STEE,L

CONSTRUCTION

11' . H. STICKELS

First Edition
December, 1927
FIRST PRIrtrING

Lee H. Miller, Chitf Engit1Ht

AMERICAN IN STITUTE
OF
STEEL CONSTRUCTION
INC.
EXBCUTlVJI OFFICIi: E NGIN.EIiIUNG Omcs:
18, MADISON AV.ENUE " ,,0 LIlADEIl. BU I LDING
Nil.. YOR.';:, N. Y. CU!V8I.AND, OHIO.
...

c"",",1It
D ECE M 8B R.
19 27

Price $1.S0
 AMI. I
PREFACE

FIRST EDITION

THIS volume combines the information contained in o ur

previous publications. Considerable new material has been
added, and the dat.a regarding the new sections recently produced
by the various rollillg mills is complete up to the date of publication.

We a re also inlcluding, a Specification for Fireproofing, which

has been prepared for us by a committee of well known engineers.
Th is Specification together with the data derived from tests of
insulating material wi ll make possible the designing of the fire-
proofing for a struCltural steel frame on a rational basis and supplant
the empirical procedure of t he past.

New paragraphs have been added to our Code of Standard

Practice, and other slight revisions made, which our experience
indicates to have b<een desirable.

The general arrangement of the tabu lar information regarding

the Dimensions, Functions, and Allowable Load for Structural
Steel Shapes is now well known. I t has been most favorab ly com-
mented upon, particularly on account of the ease with which the
desired information can be found. With this in mind, we have
endeavored to desi!~n and group all the additional tabu lar data.

The arrangement of tables to provide t he maximum conven-

ience requIred related data to appear on opposite pages thus caus-
ing a few single blank pages. For the convenience of the user these
pages have been ruk~dwith cross section lines for notes a nd diagrams.

A list of Gene:ral Contents appears on Page 4, and there is

a complete index at the back of the book.
4 AMER ICAN I NST ITU T E OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

GENERAL CONTENTS

Part I
Standard Specifications
A. I. S. C. Code of Standard Practice
History of Steel and Iron

Part II
Properties of Sections
Formulae for Beam Loadings
General Mathematical Tables

Part III
Strength of Materials
General Information

Part IV
Explanation of A. I. S. C. Specification
Rolled Structural Shapes
Built~up Sections
Dimensions, Functions
Allowable Load Tables
Rivets
A:\IER I CAN INST ITUTE OF ST EEL CONSTRUCT ION, INC. S

Part I

Standard Specifications

Specification of the American Institute of Steel

Construction, [nco for the Design, Fabrication
and Erection of Structural Steel for Buildings;
adopted June 1st, 1923.

Specification of the American Society for Testing

Materials for Structural Steel for Buildings.

Code of Standard Practice of the American

Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.; adopted
Oct. 1st, 1924.

Specification of the American Institute of Steel

Construction, Inc. , for the Fireproofing of Struc-
tural Steel for Buildings ; adopted Oct. 8th, 1927.

Recommendations of the United States Depart-

ment of Commerce for the Minimum Allowable
Live Loads for Buildings.

The History of Steel and Iron

6 AMERICAN 1l\'STITUTE OF STEEL CO:NSTRUCfION, Jl\'C.

In 1923 the American Institute of Steel Construction undertook the work

of promoting uniform practice in the industry, and in order that its efforts would
not be interpreted as being unduly influenced by commercial interests it aclcctoo
a committee from among the leading talent i'l the academic, engineering and
architectural professions to prepare a Standard Specification on the Design,
FabricatiOfl, and Erection of Structural Steel. This committee represented. a
combined experience of approximately one hundred and fifty years in an indUll-
try lI'hich is not more than thirty-five years old. The personnel was as follQws:

GEORGE F. SWAIN: M. Am Soc C E-M. Am Soc 1\1 E-1\1. Inst C E

1\1. ARE A-Past President, A S C E-ProfesllOl"
01 Civil Engineering, lIarvard University

l\IILO S. KETCHUM: l\1. Am Soc C E-M. AREA-Dean of the College

of Engineering, and Director of the Engineering
Experiment Station of the University of Illinois

E. R. GRAHAM: of Graham, AndeBOn, Probst & Woite, Architects.

Chicago, Ill.

W. J. THOMAS: 111. Am Soc C E-Chief Engineer, Goo. D. Post &

Son~, Architects, N. Y.

WILBUR J. WATSON: l\I. Am Soc C £-l\I. ARE. A-President, Wat60n

Engineering Company, Cleveland, Ohio
 AMER ICAr-.' I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, I NC. 1

STANDARD SPECIFICATION
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF
STEEL CONSTR UCTION

Gentlemen:

After careful deliberation the Committee selected to prepare a Standard

Specification for the design, fabricat ion and erection of structural steel for
buildings, submit the accompanying Code for your adopt ion.

T he present Specification contemplates that the inspection, is such t hat

improper material containing defects which should cause reject ion is not used.
It is not intended to cove r materia l salvaged from previous construct ion,
which should not be used except under rigid supervision and inspection.

It is also understood t hat t he proper loads are taken and that impac t is
allowed for in each case by adding a proper percentage to t he stresses produced
by static li ve loads so t hat t he t ota l stress found in any member isan equivalent
static stress. This Specification docs not attempt to state definitely what t he
live, dead, or wind loads should be, or wh.at percentage should be added for
impact, as these are factors which should recei"e the carefu l considerat ion of
competent engineers for each case. T he question of corrosion un der unusual
conditions should have careful consideration by the engineer.

T he question of design is all-important. It necC$$..vily presupposes that

t he d esign is good, made by alHl executed under t he super vision of competent
st ructura l engineers; t hat proper provision is made for secondary stresses,
excen tric loads, unequa l distribution of stresses on rive ts, etc.; that the details
are suitable and that the workmanship is high grade.

It is recommended that the American Institute of Steel Construction

ma intai n a Committee whose function shall be that of kceping such a Code as
we submit consistent with the changing conditions of manufacture, design,
an d erection . Under these conditions. the Committee considers the unit
stresses here in specified are proper.

Respec::tfully submitted by t he Committee:

GEORGE F. SWAIN
MILO S. KETCHUM
E. R. GRAHAM
W. J. THOMAS
June 1st 1923 Wll.BUR J. WATSON
8 AMER ICAN INST IT UTE OF ST EEL CONSTRUCT ION, INC.

STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR

STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR
BUILDINGS
As adopted by the
American Ins titute of S teel Con s tru c tion

1. T hi8 Specification defines the practice adopted by the American

Inst itute of Steel Construction for the design, fabrication, and erection of
st ructural steel for buildings.

2, GENERAL
To obtain a !Ia\isfactory structure, the following major requirements
mus t be fulfilled . '
(a ) T he material used must be suitable, of uniform quality, and
wit hou t d efects affccting the strength or service of the structure,
(b) Proper loads and conditions must be assumed in the design.
(c) T he unit stresses must be suitable for the material used.
(d) The work manshi[l must be good, so that defects or injuries are no!
Ilroduced in the manufacture.
(e) The computations and dcsign must be properly made so that tile
uni t strcsscs specified shall not be exceeded, and the struct ure and its details
. ha ll pm8CM the requisite strength and rigidity.

3. MATERIAL
Struct ura l sttocl shall cOllfoTlll to the Standard Specifications of the
American Society for Testing Materials for Structural Steel for Buildin&"s,
Ser ial Designation A 9·21, as amended to date.

4. LOADING
(a) Steel structures shalll)C designed to sustain t he dead weight imposed
upon them, including the weight of the steel frame itself, and, in addition,
the maximum live load as specifictl in each particular cas<:. Proper provision
shall be made for temporary st resses caus<:<! by erection.
(b) In cases where live loads have the effect of producing impact or
vibration, a proper J')Crcentage shaH be added to the static live load st resses
to provide for such inAuen~5, so that the tota l stress found in any member
is an equivalent static stress.
(c) Proper provision shall be malie for stresses caused hy wind both
during erection an li afte r completion of t he building. The wind pressure is
dependent upon the conditionsof exposure, but the allowable stresses specified
in section five (5) , p.1ragraphs (f) and (g ), arc based upon the steel frame
being designed to carry a wiud pressure of not less than twenty (20) pounds
 .UIERICA:-.J IXSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRliCTION. INC. 9

per SQuare foot on the v~rt ieal projection of exposed surfaC1!8 during erection '
and fifteen (l5) pounds per SQuare foot on the ve rtical projection o f the
finished structure.
(d) Proper provision shall be made to securely fasten t he reaction poin ts
of all steel construction and transmit the stresses to the foundations of t he
structure.

5. ALLOWABLE STRESSES
AI! parts of the structure shall be so proportioned that the sum of the
maximum static s'lresses in pounds per sq. in. shall not exceed the following:
(a) T ension. Rolled Steel, on net section ..... . ...•... .18,000
(b ) Compres$ion. Rolled Steel, on short lengths or where late ra l
deflection is prevented. . ........... . . .18,000
On gross section of columns.
18,000
11
I + 18,0Q0r2
with a maximum or. " ............. . ..... 15,000
In which I is the unsu[)[lOrtt'd [eugth of the column. and r is the
corresponding [(,:lst radius of gyration of the section, both in inches.
For m:lin ro.npression members, the ratio fI r shall not exceed 120,
and for braci.1S: and other secundar}' m~.ubers, 200.
(c) Be nding. 011 extreme fih ....s of mlled shapes, and built up
sectiuns, Ilet St."Ction, if lateral dcfk'Ction is prevented ......... 18,000
\Vhen th(: unsupported length I exceeds 15 times b, the width
of the compression f1anKe, the st ....ss in poll!l(ls pt'r sq. in. in
the latter Shill! not exceed
20.000

1 + "
2,OOObl
The laterally unsupported length of beams and girders shall
not exceed 40 times b the width of the compression flange.
On extl:eme fibres of pins, when the forces are assumed as
acting at the center or gravity or the pieces .............. , .2 7,000

(d) S h ea ri ng. On pins . . . ........ 13,500

On power·driven rivets. . ...... 13,500
On turned bolts in reamed ho les wit h a
c1earanceof not more than 1/ 50 of an inch .. 13,500
On hand·driven rivets... . .. . , .. , , .... 10,000
On unfinished bolts ...... , , .. , , ... , .... .. 10,000

O n t he gr06$ area of t he webs or beatns and girders, where h,

t he height: be t ween flanges in inches, is not more t han 60 t imes
I, the thickness of the web in inches. . ............. , 12,000
10 AMERICA~ INSTITUTE OF ST EEL CONSTRUCTlON, INC.

On the gross area of the webs of beams and girders if the web is
not stiffened where h, the height between flanges in inche"
is more than 60 times I. the thickness of the web, the maximum
shear ,..-
.....r .....
-, uare inch ' A
V shall not exceed
18,000
--h'-
I + 7,200t:
In Which V is the total shear, and A ill gr,," area of web in
$Quare inches.
Double Single
Shear Shear
(.) Bearing. On pins . .. . ................. JO,OOO 24,000
On power-dri\'en rivets . ....... .... 30,000 24,000
On turned bolts in reamed holes . ... JO,OOO 24.000
On hand-driven rivets ..... . .... . .. 20,000 16,000
On unfinished bolts. . ... ... . .. 20,000 16,000
On exran·sion rollers JX' r lineal inch
600 times the diameter of the roller
in inches.
(I ) Combined Stresses. For combined stresses due to wind and other
loads. the JX'rmissible working stress may be increased 33,!1'%, provided the
section thus found is not less than that required by the dead and live loads
alone.
(g) Members Carrying Wind Only,
For members carrying wind stresses only, the permissible working stresses
may be increased 33,!1'%.

6. SYMMETRICAL MEMBERS.
Sections shall preferably be ,symmetrical.

7. BEAMS AND GIRDERS.

(a) Rolled beams shall be proponioned by the moment of inenia of
their net section. Plate girders with webs fully spliced for tension and com·
pression shall be so proportioned that the unit stress on the net section does
not exceed the stresses specified in section five (5) as determined by the
moment of inertia of the net section.
(b) Plate girder webs shall,have a thickness of not less than 1·1 60 of
the unsupported distance between the flanges.
(e) Web splices shall consist of a plate on each side of the web capable
of transmitting the full stress through the splice rivets.
(d) Stiffeners. Stiffeners shall be required on the webs of rolled beams
and plate girders at the ends and at points of concentrated loads, and at
other points where h the clear distance between flanges is greater than
8Stv' 18,000 (A/ V) 1, in which t is the thickness of the web. When stiffen·
ers are required, the distance in inches between them shall not be greater
 AMER ICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION. INC. 11

v
than 851 18,000 (A/V) 1, or not greater than 6 feet. When h is greater
than 60 times t the thickness of the web of a plate girder. stiffeners shall be
required at d istances not greater than 6 feet apart. Stiffeners under or over
concent rated loads shall be proportioned to distribute such loads in to the web.
Plate girder stiffeners shall generally be in pail1~, one on each side of the
web, and shaH have a close bearing against the flang:e angles at points of con-
centrated loading; stiffeners over the end bearings shall be on plate filleD.
The pitch of ri vet in stiffeners shall not exceed 6".
(e) Flange plates of all girders shall be limited in width so as not to
extend more than 6" or more than 12 times the thickness of thinnest plate
beyond the outer row of rivets connecting them to the angles.
(f) Crane runway girders and the supporting framework shall be
proportioned to resist the greatest horizontal strcsoJes caused by the opera-
tion of the cranes.
(g) Rivets connecting the flanges to the web at points of direct load on
the flange between stiffeners shall be proportioned to carry the resu ltant of
th e longitudinal and tranverse shears.
(h) Rivets connecting the flanges to t he web!: of plate girders and of
columns subjected to bending shall be so spaced as Ito carry the increment of
t he flange stress betv.'een the rivets.

8. COLUMN BASES.
(I ) Prope r ' provision shall be made to distribute the column loads on
the footings and foundations.
(b) The top surface of all column bases shall he planed for the column
bearing.
(c) Column bases shall be set true and level, with full bearing on the
masonry, and be properly secured to the footings.

9. EXCENTRIC LOADING.
Full provision shall be made for stresiCS caused by exccntric load •.

10. COMBINED STRESSES.

(a) Members subject to both direct and bending stresses shall be so
proportioned that the greatest combined stresses shall not exceed the
allowed limits,
(b) All members and their connections which .are subject to stresses of
bot h tension and compression due to the action of live loads shall be designed
to sustain stress giving the largest section, with 50% of the smaller stress
added to it. If the reversal of stress isdlJe to the action of wind, the member
shal! be designed for the stress giving the largest section and the connections
proportioned for the largest stress.
•
12 A M ER ICAi'! I NST ITUTE or STEEL COi'1STRUCT ION, INC.

II . ABUTTING JOINT S.
Compression membt!rs ..... hen faced for bearings shall be spliced sufficiently
to hold the connecting members accurately ill place. Other joints in riveted
.....ork, whet l~er in tension or compression, shall be fully spliced.

12. NET SECTIONS.

(I) In calculat ing tension members, the net section shalt be used, and
in deducting the rivet llloies they shalt be taken }i: inch greater in diameter
than t he nominal d iam'~ter of the rivets.
(b) Pin-connected tension members shall ha\'e the section t hroug h t he
pinhole 25% in excess of the net sectioll of the membt' r, and a net sect ion
back of the pin hole equal to 75% of that required through the pin hole.

13. RIVETS AND BOLTS.

Ca) In proportioning rivets, the nominal diameter of the rivet shall be
".w.
(b) Rivets carrying calculated stresses, and whose grip exceeds five
diameters, shall have tlbeir number increased 1% for each addiliona l 1/ 10
inch in the rivet grip. Special care shall be used in heating and driving
such rivets.
(c;) Rivets shall Ix! used for the conncctions of main Illembers carrying
Ji,-c loads which pnx:luce impact , and for conncclions subject to reversa l of
stresses.
(d) Finished i)Qits in reamed holes may be used i'l shop or field work
where it is impract icable to ohtain satisfactory power-drivcn rivets. The
finished shank shall b<~ long enough to provide full bearing, and washers
used under the nuts to give full grip when turned tight.
Unfinished bolts m.ay be used in shop or field .....ork for connections in
small structures used f,)r shelters, and for !!CCOndarymembersof a]\ slructuru
such as purl ins, girts, door and window framing, alignment bracing and
!!CCOnd ary beams in O'>or.

14. RIVET SPACING.

(I ) T he minimulll distance between centers o f rivet holes "hall be three
diameters of t he r ivet; but the distance shall preferably be not less than 4}{
inches for IX' inc h rivets, 4 inches for 1» inch ri ve ts, 3}{ inches for 1 inch
r ivets, 3 inches for Ji i:nch rh'ets, 2}{ inches for X inch r ivets, 2 inches foY
~ inch r ivets, an d I X inches for J4 inch r ivets. The maximum pitch in the
line o f stress of compression members composed of plates and shapes shall
not exceed 16 t imes t he t hinnest outside plate or shape, nor 20 times the
t hinnest enclosed plate or shape with a maximum of 12 inches, and at right
a ngles to th e direction of stress the distance between lines of rivets sha ll not
exceed 30 times t he th innest plate or shape. For angles in b uilt sections
with two gage lines. w it h r ivets staggered, the max imum pitch in the line of
stress in each gage lin(: "hall not exceed 24 times t he thinnest plate wit h a
maxim um o f 18 inches.
 AMERICAN INSTITUT E OF ST EEL CONSTRUCTION. INC. 13

(b) In tension members compoeed of two angles, a pitch of 3'-6· will be

allowed, and in compression members, 2'-0·, but the ratiol/r fo r each angle
between rivets shall not be more than J{ of t hat for t he whole member.
(el T he pitch of rivets at the ends of built compression members shall
not exceed four diameters of t he rivet, fOf a lengt h equal to 1M" t imes the
maximum widt h of the member.
(d) The minimum distance from the center of any rivet hole t o a sheared
edge shall be 2Y. inches for IY. inch ri,-ets, 2 inches for 1}1: inch riven, I K
inches for 1 inch rivets, 1J{ inches for U inch rivets, 1y. inches for J{ inch
rivets, 1}1: inches for U inch rivets, and 1 inch for M" inch rivets. T he
maximum distance from any edge shall be 12 times the thicknes! of the
plate, but shall not exceed 6 inches.

I S. CONNECTIONS.
(al Connections carrying calculated stresses except for lacing, sag bars,
or angles, hand rails, or beam connections, shall not have less than 2 rive ts;
or for field connections not less than 3 riven.
(bl Members meeting at a joint shall have t heir lines of center of gravity
meet at a poin t if practicable; if not, provision shall be made for any ex-
centricity.
(e) The rivets at the ends of any member t ransmitting the stresses into
that member should have their centers of gravity in the line of the center of
gravity of the member; if not, provision shall be made for the effect of the
resulting excentricit y. Pins may be 80 placed as to cpunteract the effect of
bending due to dead load.
(d) \Vhen a beam or girder " A" is connected to a nother member in
such a manner that ,. A" acts as a cont inuous or fixed end beam, proper
provision shall be made for the bending moments at such a connection.
(e) "lhere stress is tra nsmitted from one piece t o anothe r, t hrough a
loose fi ller, t he number of rivets shall be properly increased; tight-filling
fillers shall be preferred.

16. LATTICE.
(a) T he open sides of compression members shall be provided with lat -
t ice having tie plates at each end and at intermediate points if the lattice is
interrupted. Tie plates shall be as nea r t he ends as pract icable. In mai ll
members carrying calculated stresses t he end tie plates sha ll have a length
of not less t ha n t he distance between the li nes of rivets connecting t hem t o
the fla nges, and intermediate oues of not less than one-half of t his d istance.
T he thickness of t ie plates shall not be less than one-fiftiet h of t he distance
between t he Jines of rivets connecting t hem to the segments of the members.
a nd t he rivet pitch shall not be more t han four diameters. T ie plat es shall
be sufficient in size an d number to equalize the st resa in the parts of the
members.
14 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

(b ) Lattice bars shall have neatly finished ends. The thickness of

lattice bars shall be not leIS than one-fortieth for single lattice and one-sil(tieth
for double lattice of the distance between end rivets; their minimum width
shall be as follows:
For 15~ channels, or built sections with 3M~ and 4~ angle-2}-C (~~
rivets), or 2M' (U' rivets).
For 12', 10', and 9' channels, or built sections with 3' anglea-2J{'
(~. rivets).
For 8' and 7" channels, or built sections with 2;4' ang les--2' (U" rivers),
or 2J1' (~. ri"ets)
For 6· and 5' channels, or built sections with 2" anglea- I M' (M"
rivets), or IX' (U' rivets).
(e) The inclination of lattice bars to the al(is of the members shall gen-
erally be not less than 45 0 but when the distance between the rivet lines
in the flanges is more than 15 inches, the lattice shall be double and riveted
at the intersection if bars are used, or else shall be made of angles.
(d) Lattice bars shall be 50 spaced that the ratio 1/, of the flange in.
cluded between their connections shall be not over X of that of the member
as a who le.

17. EXPANSION.
Proper provision shall be made for expansion and contraction.

18. MINIMUM THICKNESS.

No steel less than h inch thick shall be used for exterior construction,
nor less than J1 inch for interior construction, ex-:.:pt for linings or fillers and
rolled structural shapes.
These prO"isions do not apply to light structures Buch as skylights,
marquees, fire-e!ICapes, light one· story buildings, or light mi!iCellaneou9 steel
work.
For trusses having end reactions of 35,()(M) pounds or over, the Gusset
Plates shall be not less than U inch thick.

19. ADJUSTABLE MEMBERS.

The initial streflS in adjustable members shall be assumed as not le!lS than
5,OOOlbs.

20, WORKMANSHIP.
(a) All workmanship shall be equal to the best practice in modern struc-
tural shops.
(b) Drifting to enlarae ullfair holes shall IIOt be permitted.
(e) The several pieces forming built sections 6hall be straight and fit
dose together; and finished members lihall be free from twists, bends, or
open joints.
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION. I NC. 15

(d) Rolled sec>.ions, except for minor details, shall not be heated.
(e) Wherever steel castings are used, they shall be properly annealed.
(f ) Punching. Material may be punched -h inch larger than the
nominal diameter of the rivets, whenever the thicknC!i8 of the metal is equal
to or less than the di.1meter of the ri"elS, plus }i: inch. When the metal is
thicker than the diameter of the rivet, plus }i: inch, the holes shall be drilled,
or sub·punched and reamed.
(g) Rivets are to be driven hot, and wherever practicable, by power.
Rivet heads shall be of hemispherical shape and uniform size throughout the
work for the same size rivet, full, neally finished, and concentric with the
holes. Rivets, after driving, shall be tight, completely filling the holes,
and with heads in full contact with the surface.
(h) CompTCS!lion joints depending upon contact bearing shall have the
bearing surfaces truly faced after the members are ri\'eted. All other joints
shall be cut or dressed true and straight, especially where exposed to view.
(i) The use of a burning torch is permissible if the burned metal is not
carrying stresses during the burning. Stresses shall not be transmitted into
the metal through a burned surface.

