11/27/2018 Mathematical symbols list (+,-,x,/,=,<,>,...

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Mathematical Symbols
List of all mathematical symbols and signs - meaning and examples.

Basic math symbols

Geometry symbols

Algebra symbols

Probability & statistics symbols

Set theory symbols

Logic symbols

Calculus & analysis symbols

Number symbols

Greek symbols

Roman numerals

Basic math symbols

= equals sign equality

≠ not equal sign inequality

≈ approximately equal approximation

> strict inequality greater than

MATH SYMBOLS
< strict inequality less than

≥ inequality greater than or equal to Basic math symbols

Algebra symbols
≤ inequality less than or equal to
Geometry symbols
calculate expression inside
() parentheses
first Statistical symbols
calculate expression inside
[] brackets
first
Logic symbols

Set symbols
+ plus sign addition
Calculus symbols
− minus sign subtraction
Number symbols
both plus and minus
± plus - minus
operations Greek symbols
± both minus and plus Roman numerals
minus - plus
operations

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* asterisk multiplication

× times sign multiplication Recommend Site

Send Feedback
⋅ multiplication dot multiplication
About
÷ division sign / obelus division

/ division slash division

— horizontal line division / fraction

mod modulo remainder calculation

decimal point, decimal
. period
separator

ab power exponent

a^b caret exponent

√a square root √a ⋅ √a = a

3
√a cube root 3
√a ⋅ 3√a ⋅ 3√a =a

4
√a fourth root 4
√a ⋅ 4√a ⋅ 4√a ⋅ 4√a =a

n√a n-th root (radical)

% percent 1% = 1/100

‰ per-mille 1‰ = 1/1000 = 0.1%

ppm per-million 1ppm = 1/1000000

ppb per-billion 1ppb = 1/1000000000

ppt
Symbol Symbol Name
per-trillion = 10-12 / definition
1pptMeaning

Geometry symbols

∠ angle formed by two rays

measured angle
spherical angle

∟ right angle = 90°

° degree 1 turn = 360°

deg degree 1 turn = 360deg

′ prime arcminute, 1° = 60′

″ double prime arcsecond, 1′ = 60″

line infinite line

AB line segment line from point A to point B

ray line that start from point A

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arc arc from point A to point B

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition
perpendicular lines (90°
⊥ perpendicular
angle)

∥ parallel parallel lines

equivalence of geometric
≅ congruent to
shapes and size
same shapes, not same
~ similarity
size

Δ triangle triangle shape

distance between points x

|x-y| distance
and y

π = 3.141592654...
is the ratio between the
π pi constant
circumference and diameter of a

circle

rad radians radians angle unit

c radians radians angle unit

grad gradians / gons grads angle unit

g
Symbol Symbol
gradians / gonsName Meaning
grads / definition
angle unit

Algebra symbols

x x variable unknown value to find

≡ equivalence identical to

≜ equal by definition equal by definition

:= equal by definition equal by definition

~ approximately equal weak approximation

≈ approximately equal approximation

∝ proportional to proportional to

∞
Symbol
lemniscate
Symbol Name
infinity symbol
Meaning / definition

≪ much less than much less than

≫ much greater than much greater than

calculate expression inside

() parentheses
first
calculate expression inside
[] brackets
first

{} braces set

rounds number to lower

⌊x⌋ floor brackets
integer
rounds number to upper
⌈x⌉ ceiling brackets
integer
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x! exclamation mark factorial

|x| single vertical bar absolute value

f (x) function of x maps values of x to f(x)

(f ∘ g) function composition (f ∘ g) (x) = f (g(x))

(a,b) open interval (a,b) = {x | a < x < b}

[a,b] closed interval [a,b] = {x | a ≤ x ≤ b}

∆ delta change / difference

∆ discriminant Δ = b2 - 4ac
summation - sum of all
∑ sigma
values in range of series

∑∑ sigma double summation

product - product of all

∏ capital pi
values in range of series

e e constant / Euler's number e = 2.718281828...

γ Euler-Mascheroni constant γ = 0.5772156649...

φ golden ratio golden ratio constant

π = 3.141592654...
is the ratio between the
π pi constant
circumference and diameter of a

Symbol Symbol Name circleMeaning / definition

Linear Algebra Symbols

· dot scalar product

× cross vector product

A⊗B tensor product tensor product of A and B

inner product

[] brackets matrix of numbers

() parentheses matrix of numbers

|A| determinant determinant of matrix A

det(A) determinant determinant of matrix A

|| x || double vertical bars norm

AT transpose matrix transpose

A† Hermitian matrix matrix conjugate transpose

A* Hermitian matrix matrix conjugate transpose

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A -1
Symbol inverseSymbol
matrix Name A A-1 =I
Meaning / definition

rank(A) matrix rank rank of matrix A

Symbol
dim(U) Symbol Name
dimension Meaning
dimension / definition
of matrix A

Probability and statistics symbols

P(A) probability function probability of event A

probability of events probability that of events A

P(A ∩ B) intersection and B
probability that of events A
P(A ∪ B) probability of events union
or B
conditional probability probability of event A given
P(A | B) function event B occured
probability density function
f (x) (pdf)
P(a ≤ x ≤ b) = ∫ f (x) dx
cumulative distribution
F(x) function (cdf) F(x) = P(X≤ x)

