RESULT

Substance Reagent Observation Range (mg/L) Result

Chlorine, total DPD total Colourless 0.02 - 2.00 0.42 mg/L Cl2
chlorine Bubbles
powder pillow
Chlorine,free DPD free Colourless 0.02 - 2.00 0.13 mg/L Cl2
Chlorine Bubbles
powder pillow
Sulfate Sulfa ver 4 Slightly cloudy 2.00 - 70.0 9.00 mg/L SO42-
reagent powder solution is
pillow formed
Colourless
Phosphorus Phos ver 3 Pale blue 0.02 - 2.50 0.88 mg/L PO43-
reactive phosphate solution is
powder pillow formed
Iron Ferro ver Iron Light orange 0.02 - 3.00 0.086 mg/L Fe
reagent powder solution is
pillow formed

SAMPLE CALCULATION
 Sample 1 - Chlorine, Total (Cl2)

The concentration of Chlorine (Cl2) = 0.42 mg/L

The volume of a sample = 10 ml/1000 = 0.01 L

The mass of Chlorine (Cl2) = 0.42 mg/L x 0.01 L

= 4.2 x 10-3 mg

 Sample 2 - Chlorine Free (Cl2)

The concentration of Chlorine Free (Cl2) = 0.13 mg/L

The volume of a sample = 10 ml/1000 = 0.01 L

The mass of Chlorine Free (Cl2) = 0.13 mg/L x 0.01 L

= 1.3 x 10-3 mg

 Sample 3 - Sulfate (SO42-)

The concentration of Sulfate (SO42-) = 9.00 mg/L

The volume of a sample = 10 ml/1000 = 0.01 L

The mass of Sulfate (SO42-) = 9.00 mg/L x 0.01 L

= 0.09 mg

 Sample 4 - Phosphorus, Reactive

The concentration of Phosphorus, Reactive = 0.88 mg/L

The volume of a sample = 10 ml/1000 = 0.01 L

The mass of Phosphorus, Reactive = 0.88 mg/L x 0.01 L

= 8.8 x 10-3 mg

 Sample 5 - Iron Total (Fe)

The concentration of Fe = 0.086 mg/L

The volume of a sample = 10 ml/1000 = 0.01 L

The mass of Fe = 0.086 mg/L x 0.01 L

= 0.0086 x 10-3 mg

DISCUSSION
 Based on the results and data collected, there are few errors that might have been
done. This errors causes data collected distinct from theoretical data.

First, the reading for each sample is taken only once. An average value cannot be
obtained due to lack of instrument and long time consuming the experiment. This factors
evade from taking at least two readings for each sample, therefore the accuracy and
precision of the result cannot be obtained.

Second, the handling method of the round water sample may not done perfectly. This
cause the readings inaccurate. Any fingerprints or smudge imprinted on the outer surface
of the round water sample san become an unfavourably interference for the solutions to
absorb wavelengths of light in the spectrophotometer. Thus, the reading of concentration
by the instruments may not be accurate.

Samples are supposedly be immediately inserted into the spectrophotometer after

being poured in their corresponding reagents. Thus, any careless procedures may lead to
inaccuracy of the readings taken.

CONCLUSION
 The concentration of chlorine total in the water sample is 0.42 mg/L Cl 2, Chlorine
free is 0.13 mg/L Cl2, Sulfate is 9 mg/L SO42-, phosphorus reactive is 0.88 mg/L PO43-,
and iron is 0.086 mg/L Fe. Based on the following data, the water sample is mostly
concentrated with sulfate and contains no chromium hexavalent due to the colourless
solution formed, indicating no change or reaction occurs to detect any presence of
chromium in the water sample. However, the readings and observation for phosphorus
reactive and iron shows that the samples requires extensive water treatment, as it might
worriedly brings any health effects to both humans and aquatic ecosystems.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Firstly, the sample must be analyzed immediately after collection and cannot be kept
for later analysis. This is because the heavy metals content of the water sample might
differ from the time it is collected until it is analyzed.

Next, the outside surface of the round water sample is recommend to wiped first
before inserted to the spectrophotometer. This is to ensure that there are no fingerprints
on it which might interfere the reading analysis.

In addition, the collection of the water sample is preferentially near the middle of the
water stream and at least at one arm's length of depth. So that most heavy metal are
bounded at inner depth at any water streams.

REFERENCES
1. http://www.water-research.net/glossary.htm

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexavalent_Chromium

3. http://www.healthy-water-best-tittlers.com/heavy-metals-within-water-
hevymetals.htm

4. http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/water/chromium/chromium-and-water.htm

5. http://en.wikiedia.org/wiki/Chlorination