NAMA : ……………………………………………… 1

CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

KELAS : …………………………………………..…

STRUCTURE OF ATOMS AND CHEMICAL FORMULAE & EQUATIONS

1 Diagram 1 shows a set up apparatus for experiment to investigate the movement of particles in water.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan penyediaan radas bagi eksperimen untuk mengkaji pergerakkan zarah-zarah dalam
air.

Diagram / Rajah 1
(a) (i) Name the process involved in the experiment.
Namakan proses yang terlibat dalam eksperimen ini.

...........................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark / markah]

(ii) State the type of particles contained in the green colouring.

Nyatakan jenis zarah yang terdapat dalam pewarna hijau itu.

...........................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark/ markah]

(iii) Explain your observation for each of this experiment.

Terangkan pemerhatian anda bagi setiap eksperimen ini.

...........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................
[3 marks/ markah]

(b) The following information is about an organic compound, X.

Maklumat yang berikut adalah mengenai suatu sebatian organik, X

 Has an empirical formula of CH2 / Mempunyai formula empirik CH2

 Has a relative molecular mass of 28 / Mempunyai jisim molekul relatif 28
 Decolorized the brown colour of bromine / Melunturkan warna perang bromin

Table / Jadual 1
Based on the given information,
Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberikan,
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(i) Determine the molecular formula of X.

Tentukan formula molekul bagi X.
[Relative atomic mass: C = 12; H = 1; O = 16]
[Jisim atom relatif: C = 12; H = 1; O = 16]

[2 marks/ markah]

(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of compound X with bromine.
Tuliskan persamaan kimia yag seimbang bagi tindak balas sebatian X dengan bromin.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[2 marks/ markah]

2 (a) We can smell perfume while we walk past cosmetic counters. Diagram 2.1 shows the perfume particles
have left the open bottle and spread through the air.
Kita dapat menghidu bau minyak wangi apabila melepasi kaunter kosmetik. Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan
zarah-zarah minyak wangi telah keluar dari botol yang terbuka dan tersebar ke udara.

Diagram / Rajah 2.1

(b) (i) Based on kinetic theory of matter, state the process involved. Explain your answer.
Berdasarkan teori kinetik jirim, nyatakan proses yang terlibat. Terangkan jawapan anda.

…………………………………………………………………………….……………...………...

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[2 marks /markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(ii) Predict the change of the movement of perfume particles if the bottle is placed under sunlight.
Ramalkan perubahan pergerakan zarah-zarah minyak wangi jika botol tersebut diletakkan di
bawah cahaya matahari.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 mark /markah]

(b) Water is the most important thing in our daily life, therefore water can exist in different physical states.
Diagram 2.2 shows three states of water in different forms, X, Y and Z.
Air merupakan unsur yang paling penting dalam kehidupan harian kita, oleh itu air dapat wujud
dalam keadaan fizik yang berbeza. Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan tiga keadaan air dalam bentuk berbeza, X,
Y dan Z

Diagram / Rajah 2.2

Based on Diagram / Berdasarkan Rajah 2.2:

(i) What type of particle is found in X?

Apakah jenis zarah yang terdapat dalam X?

…………………………………………………………………………….……………...……….
[1 mark /markah]

(ii) Describe the changes in the arrangement of particles and the movement of particles of water from
state Y to state Z?
Nyatakan perubahan susunan zarah dan pergerakan zarah air daripada keadaan Y kepada Z.

Arrangement of particles/ Susunan zarah : ……………………………….………………..……

Movement of particles / Pergerakan zarah : ………………………………..…..……………..…

[2 marks /markah]

(iii) Substance Z contains 12 dm3 of steam. Calculate the mass of steam if it is at room conditions.
[Relative atomic mass: H = 1, O = 16; 1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm3 at rooms conditions]
Bahan Z mengandungi 12 dm3 stim. Hitung jisim stim itu sekiranya ia berada pada keadaan
bilik. [Jisim atom relatif: H=1, O=16; 1 gas menempati 24 dm3 pada keadaan bilik]

[2 marks / markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(c) Table 1 shows a list of apparatus and materials.

Jadual 1 menunjukkan senarai radas dan bahan.

Apparatus / Radas Materials / Bahan

 Retort stand /Kaki retort  Acetamide / Asetamida
 Beaker /Bikar  Water /Air
 Bunsen Burner /Penunu Bunsen
 Thermometer/ Termometer
 Boiling tube /Tabung didih
 Wire gauze /Kasa dawai
 Tripod stand / Tungku kaki tiga
Table / Jadual 1.

Draw a labelled diagram to show the apparatus set-up to determine the melting point of acetamide.
The diagram must include the apparatus and materials given in Table 1.
Lukis satu rajah berlabel untuk menunjukkan susunan radas bagi menentukan takat lebur bagi
asetamida. Rajah itu hendaklah menggunakan radas dan bahan yang diberi dalam Jadual 1.

[2 marks / markah]

3 (a) Diagram 3.1 shows the molecular formula of butane.

Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan formula molekul bagi butana.

C4H10
Diagram/ Rajah 3.1

(i) What is the meaning of molecular formula?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan formula molekul?

………………………………………………..…………………………….………………….....

…………………………………………………..……………………………………………......
[1 mark / markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(ii) Calculate the molar mass of butane.

Hitungkan jisim molar bagi butana.
[Relative atomic mass; H = 1 , C = 12 ]
[Jisim atom relatif; H = 1 , C = 12 ]

[1 mark / markah]

(iii) Write the empirical formula of butane.

Tuliskan formula empirik bagi butana.

……………………………………………………………….……………………………………
[1 mark / markah]

(iv) Compare and contrast between molecular formula and empirical formula of butane.
Banding dan bezakan antara formula molekul dan formula empirik bagi butana.

…………………………………………………………………….………………………………

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[2 marks / markah]
(b) Diagram 3.2 shows a chemical equation.
Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan satu persamaan kimia.

2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) → 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)

Diagram / Rajah 3.2

Based on the equation, answer the following questions;

Berdasarkan persamaan itu, jawab soalan-soalan berikut;
(i) State the colour of PbI2
Nyatakan warna bagi PbI2

……………………………………………………………..……………………………………..
[1 mark/ markah]
(ii) State the name of one reactant and one product.
Nyatakan nama bagi satu bahan tindak balas dan satu hasil tindak balas.

Reactant / Bahan tindak balas : .......................................................................................

Product / Hasil tindak balas : ...........................................................................................

[2 marks/ markah]
(iii) State the physical state of PbI2
Nyatakan keadaan fizik bagi PbI2

…………………………………………………………………….………………………..…….
[1 mark / markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(iv) In a reaction; 20 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 Pb(NO3)2 has reacted.

Calculate the mass of PbI2 formed.
Dalam suatu tindak balas; 20 cm3 Pb(NO3)2 0.5 mol dm-3 telah bertindak balas.
Hitungkan jisim PbI2 yang terbentuk.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : I = 127 ; Pb = 207]

[2 marks / markah]

4. Table 2 shows the number of protons and neutrons for atoms R and S.
Jadual 2 menunjukkan bilangan proton dan neutron bagi atom R dan atom S.

Atom Number of protons Number of neutrons

Atom Bilangan proton Bilangan neutron
R 12 12

S 11 12

Table / Jadual 2

(a) (i) What is meant by proton number?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan nombor proton?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark / markah]

(ii) State two subatomic particles of an atom.

Nyatakan dua zarah sub atom bagi suatu atom.

…………………………..…………………………………….……………………………………
[2 marks / markah]

Write the symbol of atom R in the form of

Tulis simbol bagi atom R dalam bentuk

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark / markah]

(b) (i) Write the electron arrangement of atom S.

Tulis susunan elektron bagi atom S.

……………………………………………………………….……………………………………
[1 mark / markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(ii) Draw a labelled atomic structure of atom S

Lukiskan stuktur atomik berlabel bagi atom S.

[2 marks / markah]

(ii) State the position of atoms of element S in the Periodic Table of Elements.
Nyatakan kedudukan atom unsur S dalam Jadual Berkala Unsur.

……………………………………………………...……………………………………………..
[2 marks/ markah]

5. Table 3 shows the information for two sets of experiment to determine the empirical formula for the oxides of
metals P and Q.
Jadual 3 menunjukkan maklumat bagi dua set eksperimen untuk menentukan formula empirik bagi oksida
logam P dan Q.

Set Method / Kaedah

Metal P is burnt in oxygen

I
Logam P dibakar dalam oksigen

Dry hydorgen gas is passed through hot metal Q oxide.

II
Gas hidrogen kering dialirkan melalui oksida logam Q yang panas
Table /Jadual 3

(a) What is meant by empirical formula?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan formula empirik?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark/ markah]

(b) Based in Set I / Berdasarkan Set I:

(i) State one example of metal P.

Nyatakan contoh logam P.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark/ markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(ii) Explain why the metal in 3(b)(i) is chosen.

Terangkan mengapa logam dalam 3(b)(i) dipilih.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark/ markah]
(iii) When carrying out the experiment in Set I, how to ensure that the reaction between metal P and
oxygen is completed?
Semasa menjalankan eksperimen dalam Set I, bagaimana untuk memastikan tindak balas antara
logam P dan oksigen telah lengkap?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………….………..
[1 mark/ markah]
(c) Based in Set II / Berdasarkan Set II:
(i) Draw a labelled diagram for the apparatus set-up used in the experiment.
Lukiskan gambar rajah berlabel bagi susunan radas yang digunakan dalam eksperimen itu.

[2 marks/ markah]
(ii) When hydrogen gas is passed through 1.60g oxide of metal Q, 1.28g metal Q is formed.
Determine the empirical formula of the metal oxide.
Apabila gas hidrogen dialirkan melalui 1.60g oksida logam Q, 1.28g logam Q terhasil.
Tentukan formula empirik bagi oksida logam itu.
[Relative atomic mass : Jisim atom relatif : O = 16; Q =64]

[3 marks/ markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENT AND IONIC BONDS

1. Diagram 1.1 shows part of the Periodic Table of Elements. M, Q, R, V and W are not the actual
symbols of the elements.
Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada Jadual Berkala Unsur. M, Q, R, V dan W bukan
merupakan simbol sebenar unsur.

Diagram 1 / Rajah 1

Based on Diagram 1.1 :

Berdasarkan Rajah 1.1:

a) (i) Which element is a transition elements?

Unsur yang manakah merupakan unsur peralihan?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark/ markah]

(ii) Elements X is placed above M.

Write the electron arrangement for the atoms of element X.
Unsur X terletak di atas M. Tulis susunan elektron bagi atom unsur X.

…………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………
[1 mark /markah]

(iii) Q has smaller atomic size than M. State one reason.

Q mempunyai saiz atom yang lebih kecil berbanding M. Nyatakan satu sebab.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark /markah]

b) Diagram 1.2 shows when R reacts with iron wools.

Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan apabila R bertindak balas dengan wul besi.

