Friction in Solids and Liquids@PM

PHYSICS-MANIA
Chapter -5(Section-1)
Friction in Solids and Liquids
Que 1: Define friction. What are its causes?
Ans : Friction:- When two bodies are in contact with each other and if one body is made to move then the
property due to which a tangential force is exerted between them, at their surfaces in contact, tending to oppose
relative motion between them is called friction
.
Force of friction:-
The force which opposes relative motion of two bodies in contact is called force of friction.
There are two main causes of friction
1. Roughness of surface in contact
2. Strong atomic and molecular attraction between the two surfaces in contact.
Que 2: Explain the origin of friction.

Ans
1. Roughness of surface:-
An opposing force always acts between the two bodies in contact, whenever one body tends to move or
move over the body. This opposition force depends upon the nature of surfaces in contact. Surface of moving
body appears smooth, but when observed through powerful microscope it is found that there are hills and
dales.
In rough as well as smooth surface irregularities are found. When two rough solid surfaces are in contact, the
elevation of one surface fit into depressions of the other surface. As a result of such interlocking of the
irregularities, the relative motion between the two surfaces is opposed, and which gives rise to the force of
friction.
.
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2. Intermolecular force
The molecules at the point of contact between the irregularities of the surface exert force of attraction on
each other. Similar types of molecule exert cohesive force on each other and different types of molecules exerts
adhesive forces on each other, thus the point of contact are ‘’Cold welded’’ together. The surface adhesion gives
rise to frictional force which opposes relative motion.
Hence there is opposition to the relative motion between two surfaces in contact.
We can conclude that the causes of friction are.
1) Interlocking between the irregularities in the contact surface.
2) Intermolecular forces of attraction between the two surfaces.
Note:-
Adhesive forces between molecules of different substance are smaller as compacted to cohesive force
between molecules of same substance. To reduce friction ball bearings used in a machine are of different
material
Que 3: Explain the nature of frictional force.

Ans:
Consider a rectangular block at rest on a horizontal surface having pulley at one end of surface. As shown as in
figure .The forces acting on the block are.
1) The weight (w) of the block acts vertically downward direction which presses the surface and
2) the force exerted by the surface on the block in
3) vertically upward direction is called as normal reaction (N)
4) If applied force (F) on the block is increased by increasing weight in the pan the block initially remains at rest.
5) At particular value of applied force. Block is just starts moving on the surface. This value of force is called
limiting force of static friction.
6) If an applied force is further increased then block is sliding continuously with uniform speed over the surface,
such minimum required force is called force of kinetic friction.
PHYSICS-MANIA
Conclusion:-
i. The forces of friction exist between two surfaces in contact only when one body tends to move or slide over
the other surface.
ii. In equilibrium, limiting force of friction action between two surfaces in contact is equal and opposite of applied
force.
iii. When a body is sliding on a surface in a particular direction, then force of friction is in opposite direction. If
the direction of applied force is changed then the direction of limiting force of friction also changes with
constant magnitude. Therefore force of friction is called as self adjusting force with magnitude and direction.
Que 4 why bearings are made up of different materials from that of the material of machine?
Ans :
1. The bearings are used in machine for reducing friction.
2. The force of attraction between the molecules of the same substance (cohesive force) is greater than the
molecules of different substances (adhesive force).
3. So, if the two surfaces of same material are in contact, friction between them is greater than the surface of
two different materials.
Due to this bearing are used in machine are made up of different material from that of the material of
machine.
Que 5: Define static friction, Kinetic friction, rolling friction.

Ans :
A. Static Friction:
Friction between two bodies in contact when one body just moves or tends to move over the other is called
as static friction.
B. Kinetic Friction:
Friction between two bodies in contact when one body just move is sliding over the other is called as kinetic
friction. (Dynamic or sliding friction)
C. Rolling Friction:
Friction between two bodies in contact, when one body is rolling over the other is called is called as rolling
friction.
Hence,
Static friction > Kinetic fraction > Rolling friction.
Que 6: Why is the kinetic friction less than static friction?
PHYSICS-MANIA
Ans: A large force is required to set a heavy box moving along a plane surface. If this box starts moving, smaller
force is needed to keep it in motion. This observation shows that the kinetic friction is less than static friction.
Que 7: state law of static friction.

