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Week 2 Topics

Day 6: Remainder of Week 1


Day 6: Includes Chemistry
Day 7: Material & Energy Balances
Thermodynamics (done week 1)
Fluid Mechanics (done week 1)
Heat Transfer (done week 1)
Day 7: Mass Transfer
AFTERNOON EXAM

Day 8: Process Design & Economics


Day 8: Ethics, Health, Safety & Environment
Day 9: Chemical Reaction Engineering
Day 9: Computers
Day 9: Process Controls
Day 10: Summary & Send-off
FLASH CURVE
Main Mass Transfer Equation

∂C A
+ v(∇ • C A ) = D ∇ C A + RA
* 2

∂t
Main Mass Transfer Equation

∂C A
+ v(∇ • C A ) = D ∇ C A
* 2

∂t
Main Mass Transfer Equation

∂C A
= D ∇ CA
* 2

∂t
Main Mass Transfer Equation

0 = D ∇ CA
* 2
Main Mass Transfer Equation

∂ CA ∂ CA ∂ CA
2 2 2
0= + +
∂x 2
∂y 2
∂z 2
Main Mass Transfer Equation

1 ∂  ∂  ∂ CA
2
0=  r CA  +
r ∂r  ∂r  ∂z
2
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Mass Transfer

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Course for the FE/EIT Exam

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Topics Covered
• Fick’s 1st Law • Differential Methods
• Mass Transfer  • Separation Systems
Coefficient • Humidification
• Equilibrium Stage 
Method
• Graphical Methods

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Fick’s Law

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Fick’s First Law


• Relates diffusive flux to concentration
• Explains molecules of A moving through B
• Assume external/additional effects are 
negligible
• Flux measured relative to coordinates

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Diffusion
• Gas
pA Dm p A
NA  (N A  NB ) 
P RT z
• Liquid

x A
N A  x A ( N A  N B )  CDm
z

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Unidirectional Diffusion
• One gas through a second gas

 Dm P  p A 2  p A1 
N A    
 RT ( pB ) lm  z 2  z1 
pB 2  pB1
( pB ) lm 
ln pB 2  ln pB1

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Equimolar Counter-Diffusion

NB  N A

Dm  p A1  p A 2 
NA 
RT  z 
D (C  C A 2 )
N A  m A1
z

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Equimolar Counter-Diffusion:
Two-Film Theory
• For Gas‐Liquid or Liquid‐Liquid
• “EMD”
• Use pressure for gas phase, concentration for 
liquid phase
N A  kG' ( p AG  p Ai ) N A  K G' ( p AG  p *A )
N A  k L' (C Ai  C AL ) N A  K L' (C A*  C AL )
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Graphical Methods

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Equilibrium Stage Method


T
Vapor
G

D E
F

B
C

liquid

x or y
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McCabe-Thiele
• Distillation of Binary Mixtures
• See sample graph on NCEES8 p. 130
• The closer the curve is to the stripping and 
rectifying lines, the more stages necessary

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Differential Methods

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Packed Columns
• HETP requires stepping off equilibrium stages 
on a McCabe‐Thiele diagram
• HTU method provides data for integration 
over packed height
• NTU requires using the lean and rich end mole 
fractions
• Keep gases and liquids straight in equations on 
NCEES8 p. 130

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Separation Operations

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Separation  Initial of Feed  Created/Added  Separating 


Operation Phase Phase Agent(s)

Partial  Vapor and/or  Liquid or vapor Heat transfer


condensation or  liquid
vaporization
Flash  Liquid Vapor Pressure 
vaporization reduction

Distillation  Vapor and/or  Vapor and liquid Heat transfer


liquid
Extractive  Vapor and/or  Vapor and liquid Liquid solvent 
distillation liquid and heat transfer
Reboiled Vapor and/or  Vapor and liquid Liquid absorbent
absorption liquid and heat transfer
Absorption Vapor  Liquid Liquid absorbent

Stripping Liquid Vapor Stripping vapor

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Separation  Initial of Feed  Created/Added  Separating 


Operation Phase Phase Agent(s)

Refluxed  Vapor and/or  Vapor and liquid Stripping vapor 


stripping liquid and heat transfer
Reboiled Liquid Vapor Heat transfer
stripping
Liquid‐liquid  Liquid Liquid Liquid solvent
extraction
Drying Liquid and solid Vapor Gas and/or heat 
transfer

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DSCH #22-25

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Chemical Reaction
Engineering
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Course for the FE/EIT Exam

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Topics Covered
• Reaction Rates & Orders • Energy & Material 
• Rate Constant Balance around reactor
• Conversion, yield and  • Reactions with Volume 
selectivity Change
• Series and Parallel  • Reactor Types
Reactions • Homogeneous and 
• Forward & Reverse  Heterogeneous 
Reactions Reactions
• Catalysis

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Reaction Rates & Orders

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Reaction Rates
• −rA
• Number of moles reacting per unit time per 
unit volume (mol/L*s)
• Three ways of reacting: decomposition, 
combination, isomerization
• Can be expressed as surface area or catalyst 
weight instead of volume

 rA  kC A C
x y
B
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Reaction Order
• Determine the order by looking at the 
reactant coefficients of the balanced equation
• The overall order, n, is the sum of the 
coefficients
• Determines which equation is used for rate of 
reaction and general reaction kinetics