21. PAINTING.
(a) Parts not in contact, but inaccessible after ;lMCmbling, shall be
properly protected by paint.
(b) All steel work, except where encased in concrete, shall be thoroughly
cleaned and given one coat of acceptable metal proteetion well worked into
the joints and open spaces.
(e) Machine finished surfaces shall be protected against corrosion.
(d) Field painting is a phase of maintenance, but it is important that
unless otherwise properly protected, all steel work shall after erection be
protected by a field coat of good paint applied by a competent painter.

22. ERECTION.
(a) The frame of all steel skeleton buildings shall be carried up true and
plumb, and temporary bracing shall be introduced wherever necessary to
take care of all loads to which the structure lIIay be subjected, including
erection equipment, and the operation of s,1me. Such bracing shall be left
in place as long as may be required for safety.
(b) As erection progTesscs the work shall be securely bolted up to take
care of a ll dead load, wind and erection stresses.
(e) Wherever piles of material. erection equipment, or other loads are
carried during erection, proper provision shall be made to take care of streMCs
re8ulting frolll the same.
(d) No riveting shall be done until the structure has been properl y
aligned.
16 AMERICAN INSTITUTE O F STEEL CONSTRUCTION, I~C

(e) Rivets driven in the field shall be heated and driven with t he same
,
care as t hose driven in the shop.

ZJ, IN SPECTION.
(a) Material and workmanship at all times shall be subject to the in-
spection of experienced engineers representing the purchaser.
(b) Material or workmanship not conforming to the provisions of this
Specification shall be rejected at any t ime defects are found during the progress
of the work.
(c) T he Contractor furnishing such material or dQing such work shall
promptly replace the same.
(d) All inspection as fa r as possible shall be made at the place of manu-
facture, and the Cont ractor or Manufacturer shall co-operate with the In-
spector , permitti~g access for inspection to all places where work is being
done,
 •
A~fERICA~ INSTITUTE OF ST EEL CO~STRUCTIO~. INC. 17

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS

1315 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
STANDARD SPEC I FICATIONS
'0'
STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR BUILD I NGS
Serial Designation: A·9·21
T hese specifications a re issued under the fixed designation A 9: the fina l
number indicates the yea r of odginal adoption as standard, or in the case of
revision, the year of last re,"ision.
Adopted, 190 1; ReviSl.-d, 1909, 1913, 1914, 1916, 1921.
J. MANUFACTURE
Process
I . (I ) Structural steel, except as noted in Paragraph (b ) , shall be made by
either or ooth the following processes: Bessemer or open-hearth.
(b) Rivet steel, and steel for plates or angles over ~ in. in thicknCS!; which
are to be punched, shall be made by the open-hearth pnx:ess.
II. C:IEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS
Chemica l Composition
2. The liteel shall conform to the following re(luirements as to chemical
composition:
St,uctu, al S,..,l Rov", s,.. J
Bco..,,,,., ...
PhoophO<llo { O~n _ h<anb .:: ~: ~:; 8:l.r ::: ;~:.... '::~~,' ov'.,· 0.06 'p.~' ~~~~,
Sulfut ... .no, 0,,"' 0.0.5 pt, c<nt.
Ladle Analyses
3. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the manufacturer
to determine the percentages of carbon, manganese, phosphorus and sulfur.
This analysis shall be made from a test ingOl taken during the pouring of the
melt. The chemical composition thus determined shall be reported to the
pu rchaser or his representative, and shall conform to the requirements specified
in Section 2.
Check Analyses
4. Analyses may be made by the purchaser from finished material repre.
!lCnting each melt. The phO!;phorus and suHurcontent thusdetenl1ined shall
not exceed that specified in Section 2 by more than 25 per cent.
III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS
Tensio n Tests
5. (a) The material shall conform to the following requirements as to
tensile properties:
Properties Considered Structural Steel Rivet Steel
Tensile strgth., lb. per sq. in 55,()()()-65,OOO 46,000-56,000
Yield point, min. lb. per sq. in 0.5 tens. str. 0.5 tens. SIr.
Elongation in 8 in., min., per
cent. ... 1.400,000' 1,400,000
Tens. str. Tens. Btr.
Elongation in 2 in., min., per-
cent. 22
as.., SectiOD 6.
18 AME R ICAN INST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTlWCTlON, I NC.

(b) T he yield point shall be determined by t he drop of the beam of the

test ing machine.
Modifications in Elongation
(;. (a) For struct ural steel over J( in. in thickness, a deduction from the
percentage o f elongation ill 8 in. specified in Section 5 (a) of 0.25 per cent shall
be made for each increase of if in . of the specified l hicknca.s above r.I in., to a
minimum of 18 per cent.
(b) For st ructura l sfeel under h in. in thickness, a deduction from the
percen tage of elongation in 8 in. specified in Section 5 (a) of 1.25 per cent shall
be made for each decrease of iT in . o f the specified thickness below If in.

Bend T ests

7. <a) The test specimen for plates, shapes and bars, ucepl as specified
in Paragraphs (b) an d (c), shall bend cold through 180 deg. without cracking
on the outside of the bent !XJrtion, as follows: For material ~( in. or under in
thickne!!ll, tlaton itself; for material over H in. to and including IJ{ in. in thick.
neSll, around a pin the diameter of which is equal to the thickneSli of the speci-
men ; and for materia l over IJ{ in. in thickneSll, around a pin the d iameter of
whieh is equal to twice the thickness of the specimen.
(b) The 1 by ~- i n. test llpecimen for pins, rollerii and other bars, when
prepared as specified in Section 8, shall withstand being bent cold through 180
deg. around a pin I in. in diameter without cracking on the ouuide of the bent
!XJrtion.
(e) The test specimen for ril'et steel shall bend cold through 180 deg. flat
on itself witho ut cracking on the outside of the bent portion.

Test Specime ns
8. (a) Test specimens shall be prepared for testing from the material in
its rolled or forged condition, except when it is specified to be annealed; in
which case the test specimens shall be prepared from the material as annea led
(or use, or from a short length of a full section similarly treated.
(b) Tcst specimens shall be taken longitudinally and, eXC1!pt a~ specified
in Paragraphs (d), (e), and (0 , shall be of the full thickncSII or diameter of
material as rolled.
(e) Test specimens for plates, shapes and tlats may be machined to the
form and dimensions shown in Fig. I, or with both edges pa rallel.
(d ) Test specimens for plates over IJ{ in. in thickness may be machined
to a thickness or diameter o( at least }1 in. for a length of at least 9 in.
(e) Test specimens (or bars over I J{ in. in thickneS!! or diameter may be
machined to a thickneSli or diameter of at least }1 in. for a length of at least
9 in.: or tension test specimtns may conform to the dimensions shown in F ig. 2,
in which case t he ends shall be of a for m to fit the ho lder,o{ the testing machine
in such a way that the load shall be axial. Bend test specimens may be I by
W in. in section.
 A~IERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIO N, INC. 19

(I) Tension test specimens for pins and rollers shall conform to the di.
mensionsshown in Fig. 2. In this case, the ends shall be of a form to fit the
holders of the testing machine in such a way that the load shall be axia l. Bend
test specimens shall be 1 by M in. in section.
(gl The tension test specimen shown in Fig. 2 and the I by M in. bend
test specimen for pins and rollers shall be taken so that the axis is 1 in. from the
surface ; and for other ban over IJ{ in. in thickness or diameter, mid way be·
tween the center and surface.
(b ) The machined sides of rectangular bend test specimens may have the
corners rounded to a radius not over h in.
(i) Test specimens for rivet bars which have been cold drawn shall be
normalized before testing.

F IG I.

Number of Tests
9. (a ) One tension and one bend test shall be made from each melt,
except tha t if ma terial for one melt differs U in. or more in thickness, o ne
tension and one bend test shall be made from both the t hickest and the t hinne.t
material roll-ed.

(b) If a ny test specimen shows defective machining or develops flaws it

may be discarded and another specimen substituted.
...
ZO AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

(e) If the percentage of elongation of any tension test specimen is less

than that specified in Section 5 (a) and any part of the fracture is morc than
X in. from the center of the gage length of a 2·in. spedmcn or is outside Ihe
middle third of the gage length of an g·in. specimen, as indicated by scribe
K ratches marked on the specimen before testing, a retest shall be allowed.

IV. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN WEIGHT AND THICKNESS

P ermissible Variations
10. The cross-section or weight of each piece of steel shan not vary morc
than 2.5 per cent from that specified, except in the case of sheared pla tes,
which shall be covered by the following permissible variations. One cubic
inch of rolled steel is assumed to weigh 0.2833 lb.
<a ) When Ordered to Weight per Square Foot: The weight of each lot'
in each shipment shall not vary from the weight ordered more than the amount
given in Table I .
(b) When Ordered to Thickness. The thickness of each plate shall not
vary more than 0.01 in. under t hat ordered.
The overweight of each lot l in each shipment shall not exceed the a mount
given in Table II.
V. FINISH
Finish
II . The 6nished material shall be free from injurious defec::ts and shall
have a workmanlike 6nish.
VI. MARKING
Marking
12. The name or brand of the manufacturer and the melt number shall be
legibly stamped or rolled on a ll finished material, except that rivet and lattice
bars and other small sections shall, when loaded for shipment, be properly
separated and marked for identi6cation. T he identification marks shall be
legibly stamped on the end of each pin and roller. The melt number shall be
legibly marked, by stamping if practicable, on each test specimen.

VII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION

Inspection
13. The inspec::tor representing the purchaser shall have free ent ry at all
times while work on the contract of the purchaser is being performed , to all
parts of the manufacturers' works which concern the manufacture of the
mate ria l ordered. The manufactu rer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all
reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the material is being fu rnished in ac-
cordance with t hese specifications. All tests (except check analy8Cli) and

, Tbe term "lot" applOed to Table I m~.n ••11 of ,he pi .... of each .r.... p wid,h and .r.... p wri,bt.
~ 1 be term "10'" apph,d '0 Table II mean. all of,hepluea of each .roup wid,h and .'.... ptbi.kn ....
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION. INC. 21

inspection shall be made at the place of manufacture prior to shipment. unlea.s

otherwise specified, and shall be 110 conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily
with the operation of the works.

Rejection
14. <a) Unlea.s otherwise specified, any rejection based on tests made in
accordance with Secti()II 4 shall be reported within five working days from the
receipt of samples.
(b) Material which shows injurious clefects subsequent to its acceptance
at the manufacturer's works will be rejected, and th e manufacturer shall be
notified.
Rehearing
15. &!.mples tested in accordance with Section 4, which represent rejected
material, shall be preserved for two weeks from the date of the test report.
In case of dissatisfaction with the results of the tests, the manufacturer may
make claim for a rehearing within that time.
 --.
r - - - - - - - - - - · i ' i' >
~

Ta ble 1. -VennI8slb le Va r iation s of Platea Order ed to Weigh t . '"

~

Permilllible Va riations in Average Weights per Square Foot of Plate. for ~

Z
Width. Given, Expreeeed in Percentages of Ordered Weight.

Ordered
48tO- 60
Under ~in.. 72 in.,
~ O 12 to 84- to -96EO 108 to 120to 132in.
84 in., 96 in., 108 in ., 120 in., 132 in., or w
z
Ordered
Weight.
Lb. pe r Sq. F •.
48 in.,
-r--
excl. excl. excl. excl. excl.
I-r-
excl. excl. over Weig h t,
Lb. per Sq. Ft. ..,::!
~
o
~•
:5 ~
~• 1.
;§ 6
.~ "
g ~• 16" ~ g ~ c ~
o
• ~ ~• g ~•
~

:5
c..,

o"
" " ."

Under 5 5 J 5. 5 3 6 J i I' .'....... ....

3 ....
Under 5 ...
w
.5 to 7.Sexcl.
7.5t0 10 ..
10 to 12.5 ..
, 'I'
.·1. 33 45 . 5 3J 55 . S 33 56 .5:, 33 ..6 . . 3 7 3 8
2 .5 4 J 4 .5 J 5 3 5 .5 3 6 3 7
3
3 8 3 9
. 5 to 7.5exd .
7 .5 to 10
3 10 to 12.5 •
•
~
r::
r
3" 1
.3 4.51
12.5 to 15
15 to 11.5
'"
~
253 . 52 . 5 4 J
2. ' 2 . 5 3 2 .53 .525 4
3
3
5
4.5 3
3 5.5 3
5 3
6
5.5
3
3
7
6
3
3
8
7
3 12 .5 to I S
3 15 to 17.5 •
•
8z
17.5 to 20
20 t025
..
..
2.' 2 2 . 5 2 . 5 3 2 . 5 3 . 5 2 . 5 4 3 4 .53 5
2 2 2 . 5 2 2 .52 .53 2 . 5 3 .5 25 4 3 4.5
3 5 . 5 3 6 3 1 7 . 5t020
3 5 3 5 5 3 20 to 25
•
• ..,
w
2 2 2 2.5 2 2. 2 . 5 3
25 t030
30 10 40
40 or ove r
..
..
2
2
2
2 2
222222
2 2 2 2 . 51 2
2
2 . 5 3 .5 3
2.5 2.5 3
2 . 52
4
2. 5 3 .
2 . 52 . 53
3
3
4 .5 3
4-
253 .53
3
5 3 25 to 30
4 5 3 30 to 40
4 3 40 or over
•
• "nc..,
Not c.-The weight per lIC) uare foot of indiv idua l plate. sha ll no t vary from t he o rdered we ight by mo re than
a mount given in t h ll t ab le.
l~ t imes the oz
z
o
 ,.
"'"
",.
n
Table H .-Permissible Overweiahtl or P lates Or dered to Thlckneu z
Permissible Exeess in Average Weights per Square Foot
z
~
of Plates for Widths Given, Expressed in
..,
:!
.". .,
Ordered Percenlagu of Nominal \Veights Ordert!d
Thick neu,
Under
48 to 60 <. 12 to 84 to 96 to 108 to 120 to
60 in., 72 in .• 84 in. , 96 in., 108 in., 120 in., 132 in.,
lJ2 in.
Thickn'!A,
'". ..,c
48 in.
excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. over '"
0
.. . ........ ..... ....
" ,. ~ •• . .. ."
Under }i
h excl.
9
8 ••9 J2
10
14
J2 .. . ......... .., . ..
Under }oil
}i 10 1\ excl. ~
..,
h <. 7 8 9
••9 J2 ........ ........ . . ... hlo '( •
Ji to
• 7
•
8 10 J2 14 16 J9 .KI01"'-
,., ''r""
" ,. " ••••
h ,.
To ,.
h
5

•
5
•
7 8
7
•
9
8
7
10
9
8
J2
••9
14
J2
17
15
JJ
II to H
H to
h ,. ,~
•-
•
8z
",. "" ••
• 5 ' .5 5 10
J< ,.
K
3 5
3 •
3.5
' .5
•
5
' .5 •
5
•
7 8
7
9
8
II
9 " ,.
J< ,. H
H
•
•
..,
K to I
I or over
2 5
2. 5
3
25
3.5
3 •
3 5
' .5
•
5
' .5 •
5
7
•
8
7
K 10 I
I or over
• ~

"nc
:!
0
z
z
'"'
!;l
24 .<\ M E RIC.<\N I NST I TUTE OF STEE L CONSTRUCT I ON, I NC.

CODE OF
STANDARD PRACTICE

PREFACE

Since the use of st r uctural steel came into e;o;istence about 1890, there has
developed an industry e ngaged in the fabrication and erection of this materia1.
At the present time this in d ustry is furnishing annually over S,100,OOO,OOO worth
of material to the pu hlic.

Duri ng t his period of evolution it is obvious that many inconsistent practices

should have come into e:xistence, and the American Institue of Steel Construc-
tion, represellt ing t he industry bct wt"e n the mlling mills and t he buying public,
have undertaken the codifying of the various condi t ions, with a view of estab·
lishing uniform prdc t ice.

The Institute's Specification on the design, fabric.1 t ion, and erection

of structural steel has bo~n received wit h wide spread approval, and this Code
of Standard Practke is now being issued to cover condi t ions not touched in
the Specification.
/ AMERICAN I:\STITUT£ OF STEEL CO~STRUCTIO~, I NC. 25

CODE OF STANDARD PRACTICE

As a dopted by the
American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.

SECTION J. GENERAL
(a) Scope.
The rules and practices hereinafter defined are adopted by the American
Institute of Steel Constuction as stan da rd for the industry and shall govern
all conditions where t he contract between the buyer an d seller does not specify
otherwise and where they do not conflict wi th local or sta te requ irements.
(b) Design.
Unless otherwise specified or required, the design, fabrication and erec tion
of structura l steel shall conform to the Standard Specification of the American
Institute of Steel Construction (or buildings, dated June t , 1923, or as amended
to date.
(c) Plans and Specifications for bidding.
The plans shall show a complete design with sizes, sections and the rela tive
location of various members with floor levels, coll!1l1n centers and offsets figured,
and shall show the character of the work to be performed with sufficient dimen-
sions to permit t he making of an accurate estimate of cost. Phns shall be made
to scale not less than J~.• to the foot, and large enough tocon"cr the information
adequately.
Wind bracing and special details when rC([uired shall be shown in sufficie nt
detai l regarding ri,-ets and construction to permit an accur"te t-'Stimate of cost.

(d) R esponsibility of Design and Erection.

If the design, plans and specifications are prepared by the Buyer, the Seller
shall not be responsible for the suitability, strength. rigidity or the practicability
of erection.

SECTION 2. CLASSIFICATION
The Steel and iron items entering into the construction "f a structure are
di vided in to the foIlO"'ing classes:
CLASS "A "- Structural Steel and [ron
C LASS "B"- Orna O'.ental Steel and Iron
CLASS "C"- Steel Flcor J oists
C LASS "D"- Miscellaneous Steel and Iron
In contractillg to furnish the material for a structure where the material
to be furn ished is designated as st ructural steel and iron, ornamental steel and
iron, steel floor joists. or miscellaneous steel and iron, the SePer will furn ish
only such items under each classification as are listed below. and no other items
will be included unless by special agreemen t. In cases where materi"ls in elCceu
of minimum requirements are furnished to provide fo r waste or loss, all unused
material remaining after completion of work shall be the propert y of the Seller
and returned to him.
 •
26 AMERICAN I NSTITMTE OF' STEEL CONSTRUCT ION, INC.

Unless specifically agreed to in the contract, the Seller of the structural

steel "Class A" will not provide field connections or fi eld holes for the orl13'
mental steel and iron "Class B," the miscellaneous steel and iron "Class D,"
nor the materials for any other trades.
<a) Class" A " Structural Steel and Iroll.
Contracts taken to furnish the structural steel and iron for a building a re
\>ased on furnishing the following items only;
Anchors for structural steel only
Bases of steel or iron only .
Beams of rolled structural steel
Bearing plate!! for structural steel
Brackeu made of st ructura l steel shapes
Channels of rolled structural steel
Channels and angle supports only for suspended ceilings where they attach
to structural steel, but not including small channel or angle furring
Columns, structural steel, cast iron and pipe
Girders of structural steel
Grillage beams and girders-structural steel
Hangers of structural steel
Lintels as shown or enumerated
Marquise (structural frame only)
Rivets and bolts for field connections, as follows;
I. The Seller shall furnish sufficient rivets of suitable size, plu~ at
least 10% to cover waste for all field connections of steel to steel
which are designated as riveted field connections.
2. The SeUer shall furnish sufficient bolts of suitable size, plus 5% to
cover waste for all field connections of steel to steel which are
designated to be bolted.
J. No fitting up bolt!! or washers will be included unless specifically
called for.
Separato~, angles, tees, clips, bracing and detail fittings in connection
with structural steel frame
Tip rods
Trusses of structural steel
(b) Class" B " Ornamental Steel and Iron.
Contrn<;ts taken to furnish the ornamental steel and iron for a building are
based on furnishing the following items only :
All bronze and brass work. except hardware fittings
Balconies .
Cast iron cornices
Curtain guides
Elevator fronts and enclosures
Grilles and gratings
Iron store front!!
Lamp standards and brackets
Marquise (steel or LrOIl, except frame) see Class "A"
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, I NC. 27

Ornamental brackets, steel or iron

Ornamental inside atain, steel or iron
Ornamental outside steel or iron stain, including lire esa.pes
Safety treads
Railinp (gas pipe, ornamental or brass)
Sills and t hresholds (brass, steel or iron)
Spiral .tairs, steel or iron
Window , ills and frames, steel or iron
Wire work, ornamental steel or iron
(c) Class " C " Steel Floor Joist"
Contracu taken to furnish the steel lloot joists for a building are bated
un furnishing the following items only:
Steel joists which are not a part of the It ructura l steel frame for the building,
and which are devised to carry the floor or roof panel..
Bracing and bridging for floor joist.; c1ipe fOT futen ing floor joisu

! Stirrup and hanger for floor joisu

Ties for floor joists
(d) Class" D" Miscellaneous Steel IlDd Iron.
The nature and character of the ma terial of this classification makes it
imj>Oll3ible to cover all items and it is recommended that the Seller taking t he
contract to furnish t he miscellaneous Iteel and iron work fOT a building specify
all items in detail which it is intended to furnish. The general list of items under
this classification is as follows:
Area gratinga
Cast iron cover a nd framea
Ca.t iron rainwater rect!ivers
Cast iron downspout shoes
Cleanouta
I Coal chutes
Column gua rds
Door frames and bucks
Foot scrapen
Furnace or fireplace dampen
Flag pole
!
Ladden
Pin rail.
Sidewalk doors
$ills and curb angles, and anchon for lame
Special boltl or anchors where distinct ly ahown on the plans
Stain made of plain structural steel-not including tread. of other
materials
St.1ckl
Steel and cast iron platforma
Steel or iron chimney cape
Thi mhles
Wall plate anchon
•
28 AME RI CAN INSTIT UTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

Wheel gU.lrds
Window guards
Wire setten, for partitions, door and window guards (this does not include
fly screens)
(e) Materials not classed under above headiDgs.
The following items are not covered by classifications A-B-C and 0 and
will in no case be furnished by the Sellcr unless specifically agreed to and men-
tioned in the contract. It is not possible to designate every detail and the list
is typica l of material !lot included in classifications A-B-C and D. It is shown
here to assist the Architect and Engineer in avoiding confusion.
Ash hoists
Awning boxes
Boilers
Elevators or acces50ries
Elevator guides or sheave beams
Expanded metal
F urring
Glass for any purpose whatever
Hollow metal doors or frames
Hoppers
Mai l chute
l\Ietallockers
Miscellaneous carpenter or masonry bolts for connecting wood to wood
steel to wood, or wood to stone, etc.
Name plates
Patented devices
Pilot and driving nuts
Reinforcing steel
Rolling doors
Sheet metal work or corrugated sidings and rooling
Sidewalk lights
Steel sash and steel sash partitions
Spiral slitb
Suspended ceiling, except as noted under Cla511 "A"
Tanks and pans
Toilet partitions
Treads, except steel or iron
Vault doors
Ventilating brick
Wall, ceiling and floor registers
Wood hand rails
Wood handrail brackets
And all oth er material not mentioned

SECTION 3. INVO ICING

When conditions make it po5IIible to award contracts on a lump sum basis
the confusion of determining weights will be avoided. Scale weights involve a
variation which frequently lead to a compromise based on calcula ted weights.
 Ai\IERICAN I NSTITUT E OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 29

The rules hereinafter established, while not giving exact weights, are the
basis upon which the Seller must make a lump sum or a pound price bid and
they eliminate the necessity of increased cost of shop drawings and other refine-
ments of manufacture which would very materially increase COlits if exact weights
were required.
(a) Weights.
Structural steel and iron sold at a unit price per pound, hundred weight
(100 j) or ton (2000 j) shall be invoiced on the calculated weights of ~hapes,
plates, bars, castings, rivets and bolts, based on the detailed shop drawingS and
shop bills of material which show actual dimensions of materials used as follows:
Dimensions:-
The weight will be figured on the basis of rectangular dimensions for
all plates, and ordered overall lengths for all structural shapes and with no
deductions for copes, clips, sheared edges, punchings, borings, milling or
planing. When parts can be economically cut in multiples from material of
larger dimension, t he calculated weight shall be taken as that of the ma-
terial from wh ich the parts are cut.
Over-run, as follows:-
I. To the nominal theoretical weight of all universal mill and sheared
plates or slabs will be added one-half the allowam;e for variation or
over-weight in accordance with the specifications of the American
Society forTesting I\laterials. All plateslessthan 5 feet in It'ngth shall
be subject to the variation or over-weight given for sheared plates.
(See table in A. S. T . 1\1. Specification).
2. Reinforcing bars when not sold on a basis of scale weights shall be
invoiced by the Seller at the theoretical weights plus I.K"% to allow
for over-run weight of deformations, etc.
3. T he calculated weights of castings shall be the weights determined
from the detail drawings of the pieces including standard fillets for
such pieces, T o this an average over-run of 10% shall be added.
Rivets, as follows:-
I. The weight of shop rivets will be based on the weights shown in
the follow ing table:
Rivets U ' in diameter 20 • per 100 rivets
Rivets ~ . in diameter 30 • per 100 rivets
Rivets Yo' in diameter 50 II per 100 rivets
Rivets ]i' in diameter 100 II per 100 rivets
Rivets 1 • in diameter 150 'per 100 ri\'ets
Rivets I j-i:' in diameter 250 II per 100 ri\'ets
Rivets I}:( in diameter 325 , per 100 ri\'ets
2. Field rivets and bolts shall be invoiced at their actual weigh t.
Paint:-
One-half of 1% of the theoretical weights of the material painted will
be added for each coat of paint. For work oiled, one-fourth of 1% for each
coat will be added,
30 AMER ICAN INSTITUT E OF ST E EL CONSTRUCTION, I NC.

