World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology

International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering

 Vol:10, No:6, 2016

3UDFWLFHVLQ3ODQQLQJ'HVLJQDQG&RQVWUXFWLRQRI
+HDG5DFH7XQQHORID+\GURHOHFWULF3URMHFW
067KDNXU0RKLW6KXNOD

 GHWDLOHG LQYHVWLJDWLRQ DQG LW LV JHDUHG WR WKH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI
Abstract—$ FKDQQHOWXQQHO ZKLFK FDUULHV WKH ZDWHU WR WKH WKH IHDVLELOLW\ RI D SDUWLFXODU ORFDWLRQ $W WKLV VWDJH
SHQVWRFNSUHVVXUH VKDIW LV FDOOHG KHDGUDFH WXQQHO +57 ,W LV
QHFHVVDU\WRNQRZWKHJHQHUDOWRSRJUDSK\JHRORJ\RIWKHDUHDVWDWH
RIVWUHVVDQGRWKHUPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIWKHVWUDWD)RUWKLVFHUWDLQ
WRSRJUDSKLFDO DQG JHRORJLFDO LQYHVWLJDWLRQV LQVLWX DQG ODERUDWRU\
WHVWVDQGREVHUYDWLRQVDUHUHTXLUHGWREHGRQH7KHVHLQYHVWLJDWLRQV
SOD\DQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQDWXQQHOGHVLJQDVWKHVHKHOSLQGHFLGLQJWKH
International Science Index, Civil and Environmental Engineering Vol:10, No:6, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10005597
RSWLPXP OD\RXW VKDSH DQG VL]H DQG VXSSRUW UHTXLUHPHQWV RI WKH
WXQQHO 7KH SDSHU LQFOXGHV LQSXWV IURP 1DWKSD -KDNUL +\GHRHOHFWULF
FRQVLGHUDWLRQLVJLYHQWRDOWHUQDWHVHOHFWHGWXQQHODOLJQPHQWV
2QFH D WXQQHO VLWH LV VHOHFWHG WKHQ LQYHVWLJDWLRQ HQWHUV WKH
WKLUGSKDVHZKHQVSHFLDODGGLWLRQDOZRUNLVFRQGXFWHGWRDVVLVW
WKH ILQDO GHVLJQ DQG HVWLPDWLRQ RI WXQQHO FRVWV 7KH
LQYHVWLJDWLRQVKRXOGSURGXFHDJHRORJLFDOPDSRIWKHDUHDDQG
D FURVV VHFWLRQ DORQJ WKH FHQWUH OLQH RI WKH WXQQHO :KHUHYHU
SRVVLEOH WKH SRVLWLRQ RI WKH ZDWHU WDEOH VKRXOG EH VKRZQ RQ
SURMHFW ZKLFK LV ,QGLD¶V KLJKHVW FDSDFLW\  0: RSHUDWLQJ
K\GURHOHFWULFSURMHFW7KHSDSHUZRXOGKHOSWKHGHVLJQHQJLQHHUVZLWK
YDULRXVQHZFRQFHSWVDQGSUHSDUHGQHVVDJDLQVWJHRORJLFDOVXUSULVHV

Keywords—7XQQHOOLQJJHRORJ\KHDGUDFHWXQQHOURFNPDVV
, ,1752'8&7,21
3 /$11,1*LVYHU\LPSRUWDQWFRPSRQHQWIRUWKHRSWLPXP
GHYHORSPHQW RI D K\GURHOHFWULF SURMHFW ,QYHVWLJDWLRQV DW
VLWH GHSHQG XSRQ WKH QDWXUH RI WKH VLWH %DVHG RQ WKH
LQYHVWLJDWLRQV RSWLPXP GLPHQVLRQV RI GLIIHUHQW K\GURHOHFWULF
FRPSRQHQWVLHGDPUHVHUYRLU+57DQGSRZHUKRXVHFDQEH
ZRUNHGRXWWKDWFRXOGJLYHWKHPRVWHFRQRPLFDOVFKHPH>@
%HVWSUDFWLFHVLQSODQQLQJGHVLJQDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQRI+57
LV WDNHQ FDUH RI DW IHDVLELOLW\ UHSRUW VWDJH GHWDLOHG SURMHFW
UHSRUW VWDJH WHQGHU SUHSDUDWLRQ VWDJH FRQVWUXFWLRQ GHVLJQ
VWDJH DQG LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ VWDJH 7KH JRRG SUDFWLFHV LQYROYHG
LQ SODQQLQJ DQG GHVLJQ DW YDULRXV VWDJHV LQFOXGHV FRPSOHWH
LQWHJUDWLRQ RI LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\ NQRZOHGJH $Q RUJDQL]DWLRQ¶V
SDVW H[SHULHQFH DGHTXDWH VWDIILQJ LQ WHUPV RI VSHFLDOL]HG
HQJLQHHULQJ JURXSV DQG H[SRVXUH WR QHZ FRQVWUXFWLRQ DQG
GHVLJQ SUDFWLFHV DUH HVVHQWLDO LQSXWV IRU D JRRG GHVLJQ
0RUHRYHU LQ SODQQLQJ GHVLJQ DQG FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI +57
IROORZLQJFRQVLGHUDWLRQVDUHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW
 3ODQ DOLJQPHQW FRQVLGHULQJ WKH JHRORJ\ WR EH PHW DQG
WRSRJUDSKLFDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQ
 1R RI FRQVWUXFWLRQ IDFHV OHQJWK DQG SRVLWLRQ RI DGLWV
ZLWKDYLHZWRRSWLPL]HWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQVFKHGXOH
 6L]H RI WKH WXQQHO GHFLGHG RQ WKH EDVLV RI WKH YHORFLW\
KHDGORVVDQGHFRQRPLFFRQVLGHUDWLRQ
,,52/(2)*(2/2*,&$/.12:/('*(
*HRORJLFDO LQYHVWLJDWLRQV IRU WXQQHO VLWH DUH FRQGXFWHG LQ
WKUHH VWDJHV ,Q WKH LQLWLDO VWDJH D GHVN VWXG\ LV XQGHUWDNHQ
XVLQJ DYDLODEOH PDSV DQG DHULDO SKRWRJUDSKV WR REWDLQ DQ
RYHUDOO LPSUHVVLRQ RI WKH JHRORJLFDO FRQGLWLRQV DQG WR SODQ
VXEVHTXHQW LQYHVWLJDWLRQV 7KH VHFRQG VWDJH UHTXLUHV D PRUH

0RKLW6KXNODLVZLWKWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI3686-91/WG6KLPOD,QGLDH
WKHVHFWLRQ>@>@
7KH JHRORJ\ DORQJ D WXQQHO DOLJQPHQW SOD\V DQ LPSRUWDQW
UROH LQ PDQ\ RI WKH PDMRU GHFLVLRQV WKDW PXVW EH PDGH LQ
SODQQLQJGHVLJQLQJDQGFRQVWUXFWLQJDWXQQHO7KHIHDVLELOLW\
JHRORJ\ DORQJ WKH WXQQHO DOLJQPHQW DQG FRVW RI DQ\ WXQQHO
GHSHQGVVROHO\XSRQWKHJHRORJ\$QDGHTXDWHLQWHQVLW\RIVLWH
H[SORUDWLRQ IURP ZKLFK JHRORJLFDO DQG K\GURORJLFDO
PDSSLQJV DQG JURXQG SURILOHV DUH GHULYHG LV PRVW LPSRUWDQW
IRU FKRRVLQJ WKH DSSURSULDWH WXQQHO GHVLJQ DQG H[FDYDWLRQ
PHWKRG 7KH URFN FRQGLWLRQV RI WKH WXQQHOOLQJ ORFDWLRQ QHHG
WKRURXJK H[SORUDWLRQ WR VWXG\ WKH UHVSRQVH RI WKH LPPHGLDWH
URFNV VXUURXQGLQJ WKH WXQQHO WR GLVWXUEDQFH FDXVHG E\
H[FDYDWLRQURFNVWUHQJWKFROODSVHSRWHQWLDODQGURFNSUHVVXUH
LQRUGHUWRVDWLVI\WKHFKRVHQGHVLJQDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQPHWKRG
,WKDVORQJEHHQUHFRJQL]HGWKDWGHWDLOHGDQGSULRUNQRZOHGJH
RI WKH JHRORJLFDO FKDUDFWHU RI D WXQQHOOLQJ VLWH LV D SUH
UHTXLVLWH WR VXFFHVVIXO GHVLJQ FRQVWUXFWLRQ DQG RSHUDWLRQ IRU
WKHPDMRULW\RIVXFKSURMHFWV
,WLVWREHQRWHGWKDWLQVSHFWLRQDQGPDSSLQJRIVWUDWDVKRXOG
FRQWLQXHGXULQJWXQQHOFRQVWUXFWLRQ7KLVLQIRUPDWLRQKHOSVWR
FRPSOHWH WKH SLFWXUH RI WKH JHRORJLFDO VHWWLQJ DV UHYHDOHG E\
WKH VLWH LQYHVWLJDWLRQ DQG KHOS WKH JHRORJLVW SUHGLFW DQ\
FKDQJLQJFRQGLWLRQLQDGYDQFHRIWKHWXQQHOKHDGLQJ
,,, '(6,*1$63(&762)$7811(/
A. Tunnel Layout
7XQQHO OD\RXW LV WKH URXWH OD\RXW RI WKH WXQQHO LQ SODQ >@
7KH OD\RXW LV XVXDOO\ JRYHUQHG E\ WKH JHRORJ\ WRSRJUDSK\
DQGWKHW\SHRIK\GURSRZHUVFKHPHDGRSWHG,WPXVWEHQRWHG
WKDW WKH FRPSOLFDWHG JHRORJLFDO FRQGLWLRQV DQG H[WUDRUGLQDU\
JHRORJLFDO RFFXUUHQFHV VXFK DV LQWUDWKUXVW ]RQHV YHU\ ZLGH
VKHDU ]RQHV JHRWKHUPDO ]RQHV RI KLJK WHPSHUDWXUH FROGKRW
ZDWHU VSULQJV ZDWHU FKDUJHG URFN PDVVHV LQWUXVLRQV IDXOW
SODQHV HWF VKRXOG SUHIHUDEO\ EH DYRLGHG ZKLOH GHFLGLQJ WKH
OD\RXW DQG VRXQG KRPRJHQHRXV LVRWURSLF DQG VROLG URFN
IRUPDWLRQVVKRXOGEHVHOHFWHG
PDLOVKXNODPRKLW#JPDLOFRP

