CHAPTER THREE

16 × 6 × 2 m3 1000 kg
3.1 (a) m =
m 3 b
≈ 2 × 10 5 2 103 ≈ 2 × 105 kggb gb gd i
8 oz 1 qt 106 cm3 1g 4 × 106
(b) m = ≈ ≈ 1 × 102 g / s
2s 32 oz 1056.68 qt cm 3
b3 × 10gd10 i3

(c) Weight of a boxer ≈ 220 lb m

12 × 220 lb m 1 stone
Wmax ≥ ≈ 220 stones
14 lb m

(d) dictionary
πD 2 L 314
. 4.5 ft 2 2
800 miles 5880 ft 7.4805 gal 1 barrel
V= =
4 4 1 mile 1 ft 3 42 gal

≈
d i d
3 × 4 × 5 × 8 × 10 2 × 5 × 10 3 × 7 i ≈ 1 × 10 7 barrels
4 × 4 × 10

6 ft × 1 ft × 0.5 ft 28,317 cm3

(e) (i) V ≈ 3
≈ 3 × 3 × 104 ≈ 1 × 105 cm3
1 ft
150 lb m 1 ft 3 28,317 cm3 150 × 3 × 104
(ii) V ≈ ≈ ≈ 1 × 105 cm3
62.4 lb m 1 ft 3 60
(f) SG ≈ 105
.

995 kg 1 lb m 0.028317 m3
3.2 (a) (i) 3 3
= 62.12 lb m / ft 3
m 0.45359 kg 1 ft

995 kg / m3 62.43 lb m / ft 3
(ii) = 62.12 lb m / ft 3
1000 kg / m3

(b) ρ = ρ H2 O × SG = 62.43 lb m / ft 3 × 5.7 = 360 lb m / ft 3

50 L 0.70 × 103 kg 1 m3
3.3 (a) = 35 kg
m3 103 L

1150 kg m3 1000 L 1 min

(b) = 27 L s
min 0.7 × 1000 kg 1 m3 60 s

10 gal 1 ft 3 0.70 × 62.43 lb m

(c) ≅ 29 lb m / min
2 min 7.481 gal 1 ft 3

3-1
3.3 (cont’d)

(d) Assuming that 1 cm3 kerosene was mixed with Vg (cm3 ) gasoline

d i d
Vg cm3gasoline ⇒ 0.70Vg g gasoline i
1dcm kerosenei ⇒ 0.82dg kerosenei
3

SG =
d0.70V + 0.82idg blendi = 0.78 ⇒ V
g
=
0.82 − 0.78
= 0.5 0 cm
3

V + 1dcm blend i 0.78 − 0.70

3 g
g

Vgasoline 0.50 cm3

Volumetric ratio = = = 0.50 cm3 gasoline / cm3 kerosene
Vkerosene 1 cm3

50.0 kg L 5 Fr $1
3.4 In France: = $68.42
0.7 × 10
. kg 1L 5.22 Fr
50.0 kg L 1 gal $1.20
In U.S.: = $22.64
0.70 × 10
. kg 3.7854 L 1 gal

3.5
VB ( ft 3 / h ), m B ( lb m / h )
V ( ft 3 / h), SG = 0.850

VH ( ft 3 / h ), m H ( lb m / h ) 700 lb m / h

700 lb m ft 3
(a) V = = 1319
. ft 3 / h
h 0.850 × 62.43 lb m

m B = B
d i
V ft 3 0.879 × 62.43 lb m  kg / h
= 54.88V b g
h bg ft 3
B

d hb
m = V 0.659 × 62.43 = 4114
H H g
. V kg / h H b g
VB + VH = 1319
. ft 3 / h
m B + m H = 54.88VB + 4114
. VH = 700 lb m
⇒ V = 114 B . ft 3 / h ⇒ m = 628 lb / h benzene
B m

VH = 1.74 ft 3 / h ⇒ m H = 71.6 lb m / h hexane

(b) – No buildup of mass in unit.

– ρ B and ρ H at inlet stream conditions are equal to their tabulated values (which are
o
strictly valid at 20 C and 1 atm.)
– Volumes of benzene and hexane are additive.
– Densitometer gives correct reading.

3-2
 195.5 kg H 2SO 4 1 kg solution L
3.6 (a) V = = 445 L
0.35kg H 2SO 4 12563
. × 1000
. kg
(b)
195.5 kg H 2 SO 4 L
Videal =
.
18255 × 1.00 kg
195.5 kg H 2 SO 4 0.65 kg H 2 O L
+ = 470 L
0.35 kg H 2 SO 4 1.000 kg
470 − 445
% error = × 100% = 5.6%
445

3.7 b gE
Buoyant force up = Weight of block down b g
Mass of oil displaced + Mass of water displaced = Mass of block
b g b
ρ oil 0.542 V + ρ H O 1 − 0.542 V = ρ c V
2
g
From Table B.1: ρ c = 2.26 g / cm3 , ρ w = 100
. g / cm3 ⇒ ρ oil = 3.325 g / cm3
moil = ρ oil × V = 3.325 g / cm3 × 35.3 cm3 = 117.4 g
moil + flask = 117.4 g + 124.8 g = 242 g

3.8 b g
Buoyant force up = Weight of block down b g
⇒ Wdisplaced liquid = Wblock ⇒ ( ρVg ) disp. Liq = ( ρVg ) block

Expt. 1: ρ w 15 b g
. A g = ρB 2 A g ⇒ ρB = ρw × b g 15
2
.

ρ w =1.00 g/cm3
ρ B = 0.75 g / cm3 ⇒ SG b g B
= 0.75

bg b g
Expt. 2: ρ soln A g = ρ B 2 A g ⇒ ρ soln = 2 ρ B = 15
. g / cm3 ⇒ SG b g soln
= 15
.

