CHAPTER TWO

3 wk 7 d 24 h 3600 s 1000 ms
2.1 (a) = 18144
. × 10 9 ms
1 wk 1 d 1 h 1 s
38.1 ft / s 0.0006214 mi 3600 s
(b) = 25.98 mi / h ⇒ 26.0 mi / h
3.2808 ft 1 h
554 m 4 1d 1h 1 kg 108 cm 4
(c) = 3.85 × 10 4 cm 4 / min⋅ g
d ⋅ kg 24 h 60 min 1000 g 1 m 4

760 mi 1 m 1 h
2.2 (a) = 340 m / s
h 0.0006214 mi 3600 s
921 kg 2.20462 lb m 1 m3
(b) = 57.5 lb m / ft 3
m3 1 kg 35.3145 ft 3
5.37 × 10 3 kJ 1 min 1000 J 1.34 × 10 -3 hp
(c) = 119.93 hp ⇒ 120 hp
min 60 s 1 kJ 1 J/s

2.3 Assume that a golf ball occupies the space equivalent to a 2 in × 2 in × 2 in cube. For a
classroom with dimensions 40 ft × 40 ft × 15 ft :
40 × 40 × 15 ft 3 (12) 3 in 3 1 ball
n balls = = 518
. × 10 6 ≈ 5 million balls
ft 3 2 3 in 3
The estimate could vary by an order of magnitude or more, depending on the assumptions made.

2.4 4.3 light yr 365 d 24 h 3600 s 1.86 × 10 5 mi 3.2808 ft 1 step = 7 × 1016 steps
1 yr 1 d 1 h 1 s 0.0006214 mi 2 ft

2.5 Distance from the earth to the moon = 238857 miles

238857 mi 1 m 1 report
= 4 × 1011 reports
0.0006214 mi 0.001 m

2.6
19 km 1000 m 0.0006214 mi 1000 L
= 44.7 mi / gal
1 L 1 km 1 m 264.17 gal
Calculate the total cost to travel x miles.
$1.25 1 gal x (mi)
Total Cost American = $14,500 + = 14,500 + 0.04464 x
gal 28 mi

$1.25 1 gal x (mi)

Total Cost European = $21,700 + = 21,700 + 0.02796 x
gal 44.7 mi

Equate the two costs ⇒ x = 4.3 × 10 5 miles

2-1
2.7
5320 imp. gal 14 h 365 d 106 cm3 0.965 g 1 kg 1 tonne
plane ⋅ h 1 d 1 yr 220.83 imp. gal 1 cm 3
1000 g 1000 kg
tonne kerosene
= 1.188 × 105
plane ⋅ yr
4.02 × 109 tonne crude oil 1 tonne kerosene plane ⋅ yr
yr 7 tonne crude oil 1.188 × 105 tonne kerosene
= 4834 planes ⇒ 5000 planes

25.0 lb m 32.1714 ft / s 2 1 lb f
2.8 (a) = 25.0 lb f
32.1714 lb m ⋅ ft / s 2
25 N 1 1 kg ⋅ m / s 2
(b) = 2.55 kg ⇒ 2.6 kg
9.8066 m / s 2 1N
10 ton 1 lb m 1000 g 980.66 cm / s 2 1 dyne
(c) = 9 × 10 9 dynes
5 × 10 -4
ton 2.20462 lb m 1 g ⋅ cm / s 2

50 × 15 × 2 m 3 35.3145 ft 3 85.3 lb m 32.174 ft 1 lb f

2.9 = 4.5 × 10 6 lb f
1 m 3
1 ft 3
1 s 2
32.174 lb m / ft ⋅ s 2

500 lb m 1 kg 1 m3 FG 1 IJ FG 1 IJ ≈ 25 m
≈ 5 × 10 2
H 2 K H 10K
3
2.10
2.20462 lb m 11.5 kg

2.11 (a)
mdisplaced fluid = mcylinder ⇒ ρ f V f = ρ cVc ⇒ ρ f hπr 2 = ρ c Hπr 2
ρc
ρfh (30 cm − 14.1 cm)(100
. g / cm 3 )
ρc = = = 0.53 g / cm 3 H
H 30 cm
ρf
ρ H (30 cm)(0.53 g / cm 3 )
(b) ρ f = c = = 171. g / cm 3 h
h (30 cm - 20.7 cm)