Ans : law as of Static friction :
i) The limiting force of static friction (Fs) is directly proportional to normal reaction (N) between the two
surfaces in contact.
Fs  N
Fs = s N
Where s is constant of proportionality and is called as coefficient of static friction.
Thus the coefficient of static friction is defined as the ratio of liming force of static friction to the normal
reaction.
ii) The limiting force of static friction for any two given surfaces the surfaces in contact so long as the normal
reaction remains the same.
iii) The limiting force of static friction depends upon the nature and materials of the surfaces.
Que 8: Describe the experiment to verify that limiting force to static friction depends upon the normal
reaction between two surfaces in contact.
Ans :
Verification of first law : A wooden block of weight (W1) is kept on horizontal surface. One end of string is
tied to the block passes over the pulley and of the light pan is attached at the other end string. Weights are
added in the pan so as to increase the driving force (F1), till the block just begins to move, w1 and f1 are noted.
PHYSICS-MANIA
Repeat the above procedure by changing the weight on the block as shown in Fig. (b). W2 and F2 are noted.
When block just moves then applied force is equal limiting force of static friction, F1 = Fs1 andF2 = FS2
and also W1 = N1 and W2 = N2
It is found that
This shows that Fs  N, Thus first law of static friction is verified.
Que 9: Describe the experiment to verify that limiting force to static friction is independent of the apparent
area of contact.
Ans : Experimental verification of second law of Static Friction :
Two identical blocks of same material and same polished surfaces are arranged one above the other on
horizontal plane surface as shown in Figure (a).
Weights are added in the pan. Till the block just tends to move. W and F1 are noted.
Normal reaction = N1 + N2 = W
Then keep the two block one after another, on the horizontal plane surface (as shown in Fig. (b). in this
arrangement, area of surfaces in contact increases but
W=N1 + N2 remains the same, weights are added in the pan till the blocks just begins to move. F2 is
noted. It is found that F1 = F2
PHYSICS-MANIA
Thus shows that the limiting force of static friction is independent of apparent area of surfaces in contact as
long as normal reaction remains same.
Que 10: Describe the experiment to verify that limiting force to static friction depends upon nature and
material of surface in contact.
Ans : Experimental verification of third law of Static Friction :
a) The Wooden block is placed on a horizontal surface and find limiting force static friction as explained earlier,
F1 is noted.
Another wooden block of same material and same normal reaction but surface is polished. Find the limiting
force of static friction, F 2 is note.
It is found that F1  F2
This shows that limiting force of static friction. Depends upon nature of surface in contact.
b) When blocks of different materials (such as glass, wood, iron, aluminum etc.) having same normal reaction
and same polished surface are used. The values of limiting force of static friction in each case is noted it is
found that F1  F2
i.e. limiting force of static friction depend upon material of surface in contact.
Que 11: state laws of kinetic friction

Ans : Laws of Kinetic Friction :
The friction that exists when one body is sliding over the other is called kinetic friction.
The laws of kinetic friction are stated as follows:
i).The force of kinetic friction (Fk) is directly proportional to the normal reaction between two surfaces in
contact.
Fk  N
Fk = k N
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Where k is constant of proportionality and is called as coefficient of kinetic friction.
The ratio of force of kinetic friction to the normal reaction is called as the coefficient of kinetic friction.
ii) Force of kinetic friction is independent of shape and apparent area of the surfaces in contact.
iii)Force of kinetic friction depends upon the nature and material of the surface in contact.
iv) The Magnitude of the force of kinetic friction is approximately independent of the relative velocity, provided
the relative velocity is neither too large nor too small.
NOTE:-
The laws of kinetic friction can be verified in the same manner as that of the laws of static friction. The only
difference in this experiment is that applied force is adjusted in such manner that the body is set sliding (in
uniform motion) on horizontal surface.
Que 12 Explain the term

a) Coefficient of static friction,
b)Coefficient of kinetic friction
Ans : a) Coefficient of static friction (s):
The coefficient of static friction is defined as the ratio of liming force of static friction to the normal reaction
b) Coefficient of kinetic friction (k):

The ratio of force of kinetic friction to the normal reaction is called as the coefficient of kinetic friction
Que 13 : Define pressure , state its SI, CGS unit and dimensions.
Ans : Pressure :
The thrust exerted by a liquid at rest per unit area normal to the surface in contact with the liquid is called
pressure.
P = F/A
SI unit of pressure = N/m²
CGS unit of pressure = dyne/cm²
1 N/m² = 1 pascal (Pa)
Dimension of pressure = [M¹ L⁻¹T⁻²]

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PHYSICS-MANIA
Que 14: Derive an expression for pressure exerted by liquid column.