Diagram / Rajah 1.2

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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(i) Write a balanced chemical equation when R reacts with iron wools.
Tulis persamaan kimia yang seimbang apabila R bertindak balas dengan wul besi

.…………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks/ markah]

(ii) Calculate the mass of brown solid if 0.2 mole of iron is used in this reaction.
Kirakan jisim pepejal perang jika 0.2 mol besi digunakan dalam tindak balas ini.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif: Fe = 56, R = 35.5]

[2 marks/ markah]

c) Table 4 shows when oxide of M and oxide of V are placed into two different test tubes containing nitric
acid and sodium hydroxide solution.
Jadual 4 menunjukkan apabila oksida bagi M dan oksida bagi V dimasukkan ke dalam dua tabung uji
berbeza yang mengandungi asid nitrik dan larutan natrium hidroksida.

Experiment / Eksperimen I Experiment / Eksperimen II

Oxide of M Oxide of V
Oksida bagi M Oksida bagi V

Nitric acid Sodium hydroxide

Asid nitrik Natrium hidroksida
Oxide of M dissolves in nitric acid to form Oxide of V dissolves in sodium hydroxide to form
colourless solution. colourless solution.
Oksida bagi M larut dalam asid nitrik untuk Oksida bagi V larut dalam natrium hidroksida
membentuk larutan tidak berwarna untuk membentuk larutan tidak bewarna.

i) Based on the experiment 1 and 2, state the properties of both oxide:

Berdasarkan eksperimen 1 dan 2, nyatakan sifat bagi kedua-kedua oksida:

Oxide of M / Oksida bagi M : …………………………………………………………………

Oxide of V / Oksida bagi V : …………………………………………………………………

[1 mark / markah ]

ii) What happen if oxide of Q is added into the nitric acid and sodium hydroxide.
State the observations.
Apakah yang akan berlaku sekiranya oksida bagi Q dimasukkan ke dalam asid nitrik dan
natrium hidroksida. Nyatakan pemerhatian

……………………………….………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[2 marks / markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

2 Diagram 2.1 shows reactions of halogen Y2. Halogen Y2 is a greenish yellow gas.
Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan tindak balas bagi halogen Y2. Halogen Y2 adalah gas berwarna kuning kehijauan.

Halogen Y2
+ Sodium, Na Halogen Y2 + hydrogen, H2
+ Natrium, Na + gas hidrogen

Solid A Gas B
Pepejal A Gas B
Diagram /Rajah 2.1

(a) What is chemical formula for compound A?

Apakah formula kimia bagi sebatian A?

...................................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark /markah]

(b) How does formation of Gas B occur?

Bagaimanakah pembentukan gas B berlaku?

...................................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark /markah]

(c) Draw the electron arrangement for the compound A formed.

Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi sebatian A yang terbentuk.
[Proton number / Nombor Proton: Na : 11; Y : 17]

[2 marks / markah]

(d) (i) Between compound A and compound B, which has higher melting point and boiling point?
Antara sebatian A dan sebatian B, yang manakah mempunyai takat lebur dan takat didih yang
tinggi?

.........................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark /markah]

(ii) Based on your answer at (d)(i), explain why compound A and compound B have different
melting and boiling points.
Berdasarkan jawapan anda di (d)(i), terangkan mengapa sebatian A dan sebatian B mempunyai
takat lebur dan takat didih yang berbeza.

………………………………………………………......................……………………………

……………………………………………………………………….....................……………

……………………………………………………………....................………………………
[2 marks /markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(e) Diagram 2.2 shows a woman is removing her nail varnish.

Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan seorang wanita sedang menanggalkan varnis kuku.

Diagram / Rajah 2.2

Based on Diagram 2.2,

Berdasarkan Rajah 2.2,
(i) Explain why acetone is suitable to be used to remove the nail varnish.
Terangkan mengapa aseton sesuai digunakan untuk menanggalkan varnis kuku.

………………………………………......................……………………………………………

……………………………………….....................……………………………………………
[1 mark /markah]

(ii) Can water replace acetone to remove the nail varnish?

Give your reason.
Bolehkah air menggantikan aseton untuk menanggalkan varnis kuku?
Berikan alasan anda.

…………………………………………………………………………………......................…

……………………………………………………………………………….....................……
[2 marks / markah]

3. Diagram 3 shows the electron arrangement of W, Y and Z atoms.

Rajah 3 menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi atom W, Y dan Z.

Diagram / Rajah 3
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(a) Based on Diagram 3:

Berdasarkan Rajah 3:

(i) Write the electron arrangement for W atom.

Tulis susunan elektron bagi atom W.

………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark/ markah]
(ii) Which of the elements is a metal?
Unsur manakah yang merupakan satu logam?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark/ markah]
(b) W combines with Y to form a compound.
W bergabung dengan Y untuk membentuk suatu sebatian.

(i) What is the type of the compound formed?

Apakah jenis sebatian yang terbentuk?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark/ markah]

(ii) Draw the electron arrangement of this compound.

Lukis susunan elektron bagi sebatian tersebut.

[2 marks/ markah]
(c) 2.4 g of Z reacts completely with Y to form ZY.
2.4 g Z bertindakbalas dengan lengkap dengan Y untuk membentuk ZY.
(i) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
Tulis persamaan kimia yang seimbang bagi tindakbalas itu.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks/ markah]
(ii) Calculate the mass of Y used in the reaction.
Hitung jisim Y yang digunakan dalam tindakbalas itu.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif: Y = 16; Z = 24]

[3 marks/ markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

4. Diagram 8 shows standard representation of element P, Q, R and S.

Rajah 8 menunjukkan perwakilan piawai bagi unsur P, Q, R, dan S.

Diagram / Rajah 8

(a) Both Q and P can react with oxygen respectively to form two different type of compound.
Kedua-dua Q dan P boleh bertindak balas dengan oksigen untuk membentuk dua jenis sebatian
yang berlainan.

(i) Write the chemical formulae of both products of the above reactions.
Tuliskan formula kimia untuk kedua-dua hasil tindak balas.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[ 2 marks / markah ]

(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation that represent the reaction Q with oxygen.
Tuliskan persamaan kimia seimbang yang mewakili tindak balas Q dengan oksigen.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
[ 2 marks/ markah ]

(iii) If 9.2 g of Q is burns in the excess oxygen, calculate the maximum mass product formed.
Sekiranya 9.2 g Q dibakar dalam oksigen berlebihan, hitungkan jisim maksimum hasil yang
terbentuk.

[ 2 marks /markah ]

(b) Explain why S present as monoatomic gas at room condition, while R present as diatomic gas.
Terangkan mengapakah S wujud sebagai gas monoatom pada keadaan bilik, manakala R wujud
sebagai gas diatom.
…………………………………………………………………………………………...............…………………………….

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[ 4 marks/ markah ]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(c) (i) Based on Diagram 8, Choose two elements which form a compound that can conduct
electricity in molten or aqueous state. Explain in terms of electron arrangements how the
compound is formed.
Berdasarkan Rajah 8, pilih dua unsur yang membentuk satu sebatian yang boleh
mengkonduksikan elektik dalam keadaan leburan atau akueus. Terangkan dari segi susunan
elektron bagaimanakah sebatian ini terbentuk.

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[ 8 marks/ markah ]

(ii) State the reason why it can conduct electricity in molten or aqueous state but not in solid.
Nyatakan sebab mengapakah ia dapat menkonduksikan elektik dalam keadaan leburan atau
akueus tetapi tidak dalam keadaan pepejal.

…………………………………………………………………………………………...............……………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………...............……………………

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[ 2 marks/ markah ]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

ELECTROCHEMISTRY
1. Diagram 1 shows the apparatus set-up for two types of cells, cell A and cell B.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi dua jenis sel, sel A dan sel B.

Diagram / Rajah 1

(a) (i) Name the cell B.

Namakan sel B.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark/ markah]
(ii) State the energy conversion in cell B.
Nyatakan perubahan tenaga dalam sel B.

..…………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark/ markah]

(b) What is the function of porous pot in cell A?

Apakah fungsi pasu berliang dalam sel A?.

……..…………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark/ markah]

(c) Write the half equation for the reaction that occurred at zinc electrode in cell A.
Tulis persamaan setengah bagi tindak balas yang berlaku pada elektrod zink dalam sel A.

………………………………………………………………………….……………………………
[1 mark / markah]

(d) (i) Compare the observations on the copper (II) sulphate solution in cell A and cell B after
30 minutes.
Bandingkan pemerhatian pada larutan kuprum (II) sulfat dalam sel A dan sel B selepas
30 minit.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks/ markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(ii) Explain your answer in d (i).

Terangkan jawapan anda di d (i).

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks/ markah]
(e) (i) Suggest a suitable method to increase the voltage of cell A.
Cadangkan satu cara yang sesuai untuk meningkatkan voltan sel A.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark / markah]
(ii) Explain your answer.
Terangkan jawapan anda.

…..………………………………………………………………………………………………

..…………………………………………………………………………………………………

.…………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks/ markah]

2. (a) Diagram 2.1 shows the reaction occurred in a chemical cell using magnesium ribbon and copper plate
as electrodes.
Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan tindak balas yang berlaku dalam suatu sel kimia menggunakan pita
magnesium dan kepingan kuprum sebagai elektrod

Diagram / Rajah 2.1

(a) State all the ions present in the sodium chloride solution.
Nyatakan semua ion yang hadir dalam larutan natrium klorida.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………..
[1 mark / markah]

(b) Magnesium electrode acts as negative terminal.

Elektrod magnesium bertindak sebagai terminal negatif.

(i) What is the meaning of negative terminal?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan terminal negatif?
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………..
[1 mark/markah]

(ii) State the observation at negative terminal.

Nyatakan pemerhatian pada terminal negatif.

……………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………..
[1 mark/markah]

(iii) Write the half equation at negative terminal.

Tulis setengah persamaan pada terminal negatif.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………..
[2 marks /markah]

(c) In Diagram 2.1, magnesium rod is replaced with lead rod and the voltmeter reading is recorded. State
the changes in voltage produced. Give a reason.
Dalam Rajah 2.1, rod magnesium digantikan dengan rod plumbum dan bacaan voltmeter direkodkan.
Nyatakan perubahan beza upaya yang dihasilkan. Berikan alasan.

………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……..
[2 marks/ markah]

(d) Diagram 2.2 shows a representation of an industrial process to extract aluminium metal from its ore.
Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan perwakilan bagi suatu proses industri yang digunakan untuk mengekstrak
logam aluminium daripada bijihnya

Diagram / Rajah 2.2

(i) Write the chemical formula for aluminium oxide.

Tulis formula kimia bagi aluminium oksida
……………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………..
[1 mark /markah]
(ii) Name the product formed at the cathode.
Namakan hasil yang terbentuk di katod.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..
[1 mark /markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(iii) What is the function of the cryolite?

Apakah fungsi kriolit?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……..
[1 mark /markah]

4. Diagram 7 shows a simple chemical cell.

Rajah 7 menunjukkan suatu sel kimia.

