Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Fundamentals of
Electrical Engineering
September 2018
http://www4.hcmut.edu.vn/~hphanh/teach.php 1
COURSE OUTLINE (EE2027)
1. Course Title: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering
2. Total Hours: 30
3. Evaluation: Mid-Term Exam: 0%
• Homeworks – In-Class Exam - Seminar: 30%
Final Exam: 70%
5. Course - References:
[1] Schaum’s – Theory and Problems of Circuit Analysis -
McGraw Hill - 2007
[2] Schaum’s – Electric Machines and Electro-mechanics -
McGraw Hill - 2007
2
5. Course - References: (cont.)
[3] Nilsson – ELECTRIC CIRCUITS_Solution Manual–
John Wiley & Sons - 2007
[4] Fitzgerald – Electric Machinery -
McGraw Hill – 2005
[5] Nguyễn Kim Đính – Kỹ Thuật Điện –
Nhà Xuất Bản Đại Học Quốc Gia TPHCM – 2015
[6] Nguyễn Kim Đính – Kỹ Thuật Điện –
Nhà Xuất Bản Đại Học Quốc Gia TPHCM – 2015
3
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1. Fundamentals of Electrical Circuits
CHAPTER 2. Sinusoidal Circuits
CHAPTER 3. Solving Methods for Sinusoidal Circuits
CHAPTER 4. Three-Phase Circuits
CHAPTER 5. Fundamentals of Electrical Machines
CHAPTER 6. Transformers
CHAPTER 7. Three-Phase Induction Motors
CHAPTER 8.Three-Phase Synchronous Generators
CHAPTER 9. DC Machines.
4
DETAILED CONTENTS
1 Fundamentals of Electrical Circuits
6
3. Solving Methods for Sinusoidal Circuits
7
4. Three-Phase Electrical Circuits
9
6. Transformers
10
7. Three-Phase Induction Motors
11
8. Three-Phase Synchronous Generators
12
9. DC Machines
Fig. 1.1
1. Power Supply: Generates (Supplies) Electrical Power
! i R Gu R (1.6)
1 1
G ; R (1.7)
R G
pR u R i R Ri R2 Gu R2 (1.8)
19
4. Inductance component (Inductor) (Fig.1.8)
di
uL L (1.9)
dt
1 t
iL t u L d iL t0 (1.10)
L t0
Fig. 1.8
L = Inductance of the Coil (Henry - H)
duc (1.11)
iC C
dt
1 t
uC t iC d uC t0 (1.12)
C t0
Fig. 1.9 C = Capacitance of Capacitor (Farad - F)
20
1.5. Two Kirchhoff’s Laws
1. Kirchhoff’s Law on Current (K1)
i going into node 0 (1.13)
At A node (see Fig.1.10):
Fig. 1.10 i1 i 2 i 3 i 4 0
u Um si n( t )
(2.1)
i I m si n( t )
Fig. 2.1
u (U m , ) ; Um Bieâ
Peak
n ÑVoltage
oäAÙp; Pha
Volt.AÙ
Phase
p (2.2)
!
