of til'cst Bengal

Journal Human Nghu Commission

RIGHT.TO FOOD IN CURRENTAND FORMER

cryILsr/AR SITUATIONS 3 A CHALLENGE To
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS

Anirban Das
Gouerzment Law ColhS, Mumbai
Former'u#;y;:;;#,f
r;:,#:_i';rnission

Abstract
The Right to Food, as a component of the Righ, ro
anAdequate Standard ofliving,
holds a unique p.osition in International Human
Righ," today owing to the growing
need to Protect the local civilian population from
the gross human righm violations
in the recent and the ongoing civil wars. This article f,r.*p,,
to d.iscover the root
cause of the ramPant violations of this right in civil *r, in terms
of priorities,
institutional limitations and obsacles i" the implementation
of human rights and
international humanitarian law. The [.IN agencies
and the aid organisations are often
handicapped in civil war situadons du. io several
factors irrj,rdirrg the securiry
situation' Therefore' deljvelils humanitarian aid is
becoming difficult in conflicr
zones. However, despite the difficuldes, effons
made by,h. interiational organisations
to provide food supplies to conflict-stricken civilians
are commendable. Case-by-case
study of the civil wars in yemen, Somalia, and South
Sudan reveal the problems
faced by the international humanitarian missions
and how the internadonal
comrnuniry's response to food crisis situations has
evolved over the decades. The
r€cent developments in Public International Law
ro protect the Right to Food
demonstrate the comrnitment of the world to fun
re free from hunger and
"
mdnuuition in conflicts. The resilience of the humanitarian
aid *orl* in civil wars
restores our faith in humaniry.
\
Keywords z International community, adcqaaafoo{
banger, united natiotu,
htmaniurian lna4 seatrity sitaatiot, utm crirne, adtioop$r**a
stantatiot4
solenn promise, ciail utar, peaeeheqting missiola
,oloo)bl;h*r, intnrntional
reqlror*e' food crbis, blochadc,
food assistAnce, access, ight tu
food IINOSOM
I, food sbipments, bumanitarian aid
?rrs;onnel, ditr;bot;on, aulnerable
popuktioa international lau, obtigatioi t gily binding
and bumanity,
l. Introduction:
It is interesting to note the pivotal position that Right to Food
holds in today's
@ntCIfi among all the basic human tightr enshrined
in the lg1SUniversal Declaration

Nght to Food in Cunent and Former Ciuil \yar Sittutions

:
A Cbalhngc a Inttnational Hurun nijttts
Joumal of Vex Bengal Human Rights Commision

of Human Righm. Multiple legal instruments including international conventions,

notably the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Socid and Culturd Rights,
regional ueaties and national legislations funher bolster the importance of this right
as a paft ofThe Righ, to AnAdequate Standard of Living. \f/ith all these legislations
and declarations, we as the international community, have made it clear that we
suongly believe that wery human being, irrespecdve of any attribute such as ethnicity,
religion or gender, is born with this inherent Right to Adequate Food and the Right
to be Free From Hunger [l]. But yet, how saddening it is when one discovers that
we have failed time and again to uphold this solemn promise which we have made
to ourselves and each other as fellow human beings.

The Right to Food forms an integral part of our Right to Life as well as our Right
to Digniry as human beings. No human being deserves to starve to death due to
inaccessibiliry of food. Before the conventions and the treaty laws had come into
erdstence, dre Right to Food was sdll seen as a moral right, suengthened by customary
laws. Moraliry, although inherent in human beings, is not seen to be strictly'legally
binding' on the state and non-state actors. The advent of International Human
Rights and Humanitarian I-aw has filled this void and has made the perpetrators of
human rights violations answerable before international courts in the past such as
the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, United Nations
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and more recendy, the Internationd
Crimes Tribund (Bangladesh). International Human Rights Law, in this sense, is
the defender of these basic rights and dignity of humankind.

Vhereas protecting these human rights is a complex task and requires a host of
institutional frameworks, the situation is further aggravated in a conflict situation.
\firh the breakdown of the law and order machinery, the common man has nowhere
to go for seeking justice and asking for the enforcement of his legal rights such as
the Right to Food. The administration, in sweral instances, is incapacitated to assist
the victims owing to the ensuing chaos. In other circumstances, the state itself
perpeffates these excesses as has been the case in Former Yugoslavia. It is in such
circumstances that the international communiry has progressively attempted to
intervene and provide humanitarian assistance to the affected people.

