RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The first step in computing for the pressure values is to determine the densities of the test liquids.
The density of the liquids were computed using the formula
mliquid
⍴= V
Table 1 shows the average densities of dishwashing liquid and oil obtained using the pycnometer.

Table 1.​ Average densities of the test liquids used.

Test Liquid Average density, g/mL

Dishwashing liquid 1.115

Oil 0.976

A tall cylindrical glass with pressure taps and a U-tube open type manometer were used to
determine the pressure values using the liquid height differences. This method is employed by filling the
cylindrical glass with oil and then filling up the manometer with dishwashing liquid. The height
differences between the two arms of the manometer and the distance of the oil surface from the center of
the tap were recorded and are shown in Table 2. The pressure differences were computed using the
formula
P = (⍴gh)​oil ​ - (⍴gh)​dishwashing liquid
and are also listed in Table 2.

Table 2.​ Pressure values derived from the liquid height differences.
Liquid Depth Height Difference Pressure Difference, Pa

6 cm 0.5 cm 519.783

6.4 cm 2.3 cm 361.194

8.2 cm 2.9 cm 467.908

9.2 cm 3.85 cm 459.741

Figure 1 shows the relationship between liquid depth and pressure generated from the obtained
data. As seen on the graph, liquid depth is not linearly proportional to pressure. However, the graph
should show that depth and pressure are directly proportional (Butler, 1998). This is due to the greater
column of oil that pushes down the dishwashing liquid. Several errors, including personal errors, caused
the errors in the data obtained. Some errors that might play a role is that some of the oil has solidified
which would affect its density and consequently its pressure value. Three trials were also required for
each liquid height. However, only one trial was performed for each liquid height.
 Figure 1.​ ​Graph showing the relationship between liquid depth and pressure.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
BUTLER, S. 1998. ​The relationship between pressure and depth​. Accessed from
https://mainweb-v.musc.edu/cando/bhama/tdepthr.html on February 10, 2019.
RAW DATA
Table A-1. Parameters needed to determine density of the test liquids using the pycnometer.
Mass of Density of Average
Total Mass, Volume of
Liquid Trial Pycnometer Liquid, Density,
g Liquid, mL
,g g/mL g/mL

1 14.88 9.29 5 1.118

Dishwashing
2 14.86 9.30 5 1.112 1.115
liquid
3 14.89 9.31 5 1.116

1 14.17 9.29 5 0.976

Oil 2 14.18 9.30 5 0.976 0.976

3 14.19 9.31 5 0.976

Table A-2. Height differences between the two arms of the manometer in different liquid depths.
Liquid Depth Height Difference

6 cm 0.5 cm

6.4 cm 2.3 cm

8.2 cm 2.9 cm
 9.2 cm 3.85 cm

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
For the calculation of the density of the test liquids:
Given: Required: density of liquid, ⍴
Liquid: dishwashing liquid
Total mass, m​total​ = 14.88 g
Mass of pycnometer, m​pycnometer​ = 9.29 g
Volume of liquid, V = 5 mL
Solution:
m​liquid​ = m​total -​ m​pycnometer​ = 14.88 g - 9.29 g = 5.59 g

mliquid 5.59 g
⍴= V = 5 mL = ​1.118 g/mL
For the conversion of height differences to pressure:
Given: Required: pressure difference, P
⍴​oil​ = 0.976 g/mL = 976 kg/m​3
⍴​dishwashing liquid​ = 1.115 g/mL = 1115 kg/m​3
h​oil =
​ 6 cm = 0.06 m
h​dishwashing liquid​ = 0.5 cm = 0.005 m
Solution:
P = (⍴gh)​oil ​ - (⍴gh)​dishwashing liquid
P = 976 kg/m​3​(9.81 m/s​2​)(0.06 m) - 1115 kg/m​3​(9.81 m/s​2​)(0.005 m)
P = 519.783 Pa