2-2
2.12 πR 2 H πR 2 H πr 2 h R r R
Vs = ; Vf = − ; = ⇒r = h
3 3 3 H h H
πR H 2
FG IJ = πR FG H − h IJ
πh Rh
2 2 3
h

3 H HK
⇒ Vf = −
3 H H K
r
2 H
3
πR F h I πR H
2 3 2
ρ f V f = ρ sVs ⇒ρ
3 H G H−
f J
H K
=ρ
3 2 s ρs
ρf

R
H H3 1
⇒ ρ f = ρs = ρs 3 = ρs
H−
h3 H − h3 FG h IJ 3

H2
1−
H HK
2.13 Say h( m) = depth of liquid

y
y= 1
dA
y=y=1––1+h
h
⇒ x
1m x = 1– y 2
A(m 2 ) h
y= –1
dA

z
1− y 2

dA = dy ⋅ dx = 2 1 − y 2 dy
− 1− y 2

z
−1+ h
⇒Am d i=2
2
1 − y 2 dy
−1

E Table of integrals or trigonometric substitution

h −1
π
d i
A m 2 = y 1 − y 2 + sin −1 y
−1
b g b g
= h −1 1− h −1
2
b g
+ sin −1 h − 1 +
2
4 m × A( m 2 ) 0.879 g 10 6 cm 2 1 kg 9.81 N
b g
W N = cm 3 1 m3 10 3 g kg
N
= 3.45 × 10 4 A
g g0

E Substitute for A
L
W b N g = 3.45 × 10 Mbh − 1g 1 − bh − 1g
4 2
b g π2 OPQ
+ sin −1 h − 1 +
N

2.14 1 lb f = 1 slug ⋅ ft / s 2 = 32.174 lb m ⋅ ft / s 2 ⇒ 1 slug = 32.174 lb m

1
1 poundal = 1 lb m ⋅ ft / s 2 = lb f
32.174

2-3
2.14(cont’d)
(a) (i) On the earth:
175 lb m 1 slug
M= = 5.44 slugs
32.174 lb m
175 lb m 32.174 ft 1 poundal
W= = 5.63 × 10 3 poundals
s 1 lb m ⋅ ft / s 2
2

(ii) On the moon

175 lb m 1 slug
M= = 5.44 slugs
32.174 lb m
175 lb m 32.174 ft 1 poundal
W= = 938 poundals
6 s 1 lb m ⋅ ft / s 2
2

355 poundals 1 lb m ⋅ ft / s 2 1 slug 1m

(b) F = ma ⇒ a = F / m =
25.0 slugs 1 poundal 32.174 lb m 3.2808 ft
= 0.135 m / s 2

FG 1IJ = 5.3623 bung ⋅ ft / s

2.15 (a) F = ma ⇒ 1 fern = (1 bung)(32.174 ft / s 2 )
H 6K
2

1 fern
⇒
5.3623 bung ⋅ ft / s 2
3 bung 32.174 ft 1 fern
(b) On the moon: W = = 3 fern
6 s 5.3623 bung ⋅ ft / s 2
2

On the earth: W = (3)( 32.174) / 5.3623 = 18 fern

4.0 × 10−4
2.16 (a) ≈ (3)(9) = 27 (b) ≈ ≈ 1× 10−5
40
(2.7)(8.632) = 23
(3.600 ×10−4 ) / 45 = 8.0 × 10−6
(c) ≈ 2 + 125 = 127 (d) ≈ 50 × 10 3 − 1 × 10 3 ≈ 49 × 10 3 ≈ 5 × 10 4
2.365 + 125.2 = 127.5 4.753 × 10 4 − 9 × 10 2 = 5 × 10 4

(7 ×10−1 )(3 × 105 )(6)(5 × 104 )

2.17 R ≈ ≈ 42 × 102 ≈ 4 × 103 (Any digit in range 2-6 is acceptable)
(3)(5 × 106 )
Rexact = 3812.5 ⇒ 3810 ⇒ 3.81× 103

2-4
2.18 (a)
A: R = 731
. − 72.4 = 0.7 o C
72.4 + 731
. + 72.6 + 72.8 + 73.0
X= = 72.8 o C
5
(72.4 − 72.8) 2 + (731
. − 72.8) 2 + (72.6 − 72.8) 2 + (72.8 − 72.8) 2 + (73.0 − 72.8) 2
s=
5−1
= 0.3o C
B: R = 1031
. − 97.3 = 58
. oC
97.3 + 1014
. + 98.7 + 1031
. + 100.4
X= = 100.2 o C
5
(97.3 − 100.2) 2 + (1014
. − 100.2) 2 + (98.7 − 100.2) 2 + (1031
. − 100.2) 2 + (100.4 − 100.2) 2
s=
5−1
= 2.3o C

(b) Thermocouple B exhibits a higher degree of scatter and is also more accurate.