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(6) 2016 818 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/10005597
 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering
 Vol:10, No:6, 2016

B. Selection of the Alignment 5RFNIDOO SURWHFWLRQ PHDVXUHV FRPSULVLQJ RI VFDOLQJ DQG
:KLOH VHOHFWLQJ WKH DOLJQPHQW WKH IROORZLQJ SRLQWV VKRXOG FOHDQLQJRIWKHURFNVORSHDQGURFNIHQFLQJZLOOEHSUXGHQWWR
EHFRQVLGHUHG LQVWDOO DV SDUW RI WKH SRUWDO ZRUN WR SURWHFW ZRUNHUV DQG
L ,W VKRXOG EH WKH 6KRUWHVW 3RVVLEOH 7KLV ZRXOG HQVXUH HTXLSPHQWGXULQJSRUWDODQGWXQQHOH[FDYDWLRQ0RUHRYHUWKH
PLQLPXPORVVHVDQGVKDOOEHHFRQRPLFDOO\FKHDSHVW FRUUHFWVHOHFWLRQRIOHQJWKRIDSSURDFKFXWWLQJLVDOVRRIJUHDW
LL ,W VKRXOG EH 6WUDLJKW DV IDU DV 3RVVLEOH ,QWURGXFWLRQ RI VLJQLILFDQFH )RU HFRQRPLF UHDVRQV LWV GHSWK VKRXOG QRW
EHQGV LQ WKH DOLJQPHQW VKDOO LQYROYH ORVVHV DW DOO VXFK H[FHHG  P \HW DW WKH VDPH WLPH WKH DGLW VHFWLRQ VKRXOG
EHQGVDQGWKHFRVWRIWXQQHOOLQJZRXOGDOVRLQFUHDVH QRWEHVLWHGLQDVOLGLQJOD\HUDVVKRZQEHORZ
LLL,W VKRXOG EH (DVLO\ $FFHVVLEOH $Q HDV\ DFFHVV QHDU WKH 
HQWUDQFH DQG H[LW WR WKH WXQQHO EHFRPHV HVVHQWLDO IRU WKH
FRQVWUXFWLRQIDFLOLW\
LY&DUHIXO VHOHFWLRQ RI HQWU\ DQG H[LW ORFDWLRQV ZLWK
PLQLPXP OHQJWK DQG GHSWK RI DSSURDFK FXWWLQJV DQG QR
ZHDWKHUHGORRVHIUDFWXUHGOD\HUVVORSHWRZDUGVSRUWDOV
+RZHYHU LW LV QRW DOZD\V SRVVLEOH WR IROORZ D VWUDLJKW
International Science Index, Civil and Environmental Engineering Vol:10, No:6, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10005597

DOLJQPHQW EHFDXVH RI WKH WRSRJUDSKLFDO DQG JHRORJLFDO

REVWUXFWLRQVSUHYDLOLQJDORQJWKHOHQJWKRIWKHWXQQHO7KLVLV
GLVFXVVHGEHORZZLWKDQH[DPSOH
7KH$OLJQPHQWRIWKH7XQQHO,V*UHDWO\$IIHFWHGE\WKH
7RSRJUDSK\DQG*HRORJ\
6-91/WGKDGWZRDOWHUQDWLYHVLHWRNHHSWKH+57RQWKH
OHIW RU ULJKW EDQN 7KH ULJKW EDQN ZKLFK LV FRPSDUDWLYHO\
JHQWOH LQ QDWXUH LV GRPLQDWHG E\ RYHUEXUGHQ PDLQO\ LQ WKH
IRUP RI VORSH GHEULV ZLWK VFDQW\ URFN H[SRVXUHV DQG ORW RI
FXOWLYDWLRQ7KHULJKWEDQNVORSHVDUHGLVVHFWHGE\QDOODKV

)LJ'HVLJQRID3RUWDO>@

7KH DGLW VHFWLRQ VKDOO QRW EH VLWHG LQ D VOLGLQJ OD\HU DQG
KLJKO\UHVLVWDQWVWUXFWXUHVPXVWEHGHVLJQHGLQXQFHUWDLQOD\HUV
DQGWKHFRSLQJRIWKHSRUWDOFDSSLQJRUFRYHULQJRIDZDOOWR
,Q FRQWUDVW WKH OHIW EDQN VORSHV DUH URFN\ ZLWK OHVV QDOODKV
0RUHRYHU WKH OHIW EDQN FRQVLVWV RI PDVVLYH TXDUW]LWH IRU
FRQVLGHUDEOHOHQJWKZKLFKZRXOGEHVXLWDEOHIRUEXWWLQJRIWKH
GDP DQG IRU ORFDWLQJ WKH LQWDNH RI WKH +57 7KHUHIRUH WKH
QDWXUH RI WKH OHIW EDQN VORSHV DQG URFN W\SH LQIOXHQFHG WKH
GHFLVLRQWRNHHSWKH+57RQWKHOHIWEDQN
PDQDJH VWUHVVIXO FLUFXPVWDQFHV VKRXOG UHDFK DERYH WKH
IUDFWXUHGOD\HUVFRYHULQJWKHVORSH
D.Deciding the Number of Adits
7KH DOLJQPHQW RI WKH WXQQHO LV VR FKRVHQ WKDW DGHTXDWH
YHUWLFDO DQG KRUL]RQWDO FRYHU IRU WKH WXQQHO LV HQVXUHG DQG
WKHUH DUH PLQLPXP EHQGV RQ LWV ZD\ FRPPHQVXUDWH ZLWK WKH
6HOHFWLRQ%DVHGRQ*HRORJ\'RPLQDWHVWKH$FFHVVLELOLW\
&ULWHULD
,W LV QRW QHFHVVDU\ WKDW ZH KDYH WR DOZD\V FKRRVH WKH
ORFDWLRQ ZKLFK LV HDVLO\ DFFHVVLEOH $V LQ WKH DERYH FDVH
WKRXJK D 3:' URDG ZDV DYDLODEOH RQ WKH ULJKW EDQN IURP
'HYUDXOOLWRSURSRVHG3RZHUKRXVHVLWHVWLOOULJKWEDQNZDVQRW
FKRVHQDVWKHJHRORJLFDOPDSSLQJRIWKHULJKWEDQNDOLJQPHQW
RI +57 KDV VXJJHVWHG D XQIDYRXUDEOH JHRORJLFDO FRQGLWLRQV
ZKHUHDV WKH JHQHUDO VWHHS VORSHV RI WKH KLOOV DQG VWHHS VLGH
PD[LPXPGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQWZRDGMRLQLQJDGLWVDVNP7KH
RSWLPXP QXPEHU RI DGLWV LV GHFLGHG EDVHG XSRQ WKH SODQQHG
FRQVWUXFWLRQ VFKHGXOH 7KH ORFDWLRQ RI WKH DGLWV KDV WR EH
FKRVHQ EDVHG RQ WKH H[LVWLQJ WRSRJUDSKLFDO DQG JHRORJLFDO
FRQGLWLRQV VR WKDW WKH SODQQHG WDUJHWV DUH PHW DQG WKH
UHVRXUFHV DUH XWLOL]HG RSWLPDOO\ 7KH VL]H RI WKH DGLWV VKRXOG
EH ZLGH HQRXJK WR FDWHU HDV\ PRYHPHQW RI WUDIILF ERWK ZD\V
VRWKDWWKHVSHHGRIWXQQHOOLQJLVPDLQWDLQHG.HHSLQJLQYLHZ
WKH OHQJWK RI WKH WXQQHO WKH SURYLVLRQ RI DFFHVV LQ WKH DGLW
IDFHV LQ WKH ILUVW IHZ NLORPHWUHV RI +57 IURP GDP VLWH
LQGLFDWH WKH RYHUDOO IDYRXUDEOH WRSRJUDSK\ IRU SODFLQJ WKH
+57RQWKHOHIWEDQN
C. Selection of the Adit and Exit Locations
,QWKHFKRLFHRIWKHWXQQHOD[LVWKHFDUHIXOVHOHFWLRQRIWKH
DGLWDQGH[LWORFDWLRQVLVLPSRUWDQW,WKDVRFFXUUHGPRUHWKDQ
RQFH WKDW DQ LQFRUUHFWO\ VHOHFWHG SRUWDO KDV EURNHQ GRZQ
VKRUWO\DIWHUWKHFRPPHQFHPHQWRIH[FDYDWLRQDQGKDVKDGWR
EH DEDQGRQHG IRU DQRWKHU VLWH &RQGLWLRQV DUH HVSHFLDOO\
IDYRXUDEOH ZKHUH ZHDWKHUHG ORRVH IUDFWXUHG OD\HUV VORSH
SOXJV VKDOO EH SURYLGHG 7KLV ZLOO IDFLOLWDWH WKH IXWXUH
LQVSHFWLRQ LQVSHFWLRQ RI WKH +57 DIWHU HPSW\LQJ ZKHQ
HVVHQWLDO
E. Tunnel Cross-Section
7KHDVSHFWUHTXLUHVWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHVL]HDQGVKDSH
RI WKH WXQQHO +57 LV FODVVLILHG RQ WKH EDVLV RI IORZ LH
3UHVVXUHIORZDQGRSHQFKDQQHOIORZV\VWHPDQGWKHVKDSHRI
WKH WXQQHO LH FLUFXODU GVKDSHG KRUVHVKRH  HJJ VKDSHG
VHFWLRQV
WRZDUGV WKH SRUWDO ,I WKHVH DUH SHUIRUDWHG E\ DQ DSSURDFK
FXWWLQJEHIRUHDVXIILFLHQWO\UHVLVWDQWWXQQHOSRUWDOVWUXFWXUHLV
EXLOW WKH HQWLUH VORSH PD\ EH PRELOL]HG DQG VOLGLQJ FDQ QR
ORQJHUEHDUUHVWHG
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(6) 2016
,QIOXHQFHRI*HRORJLFDO(QYLURQPHQWRQ6KDSHRI&URVV
6HFWLRQ
$IDFWRURIFRQVLGHUDEOHLQIOXHQFHRQWKHVKDSHRIWKHFURVV
VHFWLRQ LV WKH W\SH RI JHRORJLFDO HQYLURQPHQW LQ ZKLFK WKH
WXQQHOLVFRQVWUXFWHG7KHPDJQLWXGHRIH[WHUQDOORDGVLHWKH
819 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/10005597
 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering
 Vol:10, No:6, 2016