μ population mean mean of population values

expected value of random

E(X) expectation value
variable X
expected value of random
E(X | Y) conditional expectation
variable X given Y
Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition
variance of random variable
var(X) variance
X
variance of population
σ2 variance
values
standard deviation of
std(X) standard deviation
random variable X
standard deviation value of
σX standard deviation
random variable X
middle value of random
median
variable x
covariance of random
cov(X,Y) covariance
variables X and Y
correlation of random
corr(X,Y) correlation
variables X and Y
correlation of random
ρX,Y correlation
variables X and Y
summation - sum of all
∑ summation
values in range of series

∑∑ double summation double summation

value that occurs most

Mo mode
frequently in population

MR mid-range MR = (xmax+xmin)/2
half the population is below
Md sample median
this value
25% of population are below
Q1 lower / first quartile
this value
50% of population are below
Q2 median / second quartile this value = median of
samples

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75% of population are below
Q3 upper / third quartile
this value

x sample mean average / arithmetic mean

population samples
s2 sample variance
variance estimator
population samples
s sample standard deviation
standard deviation estimator

zx standard score zx = (x-x) / sx

distribution of random
X~ distribution of X
variable X

N(μ,σ2) normal distribution gaussian distribution

equal probability in range

U(a,b) uniform distribution
a,b

exp(λ) exponential distribution f (x) = λe-λx , x≥0

gamma(c, λ) gamma distribution

f (x) = λ c xc-1e-λx / Γ(c),
x≥0
f (x) = xk/2-1e-x/2 / ( 2k/2
χ 2(k) chi-square distribution
Γ(k/2) )
F (k1, k2) F distribution

Bin(n,p) binomial distribution f (k) = nCk pk(1-p)n-k

Poisson(λ) Poisson distribution f (k) = λke-λ / k!
Geom(p) geometric distribution f (k) = p(1-p) k
HG(N,K,n) hyper-geometric distribution
Symbol
Bern(p) Symbol
Bernoulli Name
distribution Meaning / definition

Combinatorics Symbols

n! factorial n! = 1⋅2⋅3⋅...⋅n

nPk permutation

nCk

combination

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition

Set theory symbols

{} set a collection of elements

objects that belong to set A

A∩B intersection
and set B
objects that belong to set A
A∪B union
or set B
A is a subset of B. set A is
A⊆B subset
i l d di tB
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A⊆B subset
included in set B.
A is a subset of B, but A is
A⊂B proper subset / strict subset
not equal to B.
set A is not a subset of set
A⊄B not subset
B
A is a superset of B. set A
A⊇B superset
includes set B
proper superset / strict A is a superset of B, but B is
A⊃B superset not equal to A.
set A is not a superset of set
A⊅B not superset
B

2A power set all subsets of A

power set all subsets of A

both sets have the same

A=B equality
members
all the objects that do not
Ac complement
belong to set A
objects that belong to A and
A\B relative complement
not to B
objects that belong to A and
A-B relative complement
not to B
Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition
objects that belong to A or B
A∆B symmetric difference
but not to their intersection
objects that belong to A or B
A⊖B symmetric difference
but not to their intersection
element of,
a∈A belongs to
set membership

x∉A not element of no set membership

(a,b) ordered pair collection of 2 elements

set of all ordered pairs from

A×B cartesian product
A and B
the number of elements of
|A| cardinality
set A
the number of elements of
#A cardinality
set A
infinite cardinality of natural
aleph-null
numbers set
cardinality of countable
aleph-one
ordinal numbers set

Ø empty set Ø={}

universal set set of all possible values

natural numbers / whole

0 numbers set (with zero) 0 = {0,1,2,3,4,...}

natural numbers / whole

1 numbers set (without zero) 1 = {1,2,3,4,5,...}

integer numbers set = {...-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,...}

rational numbers set = {x | x=a/b, a,b∈ }

real numbers set = {x | -∞ < x <∞}

= {z | z=a+bi, -
complex numbers set
Symbol Symbol Name Meaning-∞<b<∞}
∞<a<∞, / definition
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, }

Logic symbols

⋅ and and

Symbol Symbol Name and Meaning / definition

^ caret / circumflex

& ampersand and

+ plus or

∨ reversed caret or

| vertical line or

x' single quote not - negation

x bar not - negation

¬ not not - negation

! exclamation mark not - negation

⊕ circled plus / oplus exclusive or - xor

~ tilde negation

⇒ implies

⇔ equivalent if and only if (iff)

