Mechanics Research Communications 38 (2011) 164–169

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Mechanics Research Communications

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Mode III fracture of an arbitrary oriented crack in two dimensional functionally

graded material
Mohammad R. Torshizian a,∗,1 , Mohammad H. Kargarnovin b , Cyrus Nasirai c
a
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
b
Mechanical Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
c
Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this paper, a two dimensional functionally graded material (2D-FGM) under an anti-plane load with
Received 19 February 2011 an internal crack is considered. The crack is oriented in an arbitrary direction. The material properties
Received in revised form 5 March 2011 are assumed to vary exponentially in two planar directions. The problem is analyzed and solved by
Available online 23 March 2011
two different methods namely Fourier integral transforms with singular integral equation technique,
and then by the finite element method. The effects of crack orientation, material non-homogeneity, and
Keywords:
other parameters on the value of stress intensity factor (SIF) are studied. Finally, the obtained results for
Two dimensional functionally graded
Mode III stress intensity factor of different methods are compared.
material (2D-FGM)
Arbitrary oriented crack © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Singular integral equations
Stress intensity factor
Finite element method

1. Introduction
In functionally graded material (FGM) the material properties
vary continuously as a function of position along certain direc-
tions. The FGMs are suitable in working on harsh temperature
environments. In some cases, where the temperature gradient is
high in two or three normal directions, one should choose a material
working properly in such environment without losing its integrity.
To overcome this shortcoming, utilizing of 2D-FGM is highly rec-
ommended. In nearly recent years number of researchers such as
Nemat-Alla (2003), Nemat-Alla and Ahmed (2009), Asgary et al.
(2009), have analyzed the 2D-FGMs under thermal and mechanical
loads. Erdogan (1995) has identified a number of typical problems
in fracture of FGM and has studied the nature of stress singularity
near the crack tip in a non-homogeneous medium. Wang (2003) has
considered the anti-plane crack problem in FG piezoelectric mate-
rials. Long and Delale (2004, 2005) have studied the mixed mode
problem of an arbitrarily oriented crack in an FGM layer bonded
to an isotropic half-plane. Guo and Noda (2007) have developed
piecewise-exponential model, to investigate the crack problem of
the FGMs with arbitrary properties. Hsu and Chue (2009a,b) have
considered the mode III crack problem of an arbitrarily oriented
crack embedded in a FG piezoelectric material and subjected to
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 2144865100 3; fax: +98 2144865105.
E-mail address: m.torshizian@srbiau.ac.ir (M.R. Torshizian).
1
PhD Student.
anti-plane mechanical and in-plane electric loads. Chue and Yeh
(2010) have considered two bonded FG piezoelectric material that
each material contains an arbitrary oriented crack. Chen et al.
(2010) have analyzed a collinear crack problem in anti-plane elas-
ticity of functionally graded. Torshizian and Kargarnovin (2010)
have investigated the effect of anti-plane shear on an arbitrarily
oriented crack in an FGM strip bonded with two dissimilar half-
planes. To the best of our knowledge, to date no work is reported
in which the mode III of an arbitrarily oriented crack problem in a
2D-FGM is analyzed.
In this paper, the anti-plane problem in a 2D-FGM medium con-
taining an arbitrarily oriented crack is considered. The material
properties are varied exponentially in two planar directions. Pri-
marily, the governing partial differential equations are derived and
then by applying the Fourier transform, these equations are con-
verted into a system of singular integral equations. These equations
are solved numerically to obtain the SIFs at the crack tips. Then, in
order to check on the validity of the obtained results, by employ-
ing the weak form formulation on governing equations appropriate
finite element matrices are obtained. Moreover, for some special
cases the validity of the obtained results is confirmed by compar-
ing the obtained results with the ones available in the literature.
Finally, the effects of the non-homogeneous material parameters
and the crack orientation on the SIFs are discussed and the results
of semi-analytical and F.E. analysis are compared.
In brief, the value of third mode SIF is calculated in a semi-
analytical way for the first time in a 2D-FGM plate containing an
embedded crack with an arbitrary orientation.

