Work Study Introduction

Clase 5 y 6 Semana 3
CAP 2: WORK STUDY AND ERGONOMIC
Prof. Ing. Héctor Fabio Bonilla Londoño Msc.

hfbonilla@javerianacali.edu.co
Ingeniería de Métodos 2019-1
Departamento de Ing. Civil e Industrial
Introduction
Sections:
1. The Nature of Work
Chapter 1 2. Defining Work Systems
3. Types of Occupations
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Historical Figures Related to Work
 Industrial Revolution (1770’s)
 James Watt
 steam engine
 Henry Maudslay
 screw-cutting lathe
 (Factories)
 Machines started to replace workers
 Produce more quickly and accurately
 Specialization of labor
 Use of large numbers of unskilled labors who works long hours for low pay
(including women & children)
 Interchangeable parts manufacture

 Eli Whitney (1765-1825)
 produces 10000 muskets for the US government
 Standard parts
 Special tools, fixtures etc.
 Unique products replaces custom-fabricate products
 Mass production (assembly line)

 Henry Ford (1863-1947)
 Model T for less than $500 in 1916
Historical Figures Related to Work
 Scientific management (late 1800s)
 Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915)

 Father of scientific management
 Frank (1868-1924) & Lillian Gilbreth (1878-1972)

 Father (mother) of motion study
 All works are composed of basic motion elements (therbligs)
 There is one best method to perform a certain task.
 Cheaper by the Dozen
 Motion study (finding the best method to perform a task)

 Time study to establish work standards for a job
 Use of standards in industry
 Labor incentives (bonus payments for higher outputs)
 Use of data collection, record keeping, cost accounting
 The objective is to improve the (labor) productivity

Work
 Is our primary means of livelihood
 Serves an important economic function in

the global world of commerce
 Creates opportunities for social interactions

and friendships
 Provides the products and services that

sustain and improve our standard of living

The Nature of Work
 Work is an activity in which one exerts physical and
mental effort to accomplish a given task or perform a
duty
 Task or duty has some useful objective
 Worker applies skills and knowledge for successful

completion
 The activity has commercial value
 The worker is compensated

Work (Physics Definition)
 The displacement (distance) that an object moves in a
certain direction multiplied by the force acting on the
object in the same direction.
 W=F.d (Newton-meter)
 Units of measurement:
 Newton-meters (N-m) in the International System of Units
(metric system)
 Foot-pounds (ft-lb) in U.S. customary units
 Work is more than muscular applications.
 Combination of physical and cognitive work.

The Pyramidal Structure of Work
 Work consists of tasks
 Tasks consist of work elements
 Work elements consist of basic motion elements

Task
 An amount of work that is assigned to a
worker or for which a worker is responsible
 Repetitive task – as in mass production

 Time required = 30 seconds to several
minutes
 Non-repetitive task – performed

periodically, infrequently, or only once
 Time required usually much longer
than for repetitive task

Work Element
 A series of work activities that are logically
grouped together because they have a unified
function in the task
 Example: assembling a component to a base

part using several nuts and bolts
 Required time = six seconds or longer

Basic Motion Elements
 Examples:
 Reaching for an object
 Grasping the object
 Moving the object
 Walking
 Eye movement
 A work element consists of multiple basic

motion elements
 Less than a second

Pyramidal Structure of Work
 Extended to a worker’s career

Importance of Time
 In many human activities, “time is of the
essence”
 In sports
 In daily living
 In business and industry
 In work

Importance of Time in Business and
Industry
 New product introduction

 Product cost (reduced time means reduced
labor costs)
 Delivery time
 Overnight delivery
 Competitive bidding (proposals should be
submitted by a specific date)
 Production scheduling (being on time)

Importance of Time in Work
 Time is the most frequently used measure of work (not
Newton-meter)
 How many minutes or hours are required to perform a
given task?
 Most workers are paid by the time they work
 Hourly wage rate
 Salary
 Time=Money
 Workers must arrive at work on time
 Otherwise his/her absence may handicap the rest of the
team
 Labor and staffing requirements computed in units of
time
 Aggeragate unit

Work System Defined (manual,
machine system buraya)
 As a physical entity, a work system is a system
consisting of humans, information, and
equipment designed to perform useful work
 Results of the useful work contributes to the
production of a product or delivery of a service
 Examples:
 Worker operating a machine tool in a factory
 An assembly line consists of a dozen of workers at
seperate work stations along a moving conveyor
 Parcel service agent driving a delivery truck to make
customer deliveries
 Designer working at a CAD workstation
 A receptionist answering incoming phone calls

A Work System as a Physical Entity

Work System Defined
 As a field of professional practice, work systems include:
 Work methods - analysis and design of tasks and jobs

involving human work activity
 Operations analysis & methods engineering
 Work measurement – analysis of a task to determine the

time that should be allowed to perform the task
 Time study
 Product costs
 Worker performance
 Worker requirements
 Standard time
 How long it takes to accomplish a given work
 (Time=Money)

Work System Defined
 As a field of professional practice, work
systems include (cont.)
 Work management – organizational and

administrative functions that must be
accomplished to achieve high productivity and
effective supervision of workers
 Organizing workers
 Motivating workers
 Evaluating jobs
 Evaluating performances
 Compensating workers (labor wages)

Comparisons: Industries and Workers
 It is convinient to group occupations into the
following four groups although there are more
types of occupations
1. Production workers
 Making products
 Manufacturing, construction, agriculture
2. Logistics workers
 Moving materials, products, people
 Transportation, distribution, material handling

Comparisons: Industries and Workers
 It is convinient to group occupations into the following
four groups although there are more types of
occupations (cont.)
3. Service workers
 Providing service, applying existing information
knowledge, communicate
 Banking, retail, government, health care
4. Knowledge workers
 Creating knowledge, solving problems, managing
 Management, engineering, legal, consulting,
education

Comparison of Work Characteristics
Physical activities Cognitive activities

Relative Percentages of Occupations in
the U.S. Workforce 1900-1998
TR 2007
28
26
54
46
In one century the proportions have reversed.