↔ equivalent if and only if (iff)

∀ for all

∃ there exists

∄ there does not exists

∴ therefore

∵
Symbol because / sinceName
Symbol Meaning / definition

Calculus & analysis symbols

limit limit value of a function

represents a very small

ε epsilon
number, near zero

e e constant / Euler's number e = 2.718281828...

derivative - Lagrange's
y' derivative
notation

y '' second derivative derivative of derivative

y(n) nth derivative n times derivation

derivative - Leibniz's
derivative
notation
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notation

second derivative derivative of derivative

nth derivative n times derivation

derivative by time -
time derivative
Newton's notation

time second derivative derivative of derivative

Dx y derivative derivative - Euler's notation

Dx2y second derivative derivative of derivative

partial derivative

∫ integral opposite to derivation

integration of function of 2
∫∫ double integral
variables
integration of function of 3
∫∫∫ triple integral
variables

∮ closed contour / line integral

∯ closed surface integral

∰ closed volume integral

[a,b] closed interval [a,b] = {x | a ≤ x ≤ b}

(a,b) open interval (a,b) = {x | a < x < b}

i imaginary unit i ≡ √-1

z* complex conjugate z = a+bi → z*=a-bi

z complex conjugate z = a+bi → z = a-bi

gradient / divergence
∇ nabla / del
operator

vector

unit vector

x*y convolution y(t) = x(t) * h(t)

Laplace transform F(s) = {f (t)}

Fourier transform X(ω) = {f (t)}

δ delta function

∞
Symbol lemniscate
Symbol Name infinity symbol/ definition
Meaning

Numeral symbols

zero 0
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one 1 I ‫א‬

two 2 II ‫ב‬

three 3 III ‫ג‬

four 4 IV ‫ד‬

five 5 V ‫ה‬
Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition
six 6 VI ‫ו‬

seven 7 VII ‫ז‬

eight 8 VIII ‫ח‬

nine 9 IX ‫ט‬

ten 10 X ‫י‬

eleven 11 XI ‫יא‬

twelve 12 XII ‫יב‬

thirteen 13 XIII ‫יג‬

fourteen 14 XIV ‫יד‬

fifteen 15 XV ‫טו‬

sixteen 16 XVI ‫טז‬

seventeen 17 XVII ‫יז‬

eighteen 18 XVIII ‫יח‬

nineteen 19 XIX ‫יט‬

twenty 20 XX ‫כ‬

thirty 30 XXX ‫ל‬

forty 40 XL ‫מ‬

fifty 50 L ‫נ‬

sixty 60 LX ‫ס‬

seventy 70 LXX ‫ע‬

eighty 80 LXXX ‫פ‬

ninety 90 XC ‫צ‬
Name
one hundred 100 European C Roman ‫ק‬ Hebrew

Name European Roman Hebrew

Greek alphabet letters

Α α Alpha al-fa

Β β Beta be-ta

Γ γ Gamma ga-ma

Δ δ Delta del-ta

Ε ε Epsilon ep-si-lon

Ζ ζ Zeta ze-ta

Η Et
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Η η Eta eh-ta

Θ θ Theta te-ta

Ι ι Iota io-ta

Κ κ Kappa ka-pa

Λ λ Lambda lam-da

Μ μ Mu m-yoo

Ν ν Nu noo

Ξ ξ Xi x-ee

Ο ο Omicron o-mee-c-ron

Π π Pi pa-yee

Ρ ρ Rho row

Σ σ Sigma sig-ma

Τ τ Tau ta-oo

Υ υ Upsilon oo-psi-lon

Φ φ Phi f-ee

Χ χ Chi kh-ee

Ψ ψ Psi p-see
Letter Name
Upper Case Letter Lower Case Letter Greek Letter Name
Ω ω Omega o-me-ga
Pronounce

Roman numerals

0 not defined
1 I
2 II
3 III
4 IV
5 V
6 VI
7 VII
8 VIII
9 IX
10 X
11 XI
12 XII
13 XIII
14 XIV
15 XV
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15 XV
16 XVI
17 XVII
18 XVIII
19 XIX
20 XX
30 XXX
40 XL
50 L
60 LX
70 LXX
80 LXXX
90 XC
100 C
200 CC
300 CCC
400 CD
500 D
600 DC
700 DCC
800 DCCC
900 CM
1000 M
5000 V
10000 X
50000 L
100000 C
500000 D
Number
1000000 M Roman numeral

See also

Algebra symbols

Geometry symbols

Statistical symbols

Logic symbols

Set theory symbols

Calculus & analysis symbols

Number symbols

Greek alphabet symbols

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Roman numerals

Infinity symbol

HTML symbols codes

Number
Math calculators Roman numeral

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