0093-6413/$ – see front matter © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.mechrescom.2011.03.004
 M.R. Torshizian et al. / Mechanics Research Communications 38 (2011) 164–169 165

The governing equation can be written as (Torshizian and

Kargarnovin, 2010):
∂2 w ∂2 w ∂w ∂w
+ +˛ +ˇ =0 (6)
∂x1 2 ∂y1 2 ∂x1 ∂y1
Now, by employing the Fourier transform to Eq. (6), the following
solution for the anti-plane displacement can be obtained:
 +∞
1
w(x1 , y1 ) = A1 (s) em1 y1 e−isx1 ds for y1 < 0 (7)
2 −∞
 +∞
1
w(x1 , y1 ) = A2 (s) em2 y1 e−isx1 ds for y1 > 0 (8)
2 −∞

In which A1 (s) and A2 (s) are unknown functions

 that must be deter-
mined. Also, m1 and m2 are m1 = [−ˇ + ˇ2 + 4(s2 + is˛)]/2 and

m2 = [−ˇ − ˇ2 + 4(s2 + is˛)]/2 respectively. After substituting
w(x1 , y1 ) from Eqs. (7) and (8) into the continuity condition pointed
Fig. 1. Variation of shear modulus in two directions of a two dimensional function-
out in Eq. (3), one would get A2 (s) = (m1 /m2 )A1 (s). The following
ally graded materials plate. dislocation density function is introduced (Long and Delale, 2004):
∂
g(x1 ) = [w(x1 , 0+ ) − w(x1 , 0− )] (9)
∂x1
2. Analytical method
In view of Eq. (4), one obtains the single value condition for g(x1 )
In this section, initially the governing differential equations are as:
derived and then they will be converted to a singular integral equa-  a

tion using the Fourier integral transforms. At the next step in order g(x1 ) dx1 = 0 (10)
to obtain SIFs, this equation is solved using Chebyshev polynomials. −a

Inserting w from Eqs. (7) and (8) into Eq. (9), doing some manip-
ulations, the unknown function A1 (s), can be obtained as:
2.1. Modeling and formulation of the problem
 a
m2 i
Consider an infinite 2D-FGM medium containing an arbitrarily A1 (s) = g() eis d (11)
m1 − m2 s −a
oriented open crack of length 2a under direct application of an anti-
plane load (Fig. 2). Rectangular Cartesian coordinate system (x, y, z) Substituting A1 (s) and A2 (s) into Eq. (8), the displacement
is considered to describe the direction of the material gradient. The w(x1 , y1 ) will now be expressed as:
coordinate system (x1 , y1 , z) is rotated counterclockwise around z
 a ∞
1 m1 i m2 y1 is(−x1 )
axis such that the x1 direction represents the crack orientation. The w(x1 , y1 ) = e e ds g() d y1 > 0 (12)
2 m1 − m2 s
materials properties are assumed to vary exponentially in the x − y −a −∞

plane (Erdogan, 1995): From Eq. (12), the stress field can be obtained in the following
form:
 a ∞
(x, y) = 0 eı1 x+ı2 y (1) 1 m1 m2 i m2 y1 is(−x1 )
x1 y1 (x1 , y1 ) = (x1 , y1 ) e e ds g() d y1 > 0(13)
2 m1 − m2 s
−a −∞
where ı1 , ı2 are non-homogeneous material parameters in x and y
direction, respectively. Also, 0 can be either of material properties Now, by inserting Eq. (13) in another boundary condition indi-
like shear modulus at the origin of the system of coordinate. For cated by Eq. (5), the following integral equation for the (x1 ) is
example, the variation of shear modulus in two directions of a 2D- obtained:
 a
FGM plate is shown in Fig. 1. 1
Eq. (1) can also be written in the (x1 , y1 ) coordinate system as: (x1 ) = 0 e˛x1 k(x1 , )g() d, in which, k(x1 , )
2 −a

(x1 , y1 ) = 0 e˛ x1 +ˇ y1 (2)
 +∞
m1 m2 1 is(−x1 )
= i e ds (14)
−∞
m1 − m2 s
In which ˛ = ı1 cos  + ı2 sin  and ˇ = − ı1 sin  + ı2 cos . Then, a
constant anti-plane shear loading y1 z1 = (x1 ) is applied on the where kernel k(x1 , ) is typically known as Fredholm integral equa-
crack surfaces. The following continuity and boundary conditions tion. Moreover, this kernel can be separated into the singular and
are governed (Hsu and Chue, 2009a,b): regular part, by the following decomposing method as (Chan et al.,
2003):
y1 z1 (x1 , 0+ ) = y1 z1 (x1 , 0− ) − ∞ < x1 < +∞ (3)
k(x1 , ) = k∞ (x1 , ) + [k(x1 , ) − k∞ (x1 , )] (15)
     