3.9
Let ρ w = density of water. Note: ρ A > ρ w (object sinks)

WA + WB hs 1 Volume displaced: Vd 1 = Ab hsi = Ab h p1 − hb1 d i (1)

Archimedes ⇒ ρ wVd 1 g = WA + WB
hb1
hρ1 

weight of displaced water

Before object is jettisoned d
Subst. (1) for Vd1 , solve for h p1 − hb1 i
WA + WB
h p1 − hb1 = (2)
pw gAb
bi g
Volume of pond water: Vw = Ap h p1 − Vd 1 ⇒Vw = Ap h p1 − Ab h p1 − hb1 d i
subst. ( 2 )
WA + WB V W + WB
Vw = Ap hp1 − ⇒ hp1 = w + A (3)
for b p1 − hb1 ρw g Ap ρ w gAp
subst. ( 3) for h p1 in
Vw (WA + WB ) ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
hb1 = + ⎢ − ⎥ (4)
( 2 ), solve for hb1 Ap ρ w g ⎣⎢ Ap Ab ⎥⎦

3-3
3.9 (cont’d)
hs 2 WA
WB Let V A = volume of jettisoned object = (5)
ρ Ag
WA
h b2
hρ2
Volume displaced by boat: Vd 2 = Ab h p 2 − hb 2 d i (6)
Archimedes ⇒ ρ WVd 2 g = WB
After object is jettisoned
E
Subst. for Vd 2 , solve for dh p2 − hb 2 i
WB
hp 2 − hb 2 = (7)
ρ w gAb
( 5 ), ( 6 ) & ( 7 ) WB W
Volume of pond water: Vw = Ap hp 2 − Vd 2 − VA Vw = Ap hp 2 − − A
ρw g ρ A g
solve for Vw WB WA
⇒ hp 2 = + + (8)
hp 2 Ap ρ w gAp ρ A gAp
subst. ( 8 )
Vw WB WA WB
⇒ hb 2 = + + − (9)
for h p 2 in ( 7 ), solve for hb 2 Ap ρ w gAp ρ A gAp ρ w gAb

(a) Change in pond level

( 8 ) − ( 3) WA ⎡ 1 1 ⎤ WA ( ρ w − ρ A )
hp 2 − hp1 = ⎢ − ⎥= < 0 (since ρ w < ρ A )
Ap g ⎣ ρ A ρW ⎦ ρ A ρ w gAp

⇒ the pond level falls

(b) Change in boat level

P >0 ⎡ >0 ⎤
( 9 ) −( 4 ) W ⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤ ( 5) ⎛
V ⎞ ⎢ ⎛ ρ ⎛ A ⎞ ⎞⎥
hp 2 − hp1 = − + ⎥ = ⎜⎜ A ⎟⎟ ⎢1 + ⎜⎜ A ⎜ − 1⎟ ⎟ ⎥ > 0
p
A
⎢ ⎟
Ap g ⎢⎣ ρ A Ap ρW Ap ρW Ab ⎥⎦ ⎝ Ap ⎠ ⎢ ⎝ ρW ⎝ Ab ⎠ ⎠⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⇒ the boat rises

2.93 kg CaCO 3 0.70 L CaCO 3

3.10 (a) ρ bulk = = 2.05 kg / L
L CaCO 3 L total

2.05 kg 50 L 9.807 m / s2 1N
(b) Wbag = ρ bulkVg = = 100
. × 103 N
L 1 kg ⋅ m / s2

Neglected the weight of the bag itself and of the air in the filled bag.

(c) The limestone would fall short of filling three bags, because
– the powder would pack tighter than the original particles.
– you could never recover 100% of what you fed to the mill.

3-4
 122.5 kg 9.807 m / s2 1N
3.11 (a) Wb = mb g = = 1202 N
1 kg ⋅ m / s2
Wb − WI (1202 N - 44.0 N) 1 kg ⋅ m / s2
Vb = = = 119 L
ρwg 0.996 kg / L × 9.807 m / s2 1N
m 122.5 kg
ρb = b = = 103
. kg / L
Vb 119 L

(b) m f + mnf = mb (1)

mf
xf = ⇒ m f = mb x f (2)
mb
(1),(2) ⇒ mnf = mb 1 − x f d i (3)
mf mnf mb
V f + Vnf = Vb ⇒ + =
ρf ρ nf ρb
b2 g,b 3g Fx 1− xf I=m F1 I= 1 − 1 1 / ρ b − 1 / ρ nf
⇒ mb GH ρ f

f
+
ρ nf JK ρ b
b
⇒ xf GH ρ f
−
1
ρ nf JK ρ ρ
b nf
⇒ xf =
1 / ρ f − 1 / ρ nf

1 / ρ b − 1 / ρ nf . − 1 / 1.1
1 / 103
(c) x f = = = 0.31
1 / ρ f − 1 / ρ nf 1 / 0.9 − 1 / 1.1

(d) V f + Vnf + Vlungs + Vother = Vb

mf mnf mb
+ + Vlungs + Vother =
ρf ρ nf ρb
m f = mb x f Fx 1− xf I + (V F1− 1I
mnf = mb (1− x f )
mb GH ρ f

f
−
ρ nf JK lungs + Vother ) = mb GH ρ ρ JK
b nf

F 1 − 1 I = 1 − 1 − V +V
GH ρ ρ JK ρ ρ
⇒ xf
f m nf b nf
lungs

b
other

F 1 − 1 I − F V + V I F 1 1 I F 12. + 01. I
GH ρ ρ JK GH m JK GH 1.03 − 11. JK − GH 122.5 JK
b nf
lungs

b
other

⇒x = = = 0.25
f
F1− 1I FG 1 − 1 IJ
GH ρ ρ JK H 0.9 11. K f nf

3-5
3.12 (a)

4.5

Conc. (g Ile/100 g H2O)

4
3.5 y = 545.5x - 539.03
3 R2 = 0.9992
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.987 0.989 0.991 0.993 0.995 0.997
Density (g/cm3)

. ρ − 539.03
From the plot above, r = 5455

(b) For ρ = 0.9940 g / cm3 , r = 3.197 g Ile / 100g H 2 O

150 L 0.994 g 1000 cm3 3.197 g Ile 1 kg
m Ile = 3
= 4.6 kg Ile / h
h cm L 103.197 g sol 1000 g

(c) The density of H2O increases as T decreases, therefore the density was higher than it
should have been to use the calibration formula. The valve of r and hence the Ile mass
flow rate calculated in part (b) would be too high.