In Public International l.aw, recent developments such as the 2012 FoodAssistance

Convention, which will be dealt with more extensively at a later stage, demonstrate
that the international community now perceives the upholding of basic human rights
such as the Right to Food as its inherent responsibility. The United Nations agencies
sucfi as the\florld Food Programme ($7FP) and the Food andfuriculture Organisation
(FAO), humanitarian aid agencies such as the International Red Cross and severd
nations have contributed their financial resources, personnel, food supplies and other
essential commodities to international humanitarian missions in an aftempt to help
the vulnerable local civilians uapped in a civil war. However, several factors including

Nght to Food in Cunent and Former CiuilVar Sinations :

AChalhnge to Innrnatiorul Human Nghts
 Journal of Vat Bcngal Human Nghtr Commission

the volatile security situation as well as budget shonfalls limit their abiliry to deliver
aid to the most affected places in the world.

2. The'Sole-n Promise' in the face of an armed conflict - current position of

the Right to Food in Public International Law:

International Human Rights, historicalln has faced its worst blows at the hands of
armed conflicts, both of internationd and internal nanre. From the end of thetVorld
\Var II ro the presenr date, civil wars have witnessed the worst forms of atrocities
against the human race as a whole. Belligerent parties to a conflict of such a naffe,
on many occasions, stardng from the Iran Crisis of 1946 to the ongoing Yemeni
Civil'War, have commiaed such orcesses.

In the conrexr of the food crisis in the ongoing Yemeni Civil'S7ar, Ms. Hilal Elver,
the United Nations Specid Rapporteur on The Right to Food had said, "The
deliberate srarvarion of civilians in both international and internal armed conflict
may constitute a war crime, and could dso constirute a crime against humaniry in
the event of deliberate denial of food and dso the deprivation of food sources or
supplies" [2].'
The gravity of this issue is perhaps apprehended from the aforementioned statement
when one redises that the denid of Right to Food is an internadond crime of such
a griwous nature that the perpetrators may be tried for commitdng a'\U7ar Crime
and a Crime againsr Humanity. It is imperative, at this point, to comPrehend the
developmen$ in Internationd law to this date in this area:

Article 14 of theAdditiond Protocol lI (1977) to the Geneva Conventions has

prohibited the use of starvation of civilians as a combat tactic. Consequendy, the
destruction or damage of essential objects indispensable for the civilian population
including but not limited to foodstuffs, agricultural areas, croPs, livestock and
irrigation worls as a merhod of warfre and constitutes a'War Crime in any armed
conflict including civil wars.

Moreover, instances of starvation of the civilians in the civil wars in Nigeria and
Sudan have been strongly condemned by several countries and intergovernmentd
organisations.

However, despite the ueary laws and the protocols in place, this grave crime continues
ro be perperuated to this date. Such a travesty of humaniry is nothing l*
than a blot
on our effons to make this world a more just and humane place for dl of us. The
'Solemn Promise' is somehow broken in the event of a civil war
and as a result,
millions of people die ofhunger and even more stand on the verge of food insecurity.
More robust enforcement of these basic rights, in particular, and Internationd
Humanitarian Law, in general, is the need of the hour.

o to Food in Cuncnt andm Formn

Neht CiuilVar Siautions
: A Chalbtge Intenutional Hunun Right
 Joumal of \Vest Bengal Human Rtghtt Cornmission

3. Priorities matter:
More often than not, during an ongoing civil war, we are more concerned about its
politico-strategic ourcome. During a humanitarian situation, which is often in
conjunction with a civil war in today's world (as has been the case with the United
Nations Missions in Somalia and presendy, in South Sudan), the majority of the
resources and personnel of the contributing nations is utilised for military and dlied
purposes. Vhile such an approach is not outright wrong, inadequate aftention is
paid to the degrading living condition of the civilian population in these conflict
zones.

