Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
∂C A
+ v(∇ • C A ) = D ∇ C A + RA
* 2
∂t
Main Mass Transfer Equation
∂C A
+ v(∇ • C A ) = D ∇ C A
* 2
∂t
Main Mass Transfer Equation
∂C A
= D ∇ CA
* 2
∂t
Main Mass Transfer Equation
0 = D ∇ CA
* 2
Main Mass Transfer Equation
∂ CA ∂ CA ∂ CA
2 2 2
0= + +
∂x 2
∂y 2
∂z 2
Main Mass Transfer Equation
1 ∂ ∂ ∂ CA
2
0= r CA +
r ∂r ∂r ∂z
2
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Mass Transfer
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review
Course for the FE/EIT Exam
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐1
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Topics Covered
• Fick’s 1st Law • Differential Methods
• Mass Transfer • Separation Systems
Coefficient • Humidification
• Equilibrium Stage
Method
• Graphical Methods
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐2
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Fick’s Law
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐3
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐4
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Diffusion
• Gas
pA Dm p A
NA (N A NB )
P RT z
• Liquid
x A
N A x A ( N A N B ) CDm
z
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐5
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Unidirectional Diffusion
• One gas through a second gas
Dm P p A 2 p A1
N A
RT ( pB ) lm z 2 z1
pB 2 pB1
( pB ) lm
ln pB 2 ln pB1
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐6
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Equimolar Counter-Diffusion
NB N A
Dm p A1 p A 2
NA
RT z
D (C C A 2 )
N A m A1
z
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐7
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Equimolar Counter-Diffusion:
Two-Film Theory
• For Gas‐Liquid or Liquid‐Liquid
• “EMD”
• Use pressure for gas phase, concentration for
liquid phase
N A kG' ( p AG p Ai ) N A K G' ( p AG p *A )
N A k L' (C Ai C AL ) N A K L' (C A* C AL )
DSCHRC © 2011, Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI)
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐8
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Graphical Methods
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐9
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
D E
F
B
C
liquid
x or y
DSCHRC © 2011, Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI)
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐10
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
McCabe-Thiele
• Distillation of Binary Mixtures
• See sample graph on NCEES8 p. 130
• The closer the curve is to the stripping and
rectifying lines, the more stages necessary
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐11
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Differential Methods
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐12
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Packed Columns
• HETP requires stepping off equilibrium stages
on a McCabe‐Thiele diagram
• HTU method provides data for integration
over packed height
• NTU requires using the lean and rich end mole
fractions
• Keep gases and liquids straight in equations on
NCEES8 p. 130
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐13
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Separation Operations
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐14
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐15
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐16
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
DSCH #22-25
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐17
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐18
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐19
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐20
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐21
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐22
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐23
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐24
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐25
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐26
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐27
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 4b‐28
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Chemical Reaction
Engineering
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review
Course for the FE/EIT Exam
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5a‐1
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Topics Covered
• Reaction Rates & Orders • Energy & Material
• Rate Constant Balance around reactor
• Conversion, yield and • Reactions with Volume
selectivity Change
• Series and Parallel • Reactor Types
Reactions • Homogeneous and
• Forward & Reverse Heterogeneous
Reactions Reactions
• Catalysis
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5a‐2
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5a‐3
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Reaction Rates
• −rA
• Number of moles reacting per unit time per
unit volume (mol/L*s)
• Three ways of reacting: decomposition,
combination, isomerization
• Can be expressed as surface area or catalyst
weight instead of volume
rA kC A C
x y
B
DSCHRC © 2011, Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI)
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5a‐4
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Reaction Order
• Determine the order by looking at the
reactant coefficients of the balanced equation
• The overall order, n, is the sum of the
coefficients
• Determines which equation is used for rate of
reaction and general reaction kinetics
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5a‐5
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 4
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5a‐6
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Rate Constant
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5a‐7
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
k A (T ) Ae E / RT
DSCHRC © 2011, Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI)
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5a‐8
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5a‐9
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Conversion
• Ratio
• Determines how many moles of product are
formed per each mole of reactant
moles of A reacted
XA
moles of A fed
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5a‐10
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Yield
• Important to determine profits
• NCEES8 p. 127
N Df
Y
D
N A0 N Af
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5a‐11
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Selectivity
• Important when evaluating cost of reactor
equipment and profits
• Necessary to determine what the necessary
products are
rate of formation of D
S i
rate of formation of U
ND
S f
NU
DSCHRC © 2011, Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI)
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5a‐12
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Selectivity Example
In a continuous reactor at steady state there
are two reactions that occur: ethane forms
ethylene and hydrogen, and the second
reaction is that of ethane with hydrogen to
form methane. If 40 moles of ethylene are
formed per 5.2 moles of ethane, what is the
selectivity of ethylene to methane
production?