URFN SUHVVXUH GHSHQGV RQ WKH LQKHUHQW VWUHQJWK RI WKH URFN
PDWHULDO WKH TXDOLW\ RI ZKLFK LV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH UDWLR
EHWZHHQYHUWLFDODQGODWHUDOSUHVVXUHVDFWLQJRQWKHWXQQHO,Q
ORRVHVRIWDQGZHDNURFNPDWHULDOVODUJHURFNSUHVVXUHVDQGD
UHODWLYHO\ FRQVLGHUDEOH ODWHUDO WKUXVW PD\ EH H[SHFWHG 7KH
JUHDWHU WKH UHODWLYH PDJQLWXGH RI WKH ODWHUDO WKUXVW WKH PRUH
DGYDQWDJHRXV D FLUFXODU VHFWLRQ ZLOO EH IRXQG WR EH ,Q VROLG
URFNV VKRZLQJ QR WHQGHQF\ WR ZHDWKHULQJ WXQQHO VHFWLRQV
H[FDYDWHGZLWKDQDUFKHGURRIPD\VHUYHZLWKRXWUHVRUWWRDQ\
OLQLQJ ,Q GHFLGLQJ WKH VKDSH RI WKH FURVVVHFWLRQ LQ DGGLWLRQ
WR VWUXFWXUDO FRQVLGHUDWLRQ HDUWK SUHVVXUH WKHRU\ PD\ DOVR
VHUYH DV D JXLGH LH FURVV VHFWLRQ LV WR EH VHOHFWHG LQ
DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH UHODWLYH PDJQLWXGH RI YHUWLFDO DQG
WULDODQGHUURU DSSURDFK DQG VKDOO EH H[DPLQHG IRU SUDFWLFDO
FRQVLGHUDWLRQ VXFK DV VSDFH UHTXLUHG IRU H[FDYDWLRQ
HTXLSPHQW
B. Transition Shapes
7KH WUDQVLWLRQ VKDSHV DUH UHTXLUHG DW WKH WXQQHO HQWU\ DQG
H[LWLQRUGHUWRUHGXFHWKHKHDGORVVHVWRPLQLPXPDQGDYRLG
FDYLWDWLRQ 7KH OHQJWK DQG VKDSH RI WKH WXQQHO GHSHQGV XSRQ
WKH YHORFLW\ DQG IORZ FRQGLWLRQV SUHYDLOLQJ LQ WKH WXQQHO
HFRQRPLFV FRQVWUXFWLRQ OLPLWDWLRQ HWF +\GUDXOLF PRGHO
VWXGLHV DUH FRQGXFWHG WR GHWHUPLQH DQ HIILFLHQW DQG
HFRQRPLFDOWUDQVLWLRQ
C. Tunnel Entrance and Exits
KRUL]RQWDOORDGV5DQNLQH¶VHDUWKSUHVVXUHWKHRU\:KHUHWKH 7KH HQWU\ LQWR RU H[LW IURP WKH WXQQHO KDV WR EH FDUHIXOO\
YHUWLFDO ORDGV DUH UHODWLYHO\ ODUJHU DQ HOOLSVH ZLWK D YHUWLFDO GHVLJQHG 6LQFH DW WKHVH SRLQWV WKH ZDWHU HQWHUV RU OHDYHV WKH
International Science Index, Civil and Environmental Engineering Vol:10, No:6, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10005597

PDMRU D[LV LV SUHIHUDEOH ZKLOH IRU UHODWLYHO\ ODUJH KRUL]RQWDO WXQQHO WKH\ DUH SURQH WR K\GUDXOLF KHDG ORVV WKHUHIRUH D
SUHVVXUHV RQH ZLWK D KRUL]RQWDO PDMRU D[LV ZLOO SURYH PRUH SURSHU WUDQVLWLRQ VKDSH KDV WR EH SURYLGHG WR NHHS WKH ORVV
VXLWDEOHEXWLQSUDFWLFHDVKDSHFRPSRVHGRIFLUFOHVHJPHQWV PLQLPXP DQG WR DYRLG FDYLWDWLRQ 7R PLQLPL]H KHDG ORVVHV
LVXVHGLQVWHDGRIDQHOOLSVH>@ DQGWRDYRLG]RQHVZKHUHFDYLWDWLRQSUHVVXUHPD\GHYHORSWKH
,QIOXHQFHRI&RQVWUXFWLRQ0HWKRGDQG/LQLQJ0DWHULDORQ
WKH6KDSHRI&URVV6HFWLRQ
7KH PHWKRG RI FRQVWUXFWLRQ PXVW EH FKRVHQ LQ DFFRUGDQFH
ZLWK WKH SUHYDLOLQJ VRLO FRQGLWLRQ EXW PD\ EH LQIOXHQFHG WR
VRPH H[WHQW E\ WKH DYDLODELOLW\ RI HTXLSPHQW PDFKLQHU\ DQG
PDWHULDOV &RQYHQWLRQDO PLQLQJ PHWKRGV DUH VXLWDEOH IRU
GULYLQJ KRUVHVKRH DQG IODW DUFKHG VHFWLRQV DQG OHVV
HFRQRPLFDOO\ IRU FLUFXODU VHFWLRQV ZKHUHDV VKLHOG PHWKRG LV
UHVWULFWHGDOPRVWH[FOXVLYHO\WRFLUFXODUVHFWLRQ7KHIUHHIDFH
PHWKRGFDQEHXVHGIRUWKHFURVVVHFWLRQRIDQ\GHVLUHGVKDSH
0RUHRYHU WKH PDWHULDO RI WXQQHO OLQLQJ DOVR LQIOXHQFHV WKH
VKDSH RI WKH WXQQHO 6LQFH PDWHULDOV FDSDEOH RI UHVLVWLQJ
HQWUDQFH WR D SUHVVXUH WXQQHO VKDOO EH VWUHDPOLQHG WR SURYLGH
JUDGXDO DQG VPRRWK FKDQJHV LQ IORZ 7R REWDLQ EHVW LQOHW
HIILFLHQF\ WKH VKDSH RI HQWUDQFH VKRXOG VLPXODWH WKDW RI D MHW
GLVFKDUJLQJ LQWR WKH DLU DQG VKRXOG JXLGH DQG VXSSRUW WKH MHW
ZLWKPLQLPXPLQWHUIHUHQFHXQWLOLWLVFRQWUDFWHGWRWKHWXQQHO
GLPHQVLRQV
D.Velocity
$YHUDJHSHUPLVVLEOHYHORFLW\LQDFRQFUHWHOLQHGWXQQHOPD\
OLH EHWZHHQ  DQG  PV )RU D VWHHO OLQHG WXQQHO KLJKHU
YHORFLW\FDQEHDGRSWHGDQGYHORFLW\DVGLFWDWHGE\HFRQRPLF
VWXGLHV VKDOO EH FKRVHQ 3HUPLVVLEOH YHORFLWLHV LQ WXQQHOV RI
GLIIHUHQW VXUIDFHV LH XQOLQHG VWHHO OLQHG DQG FRQFUHWH OLQHG
FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHVVHV RQO\ EULFN RU VWRQH PDVRQU\ FRQFUHWH
DOVR GHSHQG XSRQ WKH VHGLPHQW ORDG FDUULHG E\ WKH ZDWHU
DUH OLPLWHG WR VWUXFWXUHV FRPSRVHG RI DUFKHV HJ FLUFXODU
'HSHQGLQJXSRQWKHQDWXUHRIVHGLPHQWORDGWKHYHORFLW\PD\
HOOLSWLFDODQGKRUVHVKRHVHFWLRQVZKHUHDVPDWHULDOVFDSDEOHRI
EHYDULHGDFFRUGLQJO\
UHVLVWLQJ WHQVLOH DQG EHQGLQJ VWUHVVHV UHLQIRUFHG FRQFUHWH
VWHHOFDQEHXVHGIRUOLQLQJVHFWLRQVRIDQ\GHVLUHGVKDSH
9&+2,&(2)7811(//,1*0(7+2'6
,9 +<'5$8/,&'(6,*12)+57 7KH FKRLFH RI WXQQHOOLQJ PHWKRG LV LQIOXHQFHG E\ VHYHUDO
IDFWRUVZKLFKLQFOXGHWKHIROORZLQJ
:KLOH FDUU\LQJ RXW WKH K\GUDXOLF GHVLJQ RI +57 KHDG
 *URXQG FRQGLWLRQV 7KLV LV WKH PDLQ IDFWRU DV LW PD\ QRW
ORVVHVDQGK\GUDXOLFJUDGLHQWOLQHIRU+57KDYHWREHZRUNHG
RQO\LQIOXHQFHWKHFKRLFHRIPHWKRGEXWPD\DOVRSUHVHQW
RXW ERWK IRU VWHDG\ VWDWH DQG WUDQVLHQW FRQGLWLRQV 7KH
PDMRU OLPLWDWLRQV RQ VRPH SDUWLFXODU PHWKRGV 7KH
K\GUDXOLF GHVLJQ LQFOXGHV ZRUNLQJ RXW WKH ORVVHV RFFXUULQJ
IROORZLQJJURXQGFRQGLWLRQVDUHHQFRXQWHUHG
GXULQJWKHIORZRIGLVFKDUJHWKURXJKWKHWXQQHODQGWKHGHVLJQ
D 6RIW JURXQG 7KH VRIW JURXQG FRPSRVLWLRQ FRQVLVWV RI
RIOLQLQJEDVHGXSRQWKHORVVHV>@
FOD\VJUDYHOVVDQGVZHDWKHUHGURFNVLQYDULRXVVWDWHVRI
A. Economic Diameter GHFRPSRVLWLRQ DQG SUHVHQWV HDVH RI H[FDYDWLRQ
'LDPHWHU RSWLPL]DWLRQ VWXGLHV IRU WKH GHVLJQ GLVFKDUJH DUH SDUWLFXODUO\E\KDQGPHWKRGV
FDUULHGRXWWRGHWHUPLQHWKHGLDPHWHURIWKHWXQQHO'HVLJQHUV E 5RFN FRQGLWLRQV /RZ URFN VWUHQJWK PD\ SURYH
KDYH WR VHOHFW WKH YHORFLW\ RI IORZ RI ZDWHU  PV LQ D DGYDQWDJHRXV WR PDFKLQH H[FDYDWLRQ EXW UHTXLUH VSHFLDO
+57 $ KLJKHU YHORFLW\ PHDQV PRUH KHDG ORVV DQG PRUH VXSSRUW FRQVLGHUDWLRQV ZKLOH KLJK URFN VWUHQJWKV PD\
DEUDVLRQRIFRQFUHWHOLQLQJ/HVVYHORFLW\KRZHYHUOHDGVWRD SUHFOXGH PDFKLQH H[FDYDWLRQ EXW UHTXLUH PLQLPDO
ELJJHUGLDPHWHURI+57ZKLFKLQFUHDVHVFRVWDQGWKHWLPHRI WHPSRUDU\VXSSRUW
FRQVWUXFWLRQ7KHRSWLPL]DWLRQDQDO\VLVLVEDVHGRQFRPSXWLQJ F 0L[HG IDFH FRQGLWLRQV 7XQQHOOLQJ DW EHGURFN 6ROLG
WKH WRWDO HYDOXDWHG FRVW IRU WKH UDQJH RI WXQQHO GLDPHWHUV XQZHDWKHUHG URFN O\LQJ EHQHDWK VXUIDFH GHSRVLWV RI VRLO
FRQVLGHUHG DQG DGRSWLQJ D WXQQHO VL]H KDYLQJ OHDVW HYDOXDWHG KRUL]RQ UHVXOWV LQ WKH XSSHU SDUW RI WKH IDFH EHLQJ LQ WKH
FRVW7KXVDQHFRQRPLFDOGLDPHWHURID+57LVIRXQGE\WKH VRLORUKHDYLO\ZHDWKHUHGURFNZKLOVWWKHORZHUSDUWRIWKH