2.19 (a) 12 12

∑
i =1
Xi ∑ ( X − 735. )
i =1
2

X= = 73.5 s= = 12
.
12 12 − 1
C min= = X − 2 s = 73.5 − 2(1.2) = 711
.
C max= = X + 2 s = 735
. + 2(12
. ) = 75.9

(b) Joanne is more likely to be the statistician, because she wants to make the control limits
stricter.
(c) Inadequate cleaning between batches, impurities in raw materials, variations in reactor
temperature (failure of reactor control system), problems with the color measurement
system, operator carelessness

2-5
2.20 (a),(b)

(a) Run 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
X 134 131 129 133 135 131 134 130 131 136 129 130 133 130 133
Mean(X) 131.9
Stdev(X) 2.2
Min 127.5
Max 136.4

(b) Run X Min Mean Max

1 128 127.5 131.9 136.4
140
2 131 127.5 131.9 136.4
3 133 127.5 131.9 136.4 138
4 130 127.5 131.9 136.4 136
5 133 127.5 131.9 136.4 134
6 129 127.5 131.9 136.4 132
7 133 127.5 131.9 136.4
130
8 135 127.5 131.9 136.4
128
9 137 127.5 131.9 136.4
10 133 127.5 131.9 136.4 126
11 136 127.5 131.9 136.4 0 5 10 15
12 138 127.5 131.9 136.4
13 135 127.5 131.9 136.4
14 139 127.5 131.9 136.4

(c) Beginning with Run 11, the process has been near or well over the upper quality assurance
limit. An overhaul would have been reasonable after Run 12.

2.36 × 10 −4 kg ⋅ m 2 2.10462 lb 3.2808 2 ft 2 1 h

2.21 (a) Q' = 2
h kg m 3600 s
−4
(2 × 10 )(2)( 9)
(b) Q' approximate ≈ ≈ 12 × 10 ( −4 − 3) ≈ 12
. × 10 −6 lb ⋅ ft 2 / s
3 × 10 3
Q' exact . × 10 −6 lb ⋅ ft 2 / s = 0.00000148 lb ⋅ ft 2 / s
= 148

Cpµ 0.583 J / g ⋅ o C 1936 lb m 1 h 3.2808 ft 1000 g

2.22 N Pr = =
k 0.286 W / m ⋅ C o
ft ⋅ h 3600 s m 2.20462 lb m
(6 × 10 −1 )(2 × 10 3 )(3 × 10 3 ) 3 × 10 3
N Pr ≈ −1
≈ ≈ 15
. × 10 3 . The calculator solution is 163
. × 10 3
(3 × 10 )(4 × 10 )(2)3
2

2.23
Duρ 0.48 ft 1 m 2.067 in 1 m 0.805 g 1 kg 10 6 cm 3
Re = =
µ s 3.2808 ft 0.43 × 10 −3 kg / m ⋅ s 39.37 in cm 3 1000 g 1 m3
(5 × 10 −1 )(2)(8 × 10 −1 )(10 6 ) 5 × 101− ( −3)
Re ≈ ≈ ≈ 2 × 10 4 ⇒ the flow is turbulent
(3)(4 × 10)(10 3 )(4 × 10 −4 ) 3

2-6
2.24
(a)
kgd p y
= 2.00 + 0.600
FG µ IJ FG d uρ IJ
1/ 3
p
1/ 2

D H ρD K H µ K
L 100
= 2.00 + 0.600M
. × 10 N ⋅ s / m −5 2
OP LM (0.00500 m)(10.0 m / s)(100
1/ 3
. kg / m ) O
PQ
3 1/ 2

