continent/country).