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(6) 2016 820 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/10005597
 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering
 Vol:10, No:6, 2016

IDFHLVLQWKHURFNWKLVFRQGLWLRQSUHVHQWVSUREOHPVZLWK
PDFKLQH WXQQHOOLQJ DQG LQ FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK WKH SURYLVLRQ
RIHIIHFWLYHWHPSRUDU\VXSSRUW
 7XQQHO6L]H0LFURWXQQHOVZLWKGLDPHWHUVRIOHVVWKDQ
PWRIXOOIDFH7%0WXQQHOVRIXSWRRUJUHDWHUWKDQP
GLDPHWHUVDOOUHTXLUHVSHFLDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQWREHJLYHQWRD
FRPSUHKHQVLYH DVVHVVPHQW RI JURXQG FRQGLWLRQV
LQFUHDVLQJ WXQQHO VL]H LQWURGXFHV FKDQJHV LQ VLJQLILFDQFH
RISDUWLFXODUWXQQHOOLQJSUREOHPV
 (QYLURQPHQWDO$VSHFWV'ULOODQGEODVWRSHUDWLRQVFDQEH
UHVWULFWHG LI QRW SUHFOXGHG LQ FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK WXQQHO
GULYDJH LQ XUEDQ DUHDV ZDWHU WDEOH DQG JURXQG ZDWHU
GUDLQDJH SDWWHUQ FKDQJHV FDQ UHVXOW IURP WXQQHOOLQJ
DFWLYLWLHV DQG DIIHFW WKH VXUIDFH RWKHU IDFWRUV LQFOXGH
SUREOHPVHQFRXQWHUHGZLWKWKHLQWHUPLWWHQWRUFRQWLQXRXV
International Science Index, Civil and Environmental Engineering Vol:10, No:6, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10005597
HIIHFWLYH WKDQ WR ILQG WKH PHDQV RI UHVLVWLQJ URFN SUHVVXUHV
ZKLFKKDYHDOUHDG\GHYHORSHG>@
7KHPDJQLWXGHRIHDUWKSUHVVXUHVLVLQJHQHUDOLQGHSHQGHQW
RI WKH VWUHQJWK DQG WKH WLPH RI LQVWDOODWLRQ RI WKH VXSSRUWLQJ
VWUXFWXUHDQGLWLVRQO\LWVGLVWULEXWLRQZKLFKLVDIIHFWHGE\WKH
GHIRUPDWLRQ RI WKH ODWWHU KRZHYHU WKH PDJQLWXGH RI URFN
SUHVVXUHLVLQIOXHQFHGGHFLVLYHO\E\WKHVWUHQJWKDQGWKHWLPH
RILQVWDOODWLRQRISURSV7KLVLVEHFDXVHGHIRUPDWLRQIROORZLQJ
WKH H[FDYDWLRQ RI WKH FDYLW\ LQ URFN PDVV VXUURXQGLQJ WKH
WXQQHO LVRISODVWLF QDWXUH DQG H[FHHGVRYHU D SHULRGRI WLPH
7KH SHULRG UHTXLUHG IRU ILQDO GHIRUPDWLRQV DQG WKXV IRU
SUHVVXUHVWRGHYHORSJHQHUDOO\LQFUHDVHVZLWKWKHSODVWLFLW\RI
WKHURFNDQGZLWKWKHGHSWKDQGGLPHQVLRQRILWVFURVVVHFWLRQ
7KH PDJQLWXGH RI GHIRUPDWLRQ DQG FRQVHTXHQWO\ WKDW RI
VWUHVVHVFDQEHOLPLWHGE\LQVWDOOLQJDQHIILFLHQWGHVLJQHGURFN