Diagram / Rajah 7

(a) (i) Describe briefly how the above cell works. Include in your answer related half equations and
observations.
Terangkan secara ringaks bagaimana sel di atas berfungsi. Masukkan dalam jawapan anda
persamaan setengah dan pemerhatian yang berkaitan.

…………………………………………………………………..………………………….………………………..

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[10 marks/ markah ]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(ii) Table 8 shows the information about another two cells.

Jadual 8 menunjukkan maklumat tentang dua sel yang lain.
Cell Pair of metal Cell voltage Negative terminal
Sel Pasangan logam Voltan sel Terminal negatif
Zinc and copper Zinc
I 1.10V
Zink dan kuprum Zink
Zinc and silver Zinc
II 1.56V
Zink dan argentum Zink
Table / Jadual 7

Use the information shown in Table 7 to calculate the voltage of the cell shown in Diagram 7.
Gunakan maklumat yang ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 7 untuk mengira voltan bagi sel yang
ditunjukkan.

[2 marks / markah ]

You are given the necessary chemicals and the apparatus as shown below.
Anda dibekalkan dengan bahan kimia dan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan di bawah.

Aluminium plate, copper plate, salt bridge, voltmeter, beakers and connecting
wires and crocodile clips
Kepingan aluminium, kepingan kuprum, jambatan garam, voltmeter, bikar ,
wayar penyambung dan klip buaya

(i) Name two suitable electrolytes used to set up the apparatus.

Namakan dua elekrolit yang sesuai digunakan untuk menyediakan susunan radas tersebut.

…………………………………………………………………..………………………….………………………..

…………………………………………………………………..………………………….………………………..
[2 marks / markah ]

(ii) Draw a labelled diagram of a voltaic cell used to convert chemical energy into electrical
energy. Show the movement of electrons in your diagram.
Lukis gambarajah berlabel sel voltan yang digunakan untuk menukarkan tenaga kimia kepada
tenaga elektrik. Tunjukkan pergerakan elektron di dalam rajah anda

. [6 marks/ markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

5. (a) Diagram 10 shows the set-up of apparatus and observation for electrolysis of solution M.
Rajah 10 menunjukkan susunan radas dan pemerhatian untuk elektrolisis larutan M.

Diagram / Rajah 10

(i) Based on the observation Diagram 10, suggest a suitable electrolyte of solution M.
Name the colourless gas K produced and describe a chemical test for gas K.
Berdasarkan pemerhatian pada Rajah 10, cadangkan elektrolit larutan M yang sesuai.
Namakan gas K tanpa warna yang terhasil dan terangkan suatu ujian kimia untuk gas K.

…………………………………………………………………..………………………….………………………..

…………………………………………………………………..………………………….……………………….

…………………………………………………………………..………………………….………………………..

…………………………………………………………………..………………………….………………………..
[4 marks/ markah]

(ii) Explain how gas K and metal L are produced in terms of selective discharge of ion and in
terms of oxidation and reduction.
Terangkan bagaimana gas K dan logam L yang terhasil berdasarkan pemilihan ion untuk
dinyahcas dari segi pengoksidaan and penurunan.

…………………………………………………………………..………………………….………………………..

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[6 marks/ markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(b) The following statement shows the information of an experiment.

Penyataan berikut menunjukkan maklumat suatu eksperimen.

Different pair of metals in an electrolyte produced different potential

difference.

By using suitable metals and copper(II) sulphate solution as electrolyte, describe an experiment to
verify the statement above.
Dengan menggunakan logam yang sesuai dan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat sebagai elektrolit, huraikan
satu eksperimen untuk mengesahkan penyataan di atas.
[10 marks/ markah]

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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

ACIDS AND BASES

41. a) Diagram 1.1 shows the observations in test tube I and test tube II when hydrogen chloride in solvent
X and hydrogen chloride in solvent Y are reacted with zinc.
Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan pemerhatian dalam tabung uji I dan tabung uji II apabila hidrogen klorida
dalam pelarut X dan hidrogen klorida dalam pelarut Y bertindak balas dengan zink.

Test tube
Tabung uji I II

Apparatus
set-up
Susunan Zinc Zinc
radas Zink Zink

Hydrogen chloride in solvent X Hydrogen chloride in solvent Y

Hidrogen klorida dalam pelarut X Hidrogen klorida dalam pelarut Y

Observation No change Bubbles of gas are produced

Pemerhatian Tiada perubahan Gelembung gas terbebas

Diagram / Rajah 1.1

(i) State the name of solvent X and solvent Y.

Nyatakan nama pelarut X dan pelarut Y.

Solvent / Pelarut X : …………………………………………………………………………

Solvent / Pelarut Y : …………………………………………………..…………………….

[2 marks/ markah]

(ii) Write the formula of ion that causes an acid shows its acidic properties.
Tuliskan formula ion yang menyebabkan asid menunjukkan sifat asid.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark/ markah]

(iii) Explain the differences in observation in test tube I and II.

Terangkan perbezaan pemerhatian dalam tabung uji I dan II.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks/ markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

b) Diagram 1.2 shows the pH values of acids HX, H2Y and HZ with the same concentration.
Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan nilai pH bagi asid-asid HX, H2Y dan HZ dengan kepekatan yang sama.

Diagram / Rajah 1.2

(i) Which of the above acid is a weak acid?

Asid di atas yang manakah adalah asid lemah?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark/ markah]

(ii) Explain your answer in 4(b)(i).

Terangkan jawapan anda di 4(b)(i).

…………………………………………………………………………………………..………
[1 mark/ markah]

(iii) Explain why the pH value of acid H2Y is lower than acid HX.
Terangkan kenapa nilai pH asid H2Y lebih rendah berbanding asid HX.

………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

……………………………………………………………………………………………….…

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[2 marks/ markah]

(iv) Suggest the suitable formula of acid H 2Y.

Cadangkan formula yang sesuai bagi asid H2Y.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark/ markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

2. (a) Diagram 2.1 shows the titration curve based on the reaction between sodium hydroxide, NaOH
solution and 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCI using phenolphthalein as the indicator.
Rajah 2.1 menuniukkan lengkung pentitratan berdasarkan kepada tindak balas antara larutan
natrium hidroksida,,NaOH dan 1.0 mol dm-3 asid hidroklorik, HCI menggunakan fenolftalein
sebagai bahan penunjuk.

Volume of NaOH/ cm3

Isipadu NaOH
Diagram / Rajah 2.1

(i) State the pH value at the end point of titration.

Nyatakan nilai pH pada takat akhir pentitratan.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark/markah]

(ii) Name the salt formed.

Namakan garam yang terbentuk.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark/markah]

(iii) Calculate the concentration of the sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution used to neutralize 20
cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl.
Kirakan kepekatan larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH yang digunakan untuk meneutralkan
20 cm3 1.0 mol dm-3 asid hidroklorik, HCI.

[3 marks/ markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(vi) The titration is repeated by using 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4 to replace
hydrochloric acid, HCl. Predict the volume of sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution needed.
Explain your answer.
Pentitratan diulangi dengan menggunakan 1.0 mol dm-3 asid sulfurik, H2SO4 bagi
menggantikan asid hidroklorik, HCl. Ramalkan isipadu larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH
yang diperlukan. Terangkan jawapan anda.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2 marks/ markah]

(b) Diagram 2.2 shows how the acidification of the ocean occurs.
Rajah 2.2 menuniukkan bagaimana pengasidan laut berlaku.

Diagram / Rajah 2.2

The high amount of carbonic acid, H2CO3 increases the acidity of water, causing the water to be
unsuitable to aquatic life.
Jumlah asid karbonik, H2CO3 yang tinggi meningkatkan keasidan air, menyebabkan ia tidak
sesuai untuk hidupan akuatik.

(i) If the sea water above is transferred to an aquarium, suggest one suitable method to increase
its pH value.
Jika air laut di atas dipindahkan ke dalam akuarium, cadangkan satu kaedah yang sesuai
untuk meningkatkan nilai pHnya.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark/markah]

(ii) Give one reason for the answer in 3(b)(i).

Beri satu sebab bagi jawapan di 3(b)(i).

…………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark / markah]

(iii) What is the relationship between the concentration of hydrogen ions, H + and the pH value?
Apakah hubungan antara kepekatan ion hidrogen, H+ dan nilai pH?

……………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark/ markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

3. Diagram 3 shows the preparation of the standard solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, 0.1 mol dm-3.
Rajah 3 menunjukkan penyediaan larutan piawai natrium hidroksida, NaOH, 0.1 mol dm-3

Diagram / Rajah 3.1

(a) (i) State two parameters that should be measured accurately to prepare the standard
solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, 0.1 mol dm-3.
Nyatakan dua parameter yang perlu diukur dengan tepat untuk menyediakan larutan piawai
natrium hidroksida, NaOH, 0.1 mol dm-3

1. ……………………………………………………………………………………...........
…
2. ……………………………………………………………………………………...........
[2 marks/ markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(ii) What must be done to ensure that the meniscus level of the standard solution is exactly
brought into line with the graduation mark on the volumetric flask?
Apakah yang mesti dilakukan untuk memastikan paras meniskus larutan piawai adalah tepat
berada pada garis tanda senggatan pada kelalang volumetrik?

……………………………………………………….………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark/ markah]

(iii) Calculate the mass of sodium hydroxide needed to prepare the standard solution of 0.1 mol dm-3
in 1 dm3 volumetric flask.
[Relative atomic mass Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1]
Hitung jisim natrium hidroksida yang diperlukan untuk menyediakan larutan piawai
0.1 mol dm-3 dalam kelalang volumetrik 1 dm 3.
[Jisim atom relatif Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1]

[2 marks/ markah]

(b) P and Q are 0.1 mol dm-3 ammonia solution in different solvents. Ammonia is a weak alkali. Table 3
shows the observation obtained when the properties of these two solutions are compared.
P dan Q adalah larutan ammonia 0.1 mol dm-3 di dalam pelarut yang berbeza. Ammonia adalah
alkali lemah. Jadual 3 menunjukkan pemerhatian yang diperolehi apabila sifat bagi kedua-dua
larutan ini dibandingkan.

Test Solution P Solution Q

Ujian Larutan P Larutan Q
Using a red litmus paper The red litmus paper turns blue
No change
Menggunakan kertas litmus Kertas litmus merah
Tiada perubahan
merah bertukar menjadi biru
Ability to conduct electricity Can conduct electricity Cannot conduct electricity
Kebolehan mengkonduksikan Boleh mengkonduksi arus Tidak boleh mengkonduksi
arus elektrik elektrik arus elektrik

Table / Jadual 3
(i) Explain why ammonia is a weak alkali.
Terangkan mengapa ammonia adalah alkali lemah.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………..……………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark/ 1 markah]
(ii) Name a suitable solvent for solution Q.
Namakan satu pelarut yang sesuai bagi larutan Q.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark/ 1 markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(iii) Explain why solution Q cannot conduct electricity.