Productivity
 The level of output of a given process relative to the level of
input (output/input)
 Process can refer to
 Individual production or service operations
 Can be used in the context of a national economy
 Productivity is an important metric in work systems because
Improving productivity means
 saving scarce natural and human made resources
 worker compensation can be increased without
increasing the costs of products and services they
produce
 Products and services at lower prices for consumers which
improves standard of living
Labor Factor in Productivity
 Labor itself does not contribute much to improving
productivity
 More important factors:
 Capital - substitution of machines for human labor
 Investing an automated production m/c to
replace a manually operated m/c
 Technology - fundamental change in the way
some activity or function is accomplished
 It is more than using a m/c in place of a human
worker
 A technologically more developed m/c replaces
the previous one.

Examples of Technology Changes
Horse-drawn carts Railroad trains
Steam locomotive Diesel locomotive
Telephone operator Dial phone
Manually operated Numerically controlled

milling machine (NC) milling machine

Increasing Productivity
 Important to recognize important gains in
productivity are more likely to be made
 By the introduction of capital and technology
in a work process
 Than by attempting to get more work in less
time out of the workers
 For example, in construction industry, mortar in

mixers pumped into molds rather than workers
mixing by shovels

Manual Work System

Worker-Machine System

Automated System

Some Definitions
 Work unit – the object that is processed by the work
system
 Workpiece being machined (production work)

 Material being moved (logistics work)
 Customer in a store (service work)
 Product being designed (knowledge work)
 Unit operations – tasks and processes that are treated

as being independent of other work activities
 As opposed to sequential operations (sequence of

operations required to manufacture a product or deliver a
service)

Manual Work Systems
 Most basic form of work in which human body
is used to accomplish some physical task
without an external source of power
 With or without hand tools

 Even if hand tools are used, the power to operate
them is derived from the strength and stamina of a
human worker
 Hairbrush vs hair dryer
 Of course other human faculties are also

required, such as hand-eye coordination and
mental effort
Pure Manual Work
 Involves only the physical and mental
capabilities of the human worker without
machines or tools.
 Material handler moving cartons in a warehouse
 Workers loading furniture into a moving van without
the use of dollies
 Dealer at a casino table dealing cards
 Office worker filing documents
 Assembly worker snap-fitting two parts together

Manual Work with Hand Tools
 Manual tasks are commonly augmented by use
of hand tools.
 Tool is a device for making changes to objects

(formally work units) such as cutting,
grinding,striking, sequeezing
 Scissor, screwdriver, shovel
 Tools can also be used for measurement

and/or analysis purposes
 Workholder to grasp or poisiton work units

Manual Work with Hand Tools
 Machinist filing a part
 Assembly worker using screwdriver
 Painter using paintbrush to paint door trim
 QC inspector using micrometer to measure the
diameter of a shaft
 Material handling worker using a dolly to move
furniture
 Office worker writing with a pen

Repetitive vs. Nonrepetitive Tasks
 Repetitive Task
 Work cycle is relatively short (usually a few minutes
or less)
 High degree of similarity from one cycle to the next
 Nonrepetitive Task
 Work cycle takes a long time
 Work cycles are not similar
 In either case, the task can be divided into

work elements that consist of logical groupings
of motions


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Clase 5 y 6 Semana 3

CAP 2: WORK STUDY AND ERGONOMIC

Prof. Ing. Héctor Fabio Bonilla Londoño Msc.

Chapter 1 2. Defining Work Systems

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

 Interchangeable parts manufacture

 Mass production (assembly line)

 Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915)

 Frank (1868-1924) & Lillian Gilbreth (1878-1972)

 Motion study (finding the best method to perform a task)

 The objective is to improve the (labor) productivity

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

 Serves an important economic function in

 Creates opportunities for social interactions

 Provides the products and services that

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

 Task or duty has some useful objective

 Worker applies skills and knowledge for successful

 The activity has commercial value

 The worker is compensated

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

 Foot-pounds (ft-lb) in U.S. customary units

 Work is more than muscular applications.

 Combination of physical and cognitive work.

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

 Tasks consist of work elements

 Work elements consist of basic motion elements

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

 Repetitive task – as in mass production

 Non-repetitive task – performed

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

 Example: assembling a component to a base

 Required time = six seconds or longer

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

 A work element consists of multiple basic

 Less than a second

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

 New product introduction

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

 Work methods - analysis and design of tasks and jobs

 Work measurement – analysis of a task to determine the

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

 Work management – organizational and

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

Physical activities Cognitive activities

In one century the proportions have reversed.

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

Steam locomotive Diesel locomotive

Telephone operator Dial phone

Manually operated Numerically controlled

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

 For example, in construction industry, mortar in

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work

 Workpiece being machined (production work)