'$Zith the outbreak of hostilities on both sides, the international media starts
broadcasting the advances made by the international peacekeeping operation or
conversel/, the day+o-day losses suffered by the mission. Analysts, international
agencies, and prominent personalities spring into action to andyse the state of affairs
and comment on its implications. Meanwhile, the respective countries evacuate their
nationals from the war zone as soon as possible. But, the international communiry
often overlooks one of the most signiftcant stakeholders in such a conflict: the local
inhabitants. Vhat the state actors of today need to be reminded is that apart from
their own evacuated nationals, the peacekeeping force personnel, and the on-ground
UN officials, the utmost protecdon and safeguarding of human rights is warranted
by the local civilian population as well. kaving aside the International I,aw, humaniry
imelfwarrants us to protect the human rights of the local population.

Noting this inherent responsibiliry on the pan of the international community, the
UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Ms. Hilal Elver had once warned the
belligerents in the Yemeni Civil war that "The right to food does not cease in times
$
of conflict, indeed it becomes more crucial as a result of the acute vulnerabilities in
€,,,
i: , which individuals ffnd tlemselves. Parties to the conflict must be reminded of their
g.. obligations under intemational humanitarian law to ensure that civilians and prisoners
i; of war have access to adequate food and water during armed conflict."

Howwer, in order to gauge the adverse conditions in the civil war zones adequateln
it is indispensable to conduct a case-by-case analysis of the status of human rights
in three civil wars in recent history that illustrate cases in point of violations of the
Right to Food by the involved pafties and how the international response to such
situations has evolved over decades.

4. The Yemeni Civil'War - An ongoing perpetuation of injustice :

The ongoing Yemeni Civil \Var has seen some of the worst human rights violations
of this cenrury on the paft of the involved state and non-state actors. The situation
since the beginning of the conflict in20l5 has only grown worse for the local civilians.
The country today finds itself in a major food crisis. As per the latest figures, over

Risht n Food in Cunmt and Former CiuilVar Siuntions :

e?halhngc n Intemdtional Hanan Nghn
 Joarnal of \Vex Bengal Human RtShx Commission

12.9 million people are now surviving without adequate access to food supplies,
including six million who are severely food insecure.

The situation has been made far worse due to blockades and restrictions on the free
movement of food shipmenm and humanitarian supplies. As pointed out by the UN
Special Rapponeur on the RiSh, to Food, this has suained the food securiry situation
in 19 of the 22 governorates ofYemen:
"In a country that relies on imports for 80 per cenr of its food intake, current
restrictions have resulted in steep price hikes, which, combined with increases in the
price of diesel by some 47 per cent, are having a devastating impact on food securiry."

Thble I : Food Security Scale

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ir,ii .rl

i.ii
tii, t,,lif::l.: ,i:i

.,ili',iuli .,il.i, ,,.

'-,:S?r11;:1,i,

+iliffitiil
According to the latest Integrated Food Securiry Phase Classiftcation (IPC) analysis,
over half of the country's population is living under'emergenry' conditions of food
insecuritywith the bare minimum caloric intake. This pua around 7 million Yemenis
on an darming phase 4 of the 5-tier IPC scale. Another 7.1 million are on phase 3
or the 'crisis' phase [3].

The sheer number of people affected makes it the worst humanitarian crisis at this
point.

4.1 World Food Programme ($7FP) in action :

'u7'orld
The Food Programme (WTP) is an agen cy of the United Nadons that is at
the forefront of food assistance in conflict situations since its inception in 196l.It
is the largest humanitarian organisation that is devoted to the purpose of upholding
the Right to Food and promoting Generd Food Security.
'\I7FP
The has been operational in Yemen since 1967.Its effons so fu in Yemen have
been moderately successful and its operations in the hard-hit governorates.of the
country in the context of the civil war are praisewonhy.

The \7FP Emergency Assistance Programme has helped more than 300,000 IDPs
(Internally Displaced Persons) including 60,000 children with food support in camps,
open areas and with host families across Yemen [4].

Right to Food in Cunent and Former Ciail Var Sinations :

A Chalhnge a International Human RtShx
 'W'est
Journal of Bengal Hrman Rights Commission

Ithas tried to stabilise the food price in Sa'ada in response to the increasing
food
supply shortages due ro blockades from both sides.