3.13 (a)

1.20
1.00
Mass Flow Rate (kg/min)

y = 0.0743x + 0.1523
R 2 = 0.9989
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
Rotameter Reading

From the plot, R = 5.3 ⇒ m = 0.0743 5.3 + 01523

. = 0.55 kg / min b g

3-6
3.13 (cont’d)
(b)
Rotameter Collection Collected Mass Flow Difference Mean Di
Reading Time Volume Rate Duplicate
(min) (cm3) (kg/min) (Di)
2 1 297 0.297
2 1 301 0.301 0.004
4 1 454 0.454
4 1 448 0.448 0.006
6 0.5 300 0.600
6 0.5 298 0.596 0.004 0.0104
8 0.5 371 0.742
8 0.5 377 0.754 0.012
10 0.5 440 0.880
10 0.5 453 0.906 0.026

Di =
1
5
b g
0.004 + 0.006 + 0.004 + 0.012 + 0.026 = 0.0104 kg / min

95% confidence limits: (0.610 ± 1.74 Di ) kg / min = 0.610 ± 0.018 kg / min

There is roughly a 95% probability that the true flow rate is between 0.592 kg / min
and 0.628 kg / min .

15.0 kmol C 6 H 6 78.114 kg C 6 H 6

3.14 (a) = 117
. × 103 kg C 6 H 6
kmol C 6 H 6
15.0 kmol C 6 H 6 1000 mol
(b) = 15. × 104 mol C 6 H 6
kmol

15,000 mol C 6 H 6 lb - mole

(c) = 33.07 lb - mole C 6 H 6
453.6 mol
15,000 mol C 6 H 6 6 mol C
(d) = 90,000 mol C
1 mol C 6 H 6
15,000 mol C 6 H 6 6 mol H
(e) = 90,000 mol H
1 mol C 6 H 6
90,000 mol C 12.011 g C
(f) = 1.08 × 106 g C
mol C
90,000 mol H 1.008 g H
(g) = 9.07 × 104 g H
mol H

15,000 mol C 6 H 6 6.022 × 1023

(h) = 9.03 × 1027 molecules of C 6 H 6
mol

3-7
 175 m3 1000 L 0.866 kg 1h
3.15 (a) m = 3
= 2526 kg / min
h m L 60 min

2526 kg 1000 mol 1 min

(b) n = = 457 mol / s
min 92.13 kg 60 s
(c) Assumed density (SG) at T, P of stream is the same as the density at 20oC and 1 atm

200.0 kg mix 0150

. kg CH 3OH kmol CH 3OH 1000 mol
3.16 (a) = 936 mol CH 3OH
kg mix 32.04 kg CH 3OH 1 kmol

100.0 lb - mole MA 74.08 lb m MA 1 lb m mix

(b) m mix = = 8715 lb m / h
h 1 lb - mole MA 0.850 lb m MA

0.25 mol N 2 28.02 g N 2 0.75 mol H 2 2.02 g H 2

3.17 M= + = 8.52 g mol
mol N 2 mol H 2
3000 kg kmol 0.25 kmol N 2 28.02 kg N 2
m N 2 = = 2470 kg N 2 h
h 8.52 kg kmol feed kmol N 2

3.18 M suspension = 565 g − 65 g = 500 g , M CaCO 3 = 215 g − 65 g = 150 g

(a) V = 455 mL min , m = 500 g min

(b) ρ = m / V = 500 g / 455 mL = 110

. g mL
(c) 150 g CaCO 3 / 500 g suspension = 0.300 g CaCO 3 g suspension

3.19 Assume 100 mol mix.

10.0 mol C 2 H 5OH 46.07 g C 2 H 5OH
mC2 H 5OH = = 461 g C 2 H 5OH
mol C 2 H 5OH
75.0 mol C 4 H 8 O 2 88.1 g C 4 H 8 O 2
mC4 H 8O 2 = = 6608 g C 4 H 8 O 2
mol C 4 H 8 O 2
15.0 mol CH 3COOH 60.05 g CH 3COOH
mCH 3COOH = = 901 g CH 3COOH
mol CH 3COOH
461 g
xC2 H 5OH = = 0.0578 g C 2 H 5OH / g mix
461 g + 6608 g + 901 g
6608 g
xC 4 H 8 O 2 = = 0.8291 g C 4 H 8 O 2 / g mix
461 g + 6608 g + 901 g
901 g
xCH 3COOH = = 0.113 g CH 3COOH / g mix
461 g + 6608 g + 901 g
461 g + 6608 g + 901 g
MW = = 79.7 g / mol
100 mol
25 kmol EA 100 kmol mix 79.7 kg mix
m= = 2660 kg mix
75 kmol EA 1 kmol mix

3-8
3.20 (a)
Unit Function
Crystallizer Form solid gypsum particles from a solution
Filter Separate particles from solution
Dryer Remove water from filter cake

0.35 kg C aSO 4 ⋅ 2 H 2 O
(b) m gypsum = 1 L slurry = 0 .35 kg C aSO 4 ⋅ 2 H 2 O
L slurry
0.35 kg CaSO4 ⋅ 2H2OL CaSO4 ⋅ 2H2O
Vgypsum = = 0151
. L CaSO4 ⋅ 2H2O
2.32 kg CaSO4 ⋅ 2H2O
0.35 kg gypsum 136.15 kg CaSO 4
CaSO 4 in gypsum: m = = 0.277 kg CaSO 4
172.18 kg gypsum

CaSO 4 in soln.: m =
b1− 0151
. g L sol 1.05 kg 0.209 kg CaSO 4
= 0.00186 kg CaSO 4
L 100.209 kg sol

0.35 kg gypsum 0.05 kg sol 0.209 g CaSO 4

(c) m = = 3.84 × 10-5 kg CaSO 4
0.95 kg gypsum 100.209 g sol
0.277 g + 3.84 × 10 -5 g
% recovery = × 100% = 99.3%
0.277 g + 0.00186 g

3.21
45.8 L 0.90 kg kmol
= 0.5496
kmol U|
CSA:
min L 75 kg min
⇒
|V
0.5496
= 1.2
mol CSA
FB:
55.2 L 0.75 kg kmol
= 0.4600
kmol ||
0.4600 mol FB
min L 90 kg min W
She was wrong.
The mixer would come to a grinding halt and the motor would overheat.