Ans:
Suppose a homogeneous liquid of density  is contained in a cylinder of cross sectional area ‘A’ Liquid is partly
filled in a cylinder, let h be the height of liquid column as shown in figure.
Weight of that liquid column exerts a downward thrust.
Weight of liquid column = volume of liquid x density
of liquid x g
= Ah  g
Therefore
weight of liquid column
Pressure = -------------------------------
cross sectional area
=
=hg
This is an expression for pressure.
The pressure due to liquid column is directly proportional to
i) Depth of the point below the free surface of the liquid
ii) The density of the liquid
Let P0 be atmospheric pressure, which acts on the free surface of liquid, therefore the total pressure at the depth h
from the free surface is equal to the atmospheric pressure and pressure due to liquid column.
Total pressure = P0 + h p g
= P0 + Gauge Pressure
PHYSICS-MANIA
Hydrostatic pressure
Que 15 : Explain the hydrostatic paradox?
Ans : Hydrostatic paradox:-
The Shape of the vessel containing the liquid does not affect the pressure. This is known as Hydrostatic
paradox.
Explanation:-
1. Consider three different shapes of vessel A,B and C of same base areas.
2. Let all the vessel are filled with liquid up to same height but volume of liquid are different in different
vessels.
3. Liquid exerts force on the base as well as on the wall of the vessels. At the same time the base as well as of
the vessel exert equal and opposite force on liquid.
4. Vessel A is in vertical position, force of reaction exerted on water by the wall of container is horizontal and
there is no vertical component; the force exerted by water at the bottom is exactly equal to weight of water in
the vessel.
5. Vessel B. its open end is wider, the incline surface exerts force of reaction on water and this force split up in to
two components, upward vertical components add together & balance the part of weight of the water on the
bottom. This reduces the effective force.
6. vessel C, its open end is smaller as compare to vessel B, the incline surface exerts force of reaction on water
and this force split up in to two components, downward component are add together. This is added to the
weight of the water in the vessel. This increases the effective force.
Condition 1st, 2nd 3rd shows that the downward force exerted by water on the bases of all the
vessels are equal.
7. Therefore, the force exerted by liquid on the bases of all the vessels is equal.
Que 16: State pascal’s law. State application of pascal’s law.

Ans: Pascal’s law:
The pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted equally to all other point of the liquid and to the
walls of the container.
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PHYSICS-MANIA
Application of Pascal’s law:

i) Hydraulic press:
Hydraulic press is based on Pascal’s law. It consists of two cylinders C and D filled with water. A large
platform M is fitted to the piston P2 & strong metal frame (N) fixed at its top. Cotton is kept between M
and N.A2 is chose to be greater than A1. Suppose piston p1 is pressed downwards with a force FP this
pressure is transmitted undiminished to all points in water. It is also acts on P2
P1 = , P2=
P1 = P2
F2 =
If A1 > A2
Then >
Hence large force acts on the cotton kept between M and N. In hydraulic press. A smaller force is applied
on column of liquid and it is converted to the very large force in upward direction on the cotton bale. It is
useful for.
a) Compressing cotton bales or bundles of waste paper.
b) Extraction of oil by crushing the oil seeds.
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PHYSICS-MANIA
c) Pressing metal sheets to a desire shape etc.

ii) Hydraulic lift:
Hydraulic lift is used to lift or support heavy objects such as cars. Trucks etc. It is an important application
of Pascal’s law. In hydraulic lift a small force pushes down a smaller piston, this small force produce
greater thrust on larger piston and raises the load placed on it.
iii) Hydraulic brakes:
It is a system based on Pascal’s law, thus small force applied to brakes pedal is immediately transmitted
equally by the brake. Fluid in the cylinders produces a large thrust on the wheels and vehicle stops.
Que 17: Explain the effect of gravity on fluid pressure.