i (I m , ) ; I m Bieâ
Peak n g; Pha
n ÑCurrent
oäD oø D oø
Current nPhase
g
u U 2 sin( t ) (U , )
(2.6)
i I 2 si n( t ) ( I , )
23
Fig. 2.2
2.3. Using phasor to represent sinusoidal voltage
and current
1. Voltage Phasor U is characterized by:
Direction: Angle θ with respect to x axis
Magnitude = U
2. Current Phasor I is characterized by:
Magnitude = I
a) b)
Fig 2.5
b. Resistance and Angle
a) b)
Fig 2.6
b. Inductive Reactance and Angle
a) Fig 2.7 b)
b. Capacitive Reactance and Angle
1
XC DCapacitive
ung K haù Reactance
a PTof Ñieä
n g cuû Capacitor
n Dung (2.17)
C
UC
ZC X C ; C C C 90 (2.18)
IC
aïch C (X C , 90 )
CMcircuit (2.19)
28
4. R-L-C Series Circuit
a. Schematic and Vector Diagram (Fig 2.8)
a) Fig 2.8 b)
b. Capacitive Reactance and Angle
X X L X C Ñ i eä
Reactance
n K haùn gof(Ñseries R-L-C h RL CNT (2.20)
a M aïccircuit
K ) cuû
U 1 X
Z R X ; t an
2 2
(2.21)
I R
MSerial R-L-C
aïch RL circuit
C N oá p (Z, )
i Ti eá (2.22)
29
5. R-L-C Parallel Circuit
a. Schematic (Fig 2.9) and Vector Diagram (Fig 2.8b)
31
Fig 2.10a
2. Capacitive Load (Fig 2.10b)
90 0
R 0 vaøX 0 (2.32)
i nihanh
leads upha ( ) so
an angle of vôù
φi u
H 2.10b
0
R 0 vaøX 0
(2.33)
ii and
cuø
nugare
phain vôù
iu
phase
H 2.10c
32
4. Purely Inductive Load (Fig 2.10d)
90
R 0 vaøX 0 (2.34)
i ch aäm uphan
i lags 90 soofvôù
a angle 90i o u
H 2.10d
5. Purely Capacitive Load (Fig 2.10e)
90
R 0 vaøX 0 (2.35)
i nh anhupan
i leads 90 so
h aangle vôù
of 90oi u
H 2.10e 33
2.6. Power consumed by Load (Fig 2.11)
1. Load consumes 3 types of Power:
Active P(W); Reactive Q (VAr)
and Apparent S (VA).
! TGCS ñoà
Power Triangle &nImpedance
g daïn g vôù
i TGTTare identical
Triangle
! S I 2 Z; P I 2 R; Q I 2 X (2.40)
a) Fig 2.12 b)
a) b)
c) Fig 2.13 d)
36
2.8 Power Factor (PF)
a) b)
37
Fig 2.14
Study on Fig 2.14a, Voltage source Up supplied to Load U with
Power Triangle as Fig 2.14b, Power Line Resistor Rd.
Calculations gave:
P
Line current Id = Load current I = (2.42)
U cos
Power Line Loss = Pth = R I 2
d
(2.43)
38
3. Improvement Power Factor (PF) of Load Using Capacitor
a) Fig 2.15 b)
In order to improve PF of Load in Fig 2.15 from cos up to cos1 , one
connect 1 capacitor C // Load to obtain New Load (P1, Q1, cosj1).
P1 P Pc P (2.46)
Q1 Q Qc Qc Q1 Q Ptan tan 1 (2.47)
P (t an t an 1 )
C (2.48)
U 2
39
2.9 Measure Active Power Using Watt-Meter (W-M) (Fig 2.16)
40
2.10 Complex Number (CN)
1. Definition
Imaginary Unit j:
j2 = – 1 (2.50)
a = Re A
= Real part of A
b = Im A
Fig 2.17 = Imaginary part of A
NOTE:
! Point A*(a, –b) symmetric with A (a, b) over real axis
42
3. Calculation on Complex Number (CN)
A A r a2 b2 (2.54)
1 b
ar g A t an (2.55)
a
43
5. Various Forms of CN
r1 1 r
! ( r1 1 )(r2 2 ) r1 r2 1 2 ; 1 1 2 (2.62)
r2 2 r2
44
2.11 Using CN to represent sinusoidal electrical signals
U U Bi eâ
n Voltage
ÑoäAÙ c AH D
Magnitude
p Phöù
! (2.64)
ar g U Goù
c AÙ c Phase
pVoltage
Phöù Pha AÙp
45
3. Complex Impedance figured
as a Complex Number (2.67-68)
Z Z Bi eâ
n ñoäT T of
Magnitude phöù
CN c Impedance
T T cuûa T aû
=i Load Impedance
! (2.68)
ar g Z Goù c T T Phöù
Argument cofCN
GoùcImpedance
cuû
a T aû
i = Load Angle
In Fig 2.18c:
! ZZ
4. Complex Power figured as a
Complex Number (2.69-70)
S S Bi Magnitude
n ñoäCS of
eâ CN
phöù c Power
CSBK= cuû
Load’s i Apparent Power
a T aû
! (2.70)
ar g S Goù Argument
c CS Phöù c of CN
Goù Power
c cuû i = Load Angle
a T aû
46
5. Complex Admittance figured (2.71-72)
as a Complex Number
Y Y : Magnitude
n ñoäT Dofphöù
Bi eâ T D cuû
CNcAdmittancea T=aû
iLoad Admittance
!