150 mol EtOH 46.07 g EtOH

3.22 (a) = 6910 g EtOH
mol EtOH
6910 g EtO H 0.600 g H 2 O
= 10365 g H 2 O
0.400 g EtOH
6910 g EtOH L 10365 g H 2 O L
V = + = 19.123 L ⇒ 19.1 L
789 g EtOH 1000 g H 2 O
(6910 +10365) g L
SG = = 0.903
19.1 L 1000 g

( 6910 + 10365) g mix L

(b) V ′ = = 18.472 L ⇒ 18.5 L
935.18 g
(19.123 − 18.472 ) L
% error = × 100% = 3.5%
18.472 L

3-9
 0.09 mol CH 4
16.04 g 0.91 mol Air 29.0 g Air
3.23 M = + = 27.83 g mol
mol mol
700 kg kmol 0.090 kmol CH 4
= 2.264 kmol CH 4 h
h 27.83 kg 1.00 kmol mix
2.264 kmol CH 4 0.91 kmol air
= 22.89 kmol air h
h 0.09 kmol CH 4
2.264 kmol CH 4 0.95 kmol air
5% CH 4 ⇒ = 43.01 kmol air h
h 0.05 kmol CH 4

Dilution air required: b43.01 - 22.89g kmol air 1000 mol

= 20200 mol air h
h 1 kmol
20.20 kmol Air 29 kg Air
Product gas: 700 kg + = 1286 kg h
h h kmol Air

43.01 kmol Air 0.21 kmol O2 32.00 kg O2 h kg O2

= 0.225
h 1.00 kmol Air 1 kmol O2 1286 kg total kg

mi m M
3.24 xi = , ρi = i , ρ =
M Vi V
m m 1 mi2
A: ∑ x i ρ i = ∑ i i = ∑V ≠ρ Not helpful.
M Vi M i
xi mi Vi 1 V 1
B: ∑ρ = ∑M mi
=
M
∑ Vi =
M ρ
= Correct.
i
1 xi 0.60 0.25 0.15
ρ
= ∑ = + +
ρ i 0.791 1.049 1.595
= 1.091 ⇒ ρ = 0.917 g / cm 3

R|20 × 80 = 64 mol CO
⇒S
2
3.25 (a) Basis: 100 mol N 2 ⇒ 20 mol CH 4 25
|T 20 × 40
25
= 32 mol CO

N total = 100 + 20 + 64 + 32 = 216 mol

32 64
xCO = = 0.15 m ol C O / m ol , x C O 2 = = 0.30 m ol C O 2 / m ol
216 216
20 100
x CH 4 = = 0.09 mol CH 4 / mol , x N 2 = = 0.46 mol N 2 / mol
216 216

(b) M = ∑ yi M i = 015
. × 28 + 0.30 × 44 + 0.09 × 16 + 0.46 × 28 = 32 g / mol

3-10
3.26 (a)
Samples Species MW k Peak Mole Mass moles mass
Area Fraction Fraction
1 CH4 16.04 0.150 3.6 0.156 0.062 0.540 8.662
C2H6 30.07 0.287 2.8 0.233 0.173 0.804 24.164
C3H8 44.09 0.467 2.4 0.324 0.353 1.121 49.416
C4H10 58.12 0.583 1.7 0.287 0.412 0.991 57.603

2 CH4 16.04 0.150 7.8 0.249 0.111 1.170 18.767

C2H6 30.07 0.287 2.4 0.146 0.123 0.689 20.712
C3H8 44.09 0.467 5.6 0.556 0.685 2.615 115.304
C4H10 58.12 0.583 0.4 0.050 0.081 0.233 13.554

3 CH4 16.04 0.150 3.4 0.146 0.064 0.510 8.180

C2H6 30.07 0.287 4.5 0.371 0.304 1.292 38.835
C3H8 44.09 0.467 2.6 0.349 0.419 1.214 53.534
C4H10 58.12 0.583 0.8 0.134 0.212 0.466 27.107

4 CH4 16.04 0.150 4.8 0.333 0.173 0.720 11.549

C2H6 30.07 0.287 2.5 0.332 0.324 0.718 21.575
C3H8 44.09 0.467 1.3 0.281 0.401 0.607 26.767
C4H10 58.12 0.583 0.2 0.054 0.102 0.117 6.777

5 CH4 16.04 0.150 6.4 0.141 0.059 0.960 15.398

C2H6 30.07 0.287 7.9 0.333 0.262 2.267 68.178
C3H8 44.09 0.467 4.8 0.329 0.380 2.242 98.832
C4H10 58.12 0.583 2.3 0.197 0.299 1.341 77.933

(b) REAL A(10), MW(10), K(10), MOL(10), MASS(10), MOLT, MASST

INTEGER N, ND, ID, J
READ (5, *) N
CN-NUMBER OF SPECIES
READ (5, *) (MW(J), K(J), J = 1, N)
READ (5, *) ND
DO 20 ID = 1 , ND
READ (5, *)(A(J), J = 1, N)
MOLT = 0. 0
MASST = 0. 0
DO 10 J = 1, N
MOL(J) =
MASS(J) = MOL(J) * MW(J)
MOLT = MOLT + MOL(J)
MASST = MASST + MASS(J)
10 CONTINUE
DO 15 J = 1, N
MOL(J) = MOL(J)/MOLT
MASS(J) = MASS(J)/MASST
15 CONTINUE
WRITE (6, 1) ID, (J, MOL(J), MASS (J), J = 1, N)
20 CONTINUE
1 FORMAT (' SAMPLE: `, I3, /,

3-11
3.26 (cont’d)
∗ ' SPECIES MOLE FR. MASS FR.', /,
∗ 10(3X, I3, 2(5X, F5.3), /), /)
END
$DATA
∗
4
16. 04 0. 150
30. 07 0. 287
44 . 09 0. 467
58. 12 0. 583
5
3. 6 2. 8 2. 4 1. 7
7 . 8 2. 4 5. 6 0. 4
3. 4 4 . 5 2. 6 0. 8
4 . 8 2. 5 1. 3 0. 2
6 . 4 7. 9 4 . 8 2. 3
[OUTPUT]
SAMPLE: 1
SPECIES MOLE FR MASS FR
1 0.156 0.062
2 0.233 0.173
3 0.324 0.353
4 0.287 0.412
SAMPLE: 2
(ETC.)