However, despite such commendable efforts, the \(FP is limited in its abiliry
to
provide humanitarian assistance to the required number of people due to
furrjirrg
shonfalls. This has left severely food insecure yemenis, childien, pregnanr
moth.ri
and conflict-stricken refugees without adequate aid.

4.2 What is making it worse?

Besides the ongoing civil war berween the SaudiJed coalition force
that seeks to
restore the internationally recognised government of PresidentAbd-Rabbu
Mansour
Hadi and the rebel Houthis and forces loyal to former PresidentAliAbdullah
Saleh,
the food crisis has been worsened by some independent and allied factors:

' Strained supply of seeds and crop fertilizers has handicapped the farmers of
Yemen. Food producdon is crippled, makingYemen the I ltir-most food insecure
counrry in the world.

' The de faco blockade of the sea routes by coalition forces aimed at crippling
the
Houthis has led to a signiftcant drop in food and fuel impons which, at prJr.r*
Ievels, satisftes only 12 o/o ofYemen's demands.

' The blockade ouaide cities has choked supply lines and the food production
has
fallen by unprecedented levels.

' S,taning from March 2016, international banks have been cutting lines
of credit
for small traders and private firms that used to import food ,l y.-.rr. The
ongoing conflict has made western banks wary about financing these local
importers. The ftnancid difficulties have forced these suppliers to shut
down and
this has led to a rapidly worsening situadon where fooi prices have soared
due
to a hdted ftnancid qatem. As per a UN FoodAgency, with insufficient
seasonal
rains, dreadylimircd access to farms and strained agriculnral supplies,
the counrry
now srands on the verge of a catastrophic famine
[5].

' Natural cdamities such as earthquakes, locust swarms, and flash floods
have
funher crippled the nation's ability to produce and access food. Due to damage
to localstorage facilities, the ndigible amount of food produced locally
eithlr
withers before reaching the consumer or is looted by raijers.

Multiple violations of International Humaniarian Law with respegt to the

Right to
Food have been commiced by both sides in rhis conflict. Navj blockades
U/Uott
sides have led to the choking of important porrs which were used for
receiving
container ships ransporting food supplies. This has led to the stanration
of millions
ina country that impora almost aII of its food through seaborne
routes.

N-ght to-Food in Curent and Forma Ciail \Var Situations :

A Challcngc to Intcxzartonal Haman Nghts
 Joarnal of lVat Bcngal Human Righr Commission

The San Remo Manul on Navd \fafire dong with serreral other military regulations
prohibia the imposidon of such a naval blockade for sunring the civilian population.
The blockading parties must allow free passage of humanitarian relief supplies.
)
Similar blockades during the civil conflict in Afghanistan and the Middle Eastern
), counuies have been suongly denounced by th. United Nations and other internationd
s
organisations. Additionally, the combaants are prohibited from denpng the civilians
their legitimate access to fishing sites in the river or in the open seas [6].
The graviry of the present circumstances was caprured when Salah El Hajj Hassan,
Yemen Representative of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) said,
) "Ongoing conflict, displacement and limited access to fumland and ftshing sites
r continue to sruse signiftcant losses to agriculture and threaten farmers' livelihoods".
t,
The gaps in the implementadon of the internationd law of navd warfare and the
resulting fragiliry of the Right to Food of the civilian population in a largely food-
rf imponing counrry has been brought to the surface by the Yemeni Civil'War.
€
5. The Somali Civil$Var - An indelible scar :

During UNOSOM I (United Nadons Operation in Somdia I), it was observed that
re
in the immediate period after the commencement of hostilities and before the arrival
rt of international aid, rhe stock of basic necessities such as food and cooking oil was
in a severely strained position. This was mainly due to the breakdown of supply
roures, both tand and seaborne, as a result of the ongoing conflict. This consequendy
as
led to the death of many Somalis due to starvation. In a maffer of a few days,
international humanitarian aid including food and non-food supplies staned pouring
lit into Mogadishu, the capial ciry of Somalia. The LIN Secretary-General's "90 - D"y"
1e Action Plan" was envisaged to provide the 1.5 million immediate and 3.5 million
:d additiond at-risk population with food, seeds, basic health, and water supply [7].
rd However, what wi have learnt from I-INOSOM I, is that the act of supplnng food
ue per se is not enough:
ul On 29th August 1992, in one of many
ry insances, raiders belonging to Somdia's
infamous warlord Mohamed Farrah
tve Aidid's forces disaiminately looted food
€e and emergency fuel supplies from the
rer pon of the capital ciry of Mogadishu.
An unarmed Egrydan soldier who was
:to part of the 50-member UN Observer
rth Force was shot as these raiders entered
i.g thepott Thus, the damage was inflicted
)ns both on the supplies as well as on
Figurc I. Spohaun futiea 29thAugrct 1992 human life.