Terangkan mengapa larutan Q tidak boleh mengkonduksi arus elektrik.

………………………………………………………………..…………………………………

…………………………………………………………………..………………………………
[1 mark/ markah]

(iv) 15.0 cm3 of solution P requires 25.0 cm3 of sulphuric acid for a complete
reaction. Calculate the molarity of sulphuric acid.
15.0 cm3 larutan P memerlukan 25.0 cm3 asid sulfurik untuk bertindak balas dengan lengkap.
Hitung kemolaran asid sulfurik tersebut.

[2 marks/ markah]

(v) Reaction of solution P with sulphuric acid produce a salt. State the use of the salt.
Tindak balas larutan P dengan asid sulfurik menghasilkan suatu garam. Nyatakan
kegunaan garam tersebut.

………..…………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark/ markah]

4. Diagram 4 shows an apparatus set-up to determine the end titration through electrical conductivity method
25 cm3 1.0 mol dm-3 of strong alkali YOH is neutralises by acid H2SO4.
Rajah 4 menunjukkan susunan alat radas untuk menetukan takat akhir menggunakan kaedah kekonduksian
elektrik bagi 25 cm3 berkepekatan 1mol dm-3 alkali kuat YOH yang dineutralkan oleh asid H2SO4.

Diagram / Rajah 4

A graph of electrical conductivity, ammeter reading against the volume of acid H2SO4 (cm3) is then plotted.
The end point of titration during neutralisation can be determine when the electrical conductivity is at the
lowest.
Graf kekonduksian elektrik, bacaan ammeter (A) melawan isi padu asid H2SO4 (cm3) kemudian diplotkan.
Takat akhir pentitratan boleh ditentukan apabila kekonduksian elektrik berada pada takat paling rendah.
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(a) H2SO4 is a strong acid. What is meant by a strong acid?

H2SO4 adalah asid kuat. Apakah maksud asid kuat?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………..

…….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark / 1 markah]

(b) H2SO4 is also diprotic acid. What is meant by a diprotic acid?

H2SO4 adalah asid diprotik. Apakah maksud asid diprotik?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………..

…….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark/ 1 markah ]

(c) At the end point of titration, ammeter still gives the reading. Explain why?
Pada takat akhir penitratan, ammeter masih memberikan bacaan. Terangkan mengapa?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………..

…….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[2 marks / 2 markah ]

(d) (i) Write the chemical equation for the reaction Tuliskan
persamaan kimia bagi tindak balastersebut

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[2 marks/ 2 markah ]

(ii) Calculate number of mole YOH alkali.

Kirakan bilangan mol alkali YOH

[1 mark/ markah ]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(iii) Molarity of acid H2SO4 used in this titration reaction.

Kemolaran asid H2SO4 yang telah digunakan dalam tindak balas penitratan ini.

[3 marks/ 3 markah ]

5. Diagram 9.1 shows a jelly fish. Rajah 9.1 menunjukkan seekor obor-obor.

Diagram / Rajah 9.1

(a) The sting of a jelly-fish is alkaline and can cause pain. Suggest one substance that can be applied to the
skin to relieve the pain without causing further injury. Give three reasons for your suggestion. Sengatan
obor-obor adalah beralkali dan boleh menyebabkan kesakitan. Cadangkan satu bahan yang boleh
disapu pada kulit untuk mengurangkan rasa sakit tanpa menyebabkan kecederaan yang seterusnya.
Beri tiga sebab bagi cadangan anda.
[4 marks/ markah]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………

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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(b) Table 9.2 shows information about of acid P and acid Q

Jadual 9.2 menunjukkan maklumat tentang asid P dan asid Q.

Table / Jadual 9.1

By naming an example for each acid, explain why the pH values are different.
Dengan menamakan satu contoh bagi setiap asid, terangkan mengapa nilai pH adalah berbeza.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………

…….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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…….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[6 marks/ markah]

(c) Diagram 9.3 shows a dry zinc sulphate salt.

Rajah 9.3 menunjukkan garam zink sulfat kering.

Diagram / Rajah 9.3

Zinc sulphate salt can be prepared by adding solid X into acid Y solution. Suggest a suitable solid X
and acid Y. Describe how you can prepare a dry zinc sulphate salt by using solid X and acid Y.
Garam zink sulfat boleh disediakan dengan menambahkan pepejal X ke dalam larutan asid Y.
Cadangkan pepejal X dan larutan asid Y yang digunakan. Huraikan bagaimana anda dapat
menyediakan garam zink sulfat yang kering dengan menggunakan pepejal X dan larutan asid Y.
[10 marks/ markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

SALTS
1 Diagram 1.1 shows a series of reaction of salt X.
Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan satu siri tindak balas bagi garam X

Diagram / Rajah 1.1

(a) Based on Diagram 5.1

Berdasarkan Rajah 5.1

(i) Name the colourless gas released.

Namakan gas tidak berwarna yang terbebas.

………...…………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark /1 markah ]

(ii) State process I

Nyatakan proses I

…….…………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark/ 1 markah ]

(iii) Suggest salt X.

Cadangkan garam X.

……………………………………………………………………………………………….....
[1 mark/ 1 markah ]

(vi) State the chemical formula of salt X in (a) (iii).

Nyatakan formula kimia garam X di (a)(iii).

………..…………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark/ 1 markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(v) Suggest another solution can replace sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution to detect the cation
presence.
Cadangkan satu larutan lain yang boleh menggantikan larutan natrium hidroksida untuk
mengesan kehadiran kation.

………...…………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark / 1 markah ]
(b) Diagram 1.2 shows the apparatus set-up of an experiment for the heating of zinc nitrate salt.
Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi satu eksperimen untuk pemanasan garam zink nitrat.

Diagram / Rajah 5.2

Based on Diagram 1.2,
Berdasarkan Rajah 1.2,
(i) State the colour of zinc nitrate during heating.
Nyatakan warna zink nitrat semasa pemanasan.
………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark / 1 markah ]

(ii) Name the gas that change the colour of moist blue litmus paper.
Namakan gas yang menukarkan warna kertas litmus biru lembap.

………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark / 1 markah]
(iii) Write chemical equation for the heating process.
Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi proses pemanasan tersebut.
………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[ 2 marks/ 2 markah ]

(c) Lead (II) chloride is an insoluble salt. Lead (II) nitrate is one of the substance used to prepare the salt.
Plumbum(II) bromide ialah garam tak terlarutkan. Plumbum (II) nitrat ialah salah satu bahan yang
digunakan untuk menyediakan garam ini.

(i) Name other substance to prepare lead (II) chloride

Namakan bahan lain yang digunakan untuk menyediakan plumbum (II) bromide.
………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark/ 1 markah]
(ii) Write ionic equation for the reaction.
Tuliskan persamaan ion untuk tindak balas ini.
………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark/ 1 markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

2. (a) Lead(II) carbonate, PbCO3 is an insoluble salt. This salt can be prepared in the laboratory.
Plumbum(II) karbonat, PbCO3 adalah garam tak terlarutkan. Garam ini boleh disediakan di dalam
makmal.

(i) Name the reaction to prepare insoluble salt.

Namakan tindak balas penyediaan garam tak terlarutkan.
...………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark /markah]

(ii) Suggest two chemical substances that can be used to prepare that salt.
Cadangkan dua bahan kimia yang boleh digunakan untuk menyediakan garam itu.
………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark /markah]

(iii) By using suggested chemical substances in 2(a)(ii), write a chemical equation for the reaction.
Dengan menggunakan bahan kimia yang telah dicadangkan di 2(a)(ii), tuliskan persamaan
kimia bagi tindak balas itu.
………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark /markah]

(iv) State the colour of the precipitate formed.

Nyatakan warna mendakan yang terbentuk.
………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark /markah]

(b) Diagram 2 shows how waste water from fctory is treated before it os released into a river.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan bagaimana air sisa buangan daripada kilang dirawat sebelum dilepaskan ke
sungai.

Diagram / Rajah 2

(i) Suggest one substance that can be used to remove copper(II) ion
Cadangkan satu bahan kimia yang boleh digunakan untuk menyingkirkan ion kuprum(II).

…………………………………………………………………………………………………....
[1 mark /markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(ii) Write ionic equation for the reaction in (c)(i).

Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas di (c)(i).
………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark /markah]
(iii) Describe briefly a chemical test to show the treated waste water does not contain copper(II) ion.
Huraikan secara ringkas satu ujian kimia untuk menunjukkan air sisa buangan yang telah
dirawat tidak mengandungi ion kuprum(II).
………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[3 marks /markah]

3. Diagram 7.1 shows eight test tubes containing lead(II) chromate(VI) precipitate. The experiment was carried
out to construct an ionic equation for the formation of lead (II) chromate(VI).
Rajah 7.1 menunjukkan lapan tabung uji mengandungi mendakan plumbum(II) kromat(VI). Eksperimen
tersebut telah dijalankan untuk membina persamaan ion bagi pembentukan plumbum(II) kromat(VI).

Diagram / Rajah 7.1

Eight test tubes of the same size were labelled 1 to 8. A fixed volume of 5.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 potassium
chromate(VI), K2CrO4 solution was placed in each test tube. 1.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 solution X was added
into test tube 1. 2.0 cm3 into test tube 2 and so on until 8.0 cm3 was added into test tube 8. The heights of the
precipitate formed in each test tube were measured.
Lapan buah tabung yang sama saiz dilabelkan dengan 1 hingga 8. Isipadu tetap 5.0 cm3 larutan kalium
kromat(VI), K2CrO4 1.0 mol dm-3 dimasukkan dalam setiap tabung uji. 1.0 cm3 larutan larutan X, 1.0 mol
dm-3 ditambah ke dalam tabung uji 1. 2.0 cm3 ke dalam tabung uji 2, dan seterusnya sehingga 8.0 cm3
ditambah ke dalam tabung uji 8. Tinggi mendakan yang terbentuk dalam setiap tabung uji diukur.

The results are shown in Table 7.

Keputusan ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 7.
Test tube
Tabung uji 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Volume of 1.0 mol dm-3 potassium
chromate(VI), K2CrO4 solution / cm3
5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
Isipadu larutan kalium kromat(VI),
K2CrO4 1.0 mol dm-3 / cm3
Volume of 1.0 mol dm-3 solution X / cm3
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
Isipadu larutan X 1.0 mol dm-3 /cm3
Height of precipitate / cm
1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5
Tinggi mendakan / cm
Table / Jadual 7
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(a) Named solution X. Based on Table 7, plot a graph of the height of the precipitate against volume of
solution X on the graph paper.
Namakan larutan X. Berdasarkan Jadual 7, plotkan satu graf tinggi mendakan melawan isipadu
larutan X pada kertas graf.
[4 marks /markah]

………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) (i) Identified the colourless solution above the precipitate in the test tube. Determine the volume of
solution X that had reacted completely with 5.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 potassium chromate(VI)
solution. Using the volume obtained, calculate the number of moles of lead (II) ions and
chromate(VI) ion that are required for the formation of lead(II) chromate(VI).
Kenalpasti larutan tidak berwarna di atas mendakan dalam tabung uji itu. Tentukan isipadu
larutan X yang telah bertindak balas lengkap dengan 5.0 cm3 larutan kalium kromat(VI) 1.0
moldm-3. Dengan menggunakan isipadu yang diperolehi, hitungkan bilangan mol bagi ion
plumbum(II) dan ion kromat(VI) yang diperlukan untuk pembentukan plumbum(II) kromat(VI).
[4 marks /markah]

………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Write the ionic equation for the formation of lead(II) chromate(VI).
Tulis persamaan ion bagi pembentukan plumbum(II) kromat(VI).