ar g Y : GoùArgument
c T D phöù CN
cof Goù
Admittance
c cuû i = - Load(2.72)
a T aû Angle
! S U I I 2Z (2.74)
47
8. Comparison Between Complex Diagram Display (Fig 2.18) with Vector
Diagram (Fig 2.13)
a) b)
c) Fig 2.18 d) 48
9. Significance of Z = R + j X, Y = G + jB, S = P + jQ
(2.75)
ReZ =R = ÑTTÑ ; I m Z = X = ÑK TÑ
CUÛ
A
ReY =G = ÑDTÑ; I m Y = B = ÑN TÑ (2.76)
TAÛ
I
ReS =P = CSTD ; I m S = Q = CSPK
(2.77)
R –X G –B
G = 2 2 ; B = 2 2 ; R = 2 2 ; X=
R +X R +X G +B G 2 +B 2 (2.78)
Z R = R; ZL = jX L ; Z C = –jX C (2.79)
YR = G; YL = – jB L ; YC = jB C (2.80)
49
11. Complex Kirhoff’Current Law i going into node 0 (2.81)
Sk U k I k 0 (2.83)
Pk 0 and ø Qk 0 (2.84)
Fig 2.19
50
Chapter 3. Solving Methods for Sinusoidal Circuits
3.1. General Concepts
1. Contents of Sinusoidal Circuits’ Solving
• Suppose Circuits including 5 types of components: Voltage
Source e(t), Current Source ig(t), Resistor R, Inductor L and
Capacitor C. The required tasks:
• a. Instant Voltage u(t) and Instant Current i(t) through a
Component.
• b. Active power P, Reactive power Q, Apparent power S
consumed or generated by a component.
2. Two main Tools for solving sinusoidal circuits concerning using
VECTOR and COMPLEX NUMBER. Conversion between two
methods realized as followed Fig. 2.13 up to Fig.2.18. 51
3. Sinusoidal Circuits Solving Procedure includes 3 following steps:
b. LOAD: U = Z I or I = Y U (3.6)
Uk = ZkI (3.10)
! ZEQ = Z1 + Z2 (3.11)
U
I (3.12)
Fig. 3.1 Z tñ
Z1 Z2
! Voltage Division U1 U; U 2 U (3.13)
Z tñ Z tñ
Formula 54
3.3. Parallel Connection Method. Formula of Current Division (Fig. 3.2)
I k Yk U (3.14)
I I 1 I 2 ( Y1 Y2 )U Ytñ U
! Ytñ Y1 Y2 (3.15)
Fig. 3.2
I
U (3.16)
Ytñ
! Current Division Y1 Y
I1 I; I 2 2 I (3.17)
Ytñ Ytñ
Formula
55
3.4 Method of Y Conversion (Fig. 3.3)
a) b)
Fig. 3.3
Y Y
Z1 Z 2 (3.18) Z12 Z 31 (3.19)
Z12 Z1 Z 2 Z1
Z3 Z12 Z 23 Z 31
Z11I M 1 E M 1 (3.21)
U 1 E 1 , U 2 Z 2I 2 , U 3 E 3 , U 4 Z 4 I 4
a. E1 generates: S1 E 1I 1 P1 j Q1 (3.25)
E1 generates Active Power P1 and Reactive Power Q1
b. E3 consumes: S3 E 3I *3 P3 j Q3 (3.26)
E3 consumes Active Power P3 and Reactive Power Q3
S7. Evaluate Conservation Principle of P and Q
U A U AN (3.30)
!
U N U NN 0 (3.31)
U A U B E1 ; U G E3 (3.32)
I 2 Y2 (U C U D ); I 4 Y4 U H (3.33)
Fig 3.6 60
2. Two-Node Circuit (Fig 3.7)
S1. Choose N as ref. Node.
UA
YE k k
(3.36)
Y k
Fig 4.1
U ab U a U b U ba (4.1)
a. Uab = Voltage over ab
U ab U ac U cb (4.2)
U ab ZabI ab (4.5)
63
2. Voltage Source 3Φ-EQ (VS3Φ-EQ) is a set of three sinus
voltages had the same voltage and frequency, but mismatch the
phase 120o respectively (see Fig 4.2). We only consider the case
of forward sequence.
a) Fig 4.2 b)
a) b)
U p AH D pha
!