RFFXUUHQFH RI ZDWHU DQG JDVHV IURP WKH URFNV LQ FORVH
SUR[LPLW\RUHYHQUHPRWHWRWKHWXQQHO
9, 6758&785$/'(6,*12)$+57
7KHEDVLFSKLORVRSK\DGRSWHGLQGHVLJQRIDQXQGHUJURXQG
VXSSRUWV\VWHPDWWKHSURSHUWLPH
B. Importance of Bridge Action Period while Deciding the
Tunnel Support
7KHQHFHVVLW\RIWXQQHOVXSSRUWDULVHVIURPWKHIDFWWKDWWKH
H[FDYDWHG URFN KDV D WHQGHQF\ WR GURS RXW RI WKH URRI RI WKH
H[FDYDWLRQ WXQQHOOLQJ VXUJH WDQNV SRZHU KRXVHV HWF LV WR WXQQHO7KHWLPHDYDLODEOHWRXVIRULQVWDOODWLRQRIWKHVXSSRUWV
XWLOLVHWKHURFNPDVVLWVHOIDVWKHSULQFLSDOVWUXFWXUDOPDWHULDO GHSHQGV XSRQ WKH EULGJH DFWLRQ SHULRG WKH WLPH EHWZHHQ
FUHDWLQJDVOLWWOHGLVWXUEDQFHDVSRVVLEOHGXULQJWKHH[FDYDWLRQ EODVWLQJ DQG WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI FROODSVH RI WKH XQVXSSRUWHG
SURFHVV7KHDPRXQWRIUHLQIRUFHPHQWUHTXLUHGLVZRUNHGRXW URRIZKLFKPD\ UDQJHIURP D IHZKRXUV WR IHZZHHNV 7KH
GHSHQGLQJ XSRQ WKH EHKDYLRU RI WKH URFN PDVV ZKHQ WKH EULGJH DFWLRQ SHULRG IRU FRKHVLRQOHVV VDQG RU FRPSOHWHO\
RSHQLQJ LV PDGH LQ WKH URFN 7KH VWUXFWXUDO GHVLJQ LV DQ FUXVKHGURFNLVDOPRVW]HUR+HQFHLIDWXQQHOSDVVHVDEUXSWO\
LPSRUWDQWDVSHFWZKLFKKDVWREHGHDOWFDUHIXOO\RQHWKHWXQQHO IURPIDLUO\VRXQGURFNLQWRVXFKPDWHULDOVFRKHVLRQOHVVVDQG
LVGHVLJQHGJHRPHWULFDOO\DQGK\GUDXOLFDOO\>@>@>@
A. Rock Load and Its Estimation
7KH PRVW LPSRUWDQW SRWHQWLDO ORDGV DFWLQJ RQ XQGHUJURXQG
VWUXFWXUHV DUH HDUWK SUHVVXUHV LH URFN SUHVVXUH DQG ZDWHU
SUHVVXUH ,W LV JHQHUDO UXOH WKDW HYHU\ VWUHVV SURGXFHV D VWUDLQ
DQG OHDGV WR GLVSODFHPHQW RI LQGLYLGXDO URFN SDUWLFOHV )RU
RU FRPSOHWHO\ FUXVKHG URFN H[FHVVLYH RYHU EUHDNV DW WKH
SRLQW RI WUDQVLWLRQ DUH LQHYLWDEOH ([DPSOH $Q DFFLGHQW WRRN
SODFH GXULQJ WKH H[FDYDWLRQ RI &KXNKD +57 RI &KXNKD
K\GURSRZHUSODQWDW%KXWDQZKHUHDVHDPILOOHGZLWKVDQGDQG
ZDWHUZDVHQFRXQWHUHG$VVRRQDVWKHURFNSDUWLWLRQEHWZHHQ
WKHURFNDQGWKHVHDPZDVEODVWHGVDQGDQGZDWHUIORZRIWKH
PRYHPHQW D URFN SDUWLFOH QHHGV VSDFH ,Q FRQILQHG VWDWH WKH
PRYHPHQW RI URFN SDUWLFOHV LV SUHYHQWHG KHQFH WKH VWUHVVHV
DFFXPXODWHDQGUHDFKYHU\KLJKYDOXHVZKLFKDUHLQH[FHVVRI
WKHLU \LHOG SRLQW %\ H[FDYDWLQJ WKH FDYLW\ RSSRUWXQLW\ LV
JLYHQIRUGHIRUPDWLRQWRZDUGVLWVLQWHULRU,QRUGHUWRPDLQWDLQ
WKHFDYLW\WKHLQWUXVLRQRIURFNPDVVHVPXVWEHSUHYHQWHGE\
VXSSRUWLQJ VWUXFWXUHV DQG WKH ORDGV DFWLQJ WKHUHRQ LV UHIHUUHG
DV URFN SUHVVXUH 7KH PDJQLWXGH RI URFN SUHVVXUH LV JUHDWO\
DIIHFWHG E\ WKH PDJQLWXGH RI GHIRUPDWLRQ SURGXFHG 7KH
RUGHURIWRFXVHFVFXELFIHHWSHUVHFZDVREVHUYHG,I
DQ\ VXFK JHRORJLFDO SUREOHP LV HQFRXQWHUHG SURSHU
LQYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKHPHGLXPDKHDGRIIDFHE\SUREHKROHVDQG
WKHUHDIWHU LWV WUHDWPHQW WKURXJK D SUHGUDLQDJH DQG SUH
JURXWLQJEHFRPHVPDQGDWRU\7KHUHIRUHLWEHFRPHVQHFHVVDU\
WKDW JHRORJLFDO LQYHVWLJDWLRQV VKRXOG EH FRQWLQXHG GXULQJ
FRQVWUXFWLRQ 7KH LPSRUWDQFH RI EULGJH DFWLRQ LV H[SODLQHG
EHORZ+RZHYHULIWXQQHOEULGJHDFWLRQSHULRGKDSSHQVWREH
TXLWH ODUJH RQH VKRXOG QRW PLVXQGHUVWDQG WKDW WKH WXQQHO
PRGHUQ WXQQHO GHVLJQHUV VKDOO SUHGLFW WKH SULPDU\ VWUHVV QHHGVQRVXSSRUWVEHFDXVHRIWKHIDFWWKDWWKHURFNORDGVJRRQ
FRQGLWLRQV SUHYDLOLQJ LQ WKH LQWHULRU RI WKH QRQXQLIRUP URFN GHYHORSLQJIRUZHHNVDQGPRQWKVWRJHWKHUDIWHUWKHWXQQHOOLQJ
PDVVGHSHQGLQJRQWKHSUHYLRXVWHFWRQLFKLVWRU\DQGGHVLJQ RSHUDWLRQV DUH RYHU ([DPSOH $Q DFFLGHQW WRRN SODFH LQ WKH
WKHWXQQHOIRUWKHVDPHDVZHOODVIRUVXSSRUWLQJWKHURFNORDG &KXNKD3RZHU+RXVH%KXWDQZKHUHWKHFDYLW\PVSDQ
ZKLFK LV OLNHO\ WR EH GHYHORSHG RQ DFFRXQW RI WKH RSHQLQJ ZDVOHIWXQVXSSRUWHGIRUGD\VDQGWKHDFFLGHQWRFFXUUHGRQ
PDGH LQ WKH URFN VHFRQGDU\ VWUHVVHV 7KH PDJQLWXGH RI
VHFRQGDU\SUHVVXUHVGHYHORSLQJDURXQGWKHFDYLW\LVJRYHUQHG
E\ D YDULHW\ RI IDFWRUV VXFK DV WKH VL]H RI WKH FDYLW\ WKH
PHWKRG RI LWV H[FDYDWLRQ VXSSRUW PHWKRG DQG EULGJH DFWLRQ
SHULRG 7KHUH DUH QXPHURXV PHWKRGV RI URFN ORDG HVWLPDWLRQ
EDVHGRQWKHDVVXPSWLRQRIWKHIRUPDWLRQRIDQDWXUDOJURXQG
DUFKDERYHWKHFDYLW\
7KH WUXH DUW LQ WXQQHOOLQJ OLHV LQ WKH DQWLFLSDWLRQ RI WKH
GHYHORSPHQW RI ODUJH URFN SUHVVXUHV ZKLFK LV IDU PRUH
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(6) 2016
WKH WK GD\ EULQJLQJ GRZQ DERXW  FX P RI URFN DQG
UHVXOWLQJ LQ WKH IRUPDWLRQRI D GRPH ZLWKD PD[LPXP KHLJKW
RIDERXWPQHDUWKHFURZQ7KLVLVGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWLIWKH
FDYLW\ LV OHIW XQVXSSRUWHG ORDG DW WKH FURZQ JRHV RQ
LQFUHDVLQJ WR VXFK DQ H[WHQW WKDW LW H[FHHGV WKH FUXVKLQJ
VWUHQJWK RI WKH URFN DQG DW WKDW VWDJH WKH FURZQ FDYHV LQ
UHVXOWLQJLQGRPHIRUPDWLRQ

821 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/10005597
 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering
 Vol:10, No:6, 2016
International Science Index, Civil and Environmental Engineering Vol:10, No:6, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10005597


)LJ,PSRUWDQFHRI%ULGJH$FWLRQ3HULRG>@

C. Excavation and Rock Support System VHSDUDWLRQV)XOO\JURXWHGXQWHQVLRQHGURFNEROWVFDQEH
XVHG WR SUHVHUYH WKH LQQHU VWUDWD VKHDU VWUHQJWK DQG WKXV
5RFN5HLQIRUFHPHQW
7KHFRQFHSWRIURFNUHLQIRUFHPHQWRUDFWLYHVXSSRUWLQURFN
LVDLPHGDWOLPLWLQJURFNPDVVGHIRUPDWLRQE\UHLQIRUFLQJWKH
ZRUQ RXW URFN PDVV LQ VWURQJ DQG LQWDFW URFN PDVV 6XFK
DFWLRQLVLQWHQGHGWRLPSURYHWKHPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIWKH
URFN PDVV E\ LQWHUORFNLQJ EORFNV RI JURXQG RU DSSO\LQJ
DGGLWLRQDOFRQILQLQJVWUHVVHVZKLFKLQERWKFDVHVDLPWROLPLW
WKHPDJQLWXGHRIWKHURFNPDVVGHIRUPDWLRQV7KLVLVLQGLUHFW
FRQWUDVW WR WKH FRQFHSW RI XVLQJ IUHH VWDQGLQJV RU SDVVLYH
VXSSRUWV VXFK DV VWHHO VHWV ZKHUH LQ JHQHUDO WKH VXSSRUW RQO\
DSSOLHVDQRSSRVLQJVWUHVVWRJURXQGPRYHPHQWDVDUHVXOWRI
LWV RZQ GHIRUPDWLRQ E\ WKH PRYHPHQW LW LV GHVLJQHG WR
SUHYHQW 6XFK PRYHPHQW FDQ OHDG WR VLJQLILFDQW GHWHULRUDWLRQ
RIWKHURFNPDVVE\H[WHQVLYHURFNIDLOXUHRUWKHRSHQLQJXSRI
URFN MRLQWV ZKLFK FDQ UHVXOW LQ FUHDWLQJ LQKHUHQWO\ XQVWDEOH
WXQQHOFRQGLWLRQV
D.Mechanisms of Support
7KHUHDUHIRXUEDVLFDQGUHODWLYHO\LQGHSHQGHQWPHFKDQLVPV
E\ ZKLFK URFN UHLQIRUFHPHQW FDQ LPSURYH WKH VWDELOLW\ RI D
URFNPDVV
 ,QUHODWLYHO\FRPSHWHQWDQGZHOOMRLQWHGURFNVLQVWDELOLW\
PD\EHWKHUHVXOWRILQGLYLGXDOEORFNVGHWDFKLQJIURPWKH
URRIZKHQWKHJUDYLWDWLRQDOORDGLQJH[FHHGVWKHLUUHWDLQLQJ
ORDG SURYLGHG E\ VKHDU UHVLVWDQFH DQG FRKHVLRQ DORQJ
MRLQWV6XFKEROWVFDQEHVWDELOLVHGE\URFNEROWVZLWKDQ
DQFKRUDJH IRUFH FDSDFLW\ JUHDWHU WKDQ WKH ZHLJKW RI WKH
EORFNLQTXHVWLRQ
 ,Q ZHDNHU EORFN\ URFN FRQGLWLRQV WXQQHO FORVXUH FDQ
RFFXUHLWKHUWKURXJKEORFNVVOLGLQJRUURWDWLQJRUWKURXJK
URFN \LHOGLQJ DQG WKHVH FDQ EH RSSRVHG E\ WHQVLRQHG RU
XQWHQVLRQHG EROWV GHVLJQHG WR PDLQWDLQ WKH VKHDU VWUHVV
DORQJWKHGLVFRQWLQXLWLHV
 ,Q ODPLQDWHG RU VWUDWLILHG URFNV LQVWDELOLW\ PD\ EH DV D
UHVXOW RI VOLS DORQJ EHGGLQJ SODQHV LQ DGGLWLRQ WR EHG
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(6) 2016
SUHYHQWVXFKDFWLRQVDQGJLYHULVHWRIRUPLQJDVLJQLILFDQW
ORDGVXVWDLQLQJUHLQIRUFHGEHDP
 5RFN IDLOXUH LQ RYHUVWUHVVHG URFNV FDQ EH PLQLPLVHG E\
LQFUHDVLQJ WKH GHJUHH RI FRQILQHPHQW RU WKH PLQRU
SULQFLSDO VWUHVV ,Q WXQQHOOLQJ WKH PLQRU SULQFLSDO VWUHVV
YHFWRU DFWV LQ JHQHUDO SHUSHQGLFXODU WR WKH ZDOO 7KXV
WHQVLRQHG URFN EROWV LQVWDOOHG UHODWLYHO\ TXLFNO\ DIWHU
H[FDYDWLRQFDQSURYLGHDGGLWLRQDOFRQILQHPHQWDQGOLPLW
WKH H[WHQW RI URFN IDLOXUH E\ LQFUHDVLQJ WKH DOORZDEOH
PDMRUSULQFLSDOVWUHVV
E. Concrete Lining
/LQLQJLQWXQQHOVLVDYHU\LPSRUWDQWFRPSRQHQWDQGPDNHV
XS IRU  WR A RI WKH WRWDO FRVW RI WXQQHO >@ 7XQQHOV
IRUPLQJSDUWRIZDWHUFRQGXFWRUV\VWHPKDYHWREHLQYDULDEO\
OLQHG ZLWK FHPHQW FRQFUHWHSODLQ RU UHLQIRUFHG RU VWHHO OLQHG
+RZHYHU LQ FDVHV ZKHUH D WXQQHO LV PHDQW IRU RSHUDWLRQ IRU
VKRUW SHULRGV DQG ZKHUH LW KDV WR EH DEDQGRQHG DIWHU LW KDV
VHUYHG WKHSXUSRVH HJGLYHUVLRQ WXQQHOV WKH OLQLQJ FRXOG EH
DYRLGHG
6WUXFWXUDOGHVLJQRIWXQQHOOLQLQJUHTXLUHVDWKRURXJKVWXG\
RI WKHJHRORJ\ RI URFN PDVV WKH HIIHFWLYH URFN FRYHUUHVXOWV
RILQVLWXWHVWVDQGRWKHUPHFKDQLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHURFN
7KHGHVLJQHUVKRXOGDVVHVVWKHURFNORDGDFWLQJRQWKHOLQLQJ
DQGWKHLQWHUQDOSUHVVXUHZKLFKLVWREHWUDQVPLWWHGWRWKHURFN
PDVVEDVHGRQWKHUHVXOWRIWKHVHLQYHVWLJDWLRQV
7KH IXQFWLRQ RI FRQFUHWH OLQLQJ LV RQH RU PRUH RI WKH
IROORZLQJ
x 7RUHGXFHKHDGORVVHVLQWKHV\VWHP
x 7RSURWHFWVWHHOULEVIURPGHWHULRUDWLQJ
x 7RSUHYHQWOHDNDJHRIZDWHU
x 7RSURWHFWWKHWXUELQHVE\SUHYHQWLQJORRVHURFNSDUWLFOHV
IDOOLQJLQWRWKHZDWHUDQGEHLQJFDUULHGWRWKHWXUELQHV
822 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/10005597
 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering
 Vol:10, No:6, 2016