………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2 marks/ markah]

(c)

Diagram / Rajah7.2
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

Based on Diagram 7.2 / Berdasarkan Rajah 7.2:

(i) Identify salt P, gas Q and R precipitate.

Kenal pasti garam P, gas Q dan mendakan R.

………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[3 marks/ markah]

(ii) Write a chemical equation for the formation of R precipitate.

Tulis persamaan kimia bagi pembentukan mendakan R.

………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks/ markah]

(iii) Copper(II) salt is a soluble salt. Describe briefly a chemical test to verify the cation and anion
present in aqueous solution of the salt.
Garam kuprum(II) adalah garam terlarutkan. Huraikan secara ringkas ujian kimia untuk
mengesahkan kehadiran kation dan anion yang hadir dalam larutan akueus garam tersebut.

………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[5 marks/ markah]

4. (a) Sulphate salts can be in the form of soluble salts and insoluble salts.
Garam sulfat boleh didapati dalam bentuk garam terlarutkan dan garam tak terlarutkan.

(i) State one example of soluble sulphate salt and one example of insoluble sulphate salt.
Nyatakan satu contoh garam sulfat terlarutkan dan garam sulfat tak terlarutkan.

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks/ markah]

(ii) Name the reactants for the preparation of the soluble sulphate salt in 9 (a) (i).
Namakan bahan-bahan tindak balas dalam penyediaan garam sulfat terlarutkan di 9 (a)(i).

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks/ markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(iii) With the aid of labelled diagram, explain the crystallization method to prepare soluble sulphate
salt crystal from its salt solution.
Dengan bantuan gambar rajah berlabel, terangkan kaedah penghabluran untuk mendapatkan
hablur garam sulfat terlarutkan daripada larutan garamnya.

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[6 marks/ markah]

(b) You are given a solution that contains a mixture of iron (III) nitrate and iron (III) chloride. Describe the
confirmatory test to determine the presence of cation and anion in the solution. Your description must
include all the materials used, observations and conclusion.
Anda diberi satu larutan yang mengandungi campuran ferum(III) nitrat dan ferum(III) klorida.
Huraikan ujian pengesahan untuk menentukan kehadiran kation dan anion dalam larutan tersebut.
Huraian anda mesti disertai dengan semua bahan, pemerhatian dan kesimpulan.

………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………...……………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………

………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………...……………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………

………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………...……………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………

………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………...……………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………

………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………...……………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………
[10 marks/ markah]
 40
CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCE IN INDUSTRY & CHEMICAL FOR CONSUMERS

1. Diagram 3 shows the formation of ammonium sulphate.
Rajah 3 menunjukkan pembentukan bagi ammonium sulfat.

Diagram/ Rajah 3
(a) State the names of Process X and Substance Y.
Nyatakan nama bagi Proses X dan Bahan Y.

Process X / Proses X : ………...……………………………………………………………………………

SubstanceY: Bahan Y : ………...…………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks/ markah]

(b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between ammonia and sulphuric acid.
Tuliskan satu persamaan kimia yang seimbang bagi tindak balas antara ammonia dan asid sulfurik.
………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2 marks / markah]

(c) Calculate the percentage of nitrogen by mass in ammonium sulphate (NH 4)2SO4.
Hitung peratus nitrogen mengikut jisim bagi ammonium sulfat (NH4)2SO4.
[Relative atomic mass/Jisim atom relatif: N,14; O,16; S,32; H;1]

[2 marks / markah]

(b) State one use of ammonium sulphate.

Nyatakan kegunaan ammonium sulfat.

….………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark / markah]
(e) Describe how sulphur dioxide gas can cause environmental pollution and state two effects of
pollution cause by sulphur dioxide gas.
Huraikan bagaimana gas sulfur dioksida boleh menyebabkan pencemaran alam sekitar dan
nyatakan dua kesan pencemaran yang disebabkan oleh gas sulfur dioksida.
………...………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....

………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[3 marks/ markah]
 41
CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

2. (a) Diagram 1 shows two type of food that use natural preservatives.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan dua jenis makanan yang menggunakan pengawet semula jadi.

Diagram/ Rajah 8.1

(i) State the natural preservative used in:

Nyatakan pengawet semula jadi yang digunakan dalam:

Food / Makanan A : ……………………………………………………………………….

Food / Makanan B : ………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks/ markah]

(ii) How the natural preservative can make food A last longer?
Bagaimana pengawet semulajadi boleh menjadikan makanan A tahan lama?

………………………….………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark / markah]

Over eating food B for a long period of time can cause a disease. Name the disease and suggest
a food additive that can replace the natural preservative with low calory. Pengambilan makanan
B untuk jangka masa yang panjang boleh menyebabkan satu penyakit. Namakan penyakit
tersebut dan cadangkan satu bahan tambah makanan berkalori rendah yang boleh
menggantikan pengawet semula jadi tersebut.

………………………….………………………………………………………………………

………………………….………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks / markah]
(b) Table 1 shows information about two types of medicines, D and E.
Jadual 1 menunjukkan maklumat tentang dua jenis ubat, D dan E.

Medicine Description
Ubat Deskripsi
 Used to relieve pain
Digunakan untuk melegakan kesakitan
D
 Not suitable to children
Tidak sesuai untuk kanak-kanak
 Used to treat pneumonia and tuberculosis
E Digunakan untuk merawat radang peparu
dan batuk kering

Diagram / Rajah 1
 42
CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(i) Ah Chong is two years old and having high fever. Give a reason why medicine D is not
suitable for him. Suggest a medicine that can replace medicine D.
Ah Chong berusia dua tahun dan mengalami demam panas. Berikan satu alasan mengapa
ubat D tidak sesuai untuknya. Cadangkan ubat yang boleh menggantikan ubat D.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2 mark / markah]

(ii) What action must be taken to make sure that taking the medicine E is effective? Give your
reason.
Apakah tindakan yang perlu diambil untuk memastikan bahawa pengambilan ubat E adalah
berkesan? Berikan alasan anda.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2 mark / markah]

3. Table 3 shows the information of cleaning agent Y and cleaning agent Z.

Jadual 3 menunjukkan maklumat tentang agen pencuci Y dan agen pencuci Z.

Table / Jadual 3

(a) (i) Which cleaning agent is soap?

Agen pencuci manakah merupakan sabun?

…………………………..…………….……………………………………………………………………
[1 mark / markah]

(ii) State the name of the process to prepare soap.

Nyatakan nama bagi proses untuk menyediakan sabun.

………………………….……………………………………………………..……………………………
[1 mark / markah]
 43
CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(b) Write a chemical equation for the ionisation of cleaning agent Z in water.
Tulis persamaan kimia bagi pengionan agen pencuci Z dalam air.

………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………..……
[1 mark / markah]

(c) Why is cleaning agent Z able to remove oily stain in hard water?
Mengapakah agen pencuci Z dapat menanggalkan kesan rminyak dalam air liat.

………………………….……………………………………………………………………………….……..……
[1 mark / markah]

(d) Food additives have been used by mankind for centuries. Diagram 3 shows part of the labels on two
food containers.
Bahan tambah makanan telah digunakan oleh manusia sejak berabad lalu. Rajah 3 menunjukkan
sebahagian label pada dua bekas makanan.

Tomato Sauce Strawberry Ice Cream

Sos Tomato Ais Krim Strawberi

Tasty and last long Tasty and smooth

Sedap dan tahan lama Sedap dan lembut

Ingredients: Ingredients:
Kandungan: Kandungan:
Milk / Susu
Tomato /Tomato
Strawberry / Strawberi
Sugar / Gula
Sugar / Gula
Salt / Garam
Artificial colour / Pewarna tiruan
Corn flour / Tepung jagung
Food additive Q
Artificial colour / Pewarna tiruan Bahan tambah makanan Q
Food additive P
Bahan tambah makanan P

Diagram / Rajah 3

Based on Diagram 3 / Berdasarkan Rajah 3,

State the type of food additive for

Nyatakan jenis bahan tambah makanan bagi

(i) food additive P / Bahan tambah makanan P

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(ii) food additive Q / Bahan tambah makanan Q

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2 mark / markah]
 44
CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(iii) What is the function of food additive P?

Apakah fungsi bahan tambah makanan P?

……………………………………………………………………………………………….....
[1 mark / markah]

(iv) Should food additive be used in daily life? Give a reason.

Wajarkah bahan tambah makanan digunakan dalam kehidupan seharian? Berikan satu
sebab.

…………..……………………………………………………………………………………...

………….……………………………………………………………………………………...
[2 marks / markah]

Invite ALLAH into the Chemistry of Life…

ALLAH will dilute your sorrows,
Evaporate your worries, Filter your mistakes and
Leave you with cystals of HAPPINESS
 45
CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

RATE OF REACTIONS
1. Three experiments I, II and III are carried out to investigate the factors affecting the rate of reaction. Table 1
shows the reactants and the conditions of the reaction involved.
Tiga eksperimen I, II dan III dijalankan untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas.
Jadual 1 menunjukkan bahan dan keadaan tindak balas yang terlibat

Volume of gas Time taken to

collected at the collect the gas
end of reaction (s)
Reactant
Experiment (cm3 ) Masa di ambil
Bahan tindak balas
Eksperimen Isipadu gas untuk
terkumpul di akhir mengumpul gas
tindak balas (cm3) (s)
Excess 50 cm3 0.5 mol dm-3 nitric acid
magnesium 50 cm3 asid nitrik
I 300 30
Magnesium 0.5 mol dm-3
berlebihan
Excess 50 cm3 1.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid
magnesium 50 cm3 asid nitrik
II 600 40
Magnesium 1.0 mol dm-3
berlebihan
Excess 50 cm3 1.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid
magnesium + 2g copper(II) sulphate
III Magnesium 50 cm3 asid nitrik 600 30
berlebihan 1.0 mol dm-3 + 2g kuprum(II)
sulfat

Diagram / Rajah 1

(a) What is the colour of copper(II) sulphate?

Apakah warna kuprum(II) sulfat?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark / markah]
(b) Refering to experiments I, II and III, state:
Merujuk kepada eksperimen I, II dan III, nyatakan:

(i) The meaning of rate of reaction.