Ans: Effect of gravity on fluid pressure
Consider liquid of density  in vessel. Let us find pressure between two point P and Q as shown in fig.
‘h’ be distance between point P and Q, consider imaginary cylinder of liquid of cross sectional area A, Point
P and Q lie on upper and lower surface respectively.
Weight of imaginary cylinder = mg = vg= Ahg

It acts vertically downwards. Let P1, P2 are pressure at point P and Q respectively.
Force on face = F1 = P1 A
Total downward force Q = F1 = P1 A + mg
Vertically upward force on face Q = F2 = P2 A
Since imaginary cylinder is in equilibrium the total downward force = Total upward force
F1=F2
P1A + mg = P2A
(P2 – P1) A = mg
(P2-P1) = =
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PHYSICS-MANIA
Pressure difference = h  g
This equation gives value of pressure difference
In absence of gravity, P1 = P2 and the pressure at every point inside the liquid in equilibrium would be the
same.
In presence of gravity, P2 is not equal to P1 and the pressure cannot remains same at all points in the
liquid.
The pressure at all points at the same horizontal level is the same but increases with depth.
Que 18: Define Viscosity

Ans : The property of fluid by virtue of which it opposes the relative motion between its layers is called viscosity.
Que 19 : Explain the term (a)Stream line flow .(b) turbulent flow.
Ans : (a) stream line flow :- Flow of liquid over plane surface or through a tube, so long as the velocity of fluid
is less than a certain limiting value (called as critical velocity) is called the streamline flow or laminar flow.
(b) Turbulent flow: - If the velocity of fluid in streamlines flow is gradually increased so that it is greater
than critical velocity of the fluid then the flow becomes suddenly irregular and unsteady. This disorderly
motion of fluid is called turbulent flow.
Que 20: What do you mean by viscous drag?
Ans :
The tangential force acts on adjacent layer of fluid, which opposes the relative motion between the layers of
the liquid or gases, is called viscous force or viscous drag.
Que 21 : State and Explain Newton’s law of viscosity.

Ans : when a liquid flow is streamline ,the viscous force acting on any layer is directly proportional to (i) area
of layer and (ii) velocity gradient.
Let A be the area of layer and
be the velocity gradient,
the viscous force f is given by

F  (A) ( )
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PHYSICS-MANIA
F =  (A)
=
Where  is a constant, is called coefficient of viscosity of the liquid, which is depends upon nature of the
liquid.
If A = 1 and = 1 then  then  = F (numerically)
Thus coefficient of viscosity is defined as the viscous force per unit area per unit velocity gradient
SI unit of  is N. s/m2
CGS unit of  is dyne s/cm2 or poise
Relation between SI and CGS unit of  is
1 Ns/M2 = 10 poise
Dimension of  are
= [L-1 M1T-1]
Poise: if a force of one dyne per square centimeter exists between two layers of fluid with unit velocity gradient,
then its coefficient of viscosity is one poise.
The viscosity of liquid decreases with temperature, while the viscosity of gases increases with temperature.
Que 22 :Define (a) velocity gradient
(b) Coefficient of viscosity
Ans :
i. Consider streamline flow of the liquid on horizontal surface. Let us imagine that the liquid is divided into
thin layers which are parallel to each other and to the horizontal surface as shown in fig.
ii) Velocity of the liquid in given layer is assumed to be constant but differ from layer to layer. The velocity
of bottom layer in contact with surface is zero and increases in the upward direction. The velocity of top
surface is a maximum.
13
PHYSICS-MANIA
The rate of change of velocity of with distance measured form stationary layer is called velocity gradient.
Let v and v+ dv be the velocities of layer of liquid which are at distance of x and x + dx respectively from the
bottom.
Velocity gradient =
Unit of velocity gradient is per second and its dimensions are [L0M0T-1]
(b) Coefficient of viscosity: - coefficient of viscosity is defined as the viscous force per unit area per unit
velocity gradient.
Que 23: state SI and CGS unit of coefficient of viscosity and find conversion factor between them. and also
state their dimension
Ans : SI unit of h is N. s/m2
CGS unit of h is dyne s/cm2 or poise
Relation between SI and CGS unit of h is
1 Ns/M2 = 10 poise
Dimension of h are
= [L-1 M1T-1]
Que 24: State stoke’s law and derives it by dimensional analysis.