SECTION 4. DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS

(a) T he Buyer shall furnish the Seller within a time agreed to in the contract
a survey of t he lot lines, together wi th a complete and fuJI design of the structural
steel frame definitely locating all openings, levels. etc.: and showing all material
to be furnished by the Seller with such informat ion as may be necessary for the
completion of the shop drawings by the Seller. All 5uch information and draw-
ings shall be consistent with the original drawings and specifiC3tions.
(b) In case of discrepancies between t he d rawings and the specifications
prepa red by either the Seller or the Buyer, the specification shall govern; and
in case of discrepa ncies bet ween the scaled dimensions on the drawings and the
figures written on them, the figures shall govern.
Should the SeUer in the execution of his wor k find discrepancies in the
information furnished by the Buyer, he shall refer such discrepancies to the
Buyer before proceeding further with work which would be affected.
(c) Shop Drawings shall be made and submitted to the representative of the
Buyer, who shall examine the same and return them approved with such cor-
rections as he fi nds necessa ry. T hey shall be corrected by the SeUer if necessary
and returned for the Buyer's file as finally approved. The Seller may proceed
with shop wor k, but in so doing he shall assume responsibility for having properly
made t he corrections indicated by the Burer.
In addition to the set of blue prints of approved shop drawings for the
Buyer's file as above referred to, the Buyer may require t he Seller to furnish
without cost to the Buyer, one additional set of shop drawing blue prints, but
a ny further additional sets shall be paid (or by the Buyer at cost, plus overhead
and a fixed per cent for profit. All drawings or tracings made by the Seller for
t he execution of his work shall remain his property unless otherwise specifically
agreed t o.
(d) Shop Drawings prepared by the Seller and approved by a representative
of t he Buyer shall be deemed the correct interpretation of the work to be done,
but docs not relieve the Seller of responsi bility for the accuracy of details.
(e) After t he plans and shop drawings have been "approved" or "approved
as noted" by the authori t y designated in the contract, any further changes
required shall be made at the expense of the Buyer.
(f) When detailed shop drawings are furnished by the Buyer no responsi-
bility for misfits due to errors in the drawings will be assumed by the Seller.
SECTION S. GOOD WORKMANSHIP AND STANDARD P RACTICE
Good workmanship and standard pract ice in a modern struct ura l shop is
defined as follows:
Ca) Material.
Stock material shall be of a quality substantially equal to that called for
by the specifications of the American Society for Testing Materials for the
classifications covering its intended use; and mill tcst reports shall constitute
sufficient record as to t he quali ty of material carried in stock. It is obviously
 •
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIO N, INC. 31

impouibJe for the Seller to maintain record. of heat or blow numben of e\'cry
piece of material in his stock, and the .arne .ball not be required if all hi. stock
purcha!lel are made under an established .pecification as to grade and quality.
Whenever a shop maintains such a practice in carrying a slock of material,
it is deemed good practice to permit the use of such stock material in i15 fabri-
cating operations whenever the shop desires to do flO, instead of onkring itellls
from the mill for a specific operation. Stock materials bought under no particular
specifications, or under specifications materiall y less rigid than those mentioned
ab,we, or .tock material which has not been subject to mill or other recognized
test reporu, shall not be used, except as noted below, withou t the approval of
the Buyer and under rigid inspection.
It i, permitted to use unidentified stock material froe from surface im-
perfections for short sections of minor importance or for small unimportant
details, ...·here the quality of the material could not affect the strength of the
structure.
(b) Strlightening and Cleaning.
All material shall be dean and straight, aw.l if straightening or flattening is
necessary, it ,hall be done by a process that .... 11 not injure the material. Sharp
kinks or bends shall be cause for rejection.
(e) Punching,
The punch shall be h"larger than the nominal diameter of the ri\'et, ___
, ,and the die opening not more than }i "larger than the diameter of the
punch, The thickness of the material in punched .... ork shall not be greater than
nominal diameter of the ri\'et, plus }i", The accuracy of the punchin, ,hall be
such that (Of' any gro~p of holes .... hen a_mbled, 75% shall admit a rod equ.tl
to the diameter of the cold rivet at right angles to the plane of the connection,
otherwise the holes shall be re.1med,
Likewise, .... hen '.1'Ork is assembled, all holes which ....ilI not admit a rod.Hi·
smaller than the nominal diameter of the cold rivet shall be reamed.
(d) Reaming,
Reamed or drilled holes shall not be l1Xluired unless SpecifiC.llly agreed to
in the contract. When specification' require that ....ork shall be sub.punchl.:d
and reamed the die used for punching shall be h' smaller than the nominal
diameter of the rivet, and the assembled holes shall be reamed to a diameter of
h"larger than the nominal diameter of the rh'et.
(e) Planing.
Planing or finishing of sheared plates or shapes will not be required unless
specifically called for by the specifications or drawings.
(I) Assembling.
All parts of riveted memben; shllll be well pinned or bolted and rigidly held
together while rilleting. Drifting done during assembling shall not distort the
metal to enlarge the bole on the side on which the die was used in punching.
Finished members shall be t r ue to line and free from t wi$t5, bend, and
open jointt. It is not the function of fitting up bolu to bring improperly straight-
ened material into place, thus causing a strain on the rivets in the finished ....ork.
-
32 AMEI'U CAN INST ITUTE OF STE EL CO~STR UCT [ ON , I NC.

Compre$lliQn member!! IIha ll not have a lateral vadation greater tha n I to

1000 of the axial length between the points which are to be laterally suppor ted.
An allowable variation of h' is permi$sible in theovcr all length of members
wi t h both pncls milled.
" lembeN without rniUed ends which arc to be assembled to other steel
parts of the structure lihall not have an error greater than n"
for members 30
feet or less in length, and not more than 7'" for members over 30 feet in length.

(g) Ri veti ng.

Rivets shall bc heated uniformly to a ligh t cherry red , alld shall be d riven
and t he heads formed with a proper sized die ,,·hire hot. When heated and ready
for driving, rivets shall be free from slag scale and carbon deposits. When driven
they shall completely fill the holes.
~, burned or otherwi~ Jefective rivets shall be replaced. After driving,
the rivet heads shall be full, neatly made, concentric with the rivet hole, and in
full contact with the surface of the member. Ca u!kingthe rivet head shall not
be permitted.

(h) Burning Torch.

T he use of a burning torch is permissible if t he burned metal is not carrying
stresses during the burning. Stresses shall not be transmitted into the metal
through a burned surface.
T he material adjacent to a burned surface for a distance equal to the thick·
ness of the materia l shall not be considered a part of t he net section for tension
members.

SECTION 6. INSPECTION AND DELIVERY

<a) Ins pection.
The Seller's shop service includes inspection by his own inspectors, and
shop or mill inspection other than this shall be paid for by the Buyer.

(b) Acce ptance of M ate rials.

When mater ial is inspected by a representa t ive of the Buyer at the Shop,
the acceptance of such material by the Buyer's reprCl!entative shall be considered
t he Buyer's final approval: but the Seller shall be responsible for the accuracy
of the work and for defective material or workmanship which may be discovered
before the completion of the st ructure.

(c) Order of Delive ry.

Unless the order or sequence of delivery is specifically arranged for before
the wor k is underta ken, it will be at the convenience of the Seller .

(d ) M ate rials sold d elive red.

\ Vhen materia l is sold delivered on ca rs or trucb at t he site of the structure,
all unloading shall be done by the Buyer. a nd a ll responsibility to persons or
property duri ng such unloading shall be at the Buyer's risk.
 Al\IERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. JJ

(e) Loss in shipment where material is sold fabricated only.

T he quantity of material shown by the shipping statement will in all cagell
govern settlements unless notice of shortage is immediately reported to the agent
of the delivering carrier, and his signed verification obtained, and like notice
sent to the Seller within 48 hours after receipt of the shipment, in order that the
alleged shortage may be investigated by the Seller.
<f ) Storage of Material.
Where conditions make it necessary that material be stored for any length
of ti me, and t he contract dOC!! not provide for such storage, payments are to
come due and be payable the same as if the material had been delivered a t the
building site; and the Seller shall be compensatLod for handling, storage, and other
increased expenses that may result from such conditions.

SECTION 7. ERECTION
<a) Foundations.
The Seller or erector shall not be responsible (or the strength or suitability
of the foundations.
(b) Building Lin es and Bench Marks.
Building lines and bench marks at the site of the structure shall be accurately
located by the Buyer, and carefully shown or described by him or his representa-
tive to the steel erector or his engineer.
(c) Steel and Cast Iron Bases.
All steel grillage, steel slabs, cast iron, or steel bagell, or steel colu mns with
bases fabricated as an integral part of the column shall be set and wedged or
shimmed by the seller or steel erector to grade or level lines, which are deter-
mined and fixed by the buyer, who shall grout all such parts in place. Defore
grouting the buyer shall check the grades and levels of the parts to be grou ted,
and shall be responsible (or the accuracy of the !lame.
(d) Anchor Bolts.
All anchor or foundation bolts shall be set by the Buyer.

(e) Working Room .

The erection contractor shall be entitled to sufficient space at the site of
the st ructure at a place convenient to him to place his derricks and other equip-
ment necessary for erection. When conditions at the site provide working space
not occupied by the structure, the erection contractor shall be entitled to storage
space for sufficient material to keep his working force in continuous operation.
(f ) Plumbing Up.
The temproary guys and braces shall be the propert y of the Seller, .... d if
after the steel has been plumbed and leveled, the work of completing the
structure by other contractors is suspended or delayed the owner of the tem-
porary guys and braces shall receive reasonable compensation for their use. The
guys shall be removed by the Buyer at his expense, and returned to the Seller
in as good condition as when placed in the building wit h a reasonable depre<:ia_
tion.

: ~----------------------------~
34 AMERICA:-l INSTIT UTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

Immediately upon completion by the atao,l erector, the Burer shall auure
himself by whatever agenc~ he may elect, that the steel erector's "'ork is
plumb and level, and properly guyed. If it is not, he should immediately Ilotify
the erector and direct him to perfect hi~ work. After the steel erector hal guyed
and plumbed the work once to the satislactiol1 of the Buyer, his responsibility
cea!ICII. An y further work in guying or plumbing shall be performed ent irely at
th e Buyer's expense.
I n the Betting or erecting of structuml steel work, the indi\'idual pieces shall
be considered plumb or level where the error does not exceed 1 to 500.
For exterior columns and columns adjacent to elevator shafts of multiple
story buildings, the error from plumb .hall not exceed 1 to 1000 for the total
height of the column.
(&) Opportunity to Investigate Errors.
Correction of minor misfits and a rea90nable amount of reaming and cutting
of excess stock from rivets will be considered as a legitimate part of erection.
Any error in shop work which prevents the proper assembling and fitting up of
parts by t he moderate use of drift pins, or a moderate amount of reaming and
slight chipping or cutting, shall immediately be reported to the Seller and his
approval of the method of correction obtained.
(b.) Wall Plates.
Alltooee masonry bearing plates lor beams, lintels, trusses or columns shall
be set and grouted to grade and line by the Buyer ready for the steel erector to
set his work.
(0 Loose Lintels.
Looec lintels or pie<:e!l of all kinds and descriptions required by the design
of a building to carry brick work over openings, ilnd ,,·hich lintels or pieces are
not attached in any way to the rest of the stL'CI structure, and cannot be placed
exccpt a. the masonry work advances, will not be erected by the steel erector
unless by special agreemen t.
0> Ornamental Iron and Bronze.
Fine ornamental iron and bronze ..... ork i8 considered as finishing material,
and shall not be set in a building until after the 1n.1rble. plaster. and other work,
except decorating, is in place.
(It) Elevator Framing.
The setting or erection of guide!!, taB, machinery, cables, sheaves, pans,
etc., for elevators, is not to be required of the steel ere<:tor.
(I) Field Assembling.
The sitt of asaembled pieces of structural steel is fixed by the pcrmiuiblc
weight find clearance dimen5ions of t raneportation. Unless such conditions arc
pro\'ided [or by the Bu}'er or his enginCf:r, the Seller shall provide lor such field
connections as will require the least field work: and such field connection, shall
be a part of the erection work.
(m) Cutting ud Patching.
The Seller shall not be required to cut or patch any work, except his own,
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CO~STRUCTION , I NC. 35

unless particularly specified, and will not alter his own work.rcquired by changes
or inaccuracies in the building without being reimbu~ for the expen!IC of such
changes.
(0) Insurance.
The ere(:tor shall indemnify and sa,"e harmless the Buyer from all claims
and costs arising from any damages to person or property occurring in the
performance of his work due to any act or ncgle(:t of his employees or agents.
(0) Temporary Floors.
The Buyer shall provide plank, and cover all floors required by municipal
or state laws, excepting the floor upon which the eTe<:ting derricks are located.
This floor will be coveroo by the sted erector for In)rking purposes.
(p) Field Paint.
Unless specifically agreed to in the contract. field paint shall be considered
a phase of maintenance, and such protection as is necessary shall be provided
for by til(! Buyer.

SECTION 8. DELAYS IN PROSECUTION OF WORK

(a) Causes not controlled by Seller or Buyer.
Neither Seller nor Buyer shall be responsible for delays in performance
caused by delays at rolling mills, or in transportation, or due to strikes, fires,
floods, storms, or other circum~tances beyond their reasonable control whether
related or unrelated, or similar or dissimilar to any of the foregoing. In case of
delay to work due to any of the ;1oo\'e causes, a reasonable extension of time
shall be given for the completion of the work.

(b) Delays caused by the Seller.

Should the Seller at any time, except as prOI'ided in the preceding para-
graphs, refuse or neglect to supply enough workmen of proper skill or material
of proper quality, or to carry on the work with promptnes!j and diligence, the
Buyer, if not in default, may give the Seller ten days written notice, and at the
end of that time if the Seller continues to neglect the work, the Buyer may pro-
vide such laoor or materials and deduct the cost from any money due or to
become due the Seller under the contract, or may terminate the employment of
the Seller under the agreement and take possession of the premises and of all
materials, tools. and appliances therC(ln and employ any other person to finish
the work. In the latter case, the Seller shall receive no further payment until
the work be finished; then if the unpaid balance that would be due under the
contract exceeds the cost to the Buyer of finishing the work, such excess shaH be
paid to the Seller; but if such cost exceeds unpaid balance, thi! Seller shall pay
the excess to the Buyer.

(c) Delays caused by tbe Buyer.

The Buyer shall be responsible for delays resulting from lack of complete
data and from changes or revisions or the tardy apprOI'al of drawings. Informa-
lion given later than the date fixed in the contract for the delivery of complete
36 AMERICAN IN!!:TITUT£ OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIO:-l, INC.

information ,hall not be caU!le for a claim by the Seller unless luch delay affect.
Seller', coati or manufacturing operations. \Vhen lIuch dela)'!! incn"aJe 00111 or
compel changes in the Seller'. manufacturing operations he shall be recompensed
for the damage resulting.
If information is available (or the Seller to manufacture 01' erect the material
in accordance with the conditions of the contl'3ct, and if he is prevented from
the orderly and continuous prosecution of ,uch work by any act or a neglect of
the Buyer, the Seller m.ay continue his work and may place fabric.1ted material
in etorage at hill own plant or elsewhere and the Buyer shall, upon tender of
transfer of title. pay for s.1id material as if it had been delivered under the terms
of the contl'3ct. The Buyer shall alllO recompense the Seller for all expense
incurred in the storing, caring for, or re-handlingof !l3.id material; and lor damage
resulting from changed manufacturing operations. On erection work the Seller
,hall be recompensed fo r any extl'3 expen!Jlt incurred in wages and in the tran ....
port.1tion of men or equipment to and from the site and their maintenance at
the lite during the period of delay, alllO for extra expenl!e resulting from overtime
made neceMary by sucb delay.
If f01' more than ooe month at any time, tilly act or neglect of the Buyer,
or any legal proceeding taken against him, preveOlI the starting or continuous
prosecution of the work, the Scller may give the Buya ten days written notice,
and at the end of that Ii me, if the Buyercontinues at lault or the legal proceeding
continues effective, the Seller may terminate his obligations under the contract;
in which case the Buyer shall at once pay the Seller for the work done and
material provided, and all damages the Seller may sustain, induding damages
resulting from changed shop operation •.

SECTION O. EXTRA WORK

Ca) Geoeral.
Charges for extra work, or work not covered by the contract, shall be made
on a basis that is definitely and mutually understood betwccn the Buyer and
the Seller Ilt the time (he occasion for such extra expense arises.
In the ab!lence of such an understanding bet"'ccn the Buyer and Seller.
the following is listed as proper expenses.
(b) Material.
AU extra material required shall be invoiced out at current warehoult
price!l, plue cost of fabrication, including regular o\'Crhead costs, plul trans-
portation costs, and an agreed per cent for profit. .
Ce) DraitiD( Labor.
All extra labor in the drafting room Ihall be invoiced out at COIIt plus over-
head, plus an agreed pt:r cent for profit.
(d) Shop Work.
All extra shop labor shall be chargC!d at actual cost as shown by the time
cards; to this shall be added the overhead expen8C, and the use of equipment
and power, The sum of these charges shall be considered the actual cost of the
shop, to which Ihall be added an agreed per cent for profit.
 ....
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 37

(e) Field Work.

All extra labor requir«l in the crct;lion of structural steel shall be invoiced
as follows:
The actual labor cost shall be that shown by the lime cards, to which shall
be added the actual cost of illsurance, the cost of labor transportation when
necasary, and an additional allowance for o\'erhead expense. The sum of these
shall be considered the actual cost, to which 51mll be added an agreed per cent
of profit.
Should the buyer or his agent or other trades engaged in the erection of
other work connected with the structure require the use of materials or equip-
ment belonging to the Seller, the Seller shall receive compensation for such extra
service together with depreciation of equipment and an agn.>ed per cent for profit.

(I) Miscellaneous.
Any additional cost, such as hauling, painting, crating. freight, etc., shall
be charged at actual cost, plus overhead, plus insurance, plus an agreed per
cent for profit.
(g) Overtime.
On contract \\'ork where the SeHer h:u not agreed to work overtime, he
shall not be required to do so without being paid for his extra expen;;e and a pt"ofit.

(h) E:rtra Cleaning.

If because of continued storage, or for any other realill)U not the fault of
the Seller, it should be necessary to dean and repaint the steel work, t he cost of
this additional cleaning and p.1inting should be paid for as an extra, including
regular O\'erhead charges as specified for extra work elsewhere in this section.

SECTION 10. PROPOSALS AND CONTRACTS

<a) Direct Contracts.
It is recommended that in all cases where the structural steel frame of a
building is self supporting, and also in all such other cases where the structural
steel and iron items entering into the construction of a building can easily be
separated from the other materials of construction, that all contracts for such
structural steel or iTOU be made separately by the owner or his representative
with the steel contractor.
(b) Conflicts.
In the event of a conflict bet,,'ccn the terms and conditions of the propo!l3l,
and the terms alld conditions stated in the plans alld specifications, the terms of
the proposal shall govern.

(c) Price for additions or deductions.

The Seller is not to be re<juired nor expected to make the same unit price
{or additions toas for deductions from the list of material required for a structure.
The contr:lct, may however, specify a certain other unit price for such materials
as '\lay be deducted from the quantity of material as originally contempla ted
by the contract.
38 AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

(d) Material not shown or called for.

Clauses in the specification to the effect that all steel and iron items, neces-
sary to complete the structure shall be furnished by the Seller, whether or not
they are shown on the plans or called for in the specifications, bl::ing obviously
unfair, will not hi! recognized or su bScribed to. The Seller shall, however, furnish
a ll material and labor for details that may be required for such stecl and iron
work a8 is shown on the drawings or called for in the specification, although such
details may themselves not be shown or called for.

(e) Items not to be furnished.

Unless specifically mentioned in the request for bids, or specifically agreed
to, the bidders do not estimate or include the following items in their proposals:
Any charges for surety bonds or insurance not required by law, or any
other general charge such as building permits, license fees or ta;o;;es for per·
mission to work in city or state, engineering fees, removal of rubbish, patching
or repairing of plaster or masonry work, office or telephone service, light, heat,
fire insurance, or the erection of tl.!mporary structures, enclosures or stairs.