Maksud kadar tindak balas.

……………………………………………………………………………..………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………….……………………………
[1 mark / markah]

(ii) Two factors that affect the rate of reaction.

Dua faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………
[2 marks / markah]
 46
CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(c) Diagram 1 shows the results of Experiment II.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan keputusan bagi Eksperimen II.

(i) Sketch the curve obtained for experiment I and III on the same axis in Diagram 1 Lakarkan
lengkung yang diperoleh dalam Ekperimen I dan III pada paksi yang sama dalam Rajah 1
Volume of gas (cm 3)
Isipadu gas

Diagram / Rajah 1

(ii) Calculate the rate of reaction for Experiment II and III.

Hitung kadar tindak balas bagi Experimen II dan III.

Experiment / Eksperimen II Experiment / Eksperimen III

[2 marks / markah]

(d) In our daily life, human cannot live without clean water supply. Every country spends millions in
water treatment to cater the needs of the people. At the treatment plant, there is a stage where small
suspended particles need to coagulate to form large lumps, thus the lumps will deposit at the bottom of
the coagulation tank. You, as a new chemical engineer reporting to the water treatment plant, suggest a
way to accelerate the process of coagulation using the concept of rate of reactions that you have
learned.

Dalam kehidupan harian kita, manusia tidak dapat hidup tanpa bekalan air bersih. Setiap negara
membelanjakan jutaan ringgit dalam rawatan pembersihan air untuk menampung keperluan rakyat.
Di loji rawatan air, terdapat satu peringkat di mana zarah-zarah kecil yang terampai perlu digumpal
untuk membentuk butiran besar, maka butiran tersebut akan terenap ke bawah tangki penggumpalan.
Anda sebagai jurutera kimia yang baru melaporkan diri di loji rawatan air tersebut, cadangkan satu
cara untuk mempercepatkan proses penggumpalan dengan menggunakan konsep kadar tindak balas
yang pernah anda pelajari.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark / markah]
 47
CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

2. Two experiments are carried out to investigate the rate of reaction when zinc reacts with nitric acid. Table 2
shows the results of Experiment I and II.
Dua eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk mengkaji kadar tindak balas apabila zink bertindak balas dengan
asid nitrik. Jadual 2 menunjukkan keputusan Eksperimen I dan II.

Total volume of gas

collected in 2 minutes /
Reactant Temperature / 0C cm3
Experiment
Bahan tindak balas Suhu / 0C Jumlah isi padu gas
Eksperimen
yang dikumpul dalam
2 minit / cm3
Excess zinc powder + 20 cm3 of
0.1 mol dm-3 nitric acid Serbuk
I 30 22.0
zink berlebihan + 20 cm3 0.1 mol
dm-3 asid nitrik
Excess zinc powder + 20 cm3 of
0.1 mol dm-3 nitric acid Serbuk
II 40 37.0
zink berlebihan + 20 cm3 0.1 mol
dm-3 asid nitrik

Table / Jadual 2

(a) Based on the experiment, state the meaning of the rate of reaction.
Berdasarkan eksperimen, nyatakan maksud kadar tindak balas.

……………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………

…………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark / markah]

(b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between zinc and nitric acid.
Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas antara zink dan asid nitrik.

……………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..
[2 marks / markah]

(c) Calculate the average rate of reaction for Experiment I for the first two minutes in cm3 s-1.
Hitungkan kadar tindak balas purata Eksperimen I bagi dua minit pertama dalam cm3 s-1.

[1 mark/ markah]

(d) Calculate the maximum volume of gas produced in Experiment II.

[1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room condition]
Hitungkan isipadu maksimum gas yang dihasilkan dalam Eksperimen II.
[1 mol gas menempati 24 dm3 pada keadaan bilik]

[3 marks / markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(e) “ Interrupting of a patient’s blood flow at normal blood temperature during a surgery creates the risk of
damaging the brain and other organs. This is due to the decrease in oxygen supply to the brain and
other organs. Nowadays, doctor implement the method of low temperature surgery. Lower temperature
will reduce the rate of reaction in patient’s body, or another word, the metabolism. Hence lowering the
demands of oxygen.”

“Gangguan terhadap aliran darah pesakit pada suhu darah yang normal semasa pembedahan akan
menyebabkan risiko kerosakan otak dan organ-organ lain. Perkara ini disebabkan pengurangan
bekalan oksigen ke otak dan organ-organ lain. Pada masa kini, doktor melaksanakan kaedah
pembedahan suhu rendah. Suhu rendah akan menurunkan kadar tindak balas dalam badan pesakit,
dengan kata lain, metabolisme. Oleh itu akan merendahkan permintaan terhadap oksigen.”

(i) Based on the information above, state the factor that affect the rate of reaction in a human body.
Berdasarkan maklumat di atas, nyatakan faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas dalam
badan manusia.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark / markah]

(ii) Explain how method of low temperature surgery is able to overcome the problem faced by
surgery under normal body temperature.
Terangkan bagaimana kaedah pembedahan suhu rendah dapat mengatasi masalah yang
dihadapi dalam pembedahan di bawah suhu badan normal.

…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[2 marks / markah]

3. Two students carried out three sets of experiment to investigate the factors that affect the rate of reaction.
Table below shows the reactants and the conditions of the reaction involved.
Dua orang pelajar menjalankan tiga set eksperimen untuk mengkaji faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak
balas. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bahan tindak balas dan keadaan tindak balas yang terlibat.

Set I II III
Reactants 25 cm of 0.2 mol dm-3
3
25 cm of 0.4 mol dm-3
3
25 cm of 0.2 mol dm-3
3

Bahan tindak hydrochloric acid hydrochloric acid hydrochloric acid

balas 25 cm3 Asid hidroklorik 25 cm3 asid hidroklorik 25 cm3 asid hidroklorik
0.2 mol dm-3 + excess 0.4 mol dm-3 + excess 0.2 mol dm-3 + excess
zinc powder serbuk zink zinc powder serbuk zink zinc powder serbuk zink
berlebihan berlebihan berlebihan
Temperature of
the mixture 30°C 30°C 40°C
Suhu campuran
Time taken to
collect 50 cm3
gas
Masa yang 90 s 55 s 30 s
diambil untuk
mengumpul 50
cm3 gas
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(a) Zinc, Zn reacts with hydrochloric acid, HCl to produce zinc chloride, ZnCl2 and hydrogen gas, H2.
Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction and calculate the maximum volume of hydrogen
gas produced in set I
[Relative atomic mass: Zn = 65; 1 mol of any gas occupies 24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions]
Zink, Zn bertindak balas dengan asid hidroklorik, HCl menghasilkan zink klorida, ZnCl2 dan gas
hidrogen, H2. Tulis persamaan kimia yang seimbang bagi tindak balas itu dan hitung isi padu
maksimum gas hidrogen yang dihasilkan dalam set I
[Jisim atom relatif: Zn = 65; 1 mol bagi sebarang gas menempati 24 dm3 mol-1 pada keadaan bilik]

[4 marks / markah ]
(b) Based on table, compare the rates of reaction.
Berdasarkan jadual, bandingkan kadar tindak balas
(i) between set I dan set II
antara set I dengan set II
(ii) between set I dan set III
antara set I dengan set III
By referring to collision theory, explain your answer in b(i) or b(ii)
Dengan merujuk kepada teori perlanggaran jawapan anda di b(i) atau b(ii)
[ 6 marks/ markah ]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(c) Diagram shows the production of fuel during the launching of a space shuttle by using a catalyst.
Rajah menunjukkan pengeluaran bahan api semasa pelancaran sebuah kapal angkasa dengan
menggunakan mangkin.

The catalyst is used to speed up the production of fuel. Based on this idea, describe an experiment
to show how this factor affects the rate of reaction between acid and zinc.
Mangkin itu digunakan untuk mempercepatkan pengeluaran bahan api. Berdasarkan idea ini,
huraikan satu eksperimen untuk menunjukkan bagaimana faktor ini dapat mempengaruhi kadar
tindak balas antara asid dengan zink.
[10 marks/ markah]

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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

CARBON COMPOUND
1 (a) Diagram 8.1 shows the flow chart for the reactions of butan-1-ol.
Rajah 8.1 menunjukkan satu carta alir bagi tindak balas butan-1-ol.

Diagram / Rajah 8.1

(i) Draw the structural formula of compound X, Y and Z.

Lukiskan formula struktur sebatian X, Y dan Z.

[3 marks / markah]

(ii) In Reaction I, draw the set up of apparatus that can be used in the conversion and explain a
chemical test to identify compound X.
Dalam Tindak balas I, lukiskan rajah susunan radas yang boleh digunakan dalam pertukaran
ini dan terangkan satu ujian kimia untuk mengenal pasti sebatian X.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

[4 marks / markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(iii) State the name of Reaction III. Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction and
state one physical property of compound Z.
Nyatakan nama Tindak Balas III. Tuliskan persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas ini
dan nyatakan satu sifat fizik sebatian Z.
[4 marks / markah]

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(iv) Compound X burnt completely in oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide gas. Write a
balanced chemical equation for the complete combustion of compound X. Calculate the
volume of carbon dioxide gas produced when 0.02 mol of compound X is completely burnt.
[Molar volume at room conditions = 24.0 dm3 per mol]
Sebatian X terbakar lengkap dalam oksigen menghasilkan air dan gas karbon dioksida.
Tuliskan persamaan kimia seimbang bagi pembakaran lengkap sebatian X. Hitungkan isi
padu gas karbon dioksida yang terhasil apabila 0.02 mol sebatian X terbakar lengkap.
[4 marks/ markah]

(b) Diagram 8.2 shows the structural formula of natural polymer, polyisoprene.
Rajah 8.2 menunjukkan formula struktur bagi polimer asli, poliisoprena.

Diagram / Rajah 8.2

(i) Draw the structural formula of monomer of this polymer and name the monomer using
IUPAC nomenclature.
Lukiskan formula struktur bagi monomer polimer ini dan namakan monomer ini
menggunakan penamaan IUPAC.
[2 marks / markah]

(ii) Ahmad is a rubber tapper. Everyday he collects the latex that turn into solid. By using a
suitable chemical, explain how Ahmad can prevent the latex from becoming solid.
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

Ahmad adalah seorang penoreh getah. Setiap hari dia mengutip lateks tersebut yang bertukar
menjadi pepejal. Dengan menggunakan bahan kimia yang sesuai, terangkan bagaimana
Ahmad boleh mengelakkan lateks bertukar kepada bentuk pepejal.
[3 marks / markah]

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2. Diagram 10.1 shows the conversion of few carbon compounds with less than four carbon atoms.
Rajah 10.1 menunjukkan penukaran beberapa sebatian karbon yang mempunyai atom karbon kurang
daripada empat.

Diagram / Rajah 10.1

(a) Based on Diagram 10.1 / Berdasarkan Rajah 10.1:

(i) Identify reaction I, reaction II and homologous series of compound P.