(8.7 × 10 6 × 0.40) kg C 44 kg CO 2
3.27 (a) = 1.28 × 10 7 kg CO 2 ⇒ 2.9 × 105 kmol CO 2
12 kg C
. × 10 6 × 0.26) kg C 28 kg CO
(11
= 6.67 × 10 5 kg CO ⇒ 2.38 × 10 4 kmol CO
12 kg C
( 3.8 × 10 × 0.10) kg C
5
16 kg CH 4
= 5.07 × 10 4 kg CH 4 ⇒ 3.17 × 10 3 kmol CH 4
12 kg C
(1.28 × 10 7 + 6.67 × 10 5 + 5.07 × 10 4 ) kg 1 metric ton metric tons
m= = 13,500
1000 kg yr
M = ∑y M i i = 0.915 × 44 + 0.075 × 28 + 0.01 × 16 = 42.5 g / mol

3.28 (a) Basis: 1 liter of solution

1000 mL 1.03 g 5 g H 2 SO 4 mol H 2 SO 4

= 0.525 mol / L ⇒ 0.525 molar solution
mL 100 g 98.08 g H 2 SO 4

3-12
3.28 (cont’d)
55 gal 3.7854 L min 60 s
(b) t = V = = 144 s
V gal 87 L min
55 gal 3.7854 L 10 3 mL 1.03 g 0.0500 g H 2 SO 4 1 lbm
= 23.6 lb m H 2 SO 4
gal 1L mL g 453.59 g

V 87 L m 3 1 min
(c) u = = = 0.513 m / s
A min 1000 L 60 s (π × 0.06 2 / 4 ) m 2
L 45 m
t= = = 88 s
u 0.513 m / s

3.29 (a)

n1 n2
0.180 mol 0.050 mol
C6H14/mol C6H14/mol

1.50 L C6H14(l)/min
n 3 (mol C6H14(l)/min)

. L 0.659 kg 1000 mol

150
n3 = = 1147
. mol / min
min L 86.17 kg

Hexane balance: 0.180n1 = 0050

. n2 + 1147 UV
. (mol C6 H14 / min) solve n1 = 838 R|
. mol / min
⇒
W S|
Nitrogen balance: 0.820n1 = 0950
. n2 (mol N2 / min)
T
n2 = 72.3 mol / min

n3 1147
.
(b) Hexane recovery = × 100% = × 100% = 76%
n1 0180
. 838 . b g
30 mL 1L 0.030 mol 172 g
3.30 3 = 0155
. g Nauseum
10 mL lL 1 mol

3-13
3.31 (a) kt is dimensionless ⇒ k (min -1 )
(b) A semilog plot of CA vs. t is a straight line ⇒ ln CA = ln CAO − kt

1 y = -0.4137x + 0.2512
0
-1 R2 = 0.9996

ln(CA)
-2
-3
-4
-5
0.0 5.0 10.0
t (m in)

k = 0.414 min −1
ln CAO = 02512
. ⇒ CAO = 1286
. lb - moles ft 3

FG 1b - molesIJ = C′ mol 28.317 liter 2.26462 lb - moles

(c) C A
H ft K liter 1 ft
3 A 3
1000 mol
= 0.06243C A′

t ′bsg 1 min
t bming = = t ′ 60
60 s
C A = C A 0 exp(− kt )

b g b g b g
drop primes
0.06243C A′ = 1334
. exp −0.419t ′ 60 ⇒ C A mol / L = 214
. exp −0.00693t
t = 200 s ⇒ C A = 5.30 mol / L

2600 mm Hg 14.696 psi

3.32 (a) = 50.3 psi
760 mm Hg

275 ft H 2 O 101.325 kPa

(b) = 822.0 kPa
33.9 ft H 2 O

3.00 atm 101325

. × 105 N m2 12 m2
(c) 2 2
= 30.4 N cm2
1 atm 100 cm

280 cm Hg 10 mm 101325
. × 106 dynes cm2 1002 cm2 dynes
(d) = 3.733 × 1010
1 cm 760 mm Hg 2
1 m 2
m2

20 cm Hg 10 mm 1 atm
(e) 1 atm − = 0.737 atm
1 cm 760 mm Hg

(f)
25.0 psig 760 mm Hg gauge
= 1293 mm Hg gauge
b g b g
14.696 psig

3-14
3.32 (cont’d)

(g)
b25.0 + 14.696gpsi 760 mm Hg
= 2053 mm Hg abs b g
14.696 psi

(h) 325 mm Hg − 760 mm Hg = −435 mm Hg gauge b g

(i)
P
Eq. (3.4-2) ⇒ h =
ρg
35.0 lbf 144 in2 ft 3 s2 32.174 lbm ⋅ ft 100 cm
=
in 2
1 ft 2
1.595 × 62.43 lbm 32.174 ft lbf ⋅ s 2
3.2808 ft
= 1540 cm CCl4

0.92 × 1000 kg 9.81 m / s2 h (m) 1N 1 kPa

3.33 (a) Pg = ρgh =
m3 1 kg ⋅ m / s 10 N / m2
2 3

⇒ h (m) = 0111
. Pg (kPa)