w(x1 , 0+ ) = w(x1 , 0− ) x1 < −a, x1 > a (4) singular nonsingular

y1 z1 (x1 , 0+ ) = (x1 ) − a < x1 < a (5) where the k∞ (x1 , ) is the value of the asymptotic part of k(x1 , )
for s → ∞. In view of the Riemann–Lebesque integral (Li and Lee,
where w(x1 , y1 ) is the anti-plane displacement, y1 z1 represents 2008), the k∞ (x1 , ) is calculated, Therefore, Eq. (14) can be written
the anti-plane shear stress component every where in the y1 = 0 as:
plane, (x1 ) is the same shear stress but specifically present at the  a
1 1
crack surfaces if an external anti-plane mechanical load is applied 0 + K(x1 , ) g() d = (x1 )e−˛x1 (16)
at infinity (y → ± ∞).
2 −a
 − x1
166 M.R. Torshizian et al. / Mechanics Research Communications 38 (2011) 164–169

where K(x1 , ) is: values for ı1 , ı2 and . Furthermore, in another self-developed com-

 puter program based on Eq. (23), the normalized SIF at the crack
∞
s + i˛ s tips can be obtained.
K(x1 , ) = −i  − eis(−x1 ) ds (17)
−∞ 4s2 + 4is˛ + ˇ2 2|s|
3. Verification of analytical solution
2.2. Solution of singular integral equation
Different crack orientation and non-homogeneous material
properties are used to calculate the SIFs at the crack tips. The exter-
The integral given in Eq. (16) cannot be solved, analytically.
nal load in all cases as stated before is a shear stress applied at
To solve this integral numerically, primarily its interval has to be
infinity and is assumed to be equal to  0 . The corresponding trans-
normalized. Furthermore, it can be observed that its fundamental
ferred load applied to crack surfaces and defined by Eq. (5), may
function is the weight of Chebyshev polynomials Tn (u) (Erdogan
be expressed as (x1 ) =  0 cos  (Hsu and Chue, 2009a,b). For vari-
and Ozturk, 1992). Now, the following definitions are introduced:
ous crack lengths, the calculations are carried out with  varying
x1  from 0◦ to nearly 90◦ . Of much interest is a special case where the
r= , u= , G(u) = g() = g(au), f (r) = 2(x1 )e−˛x1 ,
a a material gradient direction is unidirectional and concurrent with
k(r, u) = K(x1 , )a (18) the crack length, in which the parameter ı2 has to be set to zero.
The computed normalized SIFs at crack tips vs.  for different values
If  0 is the external load applied at the infinity y → ± ∞, the loads of ı1 a, are presented in Fig. 5, a similar result reported by Hsu and
applied at crack surfaces given in Eq. (5), may be expressed as Chue (2009a,b), and a very good agreement is observed.
(x1 ) =  0 cos  (Hsu and Chue, 2009a,b). Then, the converted form
of the integral given in Eq. (16) becomes: 4. Implementation of finite element analysis
 1 
1 1
0 + k(r, u) G(u) du = f (r) (19) In this section, the governing differential equation will be con-
 −1
u−r verted into an algebraic system of equations using finite element
method formulations. Quadrilateral 8-node elements will be used
The unknown function G(u) may be expressed by Chebyshev poly-
in mode III fracture mechanics (Shih et al., 1976). Moreover, singu-
nomials (Erdogan and Ozturk, 1992). It is worth mentioning that by
lar elements, which takes care of singularity condition at the crack
employing the Chebyshev polynomials properties on Eq. (19) one
tips will be employed. It is shown that in an 8-node isoparamet-
obtains:
  ric element if the mid-side node along the edge neighboring the

∞
1
1
Tn (u) crack is placed at the quarter distance to the crack tip, the sin-
0 cn Un−1 (r) + k(r, u)  du = f (r) (20) gularity characteristic of linear elastic fracture mechanic can be
 −1 1 − u2
n=1 obtained (Fig. 3). Referred to Fig. 3, if for the four neighboring ele-
ments around the crack, the mid-side nodes along the edges CA, CI,
where cn are some unknown constants. In addition, by employing
CH, CG, CE are moved to the quarter distance to the crack tip C, five
the orthogonality condition on Tn (u) in conjunction with Eq. (10), it
independent radial strain fields along these edges and non-singular
follows that c0 = 0 (Torshizian and Kargarnovin, 2010). Eq. (20) can
strain fields elsewhere will be produced in this way (Mohammadi,
be solved by truncating the series at n = N and using an appropri-
2008). The SIF in mode III for 2D-FGM materials can be determined
ate collocation technique. In this case, because of the nature of the
as:
problem, it is necessary to increase the density of the collocation

points near the singular points r = ± 1. Thus, these points may be 
KIII = [4(B wB − D wD ) − (A wA − E wE )] (24)
selected as below (Erdogan and Ozturk, 1992): 2l
 