Fig 4.3 Ud AH D daâ
y
a. Phase Voltage = (Uan, Ubn, Ucn); Line Voltage = (Uab, Ubc, Uca)
Ud 3U p
U U 3 30
(4.7)
faster 30 compar ed to U an
ab an
Uab 65
4. VS3ÞEQ Connected (see Fig 4.4)
Line Voltage = Phase Voltage
= (Uab, Ubc, Uca)
Fig 4.4
Ud U p (4.8)
Z p T T pha
Z p Rp j X p
Z p Z p
66
a) Fig 4.5 b)
4.2. System 3Þ Y-Y Equivalent (see Fig 4.6)
h. (I aA , I bB , I cC ) L i neCur r ent
68
2. Solve 3Þ Circuit (Fig 4.6) based on 1 phase Circuit (Fig 4.7)
Z p Rp j X p
Z p Z p
Z d Rd j X d
Fig 4.7
U an
a. Calculate current I na I aA I AN
Zp Zd (4.9)
b. U AN Zp I AN ; U aA Z d I aA ; U AB U AN 3 30
(4.10)
Then U AB Ud ; U AN U p ; I aA Id ; I AN I p
(4.11)
Ud 3 U p ; I d I p (T aû
i Y)
69
3. Power, Loss, and Efficiency of 3ФEQ Circuit
P 3U p I p cos ; Q 3U p I p si n ; S 3U p I p (4.12)
b. Loss on 3Þ Lines
P P
% 100 100 (4.17)
PP P Pth
Rp
! % 100 (4.18)
R p Rd
a) Fig 4.8 b)
1. Voltage: U ab U an 3 30 ; U AB U ab (4.22)
U AB
2. Current: I AB ; I aA I AB 3 30 (4.23)
Zp
! If known U AB U d U p ; I aA I d ; I AB I p
then U d U p ; I d 3 I p (TAÛ
I ) (4.24) 72
4.4 System 3Þ Y- Equivalent, Zd 0 (see Fig 4.9)
a) Fig 4.9 b)
S1. Change load (Zp) to Y (Zp/3) (Fig 4.9b)
U an I aA
S2. I na I aA I AN ; I AB 30 (4.25)
Z p /3 + Z d 3
a) Fig 4.10 b)
S1. We split 3Þ circuit to three independent 1Þ circuits (Fig 4.10b)
U an
S2 I na I aA I AN ... (4.27)
Z d Z AN
S3 I N n I AN I BN I CN (4.28)
74
4.6 System 3Þ Y- Non-Equivalent, Zd = 0 (see Fig 4.11)
S2. U AB U ab (4.30)
U AB
S3. I AB (4.31)
ZAB
S4. I aA I AB I CA (4.32)
Fig 4.11
! Power of System 3Φ Non-EQ calculated from all of three Loads.
From Fig 4.11, Complex Power of 3Φ source generated as:
Fig 4.12
There are n Loads parallel; each Load either Y or
S1. P Pk ; Q Qk ; S P 2 Q2 (4.33)
S2. I d I aA S/ 3U d (4.34)
S3. Pd 3 I d2 Rd ; Qd 3 I d2 X d (4.35)
S4. PP P Pd ; QP Q Qd ; SP PP2 QP2 (4.36)
S5. U ab U dP SP / 3 I d ; cos P PP /SP (4.37)
77
4.8 System 3Þ Equivalent with Loads of 3Þ Motors (see Fig 4.13)
Fig 4.13
3Þ Motor is an electrical 3Þ Load whose PF = cosφ and
applies Input Power P1 to Output Power P2
Efficiency
P2 / P1 (4.38)
P2
! Id (4.39)
3Ud cos 78
Chapter 5. General Concepts of Electrical Machines
5.1. Faraday Law
v = Speed of conductor
l = Length of Conductor
F = BIl (5.4)
80
Fig 5.3
5.3. Ampere Law (Fig 5.4)
I1, I2,… were n currents
C = Closed Loop
S = Surface [m2]
μ = Absolute Permeability
R = l/ μS = Magnetic Reluctance
Fig 5.5 81
