c IP ADDRESS

IP address is a logical address. An IP address in the current version of protocol (IPv4) is a 32-bit binary
address that uniquely and universally defines the connection of a host or a router to the Internet

Generally represented in dotted decimal notation (xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx). Each decimal number represents
group of eight bits of binary data, and therefore can have a decimal value between 0 and 255.

IP addresses most commonly come as class A, B, or C.

Class Range Allocation

A 1-126 N.H.H.H

B 128-191 N.N.H.H

C 192-223 N.N.N.H

D 224-239 Not applicable

E 240-255

N=Network H=Host

Subnet Mask :

A subnet mask contains four bytes that is 32 bits and is always represented by using the dotted-decimal"
notation.

For example, subnet mask in binary form

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 is typically represented in decimal form as

255.255.255.0

The subnet mask divides the IP address into two parts, an "network address" and a ͞host address͟. ‰



   

  
  

   




 




 
  

  
  




 
 

Default subnet masks:

åc lass A

11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000

255 .0 .0 .0

åc lass B

11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
255 .255 .0 .0

åc lass 

11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

255 .255 .255 .0

Some address ranges are reserved by IANA(Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) for private intranets,
These addresses are not routable to the Internet.

10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255

172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

- calculate number of host:

2^n - 2 = (number of host or subnetworks ) Note : (2^n means '2' to the power of 'n')

Where ͞n͟ can take value, based on number of host. See examples below,

1.c 




Refer the value of first octet it comes under the range of class A. Therefore, this IP address is from

Class A :

Now to calculate Subnet mask : the class A has first 8 bits are network bits and rest all are host bits. i.e.
N.H.H.H Represent network bits with bit ͚1͛ and host bits with ͚0͛

Then subnetmask will be : 255.0.0.0

For Network id : mask host bits with 0͛s : 16.0.0.0

To calculate Nos. of host, find number of host in IP addresses, for class A it is 24,

Therefore, Nos. of host : 224-2

The Host range for given IP address : 16.0.0.1 to 16.255.255.254

Broadcast id: 16.255.255.255

2. 




Class B :

Subnet mask :255.255.0.0

Network id :130.20.0.0
Nos. of host :216-2

Host range : 130.20.0.1 to 130.20.255.254

Broadcast id: 130.20.255.255

Subnetting

Subnetting is nothing but creating networks within a network. Using subnet organization can maintain
multiple separate physical network with single IP network address. Subnet helps to organize host into
into logical groups. Subnetting also improve network security and performance. The default subnet
mask does not use to create subnets.

c Subnet is created by Bits borrowed from host field

For example :
192.16.10.120
255.255.255.224
Last octet is 224 I.e. 3 bits are borrowed from host bits.
11111111.11111111. 11111111.11100000
a)c Nos of subnets : 2^n-2 n=3
i.e. 2^3-2 =6 subnets.

b) Nos of host : 2^n-2

i.e. 2^5-2=30 (last octet 8 ʹ 3 bits borrowed=5)

c) Valid subnet : 256-224=32 (2^8=256 possible subnets)

192.16.10.32 (32,64,96,128,160,192)
First valid host is:- 192.16.10.33
Last valid host is:- 192.16.10.62
Broadcast address: 192.16.10.63