(0 Tenns.
The following terms of payment are adopted as standard and will govern
in all cases, except when otherwi!le agreed to in the contract.
1. All payments shall be made ill funds current at par in the city in
which the Seller furnishing the material is located.
2. All materials for export, net cash in exchange for shipping documents
will be required.
3. For all materials to be erected by the Seller, the Buyer shall on the
10th day of each month pay an amount equal to not less tha ll 90% of
the contract value of all materials shipped, stored or ready for shipment;
and not less than 9(l% of the contract value of the erection performed dur-
ing the preceding month; and shall pay the remainder within 10 days after
the completion of the steel contract; but the amount reserved by the Buyer
shall at no time el«;eed double the contract value of the work remaining
yet to be done.
4. When the material which is not to be erected by t he Seller is sold to
a Buyer whose credit has been established with the Seller, terms nf':t cash
for contract value of each shipment. Payments to be made on the 10th
day of the month following shipments.
5. Unless otherwi!le agreed to, when material is sold delivered at, or
freight is allowed 1:0 destination, the Buyer shall pay freight charges and
the Seller shall acx:ept receipted freight bills as cash to apply on matu red
payments due on or after arrival at destination of matl.!rials covered by
such freight expen~!e bills.
6. Payments Hhall al! be considered to be due and shall be paid at the
time specified, regardless of the final settlement for the building as a whole.
or for the wor k of any other trade; and when the contract is with a general
contractor the payment for steel shall not be delayed by such general con-
tractor pending his: receiving estimates of payments from the owner.
7. Amounts past due shall bear interest at the maximum lawful rate.
 AMERICAN I~STITUTE OF STEEL CONST RUCTION, INC. 39

STANDARD FORM OF PROPOSAL

The Seller for the consideration of.
hereby agr~s to furnish all the materials and to perform .111 of the labor in
accordance with the conditions of the Code of Standard Practice of the Amer-
ican Instimte of Steel Construction dated October 1st, 1924, for furnishini
and erecting the... . .............................................. .

for ....... .
located at. ..... .
as shown on the drawings. . ...... . .... . .... _.... . .
and as mentioned in the specifications for ................................ .
pages ....
Terms of payment shall be in accordance with the above mentioned Code
of practice, except as follows ...

The Seller further agrees to furnish such material and complete such labor
within the following time....................... . .... , ............ .

The Buyer shall furnish complete information within.

days to enable the Seller to complete all necessary shop drawings.
Extra materials and labor furnished by the Seller shal1 be invoiced to the
Buyer at their full cost plus a profit of. ....................... .
per cent.
Inasmuch as materials are subject to prior sale, this proposal is made for
acceptance on or before. . .. and the price is subject to
change without notice.

Accepted By:

Herein designated as the Buyer

or his authorized agent

Date of Acceptance: SIGNE D BY

Witnessed By;

Herein designated as Seller

Date ............. .
40 AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

6J) EALIZING that the erislillg empirical methods of considering

.L \, fire hazards GIld fire protectioll ha,,'c beell Iflisalisfactory to the
cO'lSlrrlClioll illdustries, Ill e Amcrieall Illstitlflc of Steel COllstrucnoll,
hIe., asked (J cOlI/wittl'f! of prolllilll'ltt f!lIgillcrrs to ulldertake the;
prepamtioll of a Specifiealjoll that 1uolI!t1 deal with Ihese queslions
from a ratiol/Jll standpoint.
T he reslllting specificatioll, we brlie1.'e, cOllstilutes a most im-
porlallt dC'"Jeiopment to the eonstrllctioll industry.
Tile pers(nlllei of this committee is as follows:

H. G. BALCOM-
Mem. American Society of Civil Engineers
Mem. American Society for Testin~ Materials
Consulting Engineer, New York CLty
FRANK BURTON- Chairman of Committee
Past President, Building Officiab Conference
.past President, Detroit Engineeri ng Society
Mem. American Chemical Society
Consulting Engineer, Detroit, l\I ,ch.
A. R. ELLIS-
Mem. American Society for Testing Ma terials
Mem. American Society of Municipal Engineers
Mem. American Welding Society
Mem, Engineers Society of Western Pennsylvania
Mem. Na t ional Electric Light Associa t ion
Genera l l\1anager, Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pa.
S. H. INGBERG-
Mem. Western Society of Engineers
Mem. American Society for Testing Material~
Mem. American Concrete I nstitute
Mem. National Fire Protection Association
AMOC. Mem. Building Officials Conference
Senior Engineer, United States Bureau of Standard.
RUDOLPH P. MILLER-
Mem. American Inst itute of Consulting Engineers
Mem. American Society of Civil Engineers
Mem. American Society for Testing Materials
Past President, Buildiug Officials Conference
Past President, National Fire Protection Association
Mem. United States Department of Commerce Building Code
Committee
COJlsulting Engineer, New York City
F. E. TURNEAURE- C. E" D. Eng.
Mem. American Association for Ad vancement of Science
Mem. Western Society of Engineers
Mem. American Railway Ensineerin~ Association
Mem. American Society of CLvil Ene;Lneers
Mem. Society for Promotion of Engmeering Education
Dean, College of Mechanies & Engineering. University of Wisconsin,
Madison, Wis.
 AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONST RUC TION, INC. 41

STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR FIRE-

PROOFING STRUCTURAL
STEEL BUILDINGS

October 8th, 1927

~oreword

The Specifica t ion of the American Engineering Standa rds Commi ttee for
Fire Tests of Building Const ruction and Materials as published by the American
Society for Testing Materials, seri.11 designation C-19-26T, sha ll apply so far as
it defines test procedure. T he present specification provides an alternate method
of defining the end point of the tests which is based on the maximum tempera-
tures at which t he struct ural steel is permitted to C<lrry the stresses used in the
design.

It is not intended that this specification will cover fire hazards that ma y
occur du ring construct ion.

It is contemplated that the exterior and interior walls and t he Roor or roof
5labs of the building will confine the fire to its place of origin without protection
by automatic sprinklers or manual fire protection .

Such da ta rega rding the fi re resistance of structural steel me mbers, an d

the insulat ing properties of materia ls, as have been deri,"ed in accordance with
the specific-ation C-19-26T , an d that are found applicable to types of buildin g
members treated in this specification, may be used.

Data of this nature regarding columns were developed in a co-operat ive

series of fire tests by T he Associated Factory i\l ut ual Laboratory, T he Under-
writers' Laboratories, and the Bureau of Standards, the results of wh ich a re
given in t he publication "Fire Tests of Bui ldi ng Columns," obtaina ble from the
Underw riters' Laboratories, Chicago, flL, or t he Superintendent of Docu me nts,
Washington, D. C.

Since this specification de:J.ls with the quest ion of fire protect ion from a
relatively new standpoint, it has been considered advisable to incor porate some
data that is informative, which if attached as notes or appendix might be over-
looked.
,
42 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR FIRE-

PROOFING STRUCTURAL
STEEL BUILDINGS

October 8th, 1927

SECTION I. PURPOSE AND SCOPE

The purpose and scope of this specification is:-
(_) To define ba5ic conditions relative to the insulation necessary to protect
etructural steel when exposed to fire hazards, and thus enable engineers to
design and classify steel structures for temperature resistance.

(b) To provide data that will enable the classification of fire hazards, and
to rate them on the b.1Sis of their relative intensity and duration as compared to
an e!ltablished standard time-temperature hatard.

(c) To define the physical characteristiC!! of structural steel wi t hin the

temperature range that it is capable of carrying the ""orking stresses used in
designing, thus making possible the substitution of temperature determinations
for the loading of test specimens during fire tests.

(d) To define fire test procedure that will give data on a unifor m basis
regarding the insulating properties of different fire resistive insulators.

SECTION 2. FIRES
(a) The intensity and duration of fires is variable, but for the purpose of
this specification all firell shall be classified, with regard to their intensity and
duration, on the basis of the average time-temperature definitions as set forth
in the tentative specification for fire tests on building construction and materials
as prepared by the sectional committee on Fire Test Specifications under the
joint sponsorship of the United States Bureau of Standards, the American
Engineering Standards Committee Fire Test Group, and the American Society
for Testing Materials, in accordance with the procedure of the American Engi-
neering Standards Committee, and published by the American Society for Test-
ing Materials under serial designation C-19-26T.
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

(b) The time-temperature definition of the above referred to .pecification

i. given by the accompanying table and shown by the curve in Fig. No. I.
1000· F. at 5 minutes duration
1300 · F. at 10 minutes duration
1550· F. at JO minutes duration
1700 · F. at 1 hour duration
1792 ° F. at 1 hour and JO minutes duration
1850 ° F. at 2 hounl duration
1925 ° F. at J hour. duration
2000 · F. at 4 hour. duration
2075 · F. at 5 hours duration
2150 · F. at 6 hours duration
2225 ° F. at 7 hours duration
2300° F. at 8 hour. duration

''4D 1300
v 12IJD

.-- V IItlO
I--'
V I()()(}

t.: 1600

~
~ /4fJIJ
... ~
."

~
;
m, 7/10

<DO t
~ ~
I "00 I
SOD

J •~
...
BOD
«10
600

4DD 2/10

2/10 IDD

D
DD I Z 3 4 J'
r.:"."HN.-.s.
6 7
•
FiJ.I. 7l..1JU Teml'eTlzl"U" C'1i.1"Ve.

(e) The temperature in the combustion chamber fixed by the curve .hall be
deemed the average obtained from the readings of aeveral thermo-couples (not
1_ than three) symmetrically located to .how the temperature ntar all partl
44 AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

of the specimen being tested, the thermo-couples being enclosed and sealed in
standard porcelain tubes J1 inch outside diameter, and with walls }i inch thick.
The exposed length of the thermo-couples and porcelain tubes shall extend not
less than 12 inches into the combustion test chamber. Pyrometers or thermo-
couple protecting tubes which are not standard may be used if under test con-
ditions th ey give readings that are within the limits of accuracy that apply for
furnace-temperature mealurements. Other conditions defining the control of
fire tests shall be as fixed by the above referred to specifications.

SECTION J . FIRE HAZARDS

(a) For the purpose of this specification fire hazards shall be classified in
accordance with the nature and combustibility of the materials which the build·
ing. contain.

(b) Fire resistive buildings shall be rated as to fire hazards due to interior
fires on the basis of the temperatnre which their combustible contents will
produce, and the time that is necessary to complete the burning of the com-
bustible contents as compared to the standard time-temperature definition
above given.

(e) The steel in the exterior walls of buildings sh;).11 be adeqU3.tely protected
against existing or probable maximum fnture exterior fire hazards.

(d) The occupancy rating of the fire hazards of fire resistive buildings or
parts thereof, shall be based upon the quantity of combustible contents per
square foot of floor, and the equivalent in tensity of fire which the contents will
produce as compared to the standard time-temperature curve.

(e) AU fire resistive buildings, together with such parts as are used for the
storage or handling of extra quantities of combustible materials, shall be fire-
proofed to protect th em against maximum fire hazards within any section having
6re lleparation from the remainder of the building, in accordance with t he
measured quantities of contained combustible materials including wood floor
covering and wood trim. The burning out tests conducted by the Bureau of
Standards with office occupancy and record stomge, indicate the following
equivalent fire hazard will approximately apply:

10 pounds per square foot constitutes a I hour fire hazard

IS pounds per square foot co.mitutes a I }{ hour fire hazard
20 pounds per square foot constitutes a 2 hour fire hazard
30 pounds per &quare foot constitutes a 3 hour fire hazard
40 pounds per square foot constitutes a 4}{ hour fire hazard
SO pounds per square foot constitutes a 6 hour fire hazard
60 pounds per square foot constitutes a 7U hour fire hazard

The maximum fire hazard based on the weight of combustible materials

shall be determined from the floor area of anyone bay of the building or fire
division thereof.
 A~!ER!CAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION. INC. 45

The above classification when applied to office equipment is based

upon the use of wood furniture and shelving. Other burning out tests of
offices equipped with meta! furniture and shelving, and with papers exposed
by opened drawers, show a very substantia! reduction of the fire hazard.

The combustible contents of some fire resistive buildin~ may weigh less
than 10 pounds per square foot of floor, but for the purpose of this specification
no building shall be considered fire resistive that is not constructed to resist a
fire of at least one hour standard duration with thll pertaining safety factor.

SECTION 4. STEEL
(a) The occasion for fireproofing structural steel is to insulate it against a
rise of temperature that would seriously impair its ability to sustain the loads
at the unit stresses used in the design.

(b) This specification applies only to steel of the quality defined by the
A. S. T. M. Standard Specification for Structural Steel for Buildings.

(c) The maximum working stresses for structural steel shall be those fixed
by the Standard Specification for Structural Steel for Buildings of the American
Institute of Steel Construction, dated June 1st, 1923.

(d) Under the conditions of this &pe<:ificntion the structural steel shall carT},
the entire load, except that beams, girders, or trusses, may have wall bearing
supports, and no stress shall be assumed as carried by the fireproofing materials,
when subjected to a fire. In cases where the original design considers a
part of the compression stresses as carried by some of the material used for
fireproofing, a corresponding percentage of the stress may be considered as
carTied by the fireproofing material during a fire.

(e) I n steel frame buildings or in buildings with part wall bearing, the skeleton
frame shall be considered as the columns, and the girders, beams, trusses and
spandrels having direct connections to the column. The secondary members of
floor or roof panels a re those which have no direct connections to the columns of
the building. Supplementary steel members shall be those members used in
connection with openings in outside wall or interior partitions, and which do not
transmit the loads which they may carry through direct connections to the
skeleton frame or secondary members. Masonry bearing lintels spanning
openings greater than six feet shall be considered secondary members.

(f) The strength of structural steel at approKimately 550° F. is about 25%

greater than its normal temperature strength, and at 800° F. ita strength is
approximately the same as its normal temperature strength.

At a temperature of 1000 ° F. the compression strength of steel is approxi·

mately the same as the maximum permissible working stress in columns, and
under a rare hazard of fire it shall be permissible for insulated steel columns to
carry their working stresses when the average temperature at any critical cross
 46 A~IERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC

section does not exceed 1000 ° r., or when the maximum temperature at the
critical cross section does not exceed 1200 ° F.

If the maximum working stress in tension or compression is 18,000 pounds

per square inch in any member or critical flange of a member resisting bending
moments, it shall be permi!lSible for the member to ciHry its maximum working
st ress if the average temperature does not exceed 1000 0 F., or the maximum does
not exceed 1200 0 F. at any Cro!lSsection of the member, or its critical flange. If
higher working stresses are used, proper COll!lideration shall be given to extra
insulation against temperature.

(g) I f structural steel of special manufacture is used at higher working

stresses than those fixed by this specification, its strength as compared to the
steel of this specification at high temperatures shall be determined, and it shaH
be insulated against a rise of temperature that will leave its strength propor·
tionately above the working stress.

(h) The average coefficient of expansion for structural steel between the
temperatures of 200 ° F. and IHJO ° F. is given by the formula

C = JJO00061 + '()OOOO()()()22 I
in which C is the coefficient of expansion for each degree F., and t is the
temperature Fahr.

From 1100 0 F. to 1400 0 F. there is a slight variation in the coefficient,

and below 200 ° F. the variation is ICiIS than that at the higher temperatures.

(i) Structural steel maintained at various constant temperatures has

a uniform coefficient of elasticity up to the elastic limit stress, but between
the elastic limit stress and the yield point stress, the rate of deformat ion
with stress is a variable. If a member is subject to bending which produces
stresses in the extreme fibre above the elastic limit it results in the extreme
fiber and a portion of the adjacent fibers nearer the neutral axis carrying
approximately the same stresses, and aocounts for yield points deter-
mined by flexure being sometimes considerably higher than yield points
determined by axial tension.

The coefficient of elasticity of steel decreases as the temperature

increases, and the initial or tangent coefficient of elasticity for temperatures
between 200 0 F. and 130lP F. is given approximately by the formula

E 32400000 - 17000 l
I
in which E is the initial or tangent coefficient of elasticity, and I is the
I temperature Fahr. Between room temperature and 200 ° F. there is a
smaller va riation in E.
 AMEI{(CAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT ION, INC. 41

The formula E - 32-100000 - 11000 I d~ not apply for Itres&ell

abo~ t he elastic or proportional limit which \'aries wit h t he tempera·
t ure approximately al foilowl :

200 ° F. Elast ic U mit - 330006 per sq. inch

300· F. Elastic Limit 28000 • per sq. inc h
500 · F. Elast ic Limit 16000 6 per sq. inc h
100 · F. Elanic Limit 12000 • per Iiq. inch
900" F. Elastic Limit 8000, per sq. inch
1100· F. Elastic Limit
000· F. Elastic Limit
- 5(""
2000,
per !KJ. inch
per!KJ. inch

SECTION S. FIREPROOFING MATERIALS

(a) The insulating material used shall be !IO applied that t he di lTe~nce in
temperature of the steel in any cn)llll section shall not set up serious interna l Of
buckling stresses, and so that luch varia t ion as exists will be symmetrical about
t he axca of compression members.

(b) Fire resisting insulating material 'lhall continue to function within the
temperature range of its use, and shall be BO applied that it will not crack, lpall.
Of buckle to ICriously expose the liteel to direct heat from fire.

(e) If the insulating of columns contemplates the use of air spaces between
t he steel and the insulator, there 1h:1I1 be fire stops placed at t he floor levels

SECTION (i . TESTS
(I ) In lieu of the tC!lt procedure de..:ribed in C- t 9-26T t he following pro-
cedure may be employed in the preparation of data regarding the fire resisti~-e
properties of insulating ma terials that are used under the conditions of this
lpecilication.

(b) If the insulation contemplates the use of air spaces between tke I teel
and t ke insulator, the ends of the test specimen shall be thoroughly li re.stopped
to prevent t he CliCapc of heat from the air spaces.

(e) T emperature reading of all tkermo-couples both in the com bustion

chamber ilnd on the steel shall be made every five minutes during the fi rat hour
of t he test, but may be read at 15 minute in tervalll thereafter.
-'48 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

A'~--
-+--' --,
BrB~

AI
-.
.8 -B~'s..
,
_ J_
I -
'A- ~
(d) Test specimens for column. shall
consist of a rolled steel H lItction 10
feet long with not less than IS thermo-
1, c-c,-c.-c• .c. couples arranged as shown in figure # 2.
The steel H lItction shall be approxi-
mately 8· square and weigh approxi
mately 32 pounds per linear foot. The
thermo-couples A, B, C - AI. B), C Lo -
A l , Bl , C}, - 1\], BJ , CJ , - A.. B4, Ct..
shall be placed against or in the steel in
the positions shown to give the tempera'
'A,,-B...
ture of the steel whether the fireproofing
• c. is iOlid or includes an air space. Column
•
• .,,
• C, teatl shall be conducted with the teat

•, ••
·A~8..
,
.• lpecimen in a ,"Utical position. The

.', i~ average temperature of the ueel at

.'
, 1:; different sections as found by the
A,'B,
.-!
...
CJ"OU

reading. of thermo-couples A, B, C, -
c,
"
:,;
-,
AI , BI,C), etc., shall not exceed 1000- F.,
and the maximum reading for any
c "
~{{
A -B
,--
-1/
thcrmo-couplc 6hall not exceed 1200° F.

'..
~i'fi
'U
•••
The average temperature of the steel as
found for any C\"06!l section by the read-
ing of A, B,C, -AI, B I, C" etc., will be
obtained for this test specimen by the
following formula:

Average _ .39 X A (reading) + .5 X B (reading) + .11 X C (reading)

Example: If A reading is 1200- F., B reading is 1100° F., and C reading

i8 1000 ° F., the average for the a rea is .39 X 1200 +.5 X 1100 +.1 t X 1000
- 11 28 0 F.
 AMERICAN IKSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 49

L~~;~:;:,::::: /a'- o" -------~

Gird .. : APPtm:i"'<'ld, 18 ,". dup ~J<d IZ ,,,. wid•• IJooJ _i,Ai", IJpproxilllGUlr
87 lb •. Pa'li_fOOl
Fig. J. Girder Fireproofing T es/for Paneled ewing

(e) The test spedmen for girders in paneled ceiling construction shall con-
sist of a rolled steel girder 13 feet long with not less than IS thermo-couples
arranged as shown in Fig. No.3. The steel girder section shall be approxi-
mately 18 ' deep with a flange approximately 12' wide and weigh approxi-
mately 87 pounds per linear foot. The panel projection below the ceiling shall
be about 1'-3 ' , and the thermo-couples A,B,C, - At. B I, C II etc., shall be
placed against or in the steel in the position shown to give the temperature of the
steel whether the fireproofing is solid or iududes an air space. The specimen shall
be tested in a horizontal position. The average temperature of the steel of the
flange as found from the readings of thermo-couples A,B,C, - AI> Bb C It -

All Bl • C~. etc., shall not exceed l OOOQ F., and the maximum reading for any

thermo-couple shall not exceed 1200 QF. The average temperature of lhe steel
of any flange cross section as found from the reading of A, B, C, -All B I, C II
etc., will be obtained for this test specimen by the following formula:

Average _ .43 X A (reading) + .S X B (reading) + .07 X C (reading)

50 AMERICAN IXSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

U~;;:~:"'::':'~A~'_~;'~'~"~'~':';"~;'~'~'~.~~ ull 6 i_. tft4, a"'!

1J I~$. #r Ii ..... /004
Fig. 4. &am Fireproofing Tutfor Flush Ctiling
m l M_, aPF""" ..""I,

(f) The test specimen for flush ceiling floor construction shall consist of a
rolled steel beam 13 feet long with not le!III than 15 thermo<ouples arranged as
shown in Fig. No.4. The steel beam shall be approximately 1O ~ deep with a
flange approximately SJ1" or 6" wide, and shall weigh approximately 23 pounds
per linear foot. The thermo-coupies A,B,C, - Alo B" Ct, etc., shall be placed
against or in the steel in the position shown to give the tempemture of the steel
whether the fireproofing is solid or includes an air space. The specimen shall be
tested in a horizontal position. The average temperature of the steel of the flange
as found from the readings of thermo-coup!es A,B,C, - A;, B], C], etc., shan
not exceed lOOO· F., and the maximum reading for any thermCK:Ouple shall not
exceed 1200· F. The average temperature of the steel of any flange cross section
as found from the reading of A, B, C, - Alo Blo C h etc., will be obtained for this
test specimen by the following formula:

Average _ .43 X A (reading) + .S X B (reading) + .01 X C (reading)

 A}.!ERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 51

SECTION 7. SAFETY FACTOR

(. ) Steel buildings ,,·hose condition 01 I!J(te-rior expoaure and whoee contents
under fire hazards .... ill not produce a tempernture greater than 800° F. in the
.teel, shall be considered fire resillti\'e without insulating protection for the
steel.

(b) If the steel work has an ill8ulating protection, the safety factor shall be
based on the fireproofing material providing protection for a greater period of
time than the combustible contents of the building will burn as shol'0'11 in Section
J, Par. t!. of this specification. The safety factor for all skeleton frame and
IIeCOlldary members shall be 1}S'. For example: if a building contain. 10 pound.
of combustible material per square foot of Roor, and has a fire hazard of one
hour duration, the steel work shall be protected against the temperatures defined
in thi. specification for lJ4 hours.

Supplementary members shall not require insulating protection.

52 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTHUCT ION, INC.

MINIMUM LIVE LOADS ALLOWABLE FOR

USE IN THE DESIGN OF BUILDINGS
As recommended by the
Buildina Code Committee or the Bureau of Standards,
United States Department or Commerce

1. Definitions .
I. Dead Lood.- The dead load in a building includes the weight of walls,
permanent partitions, framing, floors, roofs, and all other per manent station-
sry construction entering into a building.
2. Li~ UJaJ.~ The live load includes all loads except dead loads.