Ans : Statement : -
The viscous force acting on a small sphere falling through a medium is directly proportional to the radius r of
the sphere, its velocity ‘v’ through fluid and coefficient of viscosity  viscosity  of the fluid.
Frv
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PHYSICS-MANIA
F=6rv
Stokes’ law can be partially proved by the method of dimensional analysis.
We can write
F = k 2rbvc ……………… (1)
Where k is numerical constant and a, b & c are the power to be determined
[F] = k []a [r]b [v]c
[M1L1T-2] = k [M1L-1T-1]a [M0L1T0]b [M0L1T-1]c
[M1L1T-2] = k [MaL-a+b+cT-a-c]
Value of constant k = 6  I determined experimentally. It is dimensionless quantity.
Equating indices of M,L and T on both sides, we get
a = 1
-a+b+c = 1
-a–c = -2
Solving this equation we get
-a-c = -2
-c = -1
c = 1
1 = -a + b + c
1 = -1 + b + 1
b = 1
Substituting in equation (1) we get
F = k 1 r1 v1
F=6rv
This is Stokes’ law
Que 25: obtain an expression for the terminal velocity of small spherical body falling under gravity
through viscous fluid.
Ans :
Equation for Terminal Velocity :
When a spherical body falls through a viscous fluid, it experiences a viscous force. The motion of body is
initially accelerated and its velocity begins to increase.
15
PHYSICS-MANIA
The spherical body attains a constant velocity called as terminal velocity.
At terminal velocity of body, total downward force is balanced by

resultant upward force due to up thrust and viscosity of the medium.
Suppose that a sphere of radius r and density (), is falling
coefficient of viscosity is ().
i) Total downward force acting on the sphere
= weight of the sphere
= mass x gravitational acceleration
= volume x density x g
= ( ) r3 g
ii) The total upward force acting on the sphere is given by

The total upward force
= viscous force + up thrust due to the medium
=6rv + ( )  r3 g
iii) Since the sphere is moving with its terminal velocity, then
Total downward force = total upward force
( ) r3 g = 6rv + ( )  r3 g
6rv = r3 (-)g
r3 (-)g
v =------------------
6r
2 r² (-)g
v=------ ------------
16
PHYSICS-MANIA
9 
This is the expression for terminal velocity of the sphere; coefficient of viscosity is given by
2 r² (-)g
=------ ------------
9 v
Que 26: what is Reynold’s number.

Ans : Flow of liquid inside a tube remains streamline flow, if is velocity is less than a critical value. If
velocity is greater than the critical value, laminar flow con vets into turbulent.
According to Reynolds is critical velocity
Vc = N/ D
Where
D = Decimeter of tube
 = coefficient of viscosity
 = density of liquid
N = Reynolds number
Thus Reynolds number
N = Vc  D/
Reynolds number is pure number, so is it has no unit and dimensions.
Note:-
Conditions
1) If N lies between 0 to 2000 then flow of liquid is laminar.
2)If N lies between 2000 to 3000, the laminar flow may change to turbulent flow.
If N is greater than 3000 then flow of liquid is turbulent
Que 27: state Bernoulli’s principle.

Ans : Statement : In case of the streamline flow of no viscous incompressible fluid, the sum of (i) pressure
energy, ii) K.E. per unit mass and ii) P.E. per unit mass always remains constant at every point.
17
PHYSICS-MANIA
Let.
 = density of liquid
h = height of fluid
v = velocity of the fluid
K.E. = mv2
= (V)v2
KE/V =  v2
Potential Energy = P.E. = mgh =  V gh

PE/V =  gh
According to Bernoulli’s principle
P + (v²)+gh= constant
OR
P/  + v2 + gh
=Pressure energy +KE/mass + PE/mass

= constant
Bernoulli’s principle stated above is true under the following assumptions
i) The fluid is non viscous.
ii) The flow is stream line.
Alternate Statement of Bernoulli’s principle In the case of stream line flow, the total energy per unit mass of
a fluid always remains constant.
Que 28 : state limitation and application of Bernoulli’s principle.