Nsht n Food in Canent and Forma CiuilVar Situtions :

A Challenge n Inarnational Human Nghr
 Joarzal of Vest Bengal Human Rtshtt Commission

According to a PoPular estimate by the Spokesman Review Newspaper, as of even

as early as 1992, these bandits had already seized hundreds of tons of relief food,
25 trucks, and the UN Vorld Food Programme's enrire emergency fuel supply.
It was too late when the UN realised that the initial number of 500 armed
guards sent to Protect the food shipments was nor enough to meet rhe strength of
these raiders. The worst-hit, however, from this securiry lapse were the alre"dy
starved civilians [8].

Such lootings worsened the already degrading living conditions of the Somali civilians.
The food security crisis was of a substantial nature, both quantitatively as well as
morally. To provide the readers with a contexr, as per a 1992 LIN estimate, more
than 1.5 million Somalis were facing starvation and an additional 4.5 million were
in the dire need of food and other emergency supplies: The sancdons of food
shipments by the international communiry and organisations such as the International
Red Cross Presented a ray of hope to them. On the other hand, the volatile security
detail on ground for guarding these shipments entirely marred such hope.

At this point, the description of rhe Right to Food by the Comminee on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights needs to be recalled:

"The right to adequate food is realized when every man, woman, and child, a1one
J
or in communiry with others, has physical and economic access at all times to
adequate food or means for its procurement." [9]

Therefore, "physicd and economic access" is indispensable as far as Right to Food

is concerned. In Somalia, dre ensuing political chaos and violence had stagnated
the
already deficient supply of humanitarian aid. Relief ships were being bombarded and
the personnel of donor organisations were often kidnapped and th.ir lirr., were pur
at risk. Such circumstances did not allow the humanitarian agencies and the UN
organisations and civilian personnel to function in the areas of greatest need in and
around Mogadishu. As Per a (IN estimate, more than 3,000 persons were dying per
day due to starvation despite the fact that relief supplies were i."dy to be dirpat.lred.
The uN agencies and the donor organisations could not begin to provide theiequisite
amount of assistance unless the security concerns of their ground personnel were
resolved. This unfortunate delay in the initiation of the aid result.dln the
death of
hundreds and thousands of innocent Somalis who probably had nothing to do with
the factional power struggle that had started the civil war.

5.1 Icsson learnt:

Somalia, thus, is a c:se in point that demonstrates that our responsibiliry doesn't en4
at the point where we merely provide for the formal rationing of food at a distribution

Right to Food in Cunent and Former Ciuil Vhr Sinations :

A Challntge to Inten ational Human Nghts
 .:iffi
Joumal of Vcst Bengal Human Rigbts Commission

depot' In 6ct, ensuring the unhindered and safe access to rhe

depot for the collecdon
of the ration by the civilians and safeguarding the depot wirh
the requisite number
of armed personnel is equally imponanr,