2. General.
Bui ldinlfS and all part8 thereof shall be of sufficient strength to support
safely theIr imposed loads, live and dead, in addi t ion to their own proper
dead load; provided. however, that no building or part of a buildin~ shall be
designed for live loads less than those specified in th e 101l01l'ing sectIons.

J. Human Occupancy.
I. For room8 of private dwellings, hospital rooms and wards, guest
rooms in hotels, lodging and tenement houses, and for similar occu-
pancies, the minimum live load shall be taken as 40 pounds per square
foot uniformly distributed, except that where flooTli of one and two
family dwellings are of monolithIC type or of solid or ribbed slabs the
li\'e load may be taken as 30 pounds per square foot.
2. For floors for office purposes and for room8 with fixed seats, as in
churches, school classrooms, reading rooms, museums, art galleries,
and theaters, the minimum live load shall be taken as SO pound8 per
square foot uniformly distributed. Provision shall be made, how-
ever, in designing office floors for a load of 2,000 pounds placed upon
any space 2Yz feet square wherever this load upon an otherwise un-
loaded floor would produce stresses greater than the 50-pound dis-
tribute<1 load.
3. For aisles. corridors. lobbies, public spaces in hotels and public
buildings, banquet rooms, assembly halls without fixed seats, grand-
stands, theater stages, gymnasiullls, stairways, fire escapes or exit
passageways, and other spaces where croll·ds of people are likely to
assemble, the minimum live load shall be taken as 100 poullds per
square foot uniformly distributed. This requirement shall not apply,
however. to such spaces in private dwellings, for which the minimum
live load !ha1J be taken as in paragraph I of this section.

4. Industrial or Commercial Occupancy.

Tn designing flOOTll used (or industrial or commercial purposes, or purposes
other than previously mentioned. t he live load shall be assumed as th e maxi-
mum caused by the use which the building or part of the building i8 to serve.
T he (ollowinl1" loads shall be taken as the minimum live loads permissible for
the occupanCIes listed, and loads at least equal shall be assumed for uses simi-
lar ill nature to those listed in this section.
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 53

,
..
Minimum
Un Load in
F~I nltd for:
Slomae pu.~ ClIentraU
1bo.
,
(>t. oq. fl.

Storaae pu.pOIotI (s pecial) .

Manufactu.ina (liaht).
Print;na plant.
"""
WhoJ_ le n <>rta Wa hl mtrchanditt) . .
Re\.a;l .. ltatOOlIIS (U"ht IIIttc!>and;tt)_.
""
"""
Sc..o.blta.
Ga ....1<'A
"
AU types of ~hiclta '00
P~ cauonl)'.
Sid<walJt.-2SO 0. 800 IIOUnd. eon""nlr.>IM • .... hieh eve. ,i".,. the
Jar]]: ..t momenl of I l ~ r.
"

5. Roof Loads.
Roofs having a rise of 4 inchC!l or less per foot of horizontal pro/-ection shail
be proportioned for a vertical live load of 30 pounds per SQuare oot of hori-
zontal projection applied to any Of all slopC!l_ With a rise of more than 4
inchC!l and not more than 12 inches per foot a vertical live load of 20 pounds
on the horizontal projection shall be assumed. If the rise exceeds 12 inches
per foot no vertical live load need be assumed, but provision shall be made
for a wind force acting normal to the roof surface (on one slope at a time) of
20 pounds per square foot of such surface.

6. Allowance for Movable Partition Loads.

Floors in office and public buildings and in other buildings subject to shifting
of partitions without reference to arrangement of floor beams or ~kdefs shall
be designed to support, in addition to other loads, a single partition of the
t ype used in the building, placed in any possible position .

7. Reductions in Live Loads_

Except in buildings for stora~e purposes the following reductions in a!!llumed
total floor live loads are permissible in designing all columns, piers or walls,
foundations, trusses, and girders.

R,d"",j(}~ 0/ lotili/."" /OdtU ,,,,,j,d

CarTy;n" one tIoor .. ..
Carryin, lwo fIoon. .. . . .. . . ..... . _.
Po<

.•
~"'

Carry;n, Ih~ f1ovn.

Ca rryinll four ftoo... .
Carryin& five 1100I"I
. . ........... .. .. .. .
. . .... ..... ... . .
. . .... .. . . .. .
Carryjn& ail: f1oo .... ..... ... . .. ... ... . . ... .. .. . .
CatryinllltY~n 0. mort ftoo...
....""
~

For determining the area of footings the full dead loads plus the live loads,
with reductions figured as permitted above, shall be taken; except that in
buildinr for human occupancy, listed in section 3, a further reduction of
one-hal the live load as permitted above lIIay be used_
54 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, I NC,

'0he Historical DeYelopment

of

STEEL
and

IR ON

The t ..·o words, Steel and Iron, have been used so utenlively to indicate
the "'lme thing that it is uncertain what Ihould be the proper distinction
between the t ..·o materials. 1I0wever, the popular conception il that Iteel
meanl a more refined state than the word iron.

Under modern conditions of production, the first atate of iron after

refinement from the ore i8 usually kllown al cast iron, and a continued re·
finement of cast iron is usually called steel; and it is the popular conception
that a further refinement of the ateel produces wrought iron. As a matter of
fact, in the early production wrought iron was developed directly from t he
ore in a plastic condition and it was only after many centuri6 that the
iron could be produced from the ore in a molten condition, which permitted
it being poured into molds to form Callings.

Nut to oxygen, silicon and aluminum, iron is the most widely distributed
and largeet part of the solid material in the earth, and is about 4}t% of the
IOlid earth crust.

For lIIany years steel has been considerl.-d the index of the comm~rcia l ac·
t ivities of the country, but in a broader acnae, it has from the beginning of
history, been an accurate measure of the progress of civilization since it is
the medium through which all of our attainments are po&!lible, and withou t
it we must have continued in a "lvage Sla te. It is the only substance tha t
 AMER ICAN I NSTITUTE OF ST EEL CONSTRUCTION, I NC. 55

can be hardened to form t he tools by which all of our necessities are made,
includ ing wood work, machinery, t ransportation, in all forms, agricultural
implements, steam engines, and since it alone possesses magnetic properties,
a ll our electrical dev ices and developments depend upon it.

It is doubtfnl whethe r iron was known wheli the pyramids we re made

IIOme 6000 years ago, but it was used by the Hebrews, Assrrians, Phoenicians,
Greeks, a nd by the Romans, who found it being used by the Britains at the
ti me of Caesar's invasion. Through all of this t ime, and up to about 1400
A. D. iron was produced in very small quantities, and in a shallow saucer
shaped forge in wh ich the ore and charcoal were mixed and from which the
iron was thus separated. It would therefore seem natural that up to this
t ime iron would be used largely for weapons of combat and for small toole.

About 1400 A. D. the first lJlallOnry furnace rCllembling the principles

of the modern blast furnace was made in Europe, and about one hundred
years later, it was introduced into England. Previoue to this all of the
refining was accomplished by hand puddling, a nd forging, and it was only
after the furnace method was developed, that quantities could be made
large enough to use for castings. In fact it was impossible up to this time
to develop temperatures that would melt t he mate rial.

Following this and for nearly three hundred and fifty years the methods
of refinement were limited to puddling in a small reverberatory furnace
from wh ich the product was removed, as a puddle ball, and subjected to
forging. T henext outstandingaccomplishment was the Bessemer converter
developed bet ween 1850 and 1860 in England by Henry Bessemer, and in
Ame rica by William Kelly of Eddyville, Ky. Bessemer's financia l strength
enabled him to abllOrb his America n contemporary and the process has
sinee born his name. Briefly, the Bessemer process consists in passing a ir
throug h a melted cast iron which contains combustible impurities in such
quantit ies tha t chemical react ion is generated to raise the temperature t o
such a point that undC!!irable impuritiC!! are removed from the molten mass.
T his process is accomplished in about fifteen minutes, but its application is
limited to iron which contains combustible materials in quantities t ha t
ma ke the process wor kable.

While Bessemer was developing his convener, William Seimens was

working on the open hearth process, and built the first gas burning furnace
of this t ype in 186 1. T he success of the Bessemer even with its lilJlitat ion~
as fixed by the nature of the ores required, and the resnlting product, es-
ta blished that an a lmost unlimited ma rket existed for an economically pro·
d uced steel. T his resulted in the vigorous development of the open hearth
which was not so restricted as to the materials used, and while the process
is longer tha n the Bessemer, the product is more uniform in chemical and
physical properties, and soon outstripped its rival for public favor. Both
processes made possible t he casting of large ingots from which various shapes
cou ld be rolled , and by 1892 had practically eliminated sections of wrought
iron which had to be made by welding small bars togethe r t hrough are·
56 AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, I NC.

rolling process such as is still used for stay bolt iron and chain iron. As the
development of steel progressed, the sky line of our cities changed rapidly.
The electric furnace is following the open hearth and is capable of producing
a material of almost any preconceived chemical analysis, but so far at a cost
that prevents its entering into competition with the BeS$Cmer or the open
hearth for ordinary struct ural grade steel. The rema rkable precision of
chemical and physical properties that are uniformly attained by these proces-
ses is unknown to any other industry, and is illustrated by the fact that the
chemical properties are expressed in hundredths of a per cent, and it is
doubtfu l whether drops from a medicine dropper used in filling prescription~
are closer than 5% of each other. T hroughout all of the proceS$C~ of treat-
ing the ore and finishing through the Bessemer, the open hearth, or the elec-
tric furnace, great care is used in lheselection of t he fluxes, and the furnace
linillgs by mealls of which t he chemical propertie~ of the material are deter-
mined.
In all of thClie processes. the method of refining involves the treatment of
molten material, but it has been found commercially practicable to refille
certain grades of cast iron, and change it from a crystallille to a malleable
structure without heating it to the meltillg point.
Remaur in 1722 described t he production of ductile castings by processes
which removed the carbon from white grey iron by heating it in an oxide. T his
procCS!l is still used in Europe but in America it has been supplanted by the
Boyden process, which was iutroduced in 1826. The Boyden process results
in what is called malleable cast iron, which resembles the ordinary grey cast
iron, only in that both are cast in molds.
Grey iron castings contain about 2M% graphite, which exists as flat flakes
of free carbon and gives the fractured material a granular appearance. By
subjecting certain grades of grey iron castings for about three days toa temper-
ature of approximately 1300 G F. but not higher than 1700 0 F. a part of the
carbon is removed, aud the remaining graphite flakes are converted inLO small
carbon nodules which are scattered t hroughout the material. This results in a
dead soft malleable iron.
Malleable cast iron (A. S. T. M. SI>ccifications) is required to ha\'e a tensile
strength, as measured in a test sl>cc;men of prescribed form, of 50,000 lbs. per
square inch, and a minimum elongation of 10%. The point at which a test
specimen of malleable iron will elongate about .01" in 2· is !IOmetimes spoken
of as the yie ld point, which is about 35,000 lbs. per square inch. The shearing
strength is about 45,000 Ibs. per square inch.
The material flows under compression at stresses above the yield point, and
its ultimate strength by fracture in compression is therefore not determinable.
T he coefficient of elasticity or Young's modu lus in tension or compression is
about 25,000,000.

The following table is reproduced from a volume entitled "The Making,

Shaping and Treatiug of Steel, ". and illust rates the approximate chemical
propert ies which distinguishes pig iron, plain steel, and wrought iron.
 AMERICAN INST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, I NC. 57

Chemical Relations of Pig Iron, Wrought Iron

and Plain Steel
PER CENT. Of
Name Iroh Carbon - ~Iangan~ ~~Iphur Ph03pboru Silicon
OIB-.H)( .030-1. 00 .2S 3.50
. 5o--~:~ 020- .00: .002-. 100 .005- .SO
Pig Iron 91
" 3 . 50--4.5
Plain Steel 8. 1-99.5 .07-1. 3 .30-1.
(.03-. 10 ( 120)
.,
cast)
Wrought
Iron '.19,0-99.8, .05- .2S .01- .1 .020-. 10< .050- .20 .02- .20

Physical Properties of Steel and Iron

IRON
Pure iron is almost unknown commercially. It is a grayish white color
and /lOft compared with carbon steel. It is malleable, ductile, and magnetic.
It is 7.78 times heav ier than water , an d in its commerdal forms melts at
at.out 1520°C, or at.out 2770°1'.
The presence of the various (·lcments which are combined with iron in
its commercial forms lowers t his melting point very rapidly. T he ultimate
strength is approximately 38.000 pounds per 5<]lIarc inch and the elast ic
limit at.oul 20,000 pounds per square inch.
STRUCTU RAL STEEL
Structural steel weighs .2833 pounds I~r cul,ic inch or 490 p(lUnda pe r
cubic foot. It is therefore about 7.85 times heavier than water.
ELASTICITY
Structural steel is perf..'Ctly elastic below the streu per S<luare inch wh ich
is called the yield point, and beyond this yield poillt there will be l'CTllt;lnent
set or deforma t ion when the load is removed, J ust below the yield point,
and usually within 1000 pounds per square inrh of it is the elastic limit, below
which the elongation or deformatiun is always eltactly proportiunal to the
stress per square inch. T he ratio of elongation to the SlrCU per square
inch is called the coefficient of el.1St icity, the modulus of elasticity, or some·
times YOllng's Modulus. It m:"!y otherwise be defined as that stress per
square inch, which in tension would double the length of a test specimen
assuming that uniform elasticity were possible throughout the eltl)Criment.
For structural grades of steel, the coefficient of elasticity is 29,000,000 pounds ;
t hat is, a bar I square inch in area will stre tch one t wcnty·nine million t h
(1/29,000,000) of an inch (or each inch o( length and (or each pound o( stress.
It bas been found by innumerable experiments that the physical properties of
steel cannot be changed regardless of the number of t imCl> a load may be
applied t o it /lO long as the stresses produced do not CltceOO the elastic li mit.
It has also been found tbat when steel is loaded to produce stresst:s beyond
its yie ld point, and therefore producing pe rmanent set, that the material
will have a higher elastic limit and yield point if the original stresscs arc
58 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

removed. It is this principle that is used in the manufacture of cold rolled,

or cold drawn steel.
The following diagram is reproduced from "The Making, Shaping, and
Treating of Steel," and graphically illustrates the performance of the material
within the various ranges of its strength. The chart represents a specimen
,,·hose dimensions before pulling were as folloW1o:
8" long-1.41" wide--.S6" thick
With an area of 1.213 square inches.
The elastic limit per square inch was 36,7i0 lbs.-the ultimate strength
per square inch was 61,500 Ibs.-the elongation in 8" 27.5o/.,--and
the reduction of area 50.5%.

= !'

"""' l
oro~
"'''' 1
'0000 J!
""'J
, o L ~3~~'189WILn~H~rou~a~n~u
EIoroptioft ift unw of an t.do
Graph Representln&: tbe Pullin&: of a. St.ruet;unl Stool Test PI-.

The elastic limit and ultimate strength of steel depend upon not only the
chemical ('Omposition of the material, but also upon the amount of work
done on the material in producing it, and the temperature at which the
work is finished. While there may exist among engineers a division of
AMERICAN I NSTI T UTE OF ST EEL CONSTRucnON, INC. 59

opinion as to the importance of the pocrcentage of elongation an d the reduc-

t ion of area, there is no d ifference rega rding the importance of the elastic
limit and the ultimate strength.
T he effect of carbon on the ultimate strength and clastic limit is to increase
them, but a t the same time it also results in a harder steel, and for that
realKlO in ordinary structura l grades it is usually below .25%. l\langancse
also has the effect of increasing the elastic limit and ult imate strength. but not
to t he extent produced by carbon. In large quantities it has the effect
of producing a material very diffIcult to manufacture. One of the impor-
tan t effects of mangancsc, however, is that it neutralizes the evil effects
of sulphur. Sulphur up to 0.1% has little or nO influence on tbe ductility
or strength of steel at ordinary temperatures. It does, however, have the
effect of producing what is kno"'n as the red short conditions which means
t hat t he material is difficult to work at a red heat.
Phosphorus for ma ny years has been considered responsible for steel at
ordinary temperatures being brittle or technically termed, cold short, but it
is doubtful whether q uantities less than .1% h:l\'e any very marked in-
fluence . It dOCll increase the hardness and the tensile strength of the steel
an d reduces the d uctility. Some ellOperimenters have found t hat the evils
produced by phosphorus are not the same. and have found that under all-
parently similar conditions the efh'(.t is entirely different, which indicates
that it should be considered as a treacherous element. Some users refuse to
accept steel which contains a higher percentage than J)4%.
Silicon is now considered beneficial up to .75%. and up to this point it
increases t he clastic limit and the ultimate strength of the material without
interfering with its duct ility.

The Stren gth of Steel at High Temperatures

l\l ost of the experiments which have been made up to the present time
on the strength of steel a t high temperatures have been conducted with a
view of determining conditions connet:tcd with the materials used in powe r
plant equ ipment or in the uses of tool steel. T he data in existence has not
been well codified and particularly beyond 1000 to 1200 G F . It is known,
however , that at alxmt 250 G F. the elastic limit and ultimate strength of steel
of the ordinary st ruct ural ~rade decreases about 5%. From this point, on
up to abou t 700°F. both the elastic limit and t he ultimate strength increases,
and at this temperature the ultima te strength is appro:<imatcly 25% higher
t ha n at ordinary t emperaturcs. At t hc same time the elastic limit has in-
creased a pproximately 20% of what it would be at ordinary temperatures.
This temperature is approximately that attained in a large pa rt of the ordi·
nary fires, and it is only in a se\'ere conflagration that temperatures as high
as 1700 t o 2000 are reached. Beyond the temperature of iOO°F. both the
ultimate st rength and the clastic limit decrease very rapidly, and at 9OC o
are approximately the same as at ordinary temperatures. At 120lJO the
elast ic li mit and ultimate strength arc only about one-third of what they
would be a t ordinary temperatures.
As the temperature of steel is increased, it exp.lnds; but this coefficient
of expansion is not exactly uni form over a large range oftemperatures. This
60 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

coefficient for ordinary medium grade strUl;tural st.::el is .000012 for each
change of 1°C. and .0000067 for each 1 of. That is, a piece of steel 10 feet
long would be, at 700°F., about 10 feet 0.7" in length.
The importance of the above data on strength and expansion applies not
so much to tne variation in strength as it does to th,e proper fireproofing of
steel to assure that no temperature exceeds 9OI)&F; and that this temperature
be kept uniform in all pans of the structural mem.beT to avoid eccentric
stressc! cau!!(l(\ by expansion.
NOTE.-Dala gj~nl abott WM dr~dQ~J by j. F. l!owa"d, Enginur in chargt of
IAt U.S . lUling marln'n, alWalnlown, fIIMJ., prinud in j'rQn Agl, Ap.iJ 10, 1890,
and quoJtd i .. Ktnl'l Enginarl l!andboalt.

Chart showin~ the sequence of mantufacture of

steel and iron products
lroll ore
I
Bl~st F'u'Mce
Pia I,on

I
....",
Convenor
.. Furnace
,
Op.n IInrth F~trk
F Uln;oce
I ,
Puddlina
F~~
,
C",cible
}o'ur.n:lCl!
lro'
Fbundrlu
I

,-L---, I .---c, I

I Alloy
Stodl
Tnot Alloy
Stftil Stfti
Tool
51ft!
Alloy
StftlS
Too'
Stftls

~.eaef:L.~l;..,-_-" I I
T ool
Stftl
I
Skelp
I
Pipe
I
Shef:t
Baro
Roo,
I
I

I
I
rnfll ShJt. Riveu Bolt.
Bloom'
r'-----1I-----,,----------TI---------,r--------,
Bi1 Iet~ RaU, Structural Slab. Sheet
Sh:aP"" I lb...
I
.
Plate, BIJck
I
" St~1 r_'_b"'L"_'-,______--,

Wire Chain.
T R lwU
Shl,
_ ..I
..-.
Tin
&eo~.
Gahr.l"i1Od
Sheet.

I
I I
Nail. Cob ...

In connection with the above chart &howing the eequence of manufacture,

it is practically impossible for a layman to appreciate the innumerable detail~
and conditions that must be fulfilled in every process of manufacture. When
however, it is understood that between the blast furnace producing the pig
iron, and the rolling mill producing the structural shapes, there is a loss of
production amounting to in many cases as much as 25 or 30%, the layman
will understand to some degree what is involved when a sped.1l analysis
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 61

of steel is required. It is also of interest to note that for every ton of finished
rolled steel that is shipped from a steel plant approximately six tons of are,
fuel, fluxCII, refractories, lubricants, etc. must be shipped into the mill.
There is every reallOn to expect that the manufacturers of steel will continue
10 improve their metallurgical processes and increase the uniformity of the
product.
Re..:ently there has been work done on the development of a steel carrying
a higher percentage of silicon which has the effect of increasing both the
ultimate strength and elastic limit without interfering with the ductility of
the product.

Econ om ic Impor tan ce of Resear ch

Records of history make it clear that nations incapable of mobiliCl;ing
their national tellOUrceS are in co nstant danger of losing their national exist·
ence. It ill u!leleS!! to mobilize a nation's manpower without also having
means to properly equip them. Unless oW' national industries are capable
in the time of peace to successfully compete in the world's market with the
industries of other nations, they will be of little national value when an
international emergency arises.
The Department of Commerce after exhaustive investigation have
estimated that more than 30% of our industrial activities, even in the times
of peace, are wasted. In a volume which this Department recently issued,
they estimated that the automotive industry in 1920 had saved that in-
dustry $750,000,000 throu gh the adoption of the standard dimensions recom-
mended by the Society of Automotive Engineers. As a result that industry
has enjoyed a prosperity more stable than it has ever experienced in the past;
and at the same time the public are buying automobiles at prices IO"'er
than they ever existed before.
During the last thirty-five or forty years there has developed an industry
between the rollin g mills. which produce the steel, and the purchasing public,
and in this ind ustry practically every phase bas been subject to very wide
variation in practice. This variation of practice has made it possible for the
irresponsible competition to exert an influence which tends to lower rather
than raise the general standard. Since no uniform authority now exists it
is evident that the basis of any improvement must be the development of a
recognized authority which in the past has not existed.
Previous to 1884 practicallY atl of our structures were fabricated from
wrought iron or cast iron, and the introduction of the Bessemer furnace
enabled the steel manufacturers to reduce the cost of this product to a point
where it could be economically used in building and bridge construction.
Aoout that time various mills issued catalogs or handbooks dealing with the
technical matters connected with the design of their products. These hand-
books or catalogs have continued to be the principal source of information
since that time, and have been used extensively as text books in technical
schools. The opposition to the use of Bessemer material was manifested in
a vigorous campaign against its use during the period from 1889 to 189 1.
" 62 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIO:\', INC.

Gradually the Bessemer furnace has been replaced by the open hearth which
was capable of producing a much more uniform and satisfactory material.
The increase in the use of steel for construction purposes led to a demand
for technically trained men to direct its uses with Ihe result that our techni-
cal colleges have experienced a constantly increased enrollment of students.
During the same period the industry engaged in the design, fabrication
and erection of structural steel was developed to a point where it furnishes
in the neighborhood of $300,000,000 worth of fabricated structural steel
annually. Building codes came into existence but were written principally
from the data found in the various rui11 handbooks or catalogs. About 1900
the American Railway Engineering Association organized a committee on
iron and steel structures, who have developed their present Specifica\.ions for
railway bridges. These Specifications aTe based upon the original unit
stresses recommended by the mills at a time when little information e1<isted
regarding live loads. or the proper calculation of the stresses themselves.