Pg
Pg = 68 kPa ⇒ h = 0111
. × 68 = 7.55 m
FG
moil = ρV = 0.92 × 1000
kg IJ FG
π
16 2 3 IJ
H m3
× 7.55
K H
× ×
4
m = 14
. × 10 6 kg
K
(b) Pg + Patm = Ptop + ρgh

b g b g
68 + 101 = 115 + 0.92 × 1000 × 9.81 / 103 h ⇒ h = 5.98 m

3.34 (a) Weight of block = Sum of weights of displaced liquids

ρ h + ρ 2 h2
(h1 + h2 ) Aρ b g = h1 Aρ 1 g + h2 Aρ 2 g ⇒ ρ b = 1 1
h1 + h2

3-15
3.34 (cont’d)
(b)
Ptop = Patm + ρ1gh0 , Pbottom = Patm + ρ1g(h0 + h1) + ρ2 gh2 , Wb = ρb (h1 + h2 ) A
⇒Fdown = ( Patm + ρ1gh0 ) A + ρb (h1 + h2 ) A , Fup = [ Patm + ρ1g(h0 + h1) + ρ2 gh2 ]A
Fdown = Fup ⇒ ρb (h1 + h2 ) A = ρ1gh1 A + ρ2 gh2 A ⇒ Wblock = Wliquid displaced

3.35 b g
∆ P = Patm + ρgh − Pinside

= 1 atm − 1 atm +
b105
. g1000 kg 9.8066 m 150 m 12 m2 1N
m3 s2
100 cm 1 kg ⋅ m / s2
2 2

154 N 65 cm2 FG 022481 lb I

H 1 N JK = 2250 lb
.
F= 2
= 100
. × 104 N × f
f
cm

. × 62.43 lb m
14 1 ft 3 2.3 × 106 gal
3.36 m = ρV = = 2.69 × 107 lb m
ft 3 7.481 gal
P = P0 + ρgh
lb 14 . × 62.43 lb m 32.174 ft 30 ft 1 lb f 12 ft 2
= 14.7 2f +
in ft 3 s2 32.174 lb m ⋅ ft / s2 12 2 in 2
= 32.9 psi
— Structural flaw in the tank.
— Tank strength inadequate for that much force.
— Molasses corroded tank wall

π × 24 2 × 3 in 3 1 ft 3 8.0 × 62.43 lb m
3.37 (a) mhead = 3 3
= 392 lb m
4 12 in ft 3
392 lb m 32.174 ft / s 2 1 lb f
W = mhead g = = 392 lb f
32.174 lb m ⋅ ft / s 2
⎡⎣( 30 + 14.7 ) ⎤⎦ lb f π × 202 in 2
Fnet = Fgas − Fatm − W =
in 2 4
14.7 lbf π × 242 in 2
− − 392 lb f = 7.00 × 103 lb f
in 2 4

The head would blow off.

3-16
3.37 (cont’d)

F 7.000 × 10 lbf 3
32.174 lb m ⋅ ft/s 2
Initial acceleration: a = net = = 576 ft/s 2
mhead 392 lb m 1 lb f

(b) Vent the reactor through a valve to the outside or a hood before removing the head.

3.38 (a)
Pa = ρgh + Patm , Pb = Patm
If the inside pressure on the door equaled Pa , the force
on the door would be F = Adoor ( Pa − Pb ) = ρghAdoor
a Since the pressure at every point on the door is greater
b
2m than Pa , Since the pressure at every point on the door
1m is greater than Pa , F >ρghAdoor

(b) Assume an average bathtub 5 ft long, 2.5 ft wide, and 2 ft high takes about 10 min
to fill.
V 5 × 25
. × 2 ft 3
Vtub = ≈ . ft 3 / min ⇒ V = 5 × 25
= 25 . = 125
. ft 3 / min
t 10 min

(i) For a full room, h = 10 m

1000 kg 981. m 1N 10 m 2 m2
⇒F> ⇒ F > 2.0 × 105 N
m3 s2 1 kg ⋅ m / s2
The door will break before the room fills

(ii) If the door holds, it will take

V
t fill = room =
b
5 × 15 × 10 m3 g 35.3145 ft 3 1h
= 31 h
V 12.5 ft 3 / min 1 m3 60 min
He will not have enough time.

3.39 (a) Pgd i tap

=
25 m H 2 O 101.3 kPa
10.33 m H 2 O
= 245 kPa

dP i g =
b g
25 + 5 m H 2 O 101.3 kPa
= 294 kPa
junction 10.33 m H 2 O

(b) Air in the line. (lowers average density of the water.)

(c) The line could be clogged, or there could be a leak between the junction and the
tap.

3-17
3.40 Pabs = 800 mm Hg
Pgauge = 25 mm Hg
Patm = 800 − 25 = 775 mm Hg

b g
3.41 (a) P1 + ρ A g h1 + h2 = P2 + ρ B gh1 + ρ C gh2
b g b
⇒ P1 − P2 = ρ B − ρ A gh1 + ρ C − ρ A gh2 g
(b)

P1 = 121 kPa +
LMb10. − 0.792g g 981 cm 30.0 cm + b137 . − 0.792g g OP
981 cm 24.0 cm
N cm 3
s 2
cm 3
s2 Q
F 1 dyne I F
×G
I = 123.0 kPa
H 1 g ⋅ cm / s K H 1.01325 × 10 dynes / cm JK
J G 101325
. kPa
2 6 2

3.42 (a) Say ρt (g/cm3) = density of toluene, ρm (g/cm3) = density of manometer fluid

500 − h
ρ t g (500 − h + R ) = ρ m gR ⇒ R =
ρm
−1
ρt
(i) Hg: ρ t = 0.866, ρ m = 13.6, h = 150 cm ⇒ R = 238
. cm
(ii) H 2 O: ρ t = 0.866, ρ m = 100
. , h = 150 cm ⇒ R = 2260 cm

Use mercury, because the water manometer would have to be too tall.

(b) If the manometer were simply filled with toluene, the level in the glass tube would
be at the level in the tank.
Advantages of using mercury: smaller manometer; less evaporation.