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5a‐13
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Selectivity Solution
ND
S f
NU
40.0 moles C 2 H 4
S f
7.7
5.2 moles CH 4
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5a‐14
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Reactor types
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5a‐15
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Reactors
• Continuous‐Stirred Tank Reactor
– Used when intense agitation is required
• Plug‐Flow Reactor/Packed Bed Reactor
– Tubular reactors produce highest conversion per
reactor volume
• Batch Reactor
– Constant volume or changing volume
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5a‐16
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Catalysis
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5a‐17
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Catalysis
• Uses catalysts to affect the desired products and
the speed of reaction
• Affects the rate of reaction
• Catalysts can be removed from the process,
unchanged
• Homogeneous catalysis: catalyst in solution with
at least one of the reactants
• Heterogeneous catalysis: catalyst is in a phase
different from the reactants and products
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5a‐18
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Catalysis
• Catalysts have limited lives
• Deactivation refers to decline in catalyst’s
activity
• Poisoning is a deposit of foreign material on
active catalysts
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5a‐19
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Catalysis Example
Fisher‐Tropsch synthesis (carbon monoxide
and hydrogen to methane and water) can be
time consuming. A catalyst having a molecular
weight of 101.1 g/mol was used. The active
portion was only 0.5% of the total catalyst
weight. Catalyst dispersion was found to be
49% with a turnover frequency of 0.044/s for
methane. What is the rate of formation of
methane?
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5a‐20
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5a‐21
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
NCEES Equations
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5a‐22
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Computers
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review
Course for the FE/EIT Exam
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5b‐1
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Introduction
• Spreadsheets for Chemical Engineering
calculations
• Methods & Concepts
• Statistical data analysis
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5b‐2
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Spreadsheets
• Rows are numbers
• Columns are letters
• Cell is a letter & a number (e.g. A6)
• Copied/Pasted Cells
– Column & row references change automatically
– “$” can be used to set column, row, or both ($B6,
B$6, $B$6, respectively)
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5b‐3
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Spreadsheet Example
• What is the value if C1 is copied to D2?
A) 39 B) 28 C) 30 D) 26
A B C
1 27 4 =A$1+A$2+A$3
2 3 16
3 9 8
4 18 2
What if the equation in C1 was A1+A2+A3
copied to D2? 26
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5b‐4
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Spreadsheet Function
Translations
• SUM() • ROUNDDOWN()
• AVERAGE() • INT()
• ABS() • SQRT()
• ROUND() • MIN()
• ROUNDUP() • MAX()
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5b‐5
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
2 6 4 =A1+A2
5 =ROUND(C4,0)
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5b‐6
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Programming
• LOOPSTART
• Do While/End While
• Do Until/End Until
• Math functions are the same (+,‐,*,/)
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5b‐7
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Programming Example
• FERM p. 48‐7, #3
• A computer structured programming segment
contains the following segment. What is the
value of G after the segment is executed?
Set G=1 and X=0
DO WHILE G≤5
G=G*X+1
X=G
ENDWHILE
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5b‐8
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Programming Solution
G (1)(0) 1 1 G (5)(5) 1 26
X 1 X 26
G (1)(1) 1 2
X2
G (2)(2) 1 5
X5
DSCHRC © 2011, Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI)
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5b‐9
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Statistical Analysis
• Review NCEES8 Probability and Statistics
Section
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5b‐10
Chemical Discipline‐Specific Review Course for the FE/EIT Exam
Methods
• NCEES Mathematics
• Newton’s Method for Root Extraction
• Newton’s Method of Minimization
• Euler’s/Forward Rectangular Rule
• Trapezoidal Rule
• Simpson’s Rule
© Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI) 5b‐11