x 7RWDNHWKDWSDUWRIWKHLQWHUQDOSUHVVXUHQRWWDNHQXSE\ E'XUDELOLW\RI7XQQHO&RQFUHWH/LQLQJ
WKHURFN 7KHHQWLUH+57ZDVWREHFRQFUHWHOLQHGXVLQJ5&&3&&
,W ZDV VXVSHFWHG WKDW WKH FRQFUHWH PD\ IDFH ORQJ WHUP
9,, *(2/2*,&$/352%/(06'85,1*7811(//,1*$1' GXUDELOLW\ SUREOHPV XQGHU VXFK KLJK WHPSHUDWXUH RI VHHSDJH
5(0(',$/0($685(6 ZDWHU 7KH &6056 &HQWUDO 6RLO DQG 0DWHULDO 5HVHDUFK
7XQQHOOLQJ PD\ EH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK PDQ\ SUREOHPV OLNH
SUREOHPVRIVWUHVVJURXQGPRYHPHQWVTXHH]LQJDQGVZHOOLQJ
JURXQG FRQGLWLRQV KHDY\ LQJUHVV RI ZDWHU KLJK JHRWKHUPDO
FRQGLWLRQVDQGVRPHWLPHVJDVHVDSDUWIURPYDULHGOLWKRORJLFDO
DQGVWUXFWXUDOJHRORJLFDOIHDWXUHV
A. Tunnelling Problems
9DULRXV SUREOHPV DUH HQFRXQWHUHG GXULQJ WXQQHOOLQJ 7KH
YDULRXV SUREOHPV TXRWLQJ H[DPSOHV IURP 1DWKSD -KDNUL
6WDWLRQ ZHUH HQWUXVWHG WR DFFHVV WKH SUREOHP DQG WR VXJJHVW
VRPHVXLWDEOHPHDVXUHVDJDLQVWLW
&6056 GXULQJ WKHLU VWXGLHV IRXQG WKDW WKH VHHSDJH ZDWHU
ZDVRIFKHPLFDOO\DJJUHVVLYHQDWXUH>@%HVLGHVWKLVVRPHRI
WKH DJJUHJDWHV SURSRVHG WR EH XVHG ZHUH VXVSHFWHG DJDLQVW
DONDOL VLOLFD UHDFWLRQ 7DNLQJ DOO WKHVH IDFWRUV LQWR DFFRXQW
&6056&:&VXJJHVWHGWKHXVHRIEOHQGHGFHPHQWVZLWKORZ
ZDWHU FHPHQW UDWLR IRU FRQFUHWLQJ RI HQWLUH +57 OLQLQJ %RWK
3RUWODQG SX]]RODQD FHPHQW ZLWK WKH DVK FRQWHQW RI  DQG
+\GURHOHFWULF3URMHFW+3DQGSUDFWLFDOO\DGRSWHGVROXWLRQV 3RUWODQGVODJFHPHQWZLWKVODJFRQWHQWRIKDYHEHHQXVHG
International Science Index, Civil and Environmental Engineering Vol:10, No:6, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10005597