5.2 Good sense prwails r

Pursuant the god of ensuring the systematic supply of humanitarian

1o aid and also
ensuring the securiry of the ground personnel, rh;LrN Securiry
Council had ftnally
reached a consensus and approved a 6 monthJong
$ Lzg,g*i[ion programme vide
the tllrl Security Council Resolutio n775 in August l992for
the p*por. ofsending
3' 500 additional EooPs to Somalia exclusively for th. purpose ofg.r.rdirrg the fooj
shipments and overseeing the humanitarian relief operatiorrr.
hhi, unanimous
rCIolution funher underscores the importance of the obligation
of the international
actors for protecting the Righ, to Food of the local civilians.
tlO]
6. Food inseorrity in south sudan - the world today :
Presendn South Sudan is in the midst of a food securiry crisis.
The conflict which
saned in December 2013, combined with narural disasters and corrupdon,
has led
to 4'6 million South Sudanese people being food insecure as ofJuly
20l6as per a
UN estimate [11].
Tablc 2.TheSouth Sudan Crisis in Figures
As of20l5, inadequate seasond m.ins,
crop deftcit and a shonage of basic
food saples have led to widespread
malnutrition among children.
According to an estimate prepared
jointly by the UNICEF (United
Nations Children's Fund), \U7HO
(World Hedth Organisation) and
The \rorld Bank, a staggerin g3l.lo/oof children under rhe age of
ftie years in South
Sudan face nutrition deffciency [12].

futide 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is uampled

upon
by the combatants from both sides in South Sudan. A, p., a European
Commission
Repon, it is very difficult to deliver humanitarian aid ,o ,h. affeced
people in South
Sudan. Attacla against humanitarian'aid workers and marauding
of fooa supplies
remind trs of the nvo-decade old Somalian Civil'War. The abiliry
o?"ia org*iotio*
and IIN agencies to provide the rnrlnerable population with basic food rations has
onc€ again been severely consuained tl3]. Human righa, once
again,
v stands at peril
with armed conflict.
South Sudan, the youngest nation in the world which came inro
eirisrence in 2011,
is yet to become a Parry to a binding international protocol
that warrants the sate

Ngbt n Food in Cunmt and Forma Ciuil Var Siuution :

A Challange n IntenztionalHurun Righr
 ;rii

Comnission
Journal of Veo Bengal Haman Nghts

international communiry
to prorecr the Right to Food of its subjects. Howwer, the
Nations Mission In South
,ni p"ni",rl"r$ ir. contributing countries to the United
ensure that not only are food
Sudan (I_'NMISS) are morally td l.gr[y obliged to
also that the food reaches the
supplies shipped to the land-locked South Sudan bui
again in the
,,r*irrg 3.9 million South Sudanese people tl4]. As the country is once
embrace of a civil war [15], it is a clarion call to the
international communiry to live
Rights and therefore,
up ro the spirit of rhe rgftguniversal Declaration of Human
,"f.grrrrd the basic digniry of life of these conflict-ridden masses.

7. The way ahead - a silver lining :

recognise and
In International law, conscious efforts have been made since 1945 to
protect the Right to Food as an inherent right of every human being'
(UN FAO)
The lgg5Constitution of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization
proclaimed the crusade for humaniry's liberation from
hunger.

actors for
The moral obligation involved on the part of the state and non-state
the legal obligations
protecting this r"ight is considerable, to say the least. Howwer,
neglected eirher. 1\e20l2Food Asistance Convention,
which is curendy
Lno, be
been ratified
in the process of being adopted by differenr countries and has already
by at least 5 signatoriJs, is the firrt rt.p of this cenrury in this direction [16]' As the
important role to play
only legally binding international treaty on food aid, it has an
action which underlines rhe
in the fonhcominidecades. It is deftnitely a reassuring
increCIing i-portlce of the Right to Food in International Human Rights l'aw'
8. C,onclusion:
social initiative
It ii hoped that institutional and legal steps, combined with a strong
citizens, are slowly
from rhe non-governmental aid organisadons and conscious global
hunger and
but steadily taking this world to*"rds a brighter future, free from
death as a result
malnutrition, a *oild where people in a civil war will not starve to
of inaction on the part of their authorities and a world where children
will not go
The day every
undernourished by r."ron of an ongoing conflict in their country'
human being i, to have "physical and economic access" to food supplies and
"bl. act on another Security Council resolution to send thousands
the IJIrI *orri. have to
country, this
of soldiers ro protect the food shipments in yet another civil war-torn
world will have become a better place for dl of us tl7).