(c) The nitrogen blanket is used to avoid contact between toluene and atmospheric
oxygen, minimizing the risk of combustion.
3.43 b g
Patm = ρ f g 7.23 m ⇒ ρ f = atm
P
7.23 g

d
Pa − Pb = ρ f − ρ w g 26 cm = ib Patm
7.23 m
g FGH
− ρ w g 26 cm
IJ b
K g

F756 mmHg 1 m −1000 kg 9.81 m/s

=G
2
Ib g
H 7.23 m 100 cm m 3
1N 760 mmHg 1m
1 kg⋅ m/s 1.01325×10 N m 100 cm
2 5 2 JK
26 cm

⇒ Pa − Pb = 81
. mm Hg

3-18
 . psi 760 mm Hg
75
3.44 (a) ∆h = 900 − hl = = 388 mm Hg ⇒ hl = 900 − 388=512 mm
14.696 psi
338 mm Hg 14.696 psi
(b) ∆h = 388 − 25 × 2 = 338 mm ⇒ Pg = = 6.54 psig
760 mm Hg

3.45 (a) h = L sin θ

b g b g
(b) h = 8.7 cm sin 15° = 2.3 cm H 2 O = 23 mm H 2 O

3.46 (a) P = Patm − Poil − PHg

920 kg 9.81 m / s2 0.10 m 1N 760 mm Hg
= 765 − 365 −
m3 1 kg ⋅ m / s 1.01325 × 105 N / m2
2

= 393 mm Hg
(b) — Nonreactive with the vapor in the apparatus.
— Lighter than and immiscible with mercury.
— Low rate of evaporation (low volatility).

3.47 (a) Let ρ f = manometer fluid density 110 c

. g cm 3 , ρ ac = acetone density h
c0.791 g cm h 3

Differential manometer formula: ∆P = ρ f − ρ ac gh d i

(1.10 − 0.791) g 981 cm h (mm) 1 cm 1 dyne 760 mm Hg
∆P ( mm Hg) =
cm 3
s 2
10 mm 1 g ⋅ cm/s 2
1.01325×106 dyne/cm2
= 0.02274 h ( mm )

V ( mL s ) 62 87 107 123 138 151

h ( mm ) 5 10 15 20 25 30
∆P ( mm Hg ) 0.114 0.227 0.341 0.455 0.568 0.682

b g
(b) lnV = n ln ∆P + ln K

5.5 y = 0.4979x + 5.2068

ln(V)

4.5

4
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
ln( P)

From the plot above, ln V = 04979

. ln ∆P + 52068
. b g
3-19
3.47 (cont’d)
ml s
⇒ n = 04979
. ≈ 05
. , ln K = 5.2068 ⇒ K = 183
bmm Hgg 0.5

b gb g
(c) h = 23 ⇒ ∆P = 0.02274 23 = 0.523 mm Hg ⇒ V = 183 0.523 b g 0.5
= 132 mL s
132 mL 0.791 g 104 g 1 mol
= 104 g s = 180
. mol s
s mL s 58.08 g

3.48 (a) T = 85° F + 4597

. = 544° R / 18
. = 303 K − 273 = 30°C

(b) T = −10° C + 273 = 263 K × 18

. = 474° R − 460 = 14° F

85° C 10
. °K 85° C 18
. °F 85° C 1.8° R
(c) ∆T = = 85° K; = 153° F; = 153° R
. °C
10 1° C . °C
10

150° R 1° F 150° R 1.0D K 150° R 1.0° C

(d) = 150° F; = 83.3° K; = 83.3° C
1° R 1.8° R 1.8° R

3.49 (a) T = 0.0940 × 1000D FB + 4.00 = 98.0D C ⇒ T = 98.0 × 1.8 + 32 = 208D F

(b) ∆T (D C) = 0.0940∆T (D FB) = 0.94D C ⇒ ∆T (K) = 0.94 K

D 0.94D C 1.8D F
∆T ( F) = = 1.69D F ⇒ ∆T (D R) = 1.69D R
1.0DC
D D
(c) T1 = 15D C ⇒ 100D L ; T2 = 43 C ⇒1000 L
T (D C) = aT (D L) + b

a=
b43 − 15gD C = 0.0311FG D C IJ ; . DC
b = 15 − 0.0311 × 100 = 119
b1000 - 100gD L H D LK
⇒ T (D C) = 0.0311T (D L) + 119
. and T (D L) = 32.15T (D C) − 382.6

(d) Tbp = −88.6D C ⇒ 184.6 K ⇒ 332.3D R ⇒ -127.4D F ⇒ −9851

. D FB ⇒ −3232 D L
(e) ∆T = 50.0D L ⇒ 1.56D C ⇒ 16.6D FB ⇒ 156
. K ⇒ 2.8D F ⇒ 2.8D R

3-20
 b g = 100° C bT g
3.50 (a) Tb H 2O m AgCl = 455° C
V b mVg = aT b° Cg + b
5.27 = 100a + b a = 0.05524 mV ° C
⇒
24.88 = 455a + b b = −0.2539 mV
b g
V mV = 0.05524T ° C − 0.2539 b g
⇓
b g
T ° C = 1810
. V mV + 4.596 b g
(b) 10.0 mV →136
. mV ⇒1856
. °C →2508
. °C ⇒ =
b . − 1856
dT 2508 g
. °C
= 326
. °C / s
dt 20 s

3.51 (a) ln T = ln K + n ln R T = KR n

n=
b
ln 250.0 110.0 g = 1184
b
ln 40.0 20.0 g .

ln K = ln 1100
. − 1184 . ) = 1154
. (ln200 . ⇒ K = 3169
. ⇒T = 3169
. R1184
.

FG 320 IJ 1/1.184

(b) R =
H 3169
. K
= 49.3

(c) Extrapolation error, thermocouple reading wrong.

3.52 (a) PV = 0.08206nT

Pbatmg =
b g P′ psig + 14696
.
bg d i
, V L = V ′ ft ×
. ft 3
28317
3
14696
. L
T ′(D F) − 32
b g b
n mol = n ′ lb - moles × g 453.59 mol
lb − moles
, T(D K) =
1.8
+ 27315
.