At the present time practically all large bridge constructions are designed
on unit stresses of from 20,000 pounds per square inch to 24,000 pounds per
square inch. There also exists an almost endless number of column formulae
which has made it possible to jnstify almost any practice that may be con-
templated. The engineer who designs, the fabricator who manufactures,
and the buyer are not in a position to know whether their quotations are
based upon the same conditions.
AM ERICA N I NSTITUTE OF STEEL COXST Rt.:CTION, INC. 61

Part II
General Mathematical Tables
Stresses :- Elementary Discussion
Properties of Sections
Moments of Inertia of Rectan~les

Areas of Rectan~tes

Wei~ht8 of Rectan~ular Bars

Wire Gau~es

Areas and Wei~hts of Round and Square Bars

Beam Loadin~ Formulae
Coopers E 10 En~ine Loadin~

Deflection
Functions of Numbers ,001 to 1000
Tri~onometrjcal Formulae
Tri~onometrical Tables
Decimal Equivalents
Len~ths of Circular Arcs
64 AMERICAN INSTITUT E OF ST EEL CONST RUCTION, INC.

An Elementary Discussion of the Relation of External

Loads and Internal Stresses
Then: is probably nothing so dangerous to safe construction as the blind use of
empirical formulae. A formula is empirical ao far as the user i. concerned unlelS
he understands it, and the bct that someone else may understand it doc. not
change it. empirical standing to the one who bcks the understanding.

Every engineer and architect now n:cognize. that an understanding of the

rela tion of elternal 100d. to internalatresses in the materials which sustains the
load~, is t he basi. of ufety in the design of .. 11 fitructun:S. T he necess ity of such
.. n understanding may be looked upon as almost lin emergency with t he pn:sent
generation, due to the r.. pid transition from t he "I ron Age" to the "Stcel Age"
which took place between 18.85 and 1893 following the development of temperatun:1
which enabled production of steel ingots from which all our nee! products arc
manuf.. ctured. It has resulted in revolution of existing industrial condidons,
.. nd the evolution of r.ew ones which mark a ncw era in human history. T he in-
dustrial changes of the last forty or fifty years have been gn:ater than thooe of
.. 11 previous hislOry. The dC\'elopment and distribution of technical information
usential to such rapid progreu hu naturally been combined with much that &eems
mysterious and difficult for t he uninitiated to understand.

It is the purpo&C of thi s discussion to place befon: the rcader in elementary

form .. nd free from de difficult mathematical tr<:atment it usually involves, onc
of the ubjecu on which much of our construction design depends.

Consider a &tee! bar eight feet long in a hori-

tontal position shown in Figure I , and aSlume
that at each of t he points, a,b,c,d, etc., th ere
is one pound of materia!. If this bar il rotated
to a vertical position as shown dotted, we know
that work has been done. "<I" has been lifted
one foot and on it one foot pound of work wa s
done. "d" has bun lifted four feet and four
foot pounds of work was done. "II" has bun
,'="''*1=I=I=I""I=*I~I lifted eight feet and eigh t foot pounds of work
II c. d. e. f.. !I k, was done. AU of the work was done in the
Fi,,,,e (/) lame time and we lee at once, since the units
each weighed a poun~, there mUll have been a different force acting on each
of them, and that this force must be proportional to the distance from the ui$ of
rotation "0". That is, t he force acting o n "a"wuone pound, on "d" four pounds,
and on "II" eight pounds. In other words, the force representing the capacity of
any body to n:sist being rotated about an uil is din:ctly proportional to H. dis-
tance from that uis. Note ,;kIlTly Ihot Ihis is nol Ihe mf'menl of a f"fCe , bul is
the measure of Ille force flself, The force acting on "II" is eight pounds, and
lince it is eight feet from the uil of rotation "0", the moment of the force wiU be
8 , X 8' or 64' ,. T his establishes that the moment of resiuance to rotation about
t he ~xis "0" is proportional to t he square of the distance from the nis. An under-
standing of t his will ~nable UI to remove the mystery from the 10 called fourth
dimens ion and make it rational.
 AME RICAN INSTrT UTE OF STEEL COKSTRUCTTON. INC. 65

I-- b - +
hi.
.--------'7
IL- ______/
L __ _ ./ .!.bh 2
II -: -1-'
11-- --7'
-r----
I h
11--7' 3.h
IL_/ 3

~·o n
ILl"
'1/ 1
Figure (2)
I, , ,
"0'
If instead of a bar al in figure (I ) "'e take se"eral adjacent bars as shown in
figure (2), we get a plate or rectangle whose height is It and whose breadth ;s b,
and we again consider rotation about the axis 0 - O.
For each unit of breadth the force at a dista nce It from the axis will be A
pounds and for h unit s of ,,·idth the force is b x It pounds. This is represented
graphically as h" in the fi)l:ure (2). Simila rly, the various hori'l:onta l linel in the
triangle represent forces proportional to their distance from 0 and the area of the
triangle WIll be the toul of aU the forces. The area of the triangle ;s }{ (h" X ")
_}{ bh 2 . T his force J{ 1>,,' is the inertia of the rectangle whose heigh t is It a ~
breadth b when it is resisting rotation about the axis 0 - O. T he force J4 bh 2
may be properly considered a! concentrated at 11$ center o f gravity which is
also the center of grav ity of t he triangle, and is y, It from the uis 0 - O.
T he moment about the axil 0 - 0 of the force J4 bh' is X bh 2 X Y, A, or
J1 1>,,3 ,and is a fourth dimension quantity since it is J1 the area of the rectangle
bh multiplied by the square of" the height of the rectangle.
The quantitr J1 bh s is the moment of inertia of tbe rectangle about tbe axil
o - 0 whkb is itl base.
h is, however, usual in the analysis of stress in material that the roUtion of a
given emu section takes place about the center of gravity of the crou section
instead of abou t i1$ base 0 above found . T his condition is 'hown in figure (3)
where the axis of rotation is X- X . I n such a case we hue the equivalent of
f-- b _ two ..~ctangles each rotating about t heir base,
and in which" of figure (2) hewmeJ "/2. The
_f.
fA
1 moment of inertia in t his case is the ~fo re
2 X 7l I> ("/2)8 _ Y11bh' .
X ~ h. X The strenea WhlCb act in tbe m.teriab of
- - - - - - 1-- 1 ~constructlon are classified u tension , com-
pression or bearing, and shear. T he action of
f~ pure tension is to elongate t be material and
'-:"--+7.i.1..i- reduce its area u it stretches. T he action
Figure (1) of compression is to s bonen t he specimen and
 •
66 AM E RICAN INSTITUTE OF STE EL CONST RUCTION, INC.

increase the area as it is compressed. The action of shear ii to force the material
on one side of a plane to slide along the material adjacent to it. One of the 1l106t
familiar cases of shear is the punching of holes in a plate. Shear also exists in beams
and girders, which also ha'-c tension and compression combined to form a couple
to resist bending. It e~isU abo in tonion where material is twisted ll$ a shaft, and
when a comprcssiOIl specimen is long enough shear acts along a p13nc at an angle
to the uis of the specimen. Inumuch as shear in the webs of beams and girders
as well as in columns is combined with bearing Or oomp,...,ssion, the action is more
properly described as one of crippling.
Consider;1tion wil! now be givoo to the tension and compression nresses which
form a couple to resist bending.

,----

Figure (4)

Figure (4) reprw:nU a cantilever beam whose height is A and breadth b, and
with a load Wat a dishnce I from the cross section a -a. The maximum
streu per $quare inch in tension or compression is p pounds.
T he eff~t of the load W is to cause the section a - a to rota te in the dire<:.
tion of a dock about l1.e uis X-X. The only thing to prel'ent a-a from
rotating is the tension and comprenion stresses in the material. Abo"e the center
of the beam the fibres are in lension, and below the cen ter Ihey are in compression.
T he condilion is similar to figure (3) and the intensityof the stresses will be direc tly
proponional to their distance from the center. The maximum allowable intensity
is, howeve r, 6xed as p pounds per square inch, and the total stren in the ex·
treme fibre will be b X p. The total stress for all fibres in tension or compreuion
will be the area of the triangle, whose height is A/2 a nd whose breadth is bp.
This is Y; bp X A/2 - Y. bpA.
The effect of the tension and compression fibre stresscs will be the ume as if
they were concentrated at the centers of gravity of the two triangles, and they will
form a couple which balances t'le external bending moment. T his ballncing couple
will therefore act opposite 10 the dock. The distance between the centers o f gravity
of the IWO triangles is J1 h and the moment of the couple will be y. bph X
Uh - !i bph 2 which is the moment of the internal stres$Cs.
The moment of the externalttresscs.\ 1 is \V X I.
t'rom t his we have the external moment ~l _ P X U bh 2.
In this we recognize the quantity :i bh 2 as the section modulus of the rectangle
bh, a nd the basic principle that the external moment M is equal to t he ltress
per square inch in the extreme fibre multiplied by t he section modulu ( which is
usu ally designated S.)
•
AMERICAN I NSTIT UT E O F STEEL CONSTRUCTION, I NC. 67

If we cumine the ,-alu<: of the Se.:tion modulus we lind that if it i, multiplied

by hall the depth of the beam, or 11 / 2 we get Yo hI! 2 X " / 2 .. Yfl hila which is
the moment of inertia of the fe<:tangle blr.
In other words, if we divide the moment of inertia by half the depth we ~t
t he section modulus, and the section modulus multiplied by the stress in the
extreme fibre is the external moment.
In &Orne teIt books half the depth h/ 2 is called y, and in others c, but as thue
are r.ometimel used in olher connections in thi s di scussion, ~ will indicate "/2.
Starting from the equatio n 1\( - P X Yo bh' and multiplying both sides by
the same quantitY,or rather the left side by 1'. and the right by " / 2 we get 1\\ X 1>
_1' X V6bh 2 X " / 2 " P X Ybbh 3 orl\[ 10 - 1' 1.
The fundamental principle involved in this dementrary discussion extends
into almost every phase of construction, and a dear undernanding of it will con-
tribute much to the eliminatio n of empirical solution, and to the establishing of
ratioul analysis.
It has heen the purpose in the foregoing discussion to present the subject in
concrete practical form "Ithout complicating it with the developmen t of general
formulae. The rectangular cl"Ols-iection has ~n used because it permits of the
simplest mathe matical analysis of a basic principle fro m which further develop-
ment may proceed. While the design of structural steel sddom involves the use
of a single re.::tangular cross section, it is usually possible to subdivide the section
used into a number of rectangles or triangles , some of which will have to resist
rotation about an axis which is neither at the base nor center of gravity of the
rectangle. For thi3 reason, it becomes necessary to have a formula for the moment
of inertia of an area about an nis at a given distance from the center of gravity
of the crolls~ection, and the development of this is given in connection with figure
(5).

'---bk+.Lbk _I
I 2----'"

r'I bk-2!bk.!.-
I
,
bh ....J,

Center 01 Gra,/ty.

Figure (5)
68 AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

Thil figure IhoWI a rectangle with height II. ~nd breadth h rotating about ~n
nil 0 - 0 which is a distance A: from the center of gravity of the rectangle.
The distance from the axis 0 - 0 to the top of the r.,;tllngle is A: + "/2 .nd
from previous developed data the force for each unit of breadth is proportional to
this distance, and therefore It + "/2. For b units of width, it wi![ be h times this
or" (k + "/2) _ bit + ""/2. T his is shown graphically in the diagram. Simi-
larly the force for b unin of width .t the bottom of the rectangle or nearest the
axis is" k - M/2 which is .lso shown graphically. The tota l inertia or force re-
lining rotation about the uis 0 - 0 will be the area of the figure made up of the
rectangle whose height is ", and breadth "1t-b"/2 tog<:ther with the tri~ngle
whose height is 4 and breadth h 4. T he center of gravity of the rectangle i. a dis-
tance k from the axis, and that ('of the triangle a distance of k + "/6. T he mo-
ment of inertia about the 31i, will be the areat of t he r.,;tangle and triangle
mult iplied by t heir respective di$l~nces. That is, the moment of inertia about axis
0 - 0 - area of rectangle X k + area of triugle X (k + "/6)
_ (bk-b"/2) " Xk + J{h" 2 (k + 1t/6)
_Uk 2 _bh 2k/2 +b,,2k/2 ,l-hbll' +
_bA.2 +
Yhhh 8 _ Area X.' I +
Therefore, the moment of inertia of a r.,;tangle about any axis it its moment of
inertia .bout its center of gravity increased by the area of the rectangle multiplied
by the square of the distance between the axis and the (enterof gravity.
I n the analysis of thestrenes in columns which fail by flexure t he mome nt of
inertia is used in a modified form which is called radius of gyration. T he term
" radius of gyration" is the distance from the axis of rotation at which, if the entire
nea were concentrated, it would have the ume moment of inertia at t he distri-
buted area hu. The formula for the moment of inertia of a r.,;tangle abou t I n
axi, t hrough i18 center of gravity il
I _ .V!~ MI - "A X .V! ~ A-
uling A to equal the area A - b " and lubllituting
I _ A X }{~ ", - AA'/ 12 - A (A/.;n)'
I n t hi. equation 4/ 1/12 is the di5tance from t he cente r of gravity that t he
entire area must be concentrated to give the lime moment of inertia as the
distributed area and A/ v'l2 i. called the radius of gyntion which i. detigna tcd r
Substituting r for A/I/Ii
1- A, · o r ,. _ 1/,.. and , - vfJ,..
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT ION, I NC. (f}

Nomenclature

I "" Moment of Inertia

S Section Modulus
r ;; Radius of Gyration
h ;; hei~ht or depth
b = breadth
A Area
X·X = Horizontal Axis
Y· Y = Vertical Axis
J: =distance from Horizontal Axis
y "" distance from Vertical Axis
W ;; Total Load
W, Wb etc. "" Concentrated Loads
R, Rl. etc. "" Reactions at the Supports
M = Bendine Moment
Ml "" Neeative Bendin~ Moment
E - Modulus of Elasticity
V Vertical Shear
D = Deflection

Any deviation from the above nomenclature is

clearly noted at place of exception.
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80 Ar>.l ERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRLiCfION, INC.

MOMENTS " INERTIA " TWO PLATES

x-~---' -L,
ONE ISCII WIDE

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 A MERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, Il\'C. 83

AREAS " RECTANGULAR SECTIONS

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84 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCfION, IKC.

WEIGHTS " FLAT ROLLED STEEL

AMERICAN INST ITUTE OF ST EEL CONST RUCT ION, INC. 8S

WEIGHTS " FLAT ROLLED STEEL

7
86 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEE L CONSTRUCTION , INC

WIRE AND SHEET METAL GAUGES

IN DECIMALS OF AN INCH
~ •
~
I
NUlih. !~~ ~~ ;:.: _::IEI!.. -j
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00000o .... ....... .46875 .4600 .4" .625
DOOOO .... .... .. . .4375 .4300 .450 Al2 .'883
0000 .454 .460000 . 40625 .3938 .400 .400 .5416
000 .425 .4096-'2 ,375 .3625 .360 .312 .'00
00 .380 .36H% .HJ75 .33 10 .330 .348 .4452
0
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.300
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.28125
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.285
.324
.300
,3964
.3532
.2625 .265 ,276 .3147
3 .259 . 229413 .25 . 2437 . 245 .252 . 28<»
4
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.203
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. 162023
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. 203 125
.2253
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. 1920
.225
. 205
.232
.2 12
.250
.2225
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7 . 180 .144285 .1815 . 1770 .175 ,176 .1764

10
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.148
.134
.128490
. 114423
. 101897
.111875
. 15625
. 140625
.1620
. 1483
.IJSO
.160
. 145
.160
.144
. 1570
.1398
. 13<1 .128 .1250
II .120 .090742 . 125 . 1205 .1175 .116 .1113
12 . 109 . 080803 . 109375 .1055 . 105 .104 .099 1
13 .09' .071962 .09375 .0915 .0925 .092 .0882
14 .083 .064084 . Oi8125 .0800 .0806 . 080 .0785
.072 .05i068
"17
16 .06'
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18
19
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20 .035 .0JI961 .OJ75 .0.348 . OJ5 .036 . 0392
21 .OJ2 .028462 .034J75 .03175 .OJI . 032 . 0349
22 .028 .015346 .OJ125 .0286 .028 .028 .03125
23 , 025 .022572 . 028125 .0258 .025 .024 .02182
24 .022 .020 101 .025 .0230 . 0225 .022 .02416
25 . 020 .0 Ii900 . 021875 .0204 .020 . 020 . 02204
26 . 018 .015941 . 01875 .018 1 .018 . 018 . 01961
27 . 016 .014195 . 0171875 .0173 . 017 .0164 .01745
28 .014 .012641 . 015625 .0162 . 016 .0148 .015625
29 .013 .011257 . 0140625 .0150 . 015 . 0136 .0139
30 . 012 .0 10025 . 0125 .0140 .014 . 0124 .0]23
31 .0 10 .008928 . 0109375 .0]32 .0]3 . 0116 . 0110
32 .009 .007950 . 01015625 .0128 . 0]2 .0]08 .0098
33 . 008 .007080 . 009375 .OU8 .OU .0]00 .0087
34 . 007 .006305 . 00859375 .O]M .010 .0092 . 0077
,." .00'
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40 .... .003144 ..... .. .0070 007 .0048 . 00386
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 87

SQUARE AND ROUND BARS 1/16 TO 15/16

WEICHTS, AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCE .
ThickneBII Weight in Pound. Area in Sq. Inches
~

in Inches
Square
J,)iameter One Inch
1.00,
•
One Foot
Loo,
Roooo
One Inch
1.0"
•
One Foot
Loo,
Il(!I
Square
~
Roooo
0
Cireum.
rerence

it
rt
.on
.002
.002
.003
.004
.006
.007
.013
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. 04'
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.0"
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.00'
.00'
.002
.003
.004
.004
.005
.010
.016
.023
.032
.042
.053

. .06.\
.07<)
.003'
.006'
.0088
. 0120
.0156
.0198
.0244
.003'

.....
.0048
.0069

.0123
.0155
.0192
.-.
•• 964
. 2454
.2945

.3927
.4418
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" .008 . • 00 .007 .0295 .0232 .>100

't
.010 . ' 20 .008 .09' .0352 .0276 .589 1
", , .0 12
.014
.'40
. • 63
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.011
. 11 0
128
.04 13
. 0479
.0324
.0376
.638 1
.6812
. 0431 .7363
" .016 . 187 .012 . 147 .0549

,Vt,
.0 18 .2 12 .014 . 167 .0625 .0491 .7854

..
n . 020
. 022
. 025
.240
.269
.300
.016
.018
.020
. • 88
.2 11
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. 0791
.0881
. 0554
.0621
.0692
.8345
.8836
.9327

't
.028 .332 .022 .26 1 .0977 . 0767 .9818
.024 .288 . 1077 1.0308
"" , .03 1
.03l
.037
.366
. 402
. 439
.02'
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.316
.345
.1182
. 1292
. 0846
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. 1014
1.0799
1.1290
"
'~
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.0<, .519 .OJ< .407 .1526 .1 198 1.2272
",
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, .047 .56' .OJ7 .44' .'650
.1 180
.'296 1.2163
"' .050 .603 .040 :·U5 . 1398 1.3254
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1.3745
1.4235
1 4726
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.• 963
1.5217
1.5108

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1.0 17
1.076
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1.7 181
1.7612

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1.199
1.263
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1.8162
1.8653
1.9144
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11 1.8
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.122
. 128
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1.395
1.464
1. 535
1.607
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.096
.• 00
. 105
1.096
1.150
1.205
1.262
.4104
.4307
.4514
.4127
.3223
.3382
.3545
.3712
2.0126
2.0617
2.1108
2.1599

"t
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.140
. 146
. 153
1.681
1. 156
1.834
. 110
. 115
.120
1.320
1.380
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.5166
.5393
.3883
.4051
.4236
2.2089
2.2.s80
2.301\

II
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. 159
. 187
1.91l
2.245
. 125
. 147
1.502
1.763
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.6602
. 4418
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2.3562
2.5526
t~,
.2 17 2.603 . 170 2.044 .1656 .601l 2.7489
.240 2.988 •• 96 2. 347 .8189 .690.1 2.9·U3
88 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

} " TO 315/16 SQUARE AND ROUND BARS

WEIGHTS, .II!EAS AND CIRCUMFERENCE
Thickne!lS Weight in Pounds Area in Sq. Inches
«

in Inches
Square
Diameter One Inch One Foot
1.0,.
•
1.0,.
Round
One Inch
"'".
•
One Foot
Loo,
I!lI
Square
~
Round
0
Circum·
ference

.........
I' .28 3 .... . 22 2.670 1. 0000 .7854 3. 1416
'h, .32 3 .8J8 .25 3.015 1.1289 3.3380
,~, .36
.40
4.303
4. 795
.28
. 3\
3.380
3.766
1.2656
1.4102 1.1075
3 . 5343
3.7306

~. ...
. 44 5 .313
5.857
.J>
.38
4.172
4.000
1.5625
1.1227
1. 2212
1.3530
3. 9270
4 . IUI

~.
.54 6.428 .4l 5.04-9 1. 8906 1. 4849 4.3197
.S8 7.026 .46 5.518 2.0664 1.6230 4 .5161
'h
...
.64 7. 650 .,. 6.008 , 2.2500 1.7671 4. 7124
'h. 8 .301 .54
.59
6.519 2.4414
2._
1.9175 4.9088
l~,
.75 8. 978 7. 05 1 2.0739 5.1051
.81 9. 682 . 63 7 .... 2.8477 2.2365 5 .3015
'A
uA. ...
.87 10.41
11.17
.68
.73
8.178
8.773
3 .0625
3.2852
2.4053
2.5802
5.4978

..
5.6942
.78
I ~I
1.00 11 . 95 9. 388 3.5156 2.1612 5 . 8905
1.06 12 . 76 10.02 3.7.539 2.9483 6.""