N (100 . × 10 m
. kg / m )(100 3 −5 2
/ s) Q N . × 10 N ⋅ s / m )
(100 −5 2

k g (0.00500 m)(0100
. )
= 44.426 ⇒ = 44.426 ⇒ k g = 0.888 m / s
. × 10 −5 m 2 / s
100
(b) The diameter of the particles is not uniform, the conditions of the system used to model the
equation may differ significantly from the conditions in the reactor (out of the range of
empirical data), all of the other variables are subject to measurement or estimation error.
(c)
dp (m) y D (m2/s) µ (N-s/m2) ρ (kg/m3) u (m/s) kg
0.005 0.1 1.00E-05 1.00E-05 1 10 0.889
0.010 0.1 1.00E-05 1.00E-05 1 10 0.620
0.005 0.1 2.00E-05 1.00E-05 1 10 1.427
0.005 0.1 1.00E-05 2.00E-05 1 10 0.796
0.005 0.1 1.00E-05 1.00E-05 1 20 1.240

2.25 (a) 200 crystals / min ⋅ mm; 10 crystals / min ⋅ mm 2

(b) r =
200 crystals 0.050 in 25.4 mm 10 crystals 0.050 2 in 2 (25.4) 2 mm 2
−
min ⋅ mm in min ⋅ mm 2 in 2
238 crystals 1 min
= 238 crystals / min ⇒ = 4.0 crystals / s
min 60 s

b g
(c) D mm =
b g
D ′ in 25.4 mm FG crystalsIJ = r ′ crystals 60 s = 60r ′
= 25.4 D ′ ; r
1 in H min K s 1 min
⇒ 60r ′ = 200b25.4 D ′ g − 10b25.4 D ′ g ⇒ r ′ = 84.7 D ′ − 108b D ′ g
2 2

2.26 (a) 70.5 lb m / ft 3 ; 8.27 × 10 -7 in 2 / lb f

(b) ρ = (70.5 lb / ft 3 ) exp ⎡8.27 × 10 in 14.696 lbf / in 2 ⎤

−7 2
9 × 106 N
⎢ ⎥
m
⎢⎣ lbf m 2 1.01325 ×105 N/m 2 ⎥⎦
70.57 lb m 35.3145 ft 3 1 m3 1000 g
= = 1.13 g/cm3
ft 3 m3 106 cm3 2.20462 lb m

F lb IJ = ρ ′ g
ρG
1 lb m 28,317 cm 3
= 62.43ρ ′
H ft K cm
m
(c) 3
3
453.593 g 1 ft 3

PG
F lb IJ = P' N 0.2248 lb f 12 m2
. × 10 −4 P '
= 145
H in K m
f
2
2
1N 39.37 2 in 2
d id
⇒ 62.43ρ ′ = 70.5 exp 8.27 × 10 −7 1.45 × 10 −4 P ' ⇒ ρ ′ = 113 . × 10 −10 P '
. exp 120 i d i
. exp[(1.20 × 10 −10 )(9.00 × 10 6 )] = 113
P ' = 9.00 × 10 6 N / m 2 ⇒ ρ ' = 113 . g / cm 3

2-7
 d i V ' din i 28,317 = 16.39V ' ; t bsg = 3600t ′b hr g
3 3
cm
2.27 (a) V cm 3 = 3
1728 in
⇒ 16.39V ' = expb3600t ′ g ⇒ V ' = 0.06102 expb3600t ′ g

(b) The t in the exponent has a coefficient of s-1.

2.28 (a) 3.00 mol / L, 2.00 min -1

(b) t = 0 ⇒ C = 3.00 exp[(-2.00)(0)] = 3.00 mol / L

t = 1 ⇒ C = 3.00 exp[(-2.00)(1)] = 0.406 mol / L
0.406 − 3.00
For t=0.6 min: Cint = (0.6 − 0) + 3.00 = 14
. mol / L
1− 0
Cexact = 3.00 exp[(-2.00)(0.6)] = 0.9 mol / L
1− 0
For C=0.10 mol/L: t int = . − 3.00) + 0 = 112
(010 . min
0.406 − 3
1 C 1 0.10
t exact =- ln = - ln = 1.70 min
2.00 3.00 2 3.00
(c)
3.5
3 C exact vs. t

2.5
C (mol/L)

2
(t=0.6, C=1.4)
1.5
1
(t=1.12, C=0.10)
0.5
0
0 1 2
t (min)

60 − 20
2.29 (a) p* = (185 − 166.2) + 20 = 42 mm Hg
199.8 − 166.2

(b) c MAIN PROGRAM FOR PROBLEM 2.29

IMPLICIT REAL*4(A–H, 0–Z)
DIMENSION TD(6), PD(6)
DO 1 I = 1, 6
READ (5, *) TD(I), PD(I)
1 CONTINUE
WRITE (5, 902)
902 FORMAT (‘0’, 5X, ‘TEMPERATURE VAPOR PRESSURE’/6X,
* ‘ (C) (MM HG)’/)
DO 2 I = 0, 115, 5
T = 100 + I
CALL VAP (T, P, TD, PD)
WRITE (6, 903) T, P