Kenalpasti tindak balas I, tindak balas II dan siri homolog bagi sebatian P.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(ii) By using suitable number of carbon atom, draw the structural formula of compound P,
carboxylic acid Q and alkene W.
Dengan menggunakan bilangan atom karbon yang sesuai, lukiskan formula struktur bagi
sebatian P, asid karbosilik Q dan alkena W.

[6 marks/ markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(iii) By using compound P and alkene W that obtained in 10(a)(ii), describe how to conduct
reaction II in the laboratory. In your description, include:
Dengan menggunakan sebatian P dan alkena W yang diperolehi di 10(a)(ii), huraikan
bagaimana tindak balas II dijalankan dalam makmal. Dalam huraian anda, sertakan
 Labeled diagram / Gambar rajah berlabel
 Procedure / Prosedur
 Chemical equation / Persamaan kimia
 Chemical test to proof the product / Ujian kimia untuk mengesahkan hasil tindak
balas [10 marks/ markah]

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(b) Diagram 10.2 shows a product of uses of an example of carboxylic acid.

Rajah 10.2 menunjukkan suatu produk daripada kegunaan sejenis asid karbosilik.

Diagram / Rajah 10.2

Suggest the carboxylic acid and a reagent that can be used to produce carboxylic acid Q from
compound P. Write the chemical equation involved in this conversion.
Cadangkan nama asid karboksilik tersebut. Nyatakan suatu bahan yang boleh digunakan untuk
menghasilkan asid ini. Tulis persamaan kimia yang terlibat. [4 marks/ markah]

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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

3. (a) Diagram 3.1 shows a statement about ethene.

Rajah 3.1 rnenunjukkan pernyataan bagi etena

Ethene or also known as ethylene, C2H4 is an unsaturated hydrocarbon gas. Ethylene is used
as a plant hormone to control the ripening and colour development of fruit.
Etena yang juga dikenali sebagai etilena, C2H4 adalah gas hidrokarbon tak tepu. Etilena
digunakan sebagai hormon bagi tumbuhan untuk mengawal pemasakan buah dan
perubahan warna buah.

Diagram / Rajah 3.1

(a) State the meaning of unsaturated hydrocarbon.

Nyatakan maksud hidrokarbon tak tepu.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark/markah]

(b) Ethene molecules can be bonded together to form a polymer that can be used to make a plastic bottle.
Molekul-molekul etena terikat bersama membentuk polimer yang boleh digunakan untuk menghasilkan
botol plastik.

(ii) Name the polymer formed.

Namakan polimer yang terbentuk.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark/markah]

(iii) Draw the structural formula of the polymer.

Lukiskan formula struktur polimer yang terhasil.

[1 mark/markah]

(c) (i) Ethanol is made in industry by reacting ethene with steam.

Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
Etanol dihasilkan dalarn industri melalui tindak balas etena dengan stim.
Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas tersebut.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks/markah]

(ii) The following chemical equation shows the combustion reaction of ethanol at room condition.
C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O
It 4.6 g of ethanol is used, calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas released.
[Molar volume of gas at room condition is 24 dm3 mol-1, relative atomic mass: H=1; C =12]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

[3 marks/ markah]

(iii) Diagram 3.2 shows five bottles of fragrance containing different percentage of ester that used
ethanol as solvent.
Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan lima botol pewangi mengandungi peratusan ester berbeza yang
menggunakan etanol sebagai pelarut.

20 - 30% 15 - 20% 5 - 15% 2 - 4% 1 - 3%

Lasts up Lasts less
to 8 than 2
hours hours

Diagram / Rajah 3.2

The fragrance Eau Fraiche only can last less than 2 hours.
Give your reason.
Pewangi Eau Fraiche hanya bertahan kurang dari dua jam.
Berikan alasan anda.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..

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[2 marks/markah]
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4 Diagram 4.1 shows a flow chart to prepare substance V, C2H5OH from pineapple juice .
Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan carta alir bagi penyediaan bahan V, C2H5OH daripada jus nenas.

Pineapple juice
Jus Nenas

Process A
Proses A
+ Propanoic acid
Substance V + Asid propanoik
Bahan V
C2H5OH Concentrated Sulphuric acid Substance Z
Asid sulfurik pekat
Bahan Z
Diagram /Rajah 4.1

(a) Name the process A.

Namakan proses A.

......................................................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark / markah]

(b) State the homologous series of substance V.

Nyatakan siri homolog bagi bahan V.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………
[1 mark / markah]

(c) Write a balanced chemical equation when substance V is burnt completely in excess oxygen.
Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang apabila bahan V terbakar lengkap dalam oksigen berlebihan.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………
[2 marks / markah]

(d) In Diagram 4.1 above, substance V reacts with propanoic acid to produce substance Z.
Dalam Rajah 4.1 di atas, bahan V bertindak balas dengan asid propanoik untuk menghasilkan bahan Z

(i) Name the reaction to produce substance Z above.

Namakan tindak balas untuk menghasilkan bahan Z tersebut.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………
[1 mark / markah]
(ii) State the name of substance Z.
Nyatakan nama bahan Z.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark / markah]

(iii) Compare the electrical conductivity between propanoic acid and Z. Explain.
Banding kekonduksian elektrik antara asid propanoik dan bahan Z. Terangkan.

………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………

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[2 marks / markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(e) Fats and oils are mixture of different esters formed form an variety of long-chain carboxylic acids
called fatty acid with glycerol. Diagram 4.2 shows a structural formula of an unsaturated fatty acid.

Lemak dan minyak merupakan campuran berbeza ester yang terhasil daripada pelbagai jenis rantaian
panjang asid karboksilik yang dikenali sebagai asid lemak dengan giserol. Rajah 4.2 menunjukkan
satu formula stuktur bagi asid lemak tak tepu.

Diagram / Rajah 4.2

(i) State the name of fatty acid in Diagram 4.2.

Nyatakan nama asid lemak di dalam Rajah 4.2.

…………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………
[1 mark / markah]

(ii) Unsaturated fats can be converted to saturated fats. Name the reaction.
Lemak tak tepu boleh ditukarkan kepada lemak tepu. Namakan tindak balas tersebut.

………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark / markah]

(iii) State the catalyst and temperature used in the reaction you mentioned in (e)(ii).
Nyatakan mangkin dan suhu yang digunakan di dalam tindak balas yang anda nyatakan di dalam
(e)(ii).
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………
[1 mark / markah]

5. Table 7.1 shows an ester and its flavour.

Jadual 7.1 menunjukkan suatu ester dan perisanya.

Ester / Ester Flavour / Perisa

Methyl propanoate Apple
Metil propanoat Epal
Table / Jadual 7.1
Sarah wants to produce an ester in of apple flavour in a school laboratory.
Sarah ingin menyediakan ester yang berperisa epal di dalam makmal sekolah

(a) (i) State the alcohol and the carboxylic acid to be used for preparing the ester. Write the
chemical equation to prepare the ester.
Nyatakan alkohol dan asid karboksilik yang akan diguna untuk menyediakan ester itu.
Tulis persamaan kimia bagi penyediaan ester tersebut. [4 marks/ markah]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(ii) Calculate the mass of the alcohol will be used to get 1.32 g of the ester
Hitung jisim alkohol yang akan digunakan bagi mendapatkan 1.32 g ester itu.
[Relative atomic mass Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, C = 12, O = 16]

[2 marks/ 2 markah]
(b) The following information is about an organic compound P.
Maklumat berikut adalah mengenai suatu sebatian organik P.
• Carbon / Karbon : 85.71 %
• Hydrogen / Hidrogen : 14.29 %
• Relative molecular mass : 56
Jisim molekul relatif
• Relative atomic mass of : H, 1; C, 12
Jisim atom relatif

Based on the above information / Berdasarkan maklumat di atas:

(i) Determine the empirical formula and molecular formula of the compound P.
Tentukan formula empirik dan formula molekul bagi sebatian P .

[ 5 marks/ markah]
(ii) State the name and homologous series of compound P.
Nyatakan nama dan siri homolog bagi sebatian P. [2 marks/ markah]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(c) Table 7.2 shows the properties of two organic compounds. Each compound has five carbon atoms
per molecule.
Jadual 7.2 menunjukkan sifat-sifat bagi dua sebatian organik. Setiap sebatian mempunyai lima
atom karbon per molekul.

Compound / Sebatian Properties / Sifat

 Insoluble in water
Tidak larut dalam air
R  Decolourised brown colour of bromine water
Melunturkan warna perang air bromin
 Soluble in water
Larut dalam air
 React with calcium carbonate to produce a type of gas that
S turns lime water cloudy
Bertindak balas dengan kalsium karbonat menghasilkan gas
yang menukarkan air kapur menjadi keruh.
Table / Jadual 7.2
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(c) Based on table 7.2 / Berdasarkan jadual 7.2,

(i) State the name and functional group of the compound R and S
Nyatakan nama dan kumpulan berfungsi bagi sebatian R dan S

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[4 marks/ markah]

(ii) Draw structural formulae for three isomers of compound R

Lukis formula struktur bagi tiga isomer sebatian R.

[3 marks/ markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

OXIDATION AND REDUCTION

1 Diagram 8.1 shows the change of ion of iron as a redox reaction.
Rajah 8.1 menunjukkan pertukaran ion bagi besi sebagai suatu tindak balas redoks.

Diagram / Rajah 8.1

(a) Based on the reaction in Diagram 8.1:

Berdasarkan tindak balas dalam Rajah 8.1:

(i) State the change in oxidation number of iron and bromine.

Nyatakan perubahan nombor pengoksidaan besi.dan bromin.

………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………

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(ii) State the role of bromine water
Nyatakan peranan air bromin

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(iii) State the colour change of the solution
Nyatakan perubahan warna larutan tersebut

…………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………..
[4 marks/ markah]
(b) One of the method used to prevent iron from corrosion is tin plating. Diagram 8.2 shows a food can
that is electroplated with tin.
Salah satu kaedah digunakan untuk menghalang besi daripada terkakis adalah penyaduran timah.
Rajah 8.2 menunjukkan satu tin makanan yang disadurkan dengan timah.

Explain why food in a dented can should not be consumed. Write the half equation for the reaction
that occurs.
Terangkan mengapa makanan dalam tin yang kemek tidak boleh digunakan. Tulis setengah
persamaan bagi tindak balas yang terlibat.
[6 marks/ markah]
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(c) Diagram 8.3 shows the apparatus set-ups and observations for redox reaction involving metal X.
Rajah 8.3 menunjukkan susunan radas dan pemerhatian.bagi tindak balas redoks yang melibatkan
logam X.