ZLOOEHGLVFXVVHG>@>@ IRUWXQQHOOLQLQJ
2FFXUUHQFH RI *HRWKHUPLF +RW :DWHU =RQHV LQ WKH
+57
'XULQJ H[FDYDWLRQ RI WKH  NP ORQJ +57 RI 1DWKSD
-KDNUL +( SURMHFW PDQ\ JHRORJLFDO SUREOHPV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK
XQGHUJURXQG H[FDYDWLRQ ZHUH HQFRXQWHUHG 2QH RI WKH PRVW
GLIILFXOW SUREOHPV ZDV WKH RFFXUUHQFH RI JHRWKHUPLF ]RQH RI
DERXWNPOHQJWK$QXPEHURIKRWZDWHUVSULQJVRFFXUUHG
DW SODFHV ZKHUH GHHS DFTXLIHUV KDYH EHHQ WDSSHG E\ WHFWRQLF
GLVORFDWLRQV OLNH IDXOWV VKHDUV DQG MRLQWV +RW ZDWHU ZLWK D
WHPSHUDWXUH UDQJLQJ IURP  ƒ& WR  ƒ& ZDV VHHSLQJ DQG
JUDGXDOO\ LQFUHDVLQJ WKURXJK WKH URFNV DQG WKH URFN
WHPSHUDWXUHV ZHUH DOVR LQ WKH YLFLQLW\ RI  ƒ& WKLV VWDUWHG
IURP 5'  RQZDUGV 7KH GHZDWHULQJ DUUDQJHPHQWV
F3UHFDXWLRQV7DNHQGXULQJ,QLWLDO)LOOLQJ
,QLWLDO ILOOLQJRI ZDWHU FRQGXFWRUV\VWHP RI WKH SURMHFW DWD
UDWHRIPKRXUHQVXUHVORZDQGXQLIRUPVDWXUDWLRQRIURFN
PDVVWKHUHE\DYRLGLQJRYHUVWUHVVLQJRIURFNPDVVGXHWRKLJK
JUDGLHQW RI VHHSDJH IORZ )XUWKHU WKH ILOOLQJ ZDV FDUULHG RXW
ZLWK VXLWDEOH SUHVVXUH VWHSV ZLWK SDXVH RI  KRXUV EHWZHHQ
HDFKSUHVVXUHVWHS$VVRRQDVWKHZDWHULQWKH+57UHDFKHG
WKH JHRWKHUPDO ]RQH WKH ILOOLQJ UDWH ZDV UHGXFHG WR 
PKRXU 7KLV VORZUDWHRIILOOLQJ LQKRWZDWHU ]RQH SUHYHQWHG
FRROLQJ VKRFN RI WKH OLQLQJ DQG DOVR HQVXUHG WKDW IDYRXUDEOH
FUDFNLQJ RI WKH OLQLQJ DV DQWLFLSDWHG E\ WKH SURYLVLRQ RI
UHLQIRUFHPHQWUHDOO\WDNHVSODFH
SURYLGHGDWWKDWWLPHFRXOGQRWWDFNOHWKHTXDQWLW\UHVXOWLQJLQ +LJKO\6KHDUHG5RFNZLWK+HDY\6HHSDJH
DFFXPXODWLRQ RI ZDWHU 7KH WRWDO GLVFKDUJH RI ZDWHU ZDV 9HU\SRRUJURXQGFRQGLWLRQVZHUHHQFRXQWHUHGLQWKHUHDFK
DURXQGOLWVHF RIWXQQHOEHWZHHQ5DWWDQSXUGRZQVWUHDPDQGWKIDFHDGLW7KH
URFNVLQWKHVKHDU]RQHHQFRXQWHUHGZHUHTXDUW]PLFDVFKLVW
&RQVHTXHQFHVDQG3UHYHQWLYH0HDVXUH
D([FDYDWLRQ3UREOHP
7KHUHZDVKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHDQGKXPLGLW\LQVLGHWKHWXQQHO
GXHWRKHDY\VHHSDJHRIKRWZDWHU,WZDVH[WUHPHO\GLIILFXOW
WR ZRUN XQGHU VXFK FRQGLWLRQV 7KH SUREOHP ZDV IXUWKHU
FRPSRXQGHGE\GXVWJHQHUDWHGGXHWREODVWLQJDQGH[KDXVWRI
FRQVWUXFWLRQPDFKLQHU\
3UHYHQWLYHPHDVXUHVWDNHQWRUHGXFHWKHHIIHFWRIKRWZDWHU
VHULFLWH VFKLVW ELRWLWH DQG DPSKLEROLWH EDQG ,W LV PRVWO\ ULFK
LQVHULFLWHDQGELRWLWHVFKLVWVZLWKPXOWLSOHVPDOOVKHDUVILOOHG
ZLWK FOD\ DQG VTXHH]LQJ LQ QDWXUH 7KH KHDY\ LQJUHVV DQG
VHHSDJH RI ZDWHU HQFRXQWHUHG KDYH PDGH WKH VKHDU ]RQH
PDWHULDO LQ IORZLQJ FRQGLWLRQV )XUWKHU DGYDQFLQJ RI
H[FDYDWLRQ ZDV QRW SRVVLEOH ZLWK WKH DYDLODEOH HTXLSPHQW
$IWHUGHWDLOHGVWXG\RIWKHJURXQGFRQGLWLRQVDQGYDULRXVRWKHU
VROXWLRQV WKH H[FDYDWLRQ RI WXQQHO ZDV GRQH ZLWK '5(66
 ,PSURYLQJ WKH YHQWLODWLRQ E\ LQVWDOOLQJ DGGLWLRQDO IDQ RI 'UDLQDJH5HLQIRUFHPHQW([FDYDWLRQ6XSSRUW6ROXWLRQ
.:  FXPKRXU FDSDFLW\ DW WKH DGLW SRUWDO '5(66PHWKRGRORJ\LVFRPSOHWHO\IOH[LEOHDQGHIIHFWLYHLQ
WKHUHE\ LQFUHDVLQJ WKH DPRXQW RI IUHVK DLU WKURXJK WKH UHVSRQGLQJ WR H[WUHPHO\ KHWHURJHQHRXV URFN PDVV ZLWK ODUJH
ERRVWHUIDQV URFN ORDGV DQG VTXHH]LQJ EHKDYLRXU XQGHU KLJK ZDWHU KHDG
 6SUD\LQJRIFROGZDWHURQURFNLQVLGHWKHWXQQHO ZLWK ULVN RI KXJH LQIORZ LQ XQVWDEOH H[FDYDWLRQ SURILOH DQG
 3URYLGLQJFROGZDWHUEDWKDUUDQJHPHQWVIRUZRUNHUV UHOLDEOHRIWLPHDQGFRVWHVWLPDWHV%XWWKLVPHWKRGLVDFRVWO\
 9HU\VKRUWGXUDWLRQRIZRUNVKLIWVLHWRKRXUV DOWHUQDWLYHDQGDOORWKHUSRVVLELOLWLHVIRUH[FDYDWLRQOLNHPXOWL
0RUHRYHUEHIRUHFRQFUHWHOLQLQJZDVVWDUWHGWKHKRWZDWHU GULIW PHWKRG HWF VKRXOG EH H[SORUHG EHIRUH DGRSWLQJ WKLV
LQIORZV ZHUH FKDQQHOL]HG E\ SURYLGLQJ KDOI 39& SLSHV ZLWK PHWKRGRORJ\
PRUWDUWRWKHURFNVXUIDFHDQGGLYHUWLQJLWRXWVLGHWKURXJKWKH '5(66LQYROYHGSUHGUDLQDJHRIJURXQGDKHDGRIIDFHZLWK
VKXWWHU ZLWK WKH KHOS RI D SLSH LQ RUGHU WR DFKLHYH D URFN PORQJGUDLQDJHKROHVDQGVWDELOL]DWLRQRIWKHFURZQDKHDG
VXUIDFHDVGU\DVSRVVLEOH2QFRPSOHWLRQRIFRQFUHWLQJWKHVH RI WXQQHO IDFH E\ VWHHO SLSH XPEUHOOD DUFK XS WR D
SLSHVZHUHJURXWHGZLWKFHPHQWPRUWDU SUHGHWHUPLQHG OHQJWK IROORZHG E\ H[FDYDWLRQ LQ VPDOO VWHSV
 E\PHFKDQLFDOPHDQVDQGVXSSRUWWKHUHRI
 

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(6) 2016 823 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/10005597
 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering
 Vol:10, No:6, 2016

6HTXHQFHRI$FWLYLWLHV,QYROYHG QH[WEORFNZDVGRQHDQGWKHULELVLQVWDOOHGDQGVXSSRUWHG
7KH GHWDLOV RI YDULRXV VWHSV FDUULHG RXW ZLWK GUHVV ZLWK ZLUHPHVK DQG VKRWFUHWH 7KH ULEV ZHUH DQFKRUHG DW
PHWKRGRORJ\DUHGHVFULEHGDVXQGHU VSULQJLQJOHYHOZLWKPPGLDPORQJFHPHQWJURXWHG
D 'UDLQLQJRIWKHURFNDKHDGRIWKHIDFH%HIRUHRSHQLQJRI
WKHIDFHDGYDQFHGUDLQDJHZDVGRQHDOODURXQGDQGDKHDG
RIWKHIDFHWRHOLPLQDWHWKHGHWULPHQWDOLQIOXHQFHRIZDWHU
SUHVVXUH RQ IDFH VWDELOLW\ 6L[ WR HLJKW GUDLQDJH KROHV RI
PPGLDPHWHUXSWRPOHQJWKGHSHQGLQJRQWKHVLWH
VWUDWDLQDQXSZDUGLQFOLQDWLRQRIGHJUHHZHUHGULOOHG
ZLWK D K\GUDXOLF GULOOLQJ ULJ XVLQJ '7+ KDPPHU 06
3LSH RI  PP GLDPHWHU  P JURXWHG DQG  P
DQFKRUEROWVZLWK,60&îUXQQHUVMRLQLQJWKUHHWR
IRXU VHWV RI ULEV 7KH IDFH ZDV WKHQ VHDOHG RII ZLWK
VKRWFUHWHIRULPSURYHPHQWRIIDFHDQGDKHDGEHIRUHVWDUW
RIH[FDYDWLRQRIQH[WIRUHSROLQJ7KHH[FDYDWHGUHDFKZDV
IXUWKHU VXSSRUWHG ZLWK UDGLDO URFN UHLQIRUFHPHQW LQ WKH
IRUP RI  PP GLD  P ORQJ KROORZ FRUH VHOI GULOOLQJ
FHPHQW JURXWHG URFN EROWV ,Q VXFK W\SH RI EROWLQJ WKH
URFN EROWV DUH LQVWDOOHG VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ ZLWK GULOOLQJ
SHUIRUDWHG SURWHFWHG ZLWK JHRWH[WLOH LPSHUYLRXV IHOW
ZHUH SURYLGHG LQ WKH GULOOHG GUDLQDJH KROHV WR DYRLG WKH
EORFNDGH RI GUDLQDJH V\VWHP 7KHVH GUDLQDJH KROHV KDYH
EHHQSURYLGHGLQDOWHUQDWHIRUHSROLQJEORFNV
International Science Index, Civil and Environmental Engineering Vol:10, No:6, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10005597
KDYLQJ WKH VWHHO ELW DWWDFKPHQW WR WKH URFN EROWV DW WKH
GULOOLQJ HQG *URXW ZDV WKHQ SXPSHG WKURXJK WKH EROWV
LWVHOI IRUFLQJ RXW ZDWHU GHEULV HWF DQG ILOOLQJ RI DOO
ILVVXUHV YRLGV DQG FRPSOHWH JURXWLQJ RI WKH EROWV ZDV