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Reaction Order Example


• What is the overall order of
2 NO+O2 2 NO2

A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 4

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Rate Constant

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Specific Rate Constant


• k
• Used to calculate the reaction rate or 
calculated by the use of the reaction rate and 
rate of reaction equations
• k can also be calculated through the Arrhenius 
Equation

k A (T )  Ae  E / RT
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Conversion, Yield, and


Selectivity

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Conversion
• Ratio
• Determines how many moles of product are 
formed per each mole of reactant

moles of A reacted
XA 
moles of A fed

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Yield
• Important to determine profits
• NCEES8 p. 127


N Df
Y 
D
N A0  N Af

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Selectivity
• Important when evaluating cost of reactor 
equipment and profits
• Necessary to determine what the necessary 
products are

rate of formation of D
S i

rate of formation of U

ND
S f

NU
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Selectivity Example
In a continuous reactor at steady state there 
are two reactions that occur: ethane forms 
ethylene and hydrogen, and the second 
reaction is that of ethane with hydrogen to 
form methane. If 40 moles of ethylene are 
formed per 5.2 moles of ethane, what is the 
selectivity of ethylene to methane 
production?

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Selectivity Solution

ND
S f

NU

40.0 moles C 2 H 4
S f
  7.7
5.2 moles CH 4

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Reactor types

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Reactors
• Continuous‐Stirred Tank Reactor
– Used when intense agitation is required
• Plug‐Flow Reactor/Packed Bed Reactor
– Tubular reactors produce highest conversion per 
reactor volume
• Batch Reactor
– Constant volume or changing volume

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Catalysis

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Catalysis
• Uses catalysts to affect the desired products and 
the speed of reaction
• Affects the rate of reaction
• Catalysts can be removed from the process, 
unchanged
• Homogeneous catalysis: catalyst in solution with 
at least one of the reactants
• Heterogeneous catalysis: catalyst is in a phase 
different from the reactants and products

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Catalysis
• Catalysts have limited lives
• Deactivation refers to decline in catalyst’s 
activity
• Poisoning is a deposit of foreign material on 
active catalysts

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Catalysis Example
Fisher‐Tropsch synthesis (carbon monoxide 
and hydrogen to methane and water) can be 
time consuming. A catalyst having a molecular 
weight of 101.1 g/mol was used. The active 
portion was only 0.5% of the total catalyst 
weight. Catalyst dispersion was found to be 
49% with a turnover frequency of 0.044/s for 
methane. What is the rate of formation of 
methane?

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Catalysis Example Solution


• Equation
CO  3H 2    CH 4  H 2O
• Rate of reaction ND
r  catalyst weight
MW

 0.044 molecules 1 mol CH


4 

 23 
 s 6.022*10 molecules 

 0.49 surface atoms 6.022*1023 atoms catalyst 



 total atoms of catalyst 
 mol 
 mol 0.005 g 
 
 101.1 g g total 
6
 1.07 * 10 mol/s*g
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NCEES Equations

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Computers

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Course for the FE/EIT Exam

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Introduction
• Spreadsheets for Chemical Engineering 
calculations
• Methods & Concepts 
• Statistical data analysis

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Spreadsheets
• Rows are numbers
• Columns are letters
• Cell is a letter & a number (e.g. A6)
• Copied/Pasted Cells
– Column & row references change automatically
– “$” can be used to set column, row, or both ($B6, 
B$6, $B$6, respectively)

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Spreadsheet Example
• What is the value if C1 is copied to D2?
A) 39 B) 28 C) 30 D) 26
A B C
1 27 4 =A$1+A$2+A$3
2 3 16
3 9 8
4 18 2

What if the equation in C1 was A1+A2+A3 
copied to D2?     26

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Spreadsheet Function
Translations
• SUM() • ROUNDDOWN()
• AVERAGE() • INT()
• ABS() • SQRT()
• ROUND() • MIN()
• ROUNDUP() • MAX()

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Spreadsheet Functions Example


A B C
1 3 2 =rounddown(A3,0)

2 6 4 =A1+A2

3 =average(A1:A2) =(SUM(B1:B2))^2 =B1+B2

4 =A3*2 =B3/2 =sqrt(A4^2+B4^2)

5 =ROUND(C4,0)

What is the value of A5? 20

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Programming
• LOOPSTART
• Do While/End While
• Do Until/End Until
• Math functions are the same (+,‐,*,/)

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Programming Example
• FERM p. 48‐7, #3
• A computer structured programming segment 
contains the following segment. What is the 
value of G after the segment is executed?
Set G=1 and X=0
DO WHILE G≤5
G=G*X+1
X=G
ENDWHILE

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Programming Solution

G  (1)(0)  1  1 G  (5)(5)  1  26
X 1 X  26
G  (1)(1)  1  2
X2
G  (2)(2)  1  5
X5
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Statistical Analysis
• Review NCEES8 Probability and Statistics 
Section

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Methods
• NCEES Mathematics
• Newton’s Method for Root Extraction
• Newton’s Method of Minimization
• Euler’s/Forward Rectangular Rule
• Trapezoidal Rule
• Simpson’s Rule

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