where wA , wB , wD , wE are displacements at nodes A, B, D, E, respec-
TN (ri ) = 0, ri = cos (2i − 1) (i = 1, 2, . . . , N) (21)
2N tively and A , B , D , E are shear modulus in these nodes. Also,
l is the element length AC or EC. In mode III fracture problem,
After determining the coefficients cn from Eq. (20), the component
which only anti-plane external mechanical load is applied and in
of shear stress can be obtained.
the absence of body force, the strong form of the equilibrium equa-
Now, the mode III stress intensity factor (SIF) is defined as:
tion can be written as [L]T { ij }= 0 (Fish and Belytschko, 2007). In
 addition, displacement–strain and stress–strain relations are as
KIII (−a) = lim 2(a + x1 )y1 z1 (x1 , 0), KIII (a)
x1 →−a {εij }= [L]{ui }, { ij } = [Dij ]{εij } (Asgary et al., 2009). Where εij and  ij
 are strain and stress components, respectively, and ui are displace-
= lim 2(x1 − a)y1 z1 (x1 , 0) (22) ment components. In mode III fracture, the displacement, strain
x1 →a
and stress vector, so the operator [L] and the elastic matrix [D] are
Here, KIII ( − a), KIII (a) are SIFs at the crack tips x = − a and x = a, defined, respectively, as:
respectively. Substituting the component of shear stress, into Eq.
√
     

yz yz ∂/∂y  0
(22) then, dividing them by 20 a, the normalized SIF will be as: u = {w}, ε= , = , [L] = , [D] = (25)

xz xz ∂/∂x 0 

0 −˛a 
∞
KIII (−a) where w is the anti-plane displacement. Considering the equiv-
K̄III (−a) = √ = e (−1)n cn , K̄III (a)
20 a 20 alence of internal and external work in conjunction with the
n=1
variational formulation of the boundary value problem, one can
KIII (a) 0 ˛a 
∞
obtain:
= √ =− e cn (23)  
20 a 20
n=1 ıεT ·  d˝ − ıuT · f t d = 0 (26)
˝ 
Based on Eqs. (20) and (21), a self-developed computer program
is prepared then it was coupled to the MATLAB software by which where ft represents function of any sort of force applied on crack
the coefficients of c1 to c10 can be calculated by inputting different surfaces and in our case is equal to (x1 ). Substituting Eq. (25) into
 M.R. Torshizian et al. / Mechanics Research Communications 38 (2011) 164–169
Fig. 2. An arbitrarily oriented crack embedded in a two dimensional functionally
graded materials plate.
Eq. (26), the weak form of the equilibrium equation can be written
as:
 
T
([L] · ıu) · [D] · ([L] · u) d˝ − ıuT · f t · d = 0
˝  direction only, i.e. ı2 a = 0. The variation of the normalized SIFs vs.
Now, the domain can be discretized using 8-noded quadrilateral
elements. For the problem under consideration, at each node only
the anti-plane displacement will be left free. Therefore, the nodal
displacement vector on each element is U e = {w1 w2 . . . w8 }T .
In the finite element analysis, the trial function for the displace-
ment field is written in terms of the shape function. The finite
element approximation of the trial solution on each element can be
8 e e
expressed as uh = N U (Fish and Belytschko, 2007). where,
i=1 i i
Ne = [N1 N2 . . . N8 ] are the element shape functions. Substituting uh
into Eq. (27) and interchanging the integrals in Eq. (27) by the sum
over nel elements, then the following relation is obtained:
nel   
167
Fig. 3. Position of mid-side nodes along the edges around the crack tip.
pointed out that the shear modulus varies according to the relation
defined in Eq. (1) and the center of the crack is located at the ori-
gin. To model a finite crack in an infinite plate, the side-length of
the square plate must be large enough. Some authors (e.g. Sladek
et al., 2005) proposed the side-length of the square plate should
be larger than 14a. In this paper, the side-length is considered as
20a. For the square plate with this size, 900 quadrilateral 8-node
elements are used. As it can be seen in Fig. 4, very fine mesh near
the crack tips is considered. In addition, around each crack tip, four
singular elements are used.
(27) At first, it is assumed that the material properties vary in x
various crack orientation  for different gradient parameter ı1 a are
presented in Fig. 5. These curves show that for the same crack ori-
entation, K̄III (−a) decreases and K̄III (a) increases with the increase
of ı1 a. If also ı1 a = 0, then K̄III (−a) and K̄III (a) become equal and
for ı1 a > 0, K̄III (a) is greater than K̄III (−a). The results show that the
normalized SIFs are greater at the crack tips with stiffer material
property. Moreover, the normalized SIFs decrease when  increases.
These result show that in  = 0 the difference between the analyt-
ical and finite element results is less than 0.2% for ı1 a = 0, 0.8% for
ı1 a = 0.2 and 1% for ı1 a = 0.4.
In another example, it is assumed that the material properties
vary in y direction only, i.e. ı1 a = 0. Fig. 6 shows the variations of the
 T T
normalized SIFs vs. various crack orientation  for different gradient
(Be ıU e ) De (Be U e ) d˝ − (NıU e ) f t d =0 (28) parameter ı2 a. The general features of these curves are for  = 0,
e=1 ˝e e