E )DFH LPSURYHPHQW $IWHU SURYLGLQJ WKH GUDLQDJH V\VWHP HQVXUHG $ WHPSRUDU\ LQYHUW DUFK RI  PP WKLFN
VWDELOLW\ RI WKH IDFH DQG DKHDG ZDV LPSURYHG E\ FHPHQW VKRWFUHWH ZDV DOVR SURYLGHG WR SUHYHQW KHDYH RI DQ
JURXWLQJ ZLWK :& UDWLR  6RPHWLPHV ZKHQ JURXWLQJ XQVXSSRUWHG LQYHUW DQG SXQFKLQJ RI VWHHO ULEV IURP WKH
ZDV QRW SRVVLEOH GXH WR HQFRXQWHULQJ RI JRXJ\ VKHDUHG DUFKVXSSRUWLQWRVRIWURFN
PDWHULDO PL[HG ZLWK FOD\ WKH IDFH ZDV VWDELOLVHG E\ H ,PSRUWDQFH RI ORJLVWLFV LQ ORQJ WXQQHO 7KH ORJLVWLF
VKRWFUHWLQJDQGJURXWHGDQFKRUEDUVRIPPGLDPHWHU VXSSRUWV LQ WKH WXQQHO VXFK DV SURSHU YHQWLODWLRQ
PORQJ GHZDWHULQJDQGOLJKWLQJHWFDUHWKHOLIHOLQHIRUWKHVSHHG\
F 8PEUHOOD IRUH SROLQJ DUFK )RUH SROLQJ FDVLQJ RI VWHHO WXQQHOLQJ >@ 7KHVH VXSSRUWV EHFRPH PXFK PRUH
SLSHVZDVSURYLGHGDKHDGRIWKHIDFHEHIRUHH[FDYDWLRQRI LPSRUWDQW ZKHQ WKH WXQQHO LV H[FDYDWHG WKURXJK ZDWHU
WKHIDFHXVLQJWKHK\GUDXOLFGULOOLQJULJ,QWKLVWKHFURZQ FKDUJHG PHGLXPV DQG ORQJ WXQQHOOLQJ IURP RQH IDFH $V
RIWKHWXQQHODERYHVSULQJLQJOHYHOZDVVXSSRUWHGZLWK WKH KXPDQ ERG\ FDQQRW IXQFWLRQ SURSHUO\ LQ WKH DEVHQFH
P ORQJ VWHHO SLSH IRUHSROHV FDVLQJ RI  PP RXWHU RI DQ\ RUJDQ VLPLODUO\ VSHHG\ WXQQHOOLQJ FDQQRW EH
GLDPHWHUZLWKPPWKLFNZDOODQGLQDQXSZDUGGLUHFWLRQ H[HFXWHG LQ WKH DEVHQFH RI DQ\ ORJLVWLF ([DPSOH
RIGHJUHHRYHUULE5RIWKHEORFN7KHIRUHSROHVZHUH
VSDFHG #  PP && VSDFLQJ $IWHU GULOOLQJ DQG
LQVWDOOLQJ RI WKH IRUHSROHV FHPHQW JURXW LQ :& UDWLR RI
 WR  ZDV SODFHG DW D PD[LPXP SUHVVXUH RI 
NJFP
7XQQHOOLQJ  NP +57 LQ 'XOKDVWL +( SURMHFW RQ
ULYHU&KHQDELQ- .UHPDLQHGDERWWOHQHFNGXHWRSRRU
ORJLVWLFV OLNH LQHIIHFWLYH YHQWLODWLRQ DQG PDQDJLQJ KXJH
GLVFKDUJH RI ZDWHU LQVLGH WKH WXQQHO DQG IUHTXHQW
RFFXUUHQFHRIJHRORJLFDOSUREOHPVOLNHHQFRXQWHUZLWKWKH
G )DFHDGYDQFHLQKHDGLQJH[FDYDWLRQ$IWHUVWDELOLVLQJWKH VKHDU ]RQHV JUDGXDOO\ VORZHG GRZQ WKH SURJUHVV RI WKH
FURZQDQGWKH]RQHDKHDGRIWKHWXQQHOIDFHE\IRUHSROHV WXQQHO ZKLFK FRXOG KDYH EHHQ HDVLO\ WDFNOHG ZLWK SURSHU
GUDLQDJH KROHV VKRWFUHWLQJ DQG JURXWLQJ WKH WXQQHO SODQQLQJRIWKHORJLVWLFV6HHLQJVXFKSUREOHPVIROORZLQJ
DGYDQFH LQ RQH IRUHSROLQJ EORFN RI  P OHQJWK ZDV UHFRPPHQGDWLRQVDUHPDGH
FDUULHGRXWXSWRPOHQJWKLQDYDULDEOHGLDPHWHURI
H[FDYDWLRQIURPPWREHIRUHWKHQH[WEORFNRI
IRUHSROLQJ,QWKLVPOHQJWKRIWKHWXQQHODGYDQFHD
WRWDOQXPEHURIVHWVRIULEVRI,60%î#
PPFFVSDFLQJZHUHSURYLGHGLQDVHTXHQWLDODGYDQFHRI
 /RQJWXQQHOOLQJPRUHWKDQNPIURPRQHIDFHLVWREH
DYRLGHG ,I XQDYRLGDEOH WKHQ DQRWKHU DOWHUQDWLYH VXFK DV
YHQWLODWLRQ WKURXJK LQWHUPHGLDWH VKDIW DW D VXLWDEOH
ORFDWLRQVKRXOGEHSODQQHG
 6\VWHPDWLF PRQLWRULQJ RI SROOXWDQWV OHYHO LQ WKH DLU DLU
 P WR  P GHSHQGLQJ XSRQ WKH VWDQG XS WLPH RI
URFN VWUDWD 5LE 5 ZDV LQVWDOOHG DW WKH PLQLPXP
H[FDYDWLRQ OLQH DQG VXEVHTXHQW ULEV 5 WR 5 ZHUH
SURYLGHGLQDYDULDEOHPLQLPXPH[FDYDWLRQOLQHUDGLXVWR
IDFLOLWDWH WKH IRUHSROLQJ PDFKLQH ZRUNLQJ LQ WKH QH[W
EORFN RI IRUHSROLQJ $IWHU SURWHFWLQJ WKH FURZQ ZLWK
VKRWFUHWHZLUHPHVK WKH H[FDYDWHG VHFWLRQ ZDV VXSSRUWHG
ZLWKULEVDQGWKHVSDFHEHWZHHQWKHURFNVXUIDFHDQGWKH
ULELQWUDGRVHKDYHEHHQILOOHGZLWKVKRWFUHWH,QWKHVHFRQG
URXQG RI H[FDYDWLRQ WKH FHQWUDO SRUWLRQ ZDV ILUVW
H[FDYDWHGXSWRWKHSUHYLRXVURXQGDGYDQFHDQGDJDLQWKH
H[FDYDWLRQIRUWKLVURXQGZDVFDUULHGRXWLQDQDGYDQFHRI
 P LQ WKH VDPH ZD\ DV H[SODLQHG DERYH $IWHU
H[FDYDWLQJ DQG VXSSRUWLQJ WKH IRUHSROLQJ EORFN XS WR ULE
IORZ PVHF DQG DLU VSHHG PV DUH PDQGDWRU\ WR
LPSURYHWKHV\VWHP
 ,Q ZDWHU FKDUJHG PHGLXP VXIILFLHQW JUDGLHQW RI WXQQHO
VKRXOG EH SURYLGHG IRU XQGHU JUDYLW\ GUDLQDJH
6LPXOWDQHRXVO\ D VLGH GUDLQ LV QHFHVVDU\ IRU HIIHFWLYH
GUDLQDJHDQGWRVDYHWKHLQYHUW
 ,I DQ\ JHRORJLFDO SUREOHP LV HQFRXQWHUHG SURSHU
LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RI WKH PHGLXP DKHDG RI WKH IDFH E\ SUREH
KROHV DQG WKHUHDIWHU LWV WUHDWPHQW WKURXJK SUHGUDLQDJH
DQGSUHJURXWLQJEHFRPHVPDQGDWRU\
 $V IDU DV SRVVLEOH PLQLPXP SXPSLQJ VWDWLRQV DUH WR EH
PDGHDQGUHKDQGOLQJRIZDWHULVWREHDYRLGHG
5 ODVW ULE RI WKH EORFN WKH H[FDYDWLRQ RI 5LE 5 RI

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(6) 2016 824 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/10005597
 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering
 Vol:10, No:6, 2016

9,,,&21&/86,21
,W KDV EHHQ REVHUYHG WKDW WXQQHOV EULQJ WKH SURMHFW RQ
FULWLFDO SDWK 'HVLJQHUV KDYH WR JLYH SURSHU FRQVLGHUDWLRQ WR
WKH GHVLJQ VWDQGDUGV DQG FRPH WR D ILQDO GHVLJQ RQO\ DIWHU
GHWDLOHG VWXG\ RI WKH WRSRJUDSKLFDO JHRORJLFDO FRQGLWLRQV
SUHYDLOLQJRQWKHVLWH)XUWKHUJHRORJLFDOH[SORUDWLRQSULRUWR
WKH SODQQLQJ GHWDLOHG JHRORJLFDO LQYHVWLJDWLRQ SDUDOOHO WR
SODQQLQJ VKRXOG EH GRQH DQG WR EH FRQWLQXHG GXULQJ WKH
FRQVWUXFWLRQLQRUGHUWRDVFHUWDLQZKHWKHUWKHGULYLQJPHWKRG
DGRSWHG LV FRUUHFW RU QHHGV WR EH PRGLILHG EDVHG RQ WKH
SUHYDLOLQJFRQGLWLRQV

5()(5(1&(6
>@ 7XQQHOOLQJ 'HVLJQ 6WDELOLW\ DQG &RQVWUXFWLRQ E\ %1 :KLWWVNHU DQG
5&)ULWK
International Science Index, Civil and Environmental Engineering Vol:10, No:6, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10005597

>@ 7KH$UWRI7XQQHOOLQJ6HFRQG(QJOLVK(GLWLRQ±.DURO\6]HFK\

>@ 0DQXDO RQ 7KH 3ODQQLQJ DQG 'HVLJQ RI +\GUDXOLF 7XQQHOV ± &HQWUDO
%RDUGRI,UULJDWLRQDQG3RZHU
>@ +\GURSRZHU(QJLQHHULQJ0RGXOH±137(/
>@ ,6±'HVLJQRI7XQQHOVFRQYH\LQJZDWHU
>@ 8QGHUJURXQG,QIUDVWUXFWXUHV3ODQQLQJ'HVLJQDQG&RQVWUXFWLRQ5.
*RHO%KDZDQL6LQJK-LDQ=KDR
>@ :DWHU DQG (QHUJ\ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6SHFLDO ,VVXH RQ  0: 1-+36
&%,31HZ'HOKL$SULO-XQH
>@ &LYLO([FDYDWLRQVDQGWXQQHOOLQJ$3UDFWLFDO*XLGHE\5DWDQ7DWL\D
>@ 7XQQHOOLQJSUREOHPVHQFRXQWHUHGDW1DWKSD-KDNUL+\GURHOHFWULF3URMHFW
+3E\636&KDXKDQ5.*XSWD*/%DQVDO
>@ ,PSRUWDQFHRI/RJLVWLFVLQ/RQJ7XQQHO$FDVH6WXG\RI'XOKDVWL+(
3URMHFW1+3&±6&*XSWDDQG3.*XSWD
>@ 6SHFLDO ,VVXH RQ  0: 1DWKSD -KDNUL +\GURHOHFWULF 3URMHFW ±
&HQWUDO%RDUGRI,UULJDWLRQDQG3RZHU1HZ'HOKL


International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(6) 2016 825 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/10005597