r / = Relative Permeability (5.6)
4 107 (H /m) = ÑoäT öøT haå
m T uyeä
t Ñoá
i cuû
a CK
2. The Coil had N turns, contained current I, MMF F = NI
F = Flux = BS (5.9)
S2'. F N k I k R i (5.15) 83
Chapter 6. Transformers (TFM)
6.1. General Concept
1. Schematic (Fig. 6.1)
b. Voltage Ratio
U1 E1 N1
k (6.3)
U2 E2 N2
c. Current Ratio
I1 U 2 1
S1 S 2 U1 I1 U 2 I 2 (6.4)
I 2 U1 k
87
6.4. Equivalent Circuits and Equations of Practical Transformers
! U 1 E 1 Z 1I 1 (6.6)
88
2. Equivalent Circuit of Secondary Winding (Fig. 6.4)
! U 2 R R2 I 2 , U 2 X jX 2 I 2 , U 2 Z 2 I 2 (6.7)
! E 2 U 2 Z 2I 2 (6.8)
89
3. Equivalent Circuit for Ideal Magnetic Core (Fig.6.5 & Fig. 6.6)
Core losses Pt
Sinusoidal flux F
Bm = Magnetizing admittance
I IC Im (6.11)
91
4. Current Equation (Fig. 6.2)
a. For ideal transformers, when load demands I2, equivalent
I1 needed is
I '2 I 2 /k (6.12)
I 1 I '2 I o (6.13)
92
5. Equivalent Circuit of Transformers (Fig. 6.7)
Fig. 6.7
6. Equivalent Circuit referred to primary (Fig. 6.8) U’2 = kU2
I’2 = I2/k
Z’2 = k2Z2
Z’T = k2ZT
93
Fig. 6.8
7. Approximate Equivalent Circuit (EC) referred to primary (Fig.
6.9)
Rn R1 R2
Fig. 6.9 X n X 1 X 2
Z n Rn jX n
U1
! I '2 (6.14)
Z n Z'T
94
8. Phasor Diagram from EC referred to primary (Fig. 6.10)
! Given U 2 , I 2 , find U1 , I1 using phasor diagram.
Fig. 6.10 95
Construct the following phasors
Step 1. U 2 kU 2 and I 2 I 2 / k
Step 2. U 2 R R2 I 2 and U 2 X jX 2 I 2
Step 3. E1 U 2 U 2 R U 2 X
Step 4. I C GC E1 and I m jBm E1
Step 5. I 0 I 2 I m
Step 6. I1 I 2 I 0
Step 7. U1R R1 I1 and U1 X jX 1 I1
Step 8. U1 E1 U1R U1 X 96
6.5. No-load Operation of Transformers
1. Schematic and Equivalent Circuit (Fig. 6.11)
a) Fig. 6.11 b) c)
U1
Fig. 6.11b I o YoU 1 (6.15)
( R1 j X 1 ) ( RC //jX m )
b. Procedure: Apply U1n to primary then measure U1n, U20, I0, P0.
(6.18)
Voltage Ratio: k U1dm / U 20
No-load current (%): I 0 % I 0 / I1dm 100 (6.19)
Core loss: Pt P0 R I P0
2
1 0 (6.20)
No-load power factor: cos 0 P0 / U1dm I 0 (6.21)
Rc and Gc: Rc U12dm / P0 ; Gc 1 / Rc (6.22)
Xm and Bm:
I0
Y0 ; Bm Y02 Gc2 ; X m 1 / Bm (6.23)
U1n 98
6.6. Short-Circuit (SC) Operation of Transformers
1. Schematic and EC (Fig. 6.12)
a) Fig. 6.12 b)
b)
Fig. 6.13
c)
a)
P1 = Input Power
Pt = Core Loss
P2
! Efficiency % 100 (6.32)
P1 102
3. Different Power Terms from Fig. 6.7 and 6.8
*
P1 Re U1 I1 U1 I1 cos 1 (6.33)
where cos1 is the power factor at primary terminals.