903 FORMAT (10X, F5.1, 10X, F5.1)

2 CONTINUE
END

2-8
2.29 (cont’d)
SUBROUTINE VAP (T, P, TD, PD)
DIMENSION TD(6), PD(6)
I=1
1 IF (TD(I).LE.T.AND.T.LT.TD(I + 1)) GO TO 2
I=I+1
IF (I.EQ.6) STOP
GO TO 1
2 P = PD(I) + (T – TD(I))/(TD(I + 1) – TD(I)) * (PD(I + 1) – PD(I))
RETURN
END
DATA OUTPUT
98.5 1.0 TEMPERATURE VAPOR PRESSURE
131.8 5.0 (C) (MM HG)
# # 100.0 1.2
215.5 100.0 105.0 1.8
# #
215.0 98.7

2.30 (b) ln y = ln a + bx ⇒ y = ae bx
b = (ln y 2 − ln y1 ) / ( x 2 − x1 ) = (ln 2 − ln 1) / (1 − 2) = −0.693
ln a = ln y − bx = ln 2 + 0.63(1) ⇒ a = 4.00 ⇒ y = 4.00e −0.693 x

(c) ln y = ln a + b ln x ⇒ y = ax b
b = (ln y 2 − ln y1 ) / (ln x 2 − ln x1 ) = (ln 2 − ln 1) / (ln 1 − ln 2) = −1
ln a = ln y − b ln x = ln 2 − ( −1) ln(1) ⇒ a = 2 ⇒ y = 2 / x

(d) ln( xy ) = ln a + b( y / x ) ⇒ xy = ae by / x ⇒ y = (a / x )e by / x [can' t get y = f ( x )]

b = [ln( xy ) 2 − ln( xy ) 1 ] / [( y / x ) 2 − ( y / x ) 1 ] = (ln 807.0 − ln 40.2) / (2.0 − 10
. )=3
ln a = ln( xy ) − b( y / x ) = ln 807.0 − 3 ln(2.0) ⇒ a = 2 ⇒ xy = 2e 3 y / x ⇒ y = (2 / x )e 3 y / x

(e) ln( y 2 / x ) = ln a + b ln( x − 2) ⇒ y 2 / x = a ( x − 2) b ⇒ y = [ax ( x − 2) b ]1/ 2

b = [ln( y 2 / x ) 2 − ln( y 2 / x ) 1 ] / [ln( x − 2) 2 − ln( x − 2) 1 ]
= (ln 807.0 − ln 40.2) / (ln 2.0 − ln 10 . ) = 4.33
ln a = ln( y 2 / x ) − b( x − 2) = ln 807.0 − 4.33 ln(2.0) ⇒ a = 40.2
⇒ y 2 / x = 40.2( x − 2) 4.33 ⇒ y = 6.34 x 1/ 2 ( x − 2) 2.165

2.31 (b) Plot y 2 vs. x 3 on rectangular axes. Slope = m, Intcpt = − n

1 1 a 1 a 1
(c) = + x ⇒ Plot vs. x [rect. axes], slope = , intercept =
ln( y − 3) b b ln( y − 3) b b

1 1
(d) = a ( x − 3) 3 ⇒ Plot vs. ( x − 3) 3 [rect. axes], slope = a , intercept = 0
( y + 1) 2
( y + 1) 2

OR

2-9
2.31 (cont’d)
2 ln( y + 1) = − ln a − 3 ln( x − 3)
Plot ln( y + 1) vs. ln( x − 3) [rect.] or (y + 1) vs. (x - 3) [log]
3 ln a
⇒ slope = − , intercept = −
2 2

(e) ln y = a x + b
Plot ln y vs. x [rect.] or y vs. x [semilog ], slope = a, intercept = b

(f) log10 ( xy ) = a ( x 2 + y 2 ) + b
Plot log10 ( xy ) vs. ( x 2 + y 2 ) [rect.] ⇒ slope = a, intercept = b

1 b x x
(g) = ax + ⇒ = ax 2 + b ⇒ Plot vs. x 2 [rect.], slope = a , intercept = b
y x y y
1 b 1 b 1 1
OR = ax + ⇒ = a + 2 ⇒ Plot vs. 2 [rect.] , slope = b, intercept = a
y x xy x xy x

2.32 (a) A plot of y vs. R is a line through ( R = 5 , y = 0.011 ) and ( R = 80 , y = 0169

. ).

