Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Tabla de contenido
Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1
Concept map.......................................................................................................... 2
2. Wh questions..................................................................................................... 4
Some other expressions with What and Which ................................................... 5
Word order in questions ...................................................................................... 6
7. Future time....................................................................................................... 14
References ........................................................................................................... 23
Introduction
Is vital to know different expressions of the English language frequently used in the
business world and its pronunciation are essential for the development of the
logistics processes, due to allow an accurate and effective communication in the
different scales of the supply chain links and all the logistic process management,
especially when the partakers involved are native English speakers.
Because of the preview information, in this training material will be study the types
of common expression such as placements, Wh questions and some grammatical
figures often used.
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Concept map
In the conceptual map that is shared below, you can see the thematic content
interrelationship that arises in this learning material:
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1. Vocabulary: collocations
What is a collocation?
A collocation is two or more words that often go together. These combinations just
sound "right" to native English speakers, who use them all the time. On the other
hand, other combinations may be unnatural and just sound "wrong".
It is easier for our brains to remember and use language in chunks or blocks
rather than as single words.
Be aware of collocations, and try to recognize them when you see or hear
them.
When you learn a new word, write down other words that collocate with it
(remember rightly, remember distinctly, remember vaguely, remember vividly).
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Revise what you learn regularly. Practice using new collocations in context as
soon as possible after learning them.
Learn collocations in groups that work for you. You could learn them by topic
(time, number, weather, money, family) or by a particular word (take action, take
a chance, take an exam).
You can find information on collocations in any good learner's dictionary. And
you can also find specialized dictionaries of collocations.
Types of collocation
There are several different types of collocation made from combinations of verb,
noun, adjective etc. Some of the most common types are:
Verb + expression with preposition: burst into tears (NOT blow up in tears).
2. Wh questions
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Where did you get the feedback from
A place.
your boss?
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Word order in questions
Be
They are in the meeting room. Are they in the meeting room?
You were late for the conference. Were you late for class?
Modal verbs
With modal verbs (can, will, might) we also invert the subject and the verb to
form the question.
Erika can present the plan. Can Erika present the plan?
Other verbs
With other verbs, we put the auxiliary verb do or does before the subject if you
are using present simple.
Jamie has his own business. Does Jamie have his own business?
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3. Word stress rules
One word has only one stress. (One word cannot have two stresses. If you
hear two stresses, you hear two words. Two stresses cannot be one word. It is
true that there can be a "secondary" stress in some words. But a secondary
stress is much smaller than the main [primary] stress, and is only used in long
words.)
We can only stress vowels, not consonants. Here are some more, rather
complicated, rules that can help you understand where to put the stress. But do
not rely on them too much, because there are many exceptions. It is better to try
to "feel" the music of the language and to add the stress naturally.
Rule Example
Most 2 - syllable nouns. Present - export - China - table.
Present - slender - clever -
Most 2 - syllable adjectives.
happy.
Rule Examples
Rule Example
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Stress on ante-penultimate syllable
Rule Example
Words ending in - cy, - ty, - phy Democracy - dependability,
and - gy. photography - geology.
Words ending in – al. Critical - geological.
Compound words
Rule Example
For compound nouns, the stress
Blackbird - greenhouse.
is on the first part.
For compound adjectives, the
Bad-tempered, old-fashioned.
stress is on the second part.
For compound verbs, the stress is
Understand, overflow.
on the second part.
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Interrupting Asking for clarification
5. Present perfect
The present perfect is formed from the present tense of the verb have and the past
participle of a verb.
The present perfect continuous is formed with have/has been and the -ing form of
the verb.
Use
For something that started in the past and continues in the present:
For something we have done several times in the past and continue to do:
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o I’ve been planning a new improvement process.
We often use a clause with since to show when something started in the past:
We often use the adverb ever to talk about experience up to the present:
o My last meeting with the boss was the worst day I have ever had.
For something that happened in the past but is important at the time of
speaking:
o Teresa isn’t in the meeting room. I think she has gone home.
We use the present perfect of be when someone has gone to a place and
returned:
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B: She's gone to Paris for a new business for a week. She’ll be back tomorrow.
We often use the present perfect with time adverbials which refer to the recent
past:
Ever (in questions); so far; until now; up to now; yet (in questions and
negatives).
Warning
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6. Conditional sentences
Example:
If the company manufactures a product from parts purchased from suppliers, and
those products are then sold to customers, one will be able to speak about a
supply chain.
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7. Future time
Future progressive
The future progressive expresses an
The staff will be having the meeting
activity that will be in progress at a time
during the morning.
in the future.
Future perfect
The future perfect expresses an activity
that will be completed before another
By the time the day ends, the
time or event in the future. (Note: by the
employees will have received
time introduces a time clause; the
feedback.
simple present is used in the time
clause).
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8. Oral presentations
Here are the British Council top tips for oral presentations:
Do
If you are allowed to have a note card, write short notes in point form.
Pause from time to time and don’t speak too quickly. This allows the listener to
understand your ideas. Include a short pause after each idea.
If you can’t record yourself, ask a friend to listen to you. Does your friend
understand you?
Make your opinions very clear. Use expressions to give your opinion.
Don’t:
Write out the whole presentation and learn every word by heart.
Only look at your note card. It’s important to look up at your listeners when you
are speaking.
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Useful language for presentations
Firstly, ...
Then, ...
Secondly, ...
Next, ...
Finally, ...
Lastly, ...
In conclusion, ...
Use these expressions to add more ideas from the same point of view:
In addition, ...
Also, ...
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To introduce the opposite point of view you can use these words and expressions:
However, ...
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Review of tenses
Simple present
Affirmative She drinks.
Negative She does not drink.
Interrogative Does she drink?
Form I, you we they play | he, she, it plays.
• Action in the present taking place once, never or several
times.
Uses • Facts.
• Actions taking place one after another.
• Action set by a timetable or schedule.
Present progressive
Affirmative He is reading.
Negative He is not reading.
Interrogative Is he reading?
Form To be (in the simple present) + verb + ing.
• Action taking place at the moment of speaking.
Uses
• Action arranged for the future.
Simple past
Affirmative I cried.
Negative I did not cry.
Interrogative Did I cry?
Regular verbs: verb + ed | Irregular verbs: forms differ and
Form
should be learned by heart.
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Past progressive
Affirmative He was driving.
Negative He was not driving.
Interrogative Was he driving?
Form To be (in the simple past) + verb + ing.
• Action going on at a certain time in the past.
Uses • Actions taking place at the same time.
• Action in the past that is interrupted by another action.
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Past perfect simple
Affirmative She had won.
Negative She had not won.
Interrogative Had she won?
Future simple
Affirmative I will open the door.
Negative I will not open the door.
Interrogative Will you open the door?
Form Will + verb.
• We use the simple future for instant decisions.
Uses • We use the simple future when we predict a future situation.
• We use the simple future in conditional sentences type one.
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Future plan (going to)
Affirmative He is going to clean the car.
Negative He is not going to clean the car.
Interrogative Is he going to clean the car?
Form To be (in the simple present) + going + to + verb.
Future progressive
Affirmative She will be listening to music.
Negative She will not be listening to music.
Interrogative Will she be listening to music?
Form Will + be + verb + ing.
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Future perfect
Affirmative He will have spoken.
Negative He will not have spoken.
Interrogative Will he have spoken?
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References
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Control del documento
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