Ans :Limitation of Bernoulli’s Principle
We have considered that there is no loss of energy. But in reality there is loss of energy in the experiment.
Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle
1) Vacuum Brakes – it works on the principle of Bernoulli to stop railway train.
2) Bunsen’s Burner – the gas escape through the fine nozzle with high velocity. Due to which pressure
decrease in near nozzle, sine pressure inside burner is lowered, air enters through holes. The air and gas mixture
rise up and produce a flame, when burned.
3) Venturimeter- This is device used to determine the velocity of liquid flowing through a pipe and its rate of
18
PHYSICS-MANIA
flow across any part of the pipe.

4) Air Purifier – This is a device used for spraying fragrance in air, it is based on Bernoulli’s principle
.IMPORTANT FORMULAE
1. Coefficient of static friction (s):
2. Coefficient of kinetic friction (k):
3. Pressure = h  g
4. Newton’s formula for the force due to viscosity of liquid is given by
F =  (A)
Velocity gradient =
5. Stokes’ law F = 6   r v
6. Terminal Velocity
2 r² (-)g
 =------ ------------
9 v
2 r² (-)g
v=------ ------------
9 
7. Reynolds number N = Vc  D/
8. Bernoulli’s principle=P + (v²)+gh= constant
19

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PHYSICS-MANIA

Que 2: Explain the origin of friction.

© 2016 PhYsIcS-MaNiA. All rights reserved.

Que 3: Explain the nature of frictional force.

© 2016 PhYsIcS-MaNiA. All rights reserved.

Que 5: Define static friction, Kinetic friction, rolling friction.

Que 6: Why is the kinetic friction less than static friction?

© 2016 PhYsIcS-MaNiA. All rights reserved.

Que 7: state law of static friction.

© 2016 PhYsIcS-MaNiA. All rights reserved.

This shows that Fs  N, Thus first law of static friction is verified.

© 2016 PhYsIcS-MaNiA. All rights reserved.

Que 11: state laws of kinetic friction

© 2016 PhYsIcS-MaNiA. All rights reserved.

Where k is constant of proportionality and is called as coefficient of kinetic friction.

Que 12 Explain the term

b) Coefficient of kinetic friction (k):

CGS unit of pressure = dyne/cm²

1 N/m² = 1 pascal (Pa)

Dimension of pressure = [M¹ L⁻¹T⁻²]

© 2016 PhYsIcS-MaNiA. All rights reserved.

Que 14: Derive an expression for pressure exerted by liquid column.

© 2016 PhYsIcS-MaNiA. All rights reserved.

Que 16: State pascal’s law. State application of pascal’s law.

© 2016 PhYsIcS-MaNiA. All rights reserved.

Application of Pascal’s law:

© 2016 PhYsIcS-MaNiA. All rights reserved.

c) Pressing metal sheets to a desire shape etc.

Que 17: Explain the effect of gravity on fluid pressure.

Weight of imaginary cylinder = mg = vg= Ahg

© 2016 PhYsIcS-MaNiA. All rights reserved.

Que 18: Define Viscosity

Que 21 : State and Explain Newton’s law of viscosity.

the viscous force f is given by

© 2016 PhYsIcS-MaNiA. All rights reserved.

© 2016 PhYsIcS-MaNiA. All rights reserved.

Que 24: State stoke’s law and derives it by dimensional analysis.

© 2016 PhYsIcS-MaNiA. All rights reserved.

© 2016 PhYsIcS-MaNiA. All rights reserved.

The spherical body attains a constant velocity called as terminal velocity.

At terminal velocity of body, total downward force is balanced by

ii) The total upward force acting on the sphere is given by

6rv = r3 (-)g

© 2016 PhYsIcS-MaNiA. All rights reserved.

Que 26: what is Reynold’s number.

Que 27: state Bernoulli’s principle.

© 2016 PhYsIcS-MaNiA. All rights reserved.

Potential Energy = P.E. = mgh =  V gh

=Pressure energy +KE/mass + PE/mass

Que 28 : state limitation and application of Bernoulli’s principle.

© 2016 PhYsIcS-MaNiA. All rights reserved.

flow across any part of the pipe.

2. Coefficient of kinetic friction (k):

8. Bernoulli’s principle=P + (v²)+gh= constant

© 2016 PhYsIcS-MaNiA. All rights reserved.

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