0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
y

0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
R

y=aR+b a=
.
0169 − 0.011
= 2.11 × 10 −3
U|
80 − 5 V|
⇒ y = 2.11 × 10 −3 R + 4.50 × 10 −4
d −3
ib g
b = 0.011 − 2.11 × 10 5 = 4.50 × 10 −4
W
d ib g
(b) R = 43 ⇒ y = 2.11 × 10 −3 43 + 4.50 × 10 −4 = 0.092 kg H 2 O kg

b1200 kg hgb0.092 kg H O kgg = 110 kg H O h

2 2

2-10
2.33 (a) ln T = ln a + b ln φ ⇒ T = aφ b
b = (ln T2 − ln T1 ) / (ln φ 2 − ln φ 1 ) = (ln 120 − ln 210) / (ln 40 − ln 25) = −119
.
. ) ln(25) ⇒ a = 9677.6 ⇒ T = 9677.6φ −1.19
ln a = ln T − b ln φ = ln 210 − ( −119

b
(b) T = 9677.6φ −1.19 ⇒ φ = 9677.6 / T g 0.8403

b
T = 85o C ⇒ φ = 9677.6 / 85 g 0.8403
= 535
. L/s

b
T = 175o C ⇒ φ = 9677.6 / 175g 0.8403
= 29.1 L / s
T = 290 C ⇒ φ = b9677.6 / 290g
0.8403
o
= 19.0 L / s

(c) The estimate for T=175°C is probably closest to the real value, because the value of
temperature is in the range of the data originally taken to fit the line. The value of T=290°C
is probably the least likely to be correct, because it is farthest away from the date range.

2-11
2.34 (a) Yes, because when ln[(C A − C Ae ) / (C A 0 − C Ae )] is plotted vs. t in rectangular coordinates,
the plot is a straight line.
0 50 100 150 200

ln ((CA-CAe)/(CA0-CAe))
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
t (m in)

Slope = -0.0093 ⇒ k = 9.3 × 10-3 min −1

(b) ln[(C A − C Ae ) /(C A0 − C Ae )] = − kt ⇒ C A = (C A0 − C Ae )e − kt + C Ae
−3
C A = (0.1823 − 0.0495)e − (9.3×10 )(120)
+ 0.0495 =9.300 × 10-2 g/L
9.300 × 10-2 g 30.5 gal 28.317 L
C =m/V ⇒ m=CV = = 10.7 g
L 7.4805 gal
2.35 (a) ft 3 and h -2 , respectively
. × 10 −2 ) ; or
(b) ln(V) vs. t2 in rectangular coordinates, slope=2 and intercept= ln(353
V(logarithmic axis) vs. t2 in semilog coordinates, slope=2, intercept= 3.53 × 10−2
. × 10 −3 exp(15
(c) V ( m3 ) = 100 . × 10 −7 t 2 )

2.36 PV k = C ⇒ P = C / V k ⇒ ln P = ln C − k lnV
8.5
8
7.5
lnP

7
6.5
6
2.5 3 3.5 4
lnV
lnP = -1.573(lnV ) + 12.736

k = − slope = − ( −1573
. ) = 1573
. (dimensionless)
Intercept = ln C = 12.736 ⇒ C = e12.736 = 3.40 × 105 mm Hg ⋅ cm4.719

G − GL 1 G −G G −G
2.37 (a) = ⇒ 0 = K L C m ⇒ ln 0 = ln K L + m ln C
G0 − G K L C m
G − GL G − GL
ln (G 0 -G )/(G -G L )= 2 .4 8 3 5 ln C - 1 0 .0 4 5
3
ln(G 0-G)/(G-G L )

-1
3 .5 4 4 .5 5 5 .5

ln C

2-12
2.37 (cont’d)
m = slope = 2.483 (dimensionless)
Intercept = ln K L = −10.045 ⇒ K L = 4.340 × 10 −5 ppm-2.483
. × 10 −3
G − 180
(b) C = 475 ⇒ = 4.340 × 10 −5 (475) 2.483 ⇒ G = 1806
. × 10 −3
3.00 × 10 −3 − G
C=475 ppm is well beyond the range of the data.

