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Fluid Power - Intro to Hydraulics, Pneumatics, and
Chapter 1 Introduction to Fluid Power Use of Hydraulics
how it all works

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Advantages of Fluid Power Page 2

systems, and appendix III provides symbols amount of pressure and a more accurate
in
usednonaeronautical mechanical acontrol,
combination of hydraulics and pneumatics
The remainder of chapter 1 is devoted to the
systems. be used. If the application requires a great
may
advantages and problems of fluid power of pressure and/or extremely accurate control, a
amount
cations.
appli- Included are brief sections on the hydraulic system should be
development,
history, and applications of an used.
the states of matter.
hydraulics, d SPECIAL PROBLEMS

ADVANTAGES OF FLUID POWER The extreme flexibility of fluid power

presents a number of problems. Since fluids
elements
The extensive use of hydraulics and no shape of their own, they must be
have
ticspneuma-
to transmit power is due to the fact confined
positivelythroughout the entire system.
properly
that constructed fluid power systems consideration
Special must be given to the
apossess
number of favorable characteristics. integrity
structuralof the parts of a fluid power
eliminate
They the need for complicated systems Strong
system.pipes and containers must be
gears,
of cams, and levers. Motion can be Leaks
provided.must be prevented. This is a serious
mitted
trans- without the slack inherent in the use problem with the high pressure obtained in
solid
of machine parts. The fluids used are fluid
manypower
subject
not to breakage as are mechanical parts, The operation of the system involves
installations.
the
andmechanisms are not subjected to great movement
constantof the fluid within the lines and
wear.The different parts of a fluid power components. This movement causes
can be conveniently located at widely separated
system within
frictionthe fluid itself and against the
points, since the forces generated are surfaces
containingwhich, if excessive, can lead to
transmitted
rapidly over considerable distances with losses
seriousin efficiency. Foreign matter must
loss.
smallThese forces can be conveyed up and allowed
not be to accumulate in the system, where it
or around corners with small loss in efficiency
down clog small passages or score closely fitted
will
without complicated mechanisms. Very
and Chemical
parts. action may cause corrosion.
forces
large can be controlled by much smaller working
Anyone with fluid power systems must
can
onesbe and
transmitted through comparatively aknow
fluid how
power system and its components
lines and
small both in terms of the general principles
operate,
If the system is well adapted to the work it
orifices. to all physical mechanisms and of the
common
required
is to perform, and if it is not of the particular arrangement at
peculiarities
can provide
misused, it smooth, flexible, uniform action hand.
without vibration, and is unaffected by
HYDRAULICS
of load. In case of an overload, an
variation
release
automatic of pressure can be guaranteed, so
system
that theis protected against breakdown or The word hydraulics is based on the
Fluid
strain.power systems can provide widely wordGreek
for water, and originally covered the
motions in both rotary and straight-line
variable of the physical behavior of water at rest and in
study
mission
trans- of power. The need for control by motion. Use has broadened its meaning to
can
handbe minimized. In addition, fluid the behavior of all liquids, although it is
include
systems
power are economical to concerned with the motion of
primarily
The question may arise as to why
operate. Hydraulics includes the manner in
liquids.
is used in some applications and
hydraulics liquids act in tanks and pipes, deals with
which
others. Manyin
pneumatics factors are considered by the user properties,
their and explores ways to take
and/or the manufacturer when determining of these
advantage
type
which of system to use in a specific properties.
DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRAULICS
There are no hard and fast rules to follow;
application.
however, past experience has provided
sound
some ideas that are usually considered when Although the modern development of
decisions
such are made. If the application hydraulics is comparatively recent, the ancients
speed,
requiresa medium amount of pressure, and were familiar with many hydraulic
fairly
only accurate control, a pneumatic system their applications.
principles and The Egyptians and the
be
may used. If the application requires only a people
ancientof Persia, India, and China
medium conveyed water
1-2

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Advantages of Fluid Power Page 3

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