Set Observation / Pemerhatian

Brown precipitate
Metal /Logam X produced
Mendakan perang
terbentuk

Copper(II) sulphate Brown precipitate

Kuprum(II) sulfat Mendakan perang

Pink colour formed

Warna merah jambu
Hot jelly + potassium terbentuk
Iron metal hexacyanoferrate(III) solution +
Paku besi phenolphthalein Agar-agar panas
II
+ larutan kalium
heksasianoferat(III) + fenolftalein

Metal /Logam X

Diagram / Rajah

Based on the observations, suggest metal X and explain the observations in Set I and Set II include
the half-equation.
Berdasarkan pemerhatian, cadangkan logam X dan huraikan pemerhatian dalam Set I dan Set II
beserta dengan setengah persamaan.
[10 marks/ markah]
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2. (a)
Neutralisation is not a redox reaction
Peneutralan bukan tindak balas redoks

Using a suitable chemical equation, prove the statement above.

Dengan menggunakan satu persamaan kimia yang sesuai, buktikan pernyataan di atas.
[4 marks/ markah]

………………………………………………………………………………………...………..………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………...………..…………………………………………………
.
………………………………………………………………………………………...………..………………………………………………….

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(b) Diagram 10 shows the apparatus set-up used to determine the positions of metals X, Y and Z in
reactivity series.
Rajah 10 menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan untuk menentukan kedudukan logam-logam X,
Y dan Z dalam siri kereaktifan.

Diagram / Rajah 10

Table 10 shows the results of the experiment.

Jadual 10 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen.

Mixture / Campuran Observation / Pemerhatian

Oxide of metal X + carbon
Oksida logam X + karbon
Oxide of metal Y + carbon
Oksida logam Y + karbon
Oxide of metal Z + carbon
Oksida logam Z + Karbon
Mixture burns brightly
Brown solid is produced.
Campuran menyala dengan terang.
Pepejal perang terhasil
No change.
Tiada perubahan
Mixture glows brightly. Grey solid is produced.
Campuran berbara dengan terang. Pepejal kelabu terhasil.

Table / Jadual 10
(i) Suggest the name of metals X, Y and Z.
Cadangkan nama bagi logam X, Y dan Z.

(ii) Explain why there are differences in the observations. Then, arrange the metals and carbon in
ascending order of reactivity towards oxygen.
Terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan dalam pemerhatian. Kemudian, susun logam-logam
dan karbon dalam tertib menaik kereaktifan terhadap oksigen.
[6 marks/ markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

(c)
A more electropositive metal is able to prevent rusting but a less
electropositive metal may speed up the rusting process.
Logam yang lebih elektropositif boleh mencegah pengaratan tetapi logam yang kurang
elektropositif boleh mempercepat proses pengaratan.

Suggest one metal that is more electropositive than iron and one metal that is less electropositive than
iron. Using the named metals, describe an experiment to show how these two different metals affect
the rusting process.
Cadangkan satu logam yang lebih elektropositif daripada besi dan satu logam yang kurang
elektropositif daripada besi. Dengan menggunakan logam yang dinamakan, huraikan satu eksperimen
untuk menunjukkan bagaimana kedua-dua logam yang berlainan mempengaruhi proses pengaratan

Your description should include the following aspects :

Huraian anda harus merangkumi aspek-aspek berikut:
 Procedure / Prosedur
 Observation and inference / Pemerhatian dan inferens
. [10 marks/ markah]
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CHEMISTRY SPM 2018

THERMOCHEMISTRY
1. Article below describe the hydrogen powered tram in China.
Artikel di bawah menjelaskan mengenai trem berkuasa hidrogen di China.

HYDROGEN POWERED TRANI DEVELOPED IN CHINA

TREM BERKUASA HIDROGEN DIBANGUNKAN DI CHINA

In an effort to reduce China's harmful and plentiful greenhouse gas emissions,

Chinese company SIFANG has developed the world's first hydrogen powered tram.
The train will be powered entirely by hydrogen fuel cells. When 1 mole of hydrogen is
burnt, the energy change, H is -282kJ. The top speed will only be 70 kilometres per
hour and it will be used in urban areas only. It is designed to carry 380 passengers.

Dalam usaha untuk mengurangkan pelepasan gas rumah hijau yang berbahaya dan
banyak di China, syarikat China SIFANG telah membangunkan trem berkuasa
hidrogen pertama di dunia. Trem akan dikuasakan sepenuhnya oleh sel bahan api
hidrogen. Apabila 1 mol hidrogen dibakar, perubahan tenaga, H adalah -282kJ.
Kelajuan tertinggi hanyalah 70 kilometer sejam dan ia akan digunakan di kawasan
bandar sahaja. Ia direka untuk membawa 380 penumpang.
Source : http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/hydrogen-powered-tram/

Based on the article,

Berdasarkan artikel,

(a) (i) Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic?

Explain your answer.
Adakah tindak balas tersebut endotermik atau eksotermik?
Jelaskan jawapan anda.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2 marks/ markah]

(ii) Write the chemical equation for the combustion of hydrogen.

Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi pembakaran hidrogen.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2 marks/ markah]
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(iii) Draw the energy level diagram for the combustion of hydrogen.
Lukis gambarajah aras tenaga untuk pembakaran hidrogen

[2 marks/ markah]

(b) In an experiment, 50 g of liquid hydrogen is burnt in excess oxygen. Calculate:

[Relative atomic mass: H:1]
Dalam satu experiment, 50 g cecair hidrogen dibakar dalam oksigen berlebihan. Hitung:
[Jisim atom relatif: H = 1]

(i) The number of mole of hydrogen used.

Bilangan mol hidrogen yang digunakan.

[1 mark/ markah]

(ii) The amount of energy released when 50 g of hydrogen is burnt.

Jumlah tenaga dibebaskan apabila 50 g hidrogen dibakar.

[2 marks /markah]

(c) Hydrogen is considered as a clean fuel. Justify one advantage of hydrogen over fossil fuels.
Hidrogen dikenalpasti sebagai bahan api bersih. Perihalkan satu kelebihan bahan api hidrogen
berbanding bahan api fosil.

………………………………………….………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………….……………………………………………………..

…………………………………………….……………………………………………………..
[2 marks /markah]
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2. Diagram 2 shows the apparatus set-up to determine the heat of neutralisation between nitric acid and
sodium hydroxide solution.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menentukan haba peneutralan di antara larutan asid nitrik dan
natrium hidroksida

Diagram / Rajah 6

Table 2 shows the result of this experiment.

Jadual 2 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen

Description Temperature (°C)

Deskripsi Suhu
Initial temperature of nitric acid
30.0
Suhu awal asid nitrik
Initial temperature of sodium hydroxide
30.0
Suhu awal natrium hidroksida
Highest temperature of the mixture
36.8
Suhu tertinggi campuran
Table / Jadual 2

(a) What is the meaning of heat of neutralisation?

Apakah maksud haba peneutralan?
…………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..
[1 mark/ markah]

(b) Calculate / Hitungkan

(i) The heat released during the reaction.

Haba terbebas semasa tindak balas.
[Specific heat capacity of solution, c = 4.2 J g-1 °C, Density of solution=1 gcm-3]
[Muatan haba tentu larutan, c = 4.2 J g-1 °C; Ketumpatan larutan= 1 gcm-3]

[1 mark/ markah]
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(ii) The number of moles of nitric acid reacting.

Bilangan mol asid nitrik yang bertindak balas.

[1 mark/ markah]
(iii) The heat of neutralisation
Haba peneutralan

[1 mark/ markah]
(c) Draw an energy level diagram for this reaction
Lukiskan rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas ini.

[2 marks/ markah]
(d) The experiment is repeated using 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid to replace the nitric acid. The
heat of neutralisation using ethanoic acid is 55.0 kJ mol -1.
Explain the difference of the heat of neutralisation.
Eksperimen ini diulangi dengan menggunakan 25 cm3 asid etanoik 1.0 mol dm-3 untuk menggantikan
asid nitrik. Haba peneutralan menggunakan asid asid etanoik adalah 55.0 kJ mol -1. Huraikan
perbezaan haba peneutralan ini.
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[3 marks/ markah]

(e) (i) The heat of neutralization obtained from the experiment is less than the standard value.
Explain.
Haba peneutralan yang diperoleh daripada eksperimen ini lebih rendah daripada nilai piawai.
Terangkan.
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[1 mark/ markah]

(ii) Suggest a way to improve the results obtained in this experiment. Cadangkan
satu cara untuk memperbaiki keputusan eksperimen ini.

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[1 mark/ markah]
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3. (a) Diagram 7.1 shows the substance A and substance B are used in daily life. Hot pack applied to your
injured part by your physical therapist and cold pack can be used to relieve pain and swelling.
Rajah 7.1 menunjukkan bahan A dan bahan B digunakan dalam kehidupan seharian.Pek panas
digunakan pada bahagian yang cedera secara terapi fizikal dan pek sejuk boleh digunakan untuk
tahan sakit dan bengkak.

Diagram / Rajah 7.1

Based on diagram 7.1, compare the reaction occur in substance A and substance B in terms of
Berdasarkan rajah 7.1, banding tindak balas yang berlaku dalam bahan A dan bahan B dari segi
 Type of reaction / Jenis tindak balas
 Temperature change / Perubahan suhu
 Change in the total energy content of reactant and total energy content of product
Perubahan jumlah kandungan tenaga bahan tindak balas dan jumlah kandungan tenaga
hasil tindak balas
 Formation and breaking bond / Pembentukan dan pemecahan ikatan
 Example of reaction /Contoh tindak balas [ 5 marks / markah]

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(b)

Energy level diagram above show the reaction between magnesium powder and 100 cm3 of
0.5 mol dm-3 of copper(II) sulphate. Calculate the change in temperature in this reaction.
[Specific heat capacity of solution : 4.2 Jg-1 ˚C-1 ]
Gambar rajah aras tenaga di atas menunjukkan tindak balas antara serbuk magnesium dan
100 cm3 larutan kuprum (II) sulfat 0.5 mol dm-3.Hitung perubahan suhu dalam tindak balas ini.
[Muatan haba tentu larutan : 4.2 Jg-1 ˚C-1 ]

[ 3 marks markah]

(c) Table 7.2 shows the heat of neutralization by using different acid reacting with
sodium hydroxide solution.
Jadual 7.2 menunjukkan haba peneutralan menggunakan dua asid yang berbeza yang
bertindak balas dengan larutan natrium hidroksida.

Reactant Heat of neutralization (kJmol -1 )

Bahan tindak balas Haba peneutralan (kJmol-1 )
Acid X + sodium hydroxide solution
-55
Asid X + larutan natrium hidroksida
Acid Y + sodium hydroxide solution
-57
Asid Y + larutan natrium hidroksida
Table / Jadual 7.2

(i) Based on table 7.2, suggest acid X and acid Y

Berdasarkan jadual 7.2, cadangkan asid X dan asid Y.
………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………..
[ 2 marks / markah]

(ii) By using either acid X or acid Y, describe an experiment to determine the heat of
neutralisation. Including the steps of calculation in your answer.
Dengan menggunakan sama ada asid X atau asid Y, huraikan satu eksperimen untuk
menentukan haba peneutralan. Sertakan langkah pengiraan dalam jawapan anda..
[ 10 marks / markah]