2.38 (a) For runs 2, 3 and 4:

Z = aV b p c ⇒ ln Z = ln a + b lnV + c ln p
b = 0.68
. ) = ln a + b ln(102
ln(35 . ) + c ln(9.1)
ln(2.58) = ln a + b ln(102
. ) + c ln(112 . ) ⇒ c = −146
.
ln(3.72) = ln a + b ln(175
. ) + c ln(112. ) a = 86.7 volts ⋅ kPa 1.46 / (L / s) 0.678

 . Slope=b, Intercept= ln a + c ln p
(b) When P is constant (runs 1 to 4), plot ln Z vs. lnV
2

1.5
lnZ

0.5

0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
lnV
b = slope = 0.52
lnZ = 0.5199lnV + 1.0035
Intercept = lna + c ln P = 10035
.
When V is constant (runs 5 to 7), plot lnZ vs. lnP. Slope=c, Intercept= ln a + c lnV


1.5
lnZ

0.5

0
1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3
c = slope = −0.997 ⇒ 10
.
lnZ = -0.9972lnP + 3.4551 lnP
Intercept = lna + b lnV = 3.4551

Plot Z vs V b P c . Slope=a (no intercept)

7
6
5
4
Z

3
2
1
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Vb Pc
Z = 31.096VbPc
a = slope = 311
. volt ⋅ kPa / (L / s) .52
The results in part (b) are more reliable, because more data were used to obtain them.

2-13
2.39 (a)
n

∑x y
1
sxy = i i = [(0.4)(0.3) + (2.1)(19
. ) + (31
. )( 3.2)] / 3 = 4.677
n i =1
n

∑x
1
sxx = 2
i = (0.32 + 19
. 2 + 3.2 2 ) / 3 = 4.647
n i =1
n n

∑ ∑y
1 1
sx = xi = (0.3 + 19
. + 3.2) / 3 = 18
. ; sy = i = (0.4 + 2.1 + 31
. ) / 3 = 1867
.
n i =1 n i =1
sxy − sx s y 4.677 − (18
. )(1.867)
a= = = 0.936
sxx − sx b g 2
4.647 − (18
. )2
sxx s y − sxy sx . ) − (4.677)(18
( 4.647)(1867 . )
b= = = 0182
.
sxx − sx b g 2
4.647 − (18
. ) 2

y = 0.936 x + 0182
.

sxy 4.677
(b) a = = = 10065
. ⇒ y = 10065
. x
sxx 4.647

4
3
y = 0.936x + 0.182
2
y

1 y = 1.0065x
0
0 1 2 3 4
x

2.40 (a) 1/C vs. t. Slope= b, intercept=a

(b) b = slope = 0.477 L / g ⋅ h; a = Intercept = 0.082 L / g

3
2
2.5
2 1.5
1/C

1.5 1
C

1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5

1/C = 0.4771t + 0.0823 t t

C C-fitted

(c) C = 1 / (a + bt ) ⇒ 1 / [0.082 + 0.477(0)] = 12.2 g / L

t = (1 / C − a ) / b = (1 / 0.01 − 0.082) / 0.477 = 209.5 h
(d) t=0 and C=0.01 are out of the range of the experimental data.
(e) The concentration of the hazardous substance could be enough to cause damage to the
biotic resources in the river; the treatment requires an extremely large period of time; some
of the hazardous substances might remain in the tank instead of being converted; the
decomposition products might not be harmless.

2-14
2.41 (a) and (c)
10

y
1
0.1 1 10 100
x

(b) y = ax b ⇒ ln y = ln a + b ln x; Slope = b, Intercept = ln a

ln y = 0.1684ln x + 1.1258

2
1.5
ln y

1
0.5
0
b = slope = 0168
.
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
ln x
Intercept = ln a = 11258
. ⇒ a = 3.08

2.42 (a) ln(1-Cp/CA0) vs. t in rectangular coordinates. Slope=-k, intercept=0

(b)

0 200 400 600 800 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
ln(1-Cp/Cao)
ln(1-Cp/Cao)

0 0
-1 -2
-2
-3 -4
-4 -6
ln(1-Cp/Cao) = -0.0062t ln(1-Cp/Cao) = -0.0111t
t t
Lab 1 Lab 2

k = 0.0062 s-1 k = 0.0111 s-1

0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800

ln(1-Cp/Cao)

0 0
ln(1-Cp/Cao)

-2 -2
-4 -4

-6 -6
ln(1-Cp/Cao) = -0.0063t ln(1-Cp/Cao)= -0.0064t
t t
Lab 3 Lab 4

k = 0.0063 s-1 k = 0.0064 s-1

(c) Disregarding the value of k that is very different from the other three, k is estimated with
the average of the calculated k’s. k = 0.0063 s-1
(d) Errors in measurement of concentration, poor temperature control, errors in time
measurements, delays in taking the samples, impure reactants, impurities acting as
catalysts, inadequate mixing, poor sample handling, clerical errors in the reports, dirty
reactor.