where the strain–displacement matrix Be is defined as Be = [∂Ni /∂y

∂Ni /∂x]T , i = 1, . . ., 8.
Integrals in Eq. (28) for each element can be computed using
Gauss quadrature rule with precision of 3 × 3 points in parametric
space. Now, it can be written in a more compact form as KU = F,
where K is the stiffness matrix and F is the vector of external force.
The global matrices and vectors are constructed by assembling the
matrix and vector of each element. Ke and Fe for each element e are
defined as (Mohammadi, 2008):
 
T
Kije = (Bie ) DBje d˝, Fi = Nie f t d (29)
˝e t

5. Numerical examples and discussions

Consider a 2D-FGM square plate containing an arbitrarily ori-

ented crack of length 2a as depicted in Fig. 2. The crack faces
are subjected to a uniform anti-plane shear stress (x1 ) =  0 cos .
Different crack orientation and the non-homogeneous material
properties are used to calculate the SIFs at the crack tips using the
developed algorithm in this paper. Then obtained results in this
way were compared with those extracted from the finite element
analysis results using our self-developed code. It should be again Fig. 4. Mesh with typical rotated center section. The oriented crack is shown bolded.
168 M.R. Torshizian et al. / Mechanics Research Communications 38 (2011) 164–169

Fig. 5. Variations of normalized SIFs at crack tip for various  with different ı1 a.

Fig. 6. Variations of normalized SIFs at crack tip for various  with different ı2 a.

Fig. 7. Variations of normalized SIFs at crack tip for various  with different ı1 a = ı2 a.

K̄III (−a) is equal to K̄III (a) because indeed under this condition the
material properties in both crack tips are the same. With increasing
the crack orientation , if ı2 a = 0 then K̄III (−a) is equal to K̄III (a) and
if ı2 a > 0 then K̄III (a) is greater than K̄III (−a), because the right crack
tip is located in stiffer material. Comparing the results show that in
 = 0 the difference between the analytical and the finite element
method answers is less than 0.9% for ı2 a = 0.2 and less than 1.6% for
ı2 a = 0.4.
Finally, in the third example it is assumed that the material prop-
erties simultaneously varies in both x and y direction i.e. ı1 a = ı2 a.
Fig. 7 shows calculated results for normalized SIFs vs. various crack
orientation  for different gradient parameter from two methods,
respectively. These results illustrate that for the specific crack ori-
entation, K̄III (−a) decreases and K̄III (a) increases, by increasing of
non-homogeneous material parameters. For ı1 a = ı2 a = / 0 in any
arbitrary crack orientation K̄III (a) is always greater than the cases in
which material parameters vary only in x or y direction. After com-
paring the results for  = 0 the difference between the analytical and
finite element method answers is less than 1.2% for ı1 a = ı2 a = 0.2
and less than 2% for ı1 a = ı2 a = 0.4.
6. Conclusions
The fracture behavior of an arbitrarily oriented crack located
in a medium made of two dimensional functionally graded mat-
erail under anti-plane shear stress is studied. The same problem
 M.R. Torshizian et al. / Mechanics Research Communications 38 (2011) 164–169
is modeled and solved by descretizing the domain into finite ele-
ments. Three different examples are solved using both methods
and the effects of non-homogeneous material parameters ı1 , ı2
and crack orientations  are discussed. It is found that the nor-
malized SIFs are greater at the crack tips with stiffer material
properties. For some specific crack orientation, by increasing the
non-homogeneous material parameters it has been noticed that
the value of SIF’s have reverse trend for two opposite crack tips.
Moreover, it has been noticed that the SIF has higher values when
the non-homogeneity material parameters vary parallel to the
crack direction compared to the case where the non-homogeneity
material parameters vary perpendicular to the crack direction.
The comparison of the results show that from any arbitrary crack
orientation, SIF in a 2D-FGMs is always greater than regular
1D-FGMs.
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