"'h, 1.1 3
1. 21
13 . 60'
14.46
..
.95
10.68
11 . 36
4.0000
4 . 2539
3. 1416
3.3410
6.21tJ2
6.4196
~,
1.28 15. 35 1.01 12.06 4. 5156 3.5466 6 . 6759
1.36 16 . 27 1.01 12.78 4.7852 3.751tJ 6.8723
~.
n,
1.43
1.52
17.21
18 . 18
1. 13
1. 19
13.52
14.28
5.0625
5.3477
3 . 9761
4.2000
7 .0686
7.2650
15.06 4 . 4.101
~.
.. 60 19 . 18 1.26 '.6406 7.4613
1.68 W.W 1.32 15 . 87 5 .11414 4._ 1 . 6577
'h 1.71 21.25 1.39 16.69 6.2500 4 . 9087 7. S540
'h, 1.86 22 . 33 1.46 17.53 6. 5664 5. 1573 8.0504
l ~,
1. 95 23.43 I." 18 .40 6 .8906 5 .4119 8.2467
2.05 24 . 56 1.61 19.29 7: 2227 5.6727 8.4431
'A 2. 14 25.11 1.69 20 . 19 7. 5625 5.9396 8.6394
u~. 2.24 26 . 90 1. 76 21.12 7. 9102 6. 2126 8.8358
';' 2.34 28 . 10 1.84 22.07 8. 2656 6.4918 9 .0321
IS~I 2.44 29 . 34 1.92 23.04- 8. 6289 6. 1771 9 . 22&5
3' 2. 55 30. 60 2.01 24.03 9.0000 7.0686 9.4248
'h. 2. " 31.89 2 .09 25 .05 9. 3789 7.3662 9 . 62 12

.
9 . 7656 7.6609
~.
2. 77 33.20 2.18 26. 08 9.8175
2. 88 34 . 55 2. 26 27.13 10.160 7.9798 10.014

,~ 2.99
3 . 11
35.92
37 .31
2. 35
2. 44
28 . 21
29. 30
10. 563
10. 973
8. 2958
8. 6179
10. 210
10. 407
~,
3.23 38 . 73 2. 53 30.42 11.39 1 8. 9462 10.603
3 .35 40.18 2.63 31.55 11 . 816 9. 2806 10. 799

~.
3.47 41.65 2. 73 32 . 71 12 . 250 9. 62 11 10. 996
3. 60 43 . 1S 2. 82 33.89 12 . 691 9. 9678 11.192
3. 72 44 ." 2. 92 35 . 09 13 .141 10. 321 11.388
II~I 3. " 46. 23 3. 00 36. 31 13 . 598 10. 680 11.5&5
'A 3. 98 47 . 82 3. 13 37.55 14 . 063 11.0-15 11.781
13AI 4. 12 49.42 3. 23 38 .81 14 . 535 11.416 11.977
4. 25 51.05 3. 34 40.10 15 .016 11.793 12. 174
lij. 4. 39 52 . 71 3. 45 41.40 15. 504 12 . 177 12.370
 •
AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEE L CONSTRUCTION, INC. 89

SQUARE AND ROUND BARS 4" TO 615/16

WEICHTS, AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCE
Thickness Wei ht in Pounds Area in Sq. Inches
~

Dia~ter

in Inches
Square
One Inch
Loo,
•
One Foot
u,,'
Round
One Inch
Loo,
•
One Foot
Loo,
!i1!
Square
~
Round
0
Circum-
ferenee

'"'., 4.53
4 .68
'4.40
56.1t
3.57
3.67
42.73
44.07
16. 000
16.504
12.566
12 .962
12.566
12.163

lX. 4 .82
4.97
57.85
59.62
3.79
3.90
45.44-
46.83
17.016
17 . 535
13.364
13.772
12.959
13.155

l1 5.12 61.4 1 4.02 48.24 18.06J 14 . 186 13 . 352

~:
5.27 63.23 4 . 14 49.66 18.598 14 . 607 U . S48
5.42 65.08 4 . 26 51.11 19.141 15 .033 13.745

..
5.58 66.95 4 . 38 52.SS 19. 69 1 15.466 .13.941
'h 5.74 68.85 4.51 54.07 20.250 15 .904 14.1l7
' '.90 70.78 4 .63 55 ...59 20 .816 16.349 . 14.530
14 . 334

1~, '.06 72. 73 4 . 76 57. 12 21. 39 1 16.800

6.23 74 . 71 4.89 58.67 21.973 17.257 14 . 726

'.
ul.
I~.
6 .39
6 . 56
6.73
6 .91
76 . 71
78.74
SO.SO
82.89
5.02
5. 15
5.29
5.42
60.25
6 1.85
63.46
65 . 10
22 . 563
23 . 160
23 . 766
24 . 379
17. 721
18 . 190
18.665
19 . 147
]4 .92.1
15.119
15 . 3 15
15 . 512

'"' ..
lX.
7.08
7.26
7.44
7.62
85.00
87.14
89.30
91.49
'5.70
.56
'.84
'.99
66.76
68 .44
70.14
71.86
25 .000
25. 629
26 . 266
26 .910
19 .635
20 . 129
20 .629
21.135
15 . 708
15 .9Q.I
16 . 101
16 . 297

l:l. 7 .81
8.00
93.71
95.96
6. tJ
6.28
73.60
75.37
27 .563
28 . 223
21. 648
22 . 166
16.493
16 .690

~.
8.19 98.23 6.43 i7.15 28 .891 22 . 691 16 . 886
8.38 100. 5 6 . 58 78 . 95 29 . 566 23 . 221 17.082

~.
8.57 102.9 6.73 80 . 78 30. 250 23 . 758 17 .279
8.77 105 . 2 . . .S 82 .62 30.9'1 24 . 301 17 . 475
8.96 107 .6 1.01 8·1.49 3 1. 6\1 H . 851 17 .672
1'X. 9.16 110.0 7. 2<) 86 .38 32.348 25.406 17 . 868

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9.37
9.51
9.78
9.99
112 .4
114 .9
117 .4
119.9
7.36
7 . 52
7. 68
7. 84
88 .29
90. 22
92.17
94.14
33.063
33 . 785
34.5 16
35 . 254
25 . 967
26 . 535
27 . 109
27. 688
18 .064
18. 261
18.457
18 .653

."~: 10.20
10.4 1
122.4
125.0
127 . 6
8.01
8 . 18
8 . .15
96. tJ
'98 . 15
100 . 2
36 . 000
36.75"
37.516
28.274
28 . 867
29 . 465
18 .850
19 .0-16
19.2-l2

.,~,.
10. 63
10.85 130.2 8.52 102 . 2 38 . 285 30. 069 19 . 439
t 1.07 132.8 8.69 10·1.3 39 .063 30 .680 19 .635
11. 29 tJ5.5 8.87 106.4 39.348 3 1. 296 19 .831
11 .5 1 138.2 9." 108.5 40 .641 31.919 20 .028
11 .7+ 140 .9 9 . 22 ] 10. 7 4 1. 441 32.548 20.224
'h 9.40 42. 250 33. ]83 20.420

.'.
11 .97 143.7 11 2.8
33 .824 20 .617
~.
12.20 146. 5 9 . 58 115 .0 43.066
12.43 149.2 9.77 117 . 2 43 .891 34.472 20.813
" 12.67
12.91
152.1
154.9
9.95
10.14
119.4
121.1
44.723
45.563
35 . 125
35.785
21.009
21.206
uh,s 13.15 157.8 10 .33 123.9 46.4 10 36 .451 21.402
% tJ.39 160.7 10 . 52 126.2 47.266 37. 122 21.599
u~, tJ.64 163.6 10.7 1 128.5 48.129 37.800 21.795
,90 AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, 1NC.

7" TO 9 15/16 SQUARE AND ROUND BARS

WEIGHTS, AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCE
Thid",e!l..~ Weight in Pound~ Area in Sq. Inches

"
in 'nche~
Square
I);arnl'ter One Inch
Lo",
•
One Foot
Long
Round
One Inch
Lo",
•
One Foot
Long
~
Square
~
Round
0
Circum-
ferenee

"V,'A. 13 .88
J.l.13
14 .38
166 .6
169.6
172.6
10.90
11.10
It .30
1J0.8
133. 2
135 .6
49 000
49879
50. 766
38.485
39,175
39.871
21.991
22. ISS
22.384
'A, 14.64 175,6 11.50 138.0 51 660 40 .574 22.580
II 14 .89 178.7 11 .70 140 ,4 52 563 41. 283 22.777
'A, 15 . 15 181.8 11 .90 142 .8 53 473 41. 997 22 .973

~.
15.41 184.9 12.10 145.2 54 391 42.718 23.169
15 .67 ISS. [ 12.31 147.7 55 316 43 .446 23.366
V. 15 . 94 191.3 12 . 52 150 .2 56 250 44.179 23.562
'A. 16.20
16.47
194.5
197.7
12 .73
12 . 94
152.7
155.3
57 191
58 141
44.9 18
45.664
23.758
23.955
lij, 16. 74 200.9 13 . 15 157.8 59,098 46.415 24.151

'.
131t,
~
u~,
17 .02
17 .29
17.57
17 .85
lOU
207.5
210.9
214.2
13 . 36
13.58
13.80
14 .02
160.4
163 .0
165.6
168.2
60063
61,035
62,016
63004
47 . 173
47 .937
48 .707
49.483
24.347
24.544
24.740
24.936
8' 18. 11 2t7.6 14 .2,f 170.9 64 000 50.266 25.133
'A.
Yo
t8.42
18.70
221.0
224.5
14.%
14 .69
173.6
176 .3
65 004
66 016
51.054
51.849
25.329
25.526
'A. 18.99 221.9 14 .92 179.0 67.035 52.649 25.722

'••
1
Yo
19.28
19.58
19 .87
231.4
2J.f.9
238.5
15.14
15 .38
15.61
181 .8
184.5
187.3
68 063
69098
70 141
53.456
54.269
55.0SS
25.918
26. 11 5
26.3 11
'A. 20.17 242 . 1 15 .84 190.1 71 ,191 55.914 26.507

!1, 20.47
20.77
245.7
249.3
16 .08
16.31
192 .9
195.8
72 2$0
73 316
56.745
57.583
26.704
26.900
Yo 21.08 252.9 16.55 198,6 74.391 58.426 27.096
lilt, 21.3$ 256.6 16.79 201.5 75 473 59.276 27.293

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V.
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21.69
21.00
22.31
22.63
260.3
264.0
267,8
271.6
17 .04
17.28
17. 53
17 .77
204.4
207.4
210.3
213.3
76 563
77 660
78 766
79879
60.132
60.994
61.863
62.737
27.489
27.685
27. SS2
28.078

" 'A.
V.
22. 95
23.27
23.59
275.4
279.2
18 .02
18.27
216.3
219.3
"000
82 129
63.6 17
64.504
28.274
28.471

.
283. t 18.53 222.3 8J 2" 65.397 28.667
'A. 23.9 1 287.0 18.78 225.4 84: 410 66 .296 28.863
,'1 24.24
24.57
290.9
294.9
19.04
19 .30
228.5
231.6
85,563
86123
67.201
68.112
29.060
29 .256

~.
24 . 90 298.8 19.56 234.7 87 891 69 .029 29.453
25.23 302 .8 19 .82 237.8 89 066 69 .95J 29.649
V. 25.57 306.' 20.08 241.0 90 2'" 70.882 29.845
'A.
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25.9 1
26.25
310.9
315.0
20.35
20.61
2.f4 .2
247.4
91
92
441
64 1
71.818
72.760
30.042
30.238
lilt,

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26.59 319.1 20.88 250.6 93 848 73.708 30..134
26.93 323.2 21.15 253,8 OS 06J 74.662 30. 631
131t, 27.28 327.4 21.42 257. 1 96 285 75.622 30.827
27.63 331.6 76.589
,fl. 27.98 335.8
21. 70
21.97
260.4
263.7
97
98
516
754 77 .56 1
31.02J
31. 220
 A~fERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 91

SQUARE AND ROUND BARS 10" TO 153/4

WEIGHTS, AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCE
Thickness Weight in Pounds Area in Sq. Inches
~

Diameter One Inch

in Inches too,
Square
•
One Foot
Long
Round
OIl(' Inch
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•
One Foot
too,
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10' 28.33 340.0 22.25 261.0 100.00 78.HO 31.416
'A
'10
. 28.69
29.04
3H.3
348.6
22.53
22.8 1
270.4
273.8
101.25
102.52
79.525
80.516
31.612
31.809
'A. 29.41 352.Q 23.09 277. 1 103 .79 81.513 32.005
'!. 29.11 351.2 23.38 280.6 105.06 82.5 16 32.201
SA, 30.13 36 1. 6 23.66 284.0 106 .35 8.3.525 32.398

~.
30.50 366 .0 23.95 281.4 107.M 84 . 541 32.594
30.81 310.4 24 . 24 290.9 108.94 85.563 32.790

•'%1•
31.24 314.9 24.53 294.4 110.25 86 . 590 32.987
31.61 379.3 24.82 291.9 11 t. 51 81.624 3.1. 18.3
31.98 383.8 25.12 301.5 112.89 88.664 33.380
11 /)& 32.36 3SB.4 25.42 305.0 114 .12 89.710 33.516
';' 32.74 392.9 25.71 308.6 11 5.56 90.763 33.772
13 /11 33.12 391.5 26.01 312.2 116.91 91.82 1 33.969
0/0 33.5 1 402 . 1 26.32 315.8 118.21 92.886 34.\65
U~. 33.89 406. 7 26.62 319.5 119.63 93.957 34.361

.
II" 34.28 411.4 26.92 323.1 121 .00 95.OJ3 3·1. 558
'A. 34.67 416 .1 21.23 326.8 122.38 96.116 34.754
,'1 35.06
35.46
420 .8
425.5
27.54
27.85
330.5
334.3
123.77
125.16
97.206
98.301
34.950
35.147
'10 35.86 430.3 28.16 338 . 0 126.56 99.402 35.343
f/), 36.26 435.1 28.48 341. 7 127.97 100.51 35.539
~,
36.66 439.9 28.79 345.5 129 .39 101 .62 35.136
. 37.06 444.8 29.11 349.3 130.82 102 . 74 35.932
'h 37.47 449.7 29.43 353.2 132.25 HM.87 36.128
'A.
%
37 . 88
38.29
454 .6
459 .5
29.15
30.07
351.0
360.9
133.69
135 . 14
105.00
106 .14
36.325
36 ..SZI
II/). 38.70 464.' 30.39 3M.8 136.60 107.28 36. 717
';' 39.12 469.4 30.72 368. , 138.06 108.43 36.9 14
I l/)6 39.53 474.4 31.().[ 312.6 139.54 109.59 37. 110
0/0 39.95 479.5 3U8 376. 6 141.02 110.75 37.307
U~6 40.37 484.5 31. 71 380.5 142.50 111.92 37.503

12 ' 40 .80 489 .5 32.()'[ 384.5 144 .00 1\3.10 37.699

';' 42.52 510. 1 33.39 400.7 150.06 11 7.86 38. 485
V. 44 .27 531.2 34.77 417 . 2 156.25 122 .72 39.270
';' 46.05 552.6 36.17 434. 1 162.56 127.68 40 .055
13" 41.88 514.5 37.60 451.2 169 .00 132.7J 40.841
';' 49.74 596.8 39.06 468.8 175.56 137.89 41.626
V. 51.63 619 .6 40 .55 486.6 182.25 ]43.14 42 .4 12
';' 53.56 6.J2 . 7 42.07 5().[.8 189.06 148.49 43 . 197
W 55 .53 6<6.3 43.62 523.3 196.00 153.9-1 41 .982
'I. 57.51 690 .3 45.18 542 .2 203 .06 159.48 44 . 76~
% 59.57 714.8 46.78 561.4 210.25 165.13 45 .553
';' 61.64 739.6 48.41 580.9 217.56 110 .87 46.339
IS" 63.75 764.9 50.06 600. , 225.00 176.71 47 . 124
'I. 65.89 790. 6 51. 75 620.9 232 .56 182.65 47.909
% 68.07 816. 8 53.46 641.5 240.25 188.69 48 .695
'I. 70.28 843 . 3 55.20 662.3 248.06 194 .83 49 .480
 -..
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:s
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GENERAL FORMULAE "" BEAMS ...,.. VARIOUS LOADING CONDITIONS
WADING DIAGRAM RUCTIONS .. SHEAR V BENDING MOMENT M DEfLECTION D
>
;::
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LOADING DlAGRAM REACTIONS .... SHEAR V BENDING MOMENT M DEFLECTION D ,.;::
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GENERAL FORMULAE ,~ BEAMS ""'" VARIOUS LOADING CONDITIONS
LOADING DIAGRAM REACTIONS - SHEAR V BENDING MOMENT M DEFllCTIDN 0
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LOADING DL\.GRAM REACTIONS - SHEAR V I BENDING MOMENT M DEFLECTION D
>
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GENERAL FORMULAE '" BEAMS ..... VARIOUS LOADING CONDITIONS
LOADING DIAGRAM REACTIONS - SHEAR V BENDING MOMENT M DEFllCTION D
1:
- - -- -,(M IEAM f'IlED AT ONE EHD, su,.,ol:rm AT OTHEI. CONCINTI.I.Tm LOAD, U cnnu

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LOADING DIAGRAM REACTIONS .~ SHEAR V
I BENDING MOMENT M
I DEFLECTION D ,.
IDM fiXED AT Oh'E END, FRf.£ BUT GUIDED AT 01lIER. cotmN\lOUS LOAD, lINlFOltMlY DtmIBI1T£l) ~
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~
GENERAL FORMULAE '" BEAMS ""'" VARIOUS LOADIING CONDITIONS
LOADING DIAGRAM REACTIDNS - SHEAR V BENDING MOMENT M I DEfLECTION D
IEAM OVElKAHCINC 10TH SUPPOlTS, ItISTMM£TQ:AUY PUCEll Tft'O OQHC:£Hft.I.n:o I.OIJl$ AT fMlS
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LOADING DlAGRAM RUCTIONS - SHEAR V I BENDING MOMENT M
I DEFLECTION D ,.
!lEW OVERIWIGINC 10TH stJl'P()RTS, SYM...,rnuc,l.UY pucw. n'O EQtJ.U. CONCEN11UTED LOADS AT ENDS 3:
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BEAM OI'EltHANCINC ONE SUPPORT. OON'TL'WOUS LOAD, \lNIF"ORMLT DISDIIWTDl

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104 AMERICAN INST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT ION, INC.
 ...
AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. lOS
106 AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT ION, INC.

DEFLECTION
0.01862 L" D _ ~tlon In Inebe. for Symmetrical Beam. a nd Girder.
D • d uniformly loaded to cau", an ISOOO. J)er 8(1 . In • • treu In
extreme fib...,of Hanre.
Del. Coer. _ O.01861L· L

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A CoIloC<!Dtrated Center I..oad caulina: an 18000. fibre t treu I. 50<%. of the unifonnly di, trlbuUod
load. Df,6e<:;tioncauitd by a Concentrated Cent •• Load ilo.OI.~iO Or 8Oo/~or thato!" uniformly
di.t ribut!"d foad,.ho .. n In above table .. (Stt N"ote a t foot of oppmile pa,er.
 AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 107

DEFLECTION
D
- ,
0.018611...'

Del. Cod. _ 0.01861 L"

D _

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U " . tJ .158
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4190
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•
For ~bn: .t_otbet thalll&OOO' pn Ml.la •• On ... hlch tbe abo~ table i. buood. the dellect.lon
1. directly 1lIOPOtt1o... 1 to tbe bnat al.-- devdope<i. Tlou. a /ibn' tire. 01 11000. Ptt Ml. In.
tI"". ddkctlon ~u.1 to % of tbIIllhcnm htabove p.bIe.

l
108 AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION. INC.

.01 TO .49 FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS

1000 No. _ Diameter
C,", Square Cubic Logarilh m X
No. Square
R~' R~'
Reciprocal Circu m. A~

.01 .0001 .000001 0. 1000 0 . 2154 2 .00000 100000 .000 .OJ 142 . 000079
.02 .000008 0 . 1414 0 . 2714 2 .3010J .I0000.000 .0628.1 .000J14

..
.Il004
.OJ .0009 .000027 0.1732 0 . J 107 2.47712 33333 . 33J .09.. 25 .000707
. 0016 .000II64 0.2000 0 . H2O 1 , 60206 2SOOO .000 .12566 . 001257

.. ....,
.OS .0025
. 0036
.000125 0.2236
0 . 2449
0 . 36114
0 . J915
i.69897
2 . 778 15
20000 .000
16666. 667
.15708
. 1-
.00196-1
. 002827

....
.07
. 08
0 . 2646
0.2828
0 . 4121
0.4309
'i.smo
! .90J09
14285.714
12500 .000
. 21991
. 25133
.00JS49
.005027
,09
, 10
,0081
.0100 I mill
.001331
O.JOOO
0 .3162

0 .3JI7
0 . 4481
0.4642

0 .4791
'i .95H4
i .OOOOO

i .O.ttJ9
11111.\11
10000 .000

9090 . "
. 28274
.3 1416

. 34558
. 006J62
.007854

.009503
. 11 .0121
. 12 .0144 .001728 0 . 3464 OA9J2 rOi91 8 8.IJJ . J3J . 37699 . 011310
. IJ .Ili69 .002 197 0 ,J606 0 ,_ i . 1I39~ 7692 . 308 .408.t I . OIJ273
. 1' .0196 .001744 0.3742 0 . 5191 i . 146IJ 71"2. 857 .43981 . 01539~
. 15 .0225 .00J37S 0 . J87J 0 . 5JIJ i.17609 6666. 667 . 47124 .017672
, I' .0256 ....096 0.01000 0 . 5H9 i .20412 6250 .000 .50265 .020106
, 17 .0289 .004913 OAI2J 0 . 5540 T. 23O.tS 5882.J53 . 53407 .022698
. 1' .032.t .005832 O,424J 0 . 5646 T. 25527 s.;55 . 5S6 . 56549 . 025447

...,
,-
.1' .<>J61 .00685' 0.4J59 0.5149 i . 27875 5263 . 158 , 5"'" . 028.15J
.20 . ,008000 0.01472 0 . SM8 i . J0103 5000. 000 . 628.12 . 031416

.2 1 ..... 1 .009261 0.458.1 0 . 59-'4 l. :m22 4761.905 .6597J . 0l<6J6

,"
.23 .0529
.010648
.012161
0,4690
0.01196
0 .6037
0 .6 117
1. H242
1 .36173
4545 . 455
4347 . 816
.69IIS
.72257
.038OIJ
.04 1548
.n .0576 .013824 0.4899 0 .621 4 i . .l8021 4166. 661 .75398
. 78540
.0452J9
.049087
,25 .0625 .015625 0. _ 0 .6300 1 . 3919-4 4000. 000

.- I !!~
.26 .0676 0. _ 0 .6J8J 1.41497 3&46 . 154 . 81681 .05J09J
.21 . 0i29 0 .5196 0 ...... i .4JIJ6 3iOJ.104 . 8482J .057256
.28 .0784 0 .5292 0 .6542 1 . 44716 J57 1.429 . 87965 .061515
.29 .084 1 0.5385 0 .66 19 1.46240 J-WS.2'6 .91106 .066052
.30 0.S4i7 0 . 6604 i .4i712 3JJ3.3J3 .94248 .0i0686

.J l .096 1 .029191 0 . 5568 0 . 6168 1 .49136 3225 .807 .97J89 .075471

,"
,JJ
. 1024
. Io&i
.00H68
.OJ59Jl
0 . 5657
0 . 5145
o 68-10
06\110
1.505 1.5
T.5 1851
3125 .000
JOlO .JOl
2941.177
1.005J 1
I OJ67J
1.068 14
.0S0425
.085530
.090792
.J< . 11 56 .039304 0 . 5831 0 .6\180 i . 53148
,35 .1225 .042875 0.5916 0 . 7041 i . 54407 2857 . 14J 1.09956 .09611 1
.J(i . 1296 .046656 0.0000 0 . 7114 i.556JO 2777.778 \.13091 .101788
.37 .1369 .05065J O.608J 0 . 7179 i .56820 2102.703 1.1 6239 . 101521
.38 . 1444 .054872 0 .0 164 0 . 7243 1 .5i978 2631.519 1.1 9381 .11.H ll
,"
,,"
. 1521
.1600
. OS9J19
.061000
0 . 62~5
0 .6315
0 . 7306
07368
i.59106
1.60206
2564 . 103
2500.000
1. 21522
1. 2566
.1I9~S9
. 12566-1