2-15
 dφ
∑by g ∑ 2b y g
n n n n n
2.43 yi = axi ⇒ φ (a ) = ∑ ∑y x ∑x
2
di2 = i − axi ⇒ =0= i − axi xi ⇒ i i −a 2
i =0
i =1 i =1 da i =1 i =1 i =1
n n
⇒a= ∑i =1
yi xi / ∑x
i =1
2
i

2.44 DIMENSION X(100), Y(100)

READ (5, 1) N
C N = NUMBER OF DATA POINTS
1FORMAT (I10)
READ (5, 2) (X(J), Y(J), J = 1, N
2FORMAT (8F 10.2)
SX = 0.0
SY = 0.0
SXX = 0.0
SXY = 0.0
DO 100J = 1, N
SX = SX + X(J)
SY = SY + Y(J)
SXX = SXX + X(J) ** 2
100SXY = SXY + X(J) * Y(J)
AN = N
SX = SX/AN
SY = SY/AN
SXX = SXX/AN
SXY = SXY/AN
CALCULATE SLOPE AND INTERCEPT
A = (SXY - SX * SY)/(SXX - SX ** 2)
B = SY - A * SX
WRITE (6, 3)
3FORMAT (1H1, 20X 'PROBLEM 2-39'/)
WRITE (6, 4) A, B
4FORMAT (1H0, 'SLOPEb -- bAb =', F6.3, 3X 'INTERCEPTb -- b8b =', F7.3/)
C CALCULATE FITTED VALUES OF Y, AND SUM OF SQUARES OF
RESIDUALS
SSQ = 0.0
DO 200J = 1, N
YC = A * X(J) + B
RES = Y(J) - YC
WRITE (6, 5) X(J), Y(J), YC, RES
5FORMAT (3X 'Xb =', F5.2, 5X /Yb =', F7.2, 5X 'Y(FITTED)b =', F7.2, 5X
* 'RESIDUALb =', F6.3)
200SSQ = SSQ + RES ** 2
WRITE (6, 6) SSQ
6FORMAT (IH0, 'SUM OF SQUARES OF RESIDUALSb =', E10.3)
STOP
END
$DATA
5
1.0 2.35 1.5 5.53 2.0 8.92 2.5 12.15
3.0 15.38
SOLUTION: a = 6.536, b = −4.206

2-16
2.45 (a) E(cal/mol), D0 (cm2/s)
(b) ln D vs. 1/T, Slope=-E/R, intercept=ln D0.
(c) Intercept = ln D0 = -3.0151 ⇒ D0 = 0.05 cm2 / s .
Slope = − E / R = -3666 K ⇒ E = (3666 K)(1.987 cal / mol ⋅ K) = 7284 cal / mol

2.0E-03

2.1E-03

2.2E-03

2.3E-03

2.4E-03

2.5E-03

2.6E-03

2.7E-03

2.8E-03

2.9E-03

3.0E-03
-10.0
-11.0
ln D

-12.0
-13.0
-14.0
ln D = -3666(1/T) - 3.0151 1/T

(d) Spreadsheet

T D 1/T lnD (1/T)*(lnD) (1/T)**2

347 1.34E-06 2.88E-03 -13.5 -0.03897 8.31E-06
374.2 2.50E-06 2.67E-03 -12.9 -0.03447 7.14E-06
396.2 4.55E-06 2.52E-03 -12.3 -0.03105 6.37E-06
420.7 8.52E-06 2.38E-03 -11.7 -0.02775 5.65E-06
447.7 1.41E-05 2.23E-03 -11.2 -0.02495 4.99E-06
471.2 2.00E-05 2.12E-03 -10.8 -0.02296 4.50E-06

Sx 2.47E-03
Sy -12.1
Syx -3.00E-02
Sxx 6.16E-06
-E/R -3666
ln D0 -3.0151

D0 7284

E 0.05

2-17