(6.34)
Pđ 1 R1 I12
P2 = bSđmcosj2 (6.39)
Pđ Pđ 1 Pđ 2 Pđđm Pn
2 2
(6.41)
S đm cos 2
(6.42)
S đm cos 2 P0 2 Pn
a. Steel Core of ST
2. Rotor (RT)
a. Steel core of RT
RT Squirrel
f = frequency of ST current
Fig. 7.2
S3. Because of RT on short-circuit, short-circuit current i2 run
in coil will cause magnetic force F = Bi2 l which rotate RT the
same direction with RMF ST n1 but with speed n < n1. 107
! Therefore in 3ÞASM, we have 3 different speeds:
VT T ns
Slip Ratio = s =
VT ÑB n1
n1 n n1 n
! s ; s% 100 (7.2)
n1 n1
108
7.4. 1Þ Equivalent Circuit (EC) and Equations of 3ÞASM
1. 1Þ EC of ST (Fig. 7.3)
R1, X1 and Z1 = R1+ jX1 are
resistance, Leak Reactance, and
1Þ Impedance of ST winding.
We also have U1, E1, I1, f are
phase Voltage, EMF, Current &ø
U 1 R R1I 1 ; U 1 X j X 1I 1 ; U 1 Z 1I 1 (7.3)
! U 1 E 1 Z 1I 1 (7.4)
109
2. 1Þ EC of stand-still rotor
R2, X2, & Z2 = R2+jX2 are resistance,
Fig. 7.4b
R2, X2s=sX2; Z2 = R2+jsX2 are Đ.T, Đ.Khang, and 1Þ Impedance of RT
E sE , U 0 vaøI are EMF, voltage & current of RTQ
2s 2 2 2
f2s = sf is frequency of RTQ.
(7.11)
R2
E2 I 2 jX 2I 2 (7.10)
s
Fig.7.4c, induced from Fig.7.4a
by replacing R2 with R2/s
Fig. 7.4c
R2 1 s (7.11)
! R2 R2
s s
Fig. 7.4d, similar to EC of
transformer secondary circuit with
resistance Load
1 s (7.12)
RT R2
s 112
Fig. 7.4d
5. 1Þ EC of 3ÞASM referred to stator (Fig. 7.5)
Fig. 7.5
a. ST Circuit Parameters:
X 2 k X 2 ÑK T aû
2
n 1 cuû
a RT ÑY QVST
c. Working Parameters of ST
I 1 = phase current of ST
Fig. 7.6
Rn = R1+R'2; Xn = X1+X'2; and Zn = Rn+jXn are 1Φ resistance, Leak
Reactance, and Impedance of 3ΦASM referred to stator.
1ÞECs in Fig.7.5 & Fig.7.6 of 3ÞASM quite similar to ECs in Fig.6.8
& Fig.6.9 of Transformer with resistance Load referred to ST
1 s
RT R2 (7.20)
s 116
7.5. Power Factor, Loss, and Efficient Ratio of 3ÞASM
1. Block Diagram (Fig. 7.7)
P1 = Input Power
P2 = Output Power
117
Fig. 7.8
3. Power Flow Chart of the 3ÞASM (see Fig. 7.8 and 7.9)
P1 = Input Power
Pt = Magnetizing Loss
P2
! HS % 100 (7.21)
P1
118
Fig.7.9
R2 2 R2 2
Pñt 3 I2 3 I 2 (7.25)
s s
1 s 2 1 s 2
Pc 3 R2 I 2 3 R2 I 2 (1 s) Pñt (7.27)
s s
n1 n taà
n soáRT f RT
! s (7.28)
n1 taà
n soáST f ST
120
7.6. Torque of 3ÞASM
1. Output Torque (Useful On-Shaft Torque)
P2 P2 9, 55 P2
! M2 (7.29)
2 n /60 n
PC P ĐT 3 R 2' I 2' 2
! M (7.30)
1 ( 2 f / p ). s
! 3 R 2' U 12
M
s 1 ( R1 R 2' / s ) 2 x n2 (7.31)
121
Chapter 8. Three-Phase Synchronous Generator
8.1. Structure of 3ÞSG
1. Stator (ST)
a. Steel Core of ST
b. Winding of ST (STW) includes 3 coils (ax, by, cz)
2. Rotor (RT)
a. Steel Core of RT
b. Winding of RT (RTW) or Excited Winding (EW) includes
2*p poles, within two types:
RT salient pole
RT rounded pole or RT cylindrical
( I k )
Fig. 8.1
S3. Apply 1 Mechanical Source (for example a primary motor )
rotating RT at speed n. The instant flux φa(t)
through 1 turn of the coil ax will be:
a (t ) m cos t (8.1) 123
! 3 EMF inductive (ea, eb, ec) generated from 3 coils (ax, by, cz) of
STW is a 3Þ Equivalent Voltage Source:
ea (t ) E p 2 si n t
eb (t ) E p 2 si n( t 120 )
(8.2)
ec (t ) E p 2 si n( t 240 )
np
Frequency: f (8.3)
60
with n = speed of RT (rpm) and p = pole pair number of RT
Rf = Rs + Rk = Total resistance
b. Working Parameters
Uk = Excited Voltage;
Ik = Excited Current;
c. Principal Equation.