⇒
b P′ + 14.696g × V ′ × 28317 = 0.08206 × n ′ ×
453.59 L (T ′ − 32)
×M
O
. P
+ 27315
14.696
.
1 N 1.8 Q
0.08206 × 14.696 × 453.59
⇒ b P ′ + 14.696g × V ′ = × n ′ × bT ′ + 459.7g
28.317 × 18.
⇒ b P′ + 14.696gV ′ = 1073
. n′bT ′ + 459.7g

(b) n ′ =
b500 + 14.696g × 35. = 0.308 lb - mole
10.73 × b85 + 459.7g
tot

. lb - mole 0.30 lb - mole CO 28 lb m CO

0308
mCO = = 2.6 lbm CO
lb - mole lb - mole CO

3-21
3.52 (cont’d)
(c) T ′ =
b3000 + 14.696g × 35. − 459.7 = 2733D F
10.73 × 0.308

b g b
3.53 (a) T ° C = a × r ohms + b g
0 = 23624
. a +b UV ⇒ a = 10634
.
b g
⇒ T ° C = 10634 b g
. r ohms − 25122
.
. a + bW
100 = 33028 b = −25122
.

FG kmol IJ = n ′ (kmol) 1 min = n ′

(b) n
H s K min 60 s 60
P′bmm Hgg P′
Pbatmg = bg b g
1 atm
= , T K = T ′ ° C + 27316
.
760 mm Hg 760
m3 F I m3 1 min V ′

V
s GH JK

=V ′ =
min 60 s 60

n ′ 12186
=
. P′ V ′
⇒ n ′ =
.
0016034 b g d
P′ mm Hg V ′ m3 min i
60 760 T ′ + 27316
. 60 .b g
T ′ ° C + 27316

(c) T = 10.634r − 25122

.
r1 = 26159
. ⇒ T1 = 26.95° C
⇒ r2 = 26157
. ⇒ T2 = 26.93° C
r3 = 44.789 ⇒ T3 = 2251
. °C

P (mm Hg) = h + Patm = h + (29.76 in Hg)

FG 760 mm Hg IJ = h + 755.9
H 29.92 in Hg K
h1 = 232 mm ⇒ P1 = 987.9 mm Hg

⇒ h2 = 156 mm ⇒ P2 = 9119
. mm Hg
h3 = 74 mm ⇒ P3 = 829.9 mm Hg

(d) n1 =
b0.016034gb987.9gb947 60g = 0.8331 kmol CH min
26.95 + 27316
4
.
n2 =
b0.016034gb9119. gb195g = 9.501 kmol air min
26.93 + 27316
.
n3 = n1 + n2 = 10.33 kmol min

(e) V3 =
b
n3 T2 + 27316
.
=
g b
10.33 2251gb
. + 27316
.
= 387 m3 min
g
0.016034 P3 b
0.016034 829.9 gb g

3-22
3.53 (cont’d)
0.8331 kmol CH 4 16.04 kg CH 4 kg CH 4
(f) = 13.36
min kmol min
0.21× 9.501 kmol O2 32.0 kg O2 0.79 × 9.501 kmol N2 28.0 kg N2 kg air
+ = 274
min kmol O2 min kmol N2 min
13.36 kg CH 4 min
xCH4 = = 0.0465 kg CH 4 kg
(13.36 + 274) kg / min

3.54 REAL, MW, T, SLOPE, INTCPT, KO, E

REAL TIME (100), CA (100), TK (100), X (100), Y(100)
INTEGER IT, N, NT, J
b g
READ 5, ∗ MW, NT
DO 10 IT=1, NT
b g
READ 5, ∗ TC, N
TK(IT) = TC + 273.15
b g
READ 5, ∗ (TIME (J), CA (J), J = 1 , N)
DO 1 J=1, N
CA( J ) = CA( J ) /MW
X( J ) = TIME ( J )
Y( J ) = 1./CA( J )
1 CONTINUE
CALL LS (X, Y, N, SLOPE, INTCPT)
b g
K IT = SLOPE
WRITE (E, 2) TK (IT), (TIME (J), CA (J), J = 1 , N)
WRITE (6, 3) K (IT)
10 CONTINUE
DO 4 J=1, NT
X( J ) = 1./TK ( J )
Y( J ) = LOG( K( J ) )
4 CONTINUE
CALL LS (X, Y, NT, SLOPE, INTCPT)
KO = EXP ( INTCPT)
E = −8.314 = SLOPE
WRITE (6, 5) KO, E
2 FORMAT (' TEMPERATURE (K): ', F6.2, /
* ' TIME CA', /,
* ' (MIN) (MOLES)', /
* 100 (IX, F5.2, 3X, F7.4, /))
3 FORMAT (' K (L/MOL – MIN): ', F5.3, //)
5 FORMAT (/, ' KO (L/MOL – MIN) : ', E 12.4, /, ' E (J/MOL): ', E 12.4)
END

3-23
3.54 (cont’d)

SUBROUTINE LS (X, Y, N, SLOPE, INTCPT)

REAL X(100), Y(100), SLOPE, INTCPT, SX, SY, SXX, SXY, AN
INTEGER N, J
SX=0
SY=0
SXX=0
SXY=0
DO 10 J=1,N
SX = SX + X(J)
SY = SY + Y(J)
SXX = SXX + X(J)**2
SXY = SXY + X(J)*Y(J)
10 CONTINUE
AN = N
SX = SX/AN
SY = SY/AN
SXX = SXX/AN
SXY = SXY/AN
SLOPE = (SXY – SX*SY)/(SXX – SX**2)
INTCPT = SY – SLOPE*SX
RETURN
END

$ DATA [OUTPUT]
65.0 4 TEMPERATURE (K): 367.15
94.0 6 TIME CA
10.0 8.1 (MIN) (MOLS/L)
20.0 4.3 10.00 0.1246
30.0 3.0 20.00 0.0662
40.0 2.2 30.00 0.0462
50.0 1.8 40.00 0.0338
60.0 1.5 50.00 0.0277
60.00 0.0231
K( L/MOL ⋅ MIN) : 0.707 ( at 94°C)
110. 6
10.0 3.5
20.0 1.8 TEMPERATURE (K): 383.15
30.0 1.2 #
40.0 0.92 K ( L/MOL ⋅ MIN) : 1.758
50.0 0.73
60.0 0.61 #
127. 6
# K0( L/MOL − MIN) : 0.2329E + 10
# ETC b g
E J / MOL : 0.6690E + 05

3-24