It is with such ardenr hope and desire for that thotsands ofselfless humaniarian
cJrange
people in South Sudan,
aid workers are suiving io deliuer assistance to conflict-ridden
places. Th.y have re-strengthened our convicdon in
the
Syti", and Iraq
"-orriother to serve all and neglects none.
belief that humaniry sffives

Neht n Food in Cunent and' Formo CiuilVar Situartons :

ethalhnge n International Hamdn Nghts
 Joarnal of Wcx Bngal Hrnan Nghn Commission

Referenccs:
l. Miscellancous:

tll Office of the UN High Commissioner for Hurnan Rights. (2010). Right to
Adequate Food, Fact sheet No. 34. United Nations Office (Geneva). Retrio'cd
from hnp://www.ohch,r. org.

19] The Commimee on Economic, Socid and Cultural Righ,r. (1991). Fact Sheet
No.16 (Rev.l). United Nations Office (Geneva). Rctrieved from
hmp://www.ohchr.org.

[10] LIN Security Council ResolutionTT5, The situation in Somdia, S/RES/775

(1992, August 28), Reriwed from hrp://www. un.org.

tt+1 Plhnz"M. QOl4). Adesperatc smrgle aginst starvation in South Sudan. United
Nations Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) Office, New York Reuiened
from hap://www. unicef.org.

tl6j Food Assistance Convention, May 8, 2012, XIX CTC. Retrieved from
hnp://www.ueaties. un.org.

2. Rcport:
[l l] European Commission Mcdia Fcport Q0l5). South Sudan Coping with C-onflict
and Food Inscctuity. O:&m/European Union (Brussel).

. Il2) Unitd Nations Children's Furd, \7orld Halth Organisation, The \7orld Bank
(2012). UNICEF-\fHO-\7orld Bank Joint Child Mdnutrition Estimates.
'WHO,
UNICEF, New Yorlq Genrya; The \$forld Bank, \Ufashington, DC.

[13] European Commision Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection. (2016). SoutJr
Sudan Crisis Factsheet. European C,ommission Office (Brussels).

3. Artidc in aPcriodical t

121 Office of the ttN HBh Commissioner for Human Righo Ncws Cenue. Q015,
August 1l). Yemen spiralling into maior food crisis - LIN o(pert warns against
deliberate stanradon of civilians (News lD:16307). tIN Human Righn Officc
(Geneva). Reuieved from hrry://www.ohchr.org.

t3l UN News Ccntre. Q0l6,June 2l). More than hdf ofYcmen's populadon now
food insecure (News IDz 54277). tIN News Service (NewYork). Retriened from
http://www.un.org.

t5l Saul,I.; Dahan, M.E.; Ghobari, M. (2016, March4). Ycmcn's foodc.risis deepens
as banks cut credit for shipmenr. Reuters (Londor/Abu Dhabi). Reuieved from
hap://www.reuters.com

tSl Associated Pres. (lggz,Augrst 29). Airlift delivers food to Somalia, Bandits raid
U.N. depot. The Spokesman Rwiew (Spokane, \Tashington), pp.43.

tl5l Dumo, D.; Niclrols, M. (2016, J,.tly I l). Renervd ffghd"g erupts in South Sudan
as fearsof civil war mount. Rcuters $uba/United Nations). Retriwed from
htp://www.reuters.com

Nrltt n Fod in Cancnt atd Formcr Ciail Var Situtions :

A Challmgc n Intatutiotul Hatnn NSbs
 'W'est
Joarnal of Bengal Human Righx Commission

4. Veb site:
'World Food ProgrammeYemen Mision Overview, https://www.*fp.otd*unuies/
t4l
yemen/overview

t7l United Nations Operarion in Somalia, http://www.un.orglDepts/DPKO/

Missions/unosomi.htm

5. Conference Proceedings :

t6] International lawyers and naval experts. (l994,June l2). San Remo Manud on
International l^awApplicable to fumed Conflicts at Sea. Proceedings of the Round
Table Conferences from 1988 ro l994the Intemational Institute of Humanitarian
t^aw (IIHL), Livorno, ItalY.

6. Book:
tlTl Schmirz, T.G. (2015). Food
choi, K.; Beladi, H.; schmitz, A.i Kennedy, P.L.;
Securiry in an Uncenain'World: An International Perspective. Emerald Group
Publishing, Bingley, U.K

Rirht n Food in Cunent and Formet Ciuil \Var Situations :

to Interndtional Hunan Rights
'l?halhnge