Fig. 8.2
U k ( Rs Rk ) I k Rf I k (8.5)
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2. 1Þ Equivalent Circuit of ST (Armature PART) of 3ÞSG (Fig. 8.3)
Rö, Xs, and Zs = Rö + jXs are
E g U T Rö I ö jX sI ö U T Z sI ö
! (8.7)
Iö IT
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8.4. Percentage of Voltage Fluctuation (ΔU%) of 3ÞSG
1. Definition
In Fig. 8.3, 3ÞSG in work with Constant Efficient EMF. U p U g
Ep U T
! U % 100 (8.8)
UT
I ö I ö 0 I ö
U T U T U T cos j U T si n
Fig.8.4
E g U T cos Rö I ö j (U T si n X s I ö )
! E p E g (U T cos Rö I ö )2 (U T si n X s I ö )2 (8.9)
129
Fig. 8.6
3. Power Flow Chart of 3ÞSG (Fig. 8.6)
P1 = Input Mechanical Power
Pt = Magnetizing Loss
P2
! H S % 100 (8.10)
P1
130
4. Statements of P1 and P2 Power Based on Fig. 8.2, 8.3, & 8.6.
P1 M 1 (8.11)
Pkt Rf I k2 (8.16)
8.6. Input Torque of 3ÞSG
9, 55 P1 (W )
M 1 ( N .m ) (8.17)
n (v/p)
131
Chapter 9. DC Direct Current Machines
9.1 Structure of DC Machines
1. Stator (ST) (Inductive Side)
a. Steel Core ST
! E = Ke.n.Φ (9.2)
133
9.4. Separated Exciting DC Generator
a) b) Rư = Armature resistance
Fig. 9.2
RT = Load resistance
E = Electro-Motif Force (EMF)
UT = Load Voltage U T RT I T (9.3)
ΔUư = Voltage Drop over Rư
U ö Rö I ö (9.4)
Iö IT (9.5)
Iư = Armature Current
E U T Rö I ö (9.6)
IT = Load Current
134
9.5. Parallel Exciting DC Generator (Shunt DC Generator)
1. Equivalent Circuit (EC) (Fig. 9.3) and Equations.
Fig. 9.3
U ö Rö I ö (9.7) Iö IT Ik (9.9)
U T Rf I k RT I T (9.8) E U T Rö I ö (9.10)
135
2. Power Factor, Losses and Efficiency of Shunt DC Generator (Fig. 9.3)
P1 = Input Mechanical Power
Pt = Magnetizing Loss
Pđư = Armature Copper Loss = Pđr = RT Copper Loss
P2
! H S % 100 (9.12)
P1
3. Input Torque of Primary Motor applied to the Shunt DC
Generator
136
! Similar to (8.21) of 3ÞSG.
9.6 Working Principle of DC Motor (DCM)
! F = B(Iö/2a)l (9.13)
137
9.7 Speed of DC Motor
E U Rö I ö
n (9.15)
K E K E
Fig. 9.6
I Iö Ik
U ö Rö I ö (9.17) (9.19)
U E Rö I ö
U Rf I k (9.18) (9.20)
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2. Power Factor, Loss, and Efficient Ratio of Shunt DC Motor
P1 = Input Electrical Power
Pt = Magnetizing Loss
Pc (9.26)
a. Total Torque M K M I ö
P0 Pt Pmq (9.27)
b. Rotating Loss Torque M0
P2 (9.28)
c. Output Torque M2 M M0
If (U1, Iư1, F1, n1, M1) and (U2, Iư2, F2, n2, M2) are parameters of the
1st and 2nd working regimes; then from (9.15) and (9.16), we have
n2 E2 1 U 2 Rö I ö 2 1
. . (9.29)
n1 E1 2 U 1 Rö I ö 1 2
!
M2 2 I ö 2
. (9.30)
M1 1 I ö 1
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