..,
.• 1 .168 1 .06892 1 O.64OJ 0 . 1429 i .61278 2439.024 \.288 1 .132025
. 074088 0.6481 0 . 1489 T.62315 2380.952 1.3195 .138S~4

...
. 1704
..J . 1849 .079507 0 .6551 0 . 1548 i. 63347 2325.58 1 1.3509 .145220
. 1936 .085184 0 . 66.13 0 . 1606 1.64345 2272.721 1. 3823 .152053
..5 .2025 .091125 0.6708 0.7063 1 .65321 2122.222 1.4137 . 159043

......,.,
,46 .2116 .097JJ6 0 .6781 0 . 7719 1.66276 2113.9tJ 1.4451 . 166190
.2209 . 103823 0 . 68J6 0 . 7775 1 . 67110 2127.660 1.4765 . 17349-1
.230< . 11 0592 0.6928 0.7830 i.osm 208J.JJJ 1.5080 . 180956
.2401 . 11 76-19 0.7000 0.7884 1 .09020 2040.816 1.5394 .188.574
 A;>' IERICAN INSTI TUT E OF STEEL CONST RUCT ION, INC. 109

FUNCTIONS 0' NUMBERS .50 TO .99

'000 :';0 I);anu'tl"l"
:-':0, S.lUa~ C,,,. Square
Rool
Cuhic
Rool
l.o£:arithm X
RC(iproral Cir(,um. ,\rca

.~O .2500 . 125000 o.. io.7 1 0 .1937 1 69891 2000.000 I,.nos . 1%35
..H .2601 .13265 1 o.. il4 1 o. . i990 1 jo.iS7 1%O.7s.1 1.6022 .20.428

·,.,.,
. 140608 0. 721 1 0. .804 1 i 71600 192.>.0.71 1 .6336 .2 12.H
.52
.53
.2i04
. 148877 0. .7280 o ."J 1 .7 2418 1886 79,1 ,, "'-'"
0,., .22062
.54
.55
29 16
.3025
. 151464
; 166375
0..1348
0 . 141 6
0.8 1U
0.8193
;, 73139
i . H0J6
]851 .852
18 18 181 , 7119
.22902
.23758

,,,
56 JlJ6 17S6]6 0 . 1483 0 .8243 i 14819 li85 .11-1 1 7593 . 246.1O
.11 3249 . ]&5193
1951 il
o i550 0.8291
o 8,W0
'i 15587
i . 76343
1i54 3M
li24 U8
.901
822 1 ,Mil, 25518

"
59
J.'"
J481 .205319
O. • 6 16
O. i6.!! 1 o 8387 i 77085 1694 915 8535
,, SS50
.2i.140

.60 .J6OO .2 16000 O. ii 46 0.8nl i 11815 1666.667 .lS274

. OJ
.62
.3il1
.3&1 4
.2269S 1
.238328
0..78 10
O,78i'4
0 .848 1
0 .8527
i . i85.l3
"i .79239
1639 .344
]612 90.1 ,
91 ..
9"8
.29125
..10191

..6J

63
.3969
.' 096
. 4125
.250047
.262 144
.214625
0.793i
0.8000
0..8062
0.8513
0 .8618
0..8662
"i .799'w
i 80618
i .8129 1
IS87.302
15()2 500
1538,462
] 9791
2 0106
2.0420.
31113
.3 21iU
.3.W!.!
.6<\ . 4.1:')6 .281496 0..8 124 0..8707 i .8 1954 15 15. B2 2 07.1.~ ,,1421 2
.M ,4489 .JOO76J 0. . 8185 0..8750 1 82607 1491 5.11 2 10-\9 .152';7
14io. .ssg
J"
69
,462~
.-1 761
.3 144,,2
.328509
0 .82 46
0 .8307
0. 8i94
0.88.17
;' &'125]
i 8J1\85 1....9.215
21.16.1
2 16;7
.163 17
.3739.1

. 70 A'lOO .J4JOOO 0 .8367 0.8819 i84 .~\O ]428.5i1 2 1991 .J8485

7J . S041 J5 i911 0. .8426 0.892 1 i s.~ 1l6 ]4OS,4.'iI 2 2305 .J9591

.<-
0.8485 0.8963 i 85iJJ 1J8S s.!i9 2.2610 40715
" '''"
.J13248
. 7.1 S3l9 .J890 11 0..85 .... 0.900< i 86.lJl 1369 .86.1 2 29J4 .4 185-1
.14 .54.6 . 405114 0 .5602 o ?04S i 8M23 1331 .33 1 1.3248
.is · SUS .421 8i5 0.8660 09086 , lIiW6 lJ.lJ .1.13 2.3562 ,44119
.5.;6 . 438976 0.8"8 0.9126 i 8&08 1 IJI,; 790 2 3816 ,45365
. 76
.11
· i8
.5929
.()()8~
H65J3
.414,;,;2
o..8i'i'5
0 .8832
09]66
0.9205
'i 88649
i 89209
1198 .•0 1
1281 .0.5 1
2 4190
2 ".,
",..
.4 7784
· i9 .624 1 . 493o.J9 0 .8888 0 .92401 T. 89.63 1265.S23 2.4819 . ~9017

SO .Moo .5 12000 0.8944 0.928J 1 .90309 1250.000 2 SIJ3 .50266

."
.Sl
0""
lIiH
.53 1401 1
5.i l J68
0..90110·
0.9055
0.9.122
0..9.160
1 90549
1 91J81
1134 568
1219.511
2.5447
2 5ibl
.SISJO
51810
." ""
OJ · .056
.51 1787
. 591ilH
0.9110
0.9165
0..9398
o..9HS
i 9]908
i 91428
11Q4 8 19
1]90 416
2 6Q7S
2 6Jli9
"'06
55418
K'i H15 6 14 125 0 .9110 09H.1 1.91942 l1i6.HI 2 6i04 .Mi45
".
.S7
· •.196
i.~69
6J6OS6
658SOJ
o 9274
09JH
0 .9510
0.9546
i 9.1450
T.93952
1162.791
1149 425
2 io.I8
2 j3J2 .""'"
59-14 7
1136 36-1 2.7646 .6082 1
'"
.bO
.i744
.792 1
.68 1472
.104969
o 9J81
0 .9·1.14 " ""
o 9619
i .9-t-14S
T.94939 1123 .S96 2 i960 .62211

I)(J .8 100 .129000 0 .9487 0.9655 i 9$414 1111.111 2 8274 .63617

. 91 .11281 .7USH 0 .95.19 0.9691 i 959114 1098.90] 2 85S9 65039
. 91 .S<M .71%&8 o 9591 0..9716 i %3;9 1086 .957 2 .8903 .66416
.9.1 .8619 .804.151 O.Q(H4 0.916 1 1" 96848 107';.269 2 .9211 .67929
.883(,. .8J0384 0%93 0..9196 i .97313 106J 830. 2 9531 .69398

.-
.94

,.
· ~}S

.91
. 9025
. 9216
. 9<09
.851375
884iJ6
. 9126iJ
0 . 9N7
09''}S
0 .9M9
09830
0. 9865
0..9899
T.91171
T 9S1l1
T 9S6i7
10.52 .632
1041.661
1000 9!8
2 9845
30 lS9
30473
.10882
j1382
i3898
. 93 .9411 91 o 9899 o 99.13 T 99123 ]0.20,40.'1 J OiSS . i5-l3O
9'} ~'lJ 9i0199 o Y9.30 0.9961 T 99364 1010.10] 3 1101 . 76977
11 0 AMER ICAN INSTITUTE O F ST EE L CO NSTRUCTI ON. INC .
.
1 TO 49 FUNCTIONS 0' NUMBERS
1000 No. _ Diam ~ tl't"

No. Square c,.., Square

Roo'
Cubi~
Roo'
Logarithm x
Reciprocal Circum. Area

, 27,•
1.0000 • . 00000 1000 .000 3 . 142 0 . 7854
• • 1.0000
,
2 4 1.4142
I. 7321
1. 2599
" .4422
o JOIOJ
0.41712
500.000
JJJ . JJJ
6 . 283
9.425
3 . 1416
7 .0686
,
4 16
25 " . 25
2 .0000
2.2361
1.5874
I. 7100
0 .60206
o 69897
250 .000
200.000
12 . .566
15 . 708
1l . .56M
19 .6350
6 36 216 2 .4495 1.8171 o 778 15 166. 667 18 . 850 28.2743
1.9129 0 .84510 142 . 857 21.99 1 J8 .484S
7
,
8
49
64
81
'"
'" 729
2 .M58
2 .8284
3 .0000
2.0000
2 .0801
• . 90.109
0 .95424
125 .000
111.111
25 . IJJ
28 . 274
50 . 2655
63 .617J
10 . 00 .000 3.1623 2.1544 1.00000 100. 000 31.416 78.SJ98

II
12
IJ
...
121
.09
IJJI
1728
2197
3 . 3166
3.4M1
3 .6056
2 . 2240
2 . 2894
2 .351J
1.041J9
1.07918
1.11394
90. 9091
&.l . JJJJ
76. 92JI
34 . 558
37 . 699
40. 84 1
95 .0JJ2
11J .097
1J2 . 7J2
14 . 96 2744 3.7417 2.4101 I. 1461J 71.4286 43.982 153 . 938
3375 3.8730 2.4662 1.17609 66. 6667 47.124 176 . 715
"
16
225
256 4096 '.0000 2 .5198 1.20412 62.5000 50. 265 201.062
17
18
28'
J24
491J
5832
4.1231
4.2426
2.571J
2.6207
1. 23045
1. 25527
58 .8235
55.5556
53.407
56. 549
226 . 980
254.469
6859 4.3589 2 ._ 1.27875 52.6316 59 . 690 283 . 529
"
2.
36'
400 8000 4.4721 2. 7144 1.30103 50. 0000 62 . 8.12 314. 159

21
22
."
484
9261
.0648
4 .5826
4 .690-\
2 . 7589
2 .8020
i.J2222
1.34242
47 . 6190
45 4545
65 . 973
69. 115
346 . 36 1
J80. 1J3
2J '29 12167 4 . 7958 2. 8439 1.36173 43.418J 72 251 415.416
24 576 IJ824 4.8990 2. 8845 1. 38021 41.6667 75 . 398 452 . 389
25 625 15625 ' .0000 2 . 9240 1. 39794 40.0000 78 .540 490 .814
26 676 11576 ' .0990 2. 9625 1.41491 38. 4615 81.68 1 530.929
27
28
72'
784
'968J
21952
5 . 1962
5.2915
3 .0000
3 .0366
1.43136
1.44716
31 . 0370
35.7 143
84 . 823
81 . 965
512. 555
615 . 752
29 84' 24389 5 . 3852 3 .0123 1.46240 34.4828 91.106 660.520
3. 900 27000 5.4772 3.1072 1. 47112 33 . 3333 9-1 . 248 706.858

JI 96' 29i91 5.5678 3 . 1414 1. 49 136 32.258 1 97 . .189 7.K 768

J2 1024 32768 5 . 6569 3 . 1748 1.505 15 31. 2500 100 . 531 ~ . 248
JJ 'OS' 35937 5 . 7446 J . 2075 1. 5185 1 JO. JOJO 103 .673 855 . 299
J4
J5
1156
122S "....
42875
5 . 8310
5.9 161
3 . 2396
3 . 2111
1. 53148
1. 54-107
29 . -1118
28.571-1
106 . 81-1
109 .956
907.920
962 . 113
36 .296 46656 6 .0000
6 .0828
3 . 30 19 •• '56820
56JO 27 . 7778
27 .0210
IIJ.097
116 .239
1011 .88
1075 . 21
J7 .309 50653 3 . 3322

.
J8
J9

.68.
1444
1S21
.600
54872
59319
64000
6 . 1M4
6 . 2HO
6.32-'6
3 . 3620
3.39 12
3.4200
1. 57978
1. 59106
1.60206
26 .3158
25 .6410
25 . 0000
119 .381
122 . 522
125 .66
1134 . 11
119-1 .59
1256 .601

.," 1764 68921

74088
6.4031
6.4807
3.4482
3.4760
1.61118
1.62325
2-1 .3902
23 .8095
128 .81
1-11.95
1320 . 25
1-185.44
1849 79507 6.5574 3 . 503-1 1.63347 23.2558 1-15 .09 1452 . 20
""
4S
1936
2015
85184
91125
6.6332
6 .7082
3.53OJ
3 . 5569
1.601345
1. 65321
22 . 7273
22 .2222
1J8.2J
1-1 I. 31
15W. 53
1590.43

.
46
47
49
2116
,....
2209
2-101
97336
103823
110592
117649
6.7823
6.8557
6 . 9282
7.0000
3 . 58.10
3 . 6088
3 . 6342
3 . 6593
1. 66276
1. 6i2 10
I 6812-1
1.69020
21.739 1
21. 2766
2Q. 8J33
20.4081
1.J4 . 51
147.65
ISO.80
153 .94
1661.90
1134 .94
1809.56
1885 . 74
 AMERICA N INSTITUTE OF STEE L CONSTR UCTION. INC. 111

FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS so TO 99
' 000 No. _ Di.:tmtter
Square
No. &IU.lre: C,'" Roo.
Cubic
Roo. I...oiarithm X
Reciprocal Cin:um. Au,

''5,QI00
3D I2SOOO 7 .07 11 3 .6840 1.69897 20 .0000 157 .08 196.3 . 50
51 IJ2651 1 . 141 4 J . 708-1 I. 70757 19 . 6078 160.22 20-12 .82
3 . 7J25 I. 71600 19 . 2.308 163 .36 2I2J . 72
53
2iO-l
",.. ,." ''''''''
148877
7. 2111
7 . 2801 3 . 7563 1. 72-1 28 18 . 8679 166 .50 2206 . 18
"16 15i-IM 7. 3485 J . 7798 I. 7J2J9 18 . 5135 169.65 2290 .22
3025 166375 7.41 62 3 . 8030 1. 74036 18 . 1818 172 . 79 2375 .83
56" Jl 36 1756 16 7. 483J 3 .8259 1. 74819 17 .85i1 175 .93 246.3 .01
51
,...
3249 18519J
195 11 2
7. 5498
1. 6158
3 .&.185
J .8i09
I. 75587
1. 76343
17. 5439
17 . 2414
l i 9 07
182 . 21
2551. 76
2642 .08
"" 3481 205379 7.68 11 3 .89JO 1.77085 16 .9-i92 135 . 35 27n .9?

7. 7-160 16. 6667 188.50 2827 .43

"""
""'" "69
"OlOO 3 .9149 1. 77815

. 3m
'84'
64
' 0%
226981
238328
'500"
262 144
7 .8102
7.8740
7. 9373
' . 0000
3.9365
3 .9579
3 .9791
' .0000
I. 78533
1. 79239
1. 19934
1. 80618
16.3934
16. 1290
15.8730
1';.6250
191 .64
194 .78
197. 92
201. 06
20-1 .20
2922 .47
3019 .01
3 117.25
3216 .99
33 18 .31
4225 274 625 8.0623 4 .0207 1.81291 15 .3846

""" 4J56 287496 8. 1240 4 .041 2 1. 81954 15 . 1515 201 .35 342 1.1 9
4489 300763 8. 1854 4 .0615 1.8260 7 14 .9254 210 .49 3525.65
68 4624 3 1<1432 8 . 2462 4 .0817 1. 8325 1 14 .1059 213 .63 363 1. 68
416 1 328509 8.3066 4 . 1016 1. 83885 14.4928 216 .77 3739 . 28

10
" ' 900 8.3666
J4JOOO 4. 1213 1.84510 14 . 2857 219.91 3848. 4,5
"" , 14 .Q8.I5 22J.05 3959 . 19

......
II 3519 11 8 .426 1 4. 1408 1. 85126
12 5184 313148 8 . 4353 4. 1602 1. 851JJ 13.8889 226. 19 oW7I . 50
)J
,. ''''
5329 389011
4OS2H 8 .6023
4. 1793
U 983
1 ~86J32
1. 8692J
13 . 6986
13 . 5135
229. 34
232.48
4 185 . 39
4.lOO. 84

''''
"" .,..
5776
.. "'"
421815
438976
4565JJ
8. 1118
8 .7750
4. 2172
4. 2358
4 . 2543
1.87506
1. 88081
1. 88649
13 .3JJJ
IJ . 15i9
12. 9870
235. 62
238 . 76
241. 90
44 11. 86
4SJ6 . 46
4656. 63
18 "
5929
6241
4U552 8.8J 18
8 . 8882
4. 2727
4. 2908
1. 89209
1.89763
\2 .8205
12.6582
H 5. 04
248 . 19
4178 .36
4901.67
" ..,. 493039

12 .5000 25 1. 33 .5026 . 55
0)
",,. 512000 8.9U3 4 . .3089 1. 90J09

.
81
82
84
6124
68"
;056
' .0000
531441
55 1368
511181
592 iG4
9.0554
9. 110-1
9 . 1652
4. 3267
4. 3445
4. 362 1
4. 3793
1. 90849
1.91 38 1
1.91 908
J . 924 28
12 . 3451
12 . 195 1
I2 . M82
11. 9048
Il. i647
254 .47
257 .6 1
260.75
263. 89
261 .04
5153 .00
5281.02
54 10 .61
5541. 77
5674 . .50
61 4125 9.2 195 4. 3968 1.92942
"" 1225
''56'
39' .,.,56
658503
9 . 2736
9 . 32701
4.4 140
4.431 0
1. 9J45O
J .9J952
11. 6279
11. 49-13
2iO. 18
213 . 32
5808. 80
5944 . 68

"" "... 681 412 9.3808 4.4480 1.94448 II. 36J(i 276.46 6082 . 12
89 i 921 i 04969 9. 4.J40 4.464 7 1.94939 11. 2360 279. 60 622 1. 14

"" ....
90 8100 119000 9.4868 4 .4814 1.95424 11.1111 282 . 74 6361. 73
828 1 15351 1 9 . 5394 4 .4919 1.95904 10 .9890 285. 88 6503 .88
7i 8688 9 .59 17 4 .5 144 1.96379 10 . 8696 289 . OJ 6647 .61
10.7527 292. 17 6792 .91
OJ
94 '64'
8836
8IH357
830584
9 . 643 7
9 . 6954
4 .5307
4 .5468
1.96848
1.97313 10 .6383 295. 31 6939 . 78
857375 9 . N 68 4 .5629 1. 97772 10 .5263 298 .45 7088 . 22
"" "'''
9216 ""M 9. 7980 4. 5789 1. 98227 10 .4167 301.59 7238 . 2J

" ,.,.94'" 91 2673 9 .8489 4. 5947 1.98617 10 . 3093 304 . 7J 7389.8 1

98 9411 92 9 . 8995 4 .6104 1. 99 123 10 . 2Q.I 1 307 .88 7.542 . 96
99 '0) ' 910299 9 . 9499 4 .6261 1. 99564 10 . 10 10 311 .02 7697 . 69
-
11 2 AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF ST EE L CONSTRUCTION, INC.

100 TO 149 FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS

.000 No. • Diameter
(,b< Square Culoic Los;arithm
N~ Square X
Roo. Roo.
RedllrOCal Cin::um. A=
.00 .000000 10 .0000 4 . 6416 ' .00000 10 .0000 314 . 16 7853 .98
10.
.....
' 0000
10201 10.10301 10 .0499 4 . 0570
4 . 612.\ ,.""""
2 .00132 ' .90099
9.80392
317 .30
320 .44
8011. 85
8111.28

....OS
• 02 1061208 10 .0995
'OJ .0009 1092121 10. 1489 4 . 6875 2 .01284 9 . 70874 323 . 58 8332 . 29
10816 1124864 10. 1980 4 . 7027 2 .01703 9 .61533 326 . 73 849·L87
11025 11 57625 10. 2470 4 . 7177 2 .02 119 9 .51381 329 87 8659 . 0 1
.06 11 236 1191016 10. 2956 4 .13 26 2 .015J1 9.43396 33301 882~ . 7J
107 11449 1225043 10 .3441 4 . 74 75 2 .02938 9 .34579 336 15 8992 .02
11 664 !l59712 10 .39B 4 . 7622 2. 03342 9 . 25916 33' 29 9160. 88
""
.09 11 88 1 1295029 10 .4403 4 7769 2 .03143 9 . 17431 3H .4J 9331.32

110 12100 U31000 10 .4881 4 7914 2 .O-IU9 9 .09091 345.58 9503 32

II. 12321 13676.11 10 . 5J57 4 8059 2 .().I53! 9 .00901 348 . 72 9616 89
."
115
12544
12769
14().1928
1442897
10. 5830
10 .6J0 1
" 8lOJ
4 . 8346
2. 04922
2. 05308
8 . 92851
8 . 84956
35 1. 86
355 .00
9852 .00
10028 . 7
10 . 677 1 4 . 8488 2. 05690 8 . 77193 358 . 1 ~ 10207 .0
"'
115 "'" 13225
148 1544
1520815 10.7238 4 . 8629 2 . 06070 8 . 09565 361. 28 10386 .9
116 13456 1560896 10. 1103 ~ . 8770 '2 .06446 8.01069
8 . .54701
364.42
367 . 57
10.568 . 3
10751 .3
117 t3689 1601613 10 . 8 107 4 . 8910 . 068 19
4 .9049 2 .07188 8 . 47458 370 . 71 10935 .9
'"
.19
t3924
14101
1643032
1685159
10 . 8628
10 .9087 4 .9187 2 .07555 8 . 40336 373 .85 11122 .0

.20
'" .....
.....
..400 1728000
1771561
10 .9S45
11 .0000
11.0-I5~
4 .93H
4 . 9461
4 .9597
2 .01918
2 .082i9
8 . 3llJJ
8 . 26«6
8 . 19612
376 .99
380 . t3
383 . 27
11309.7
11499 .0
11689 .9
.,.'I2J"
18 15848 ' .086J6
15129 .860867 11.0905 4 .9731 2 .0899 1 8 . 13008 386 ·42 11882 .3
15376 1906624 II. U55 4 .9866 2 .09342 8 .06H2 389 .56 12076 .3
125 15625 1953125
'0"
"" "'0 5.0000 2 .09691 800000 391 . iO 12271 .8
"6
'" .064.
.28'6384
15876
16129
2000376
2048383
2097 152 "" " ..
3137
5 .0133
5 .0265
5 .0397
2 . t(IOJ7
1 . 10380
2 . 10721
7. 93651
7. 87402
7. 8 1250
7.75194
395 .84
398 .98
402 . 12
405 . 27
12469 0
12667 . 7
\2868 .0
13069.8
129

130 .6900
2146689

2197000
" 3518

11 .4018
5 .0528

5 .0658
2 . 11 059

2 . 11394 7 .69231 408 41 t3273 . 2

13 ' 17161 2N809 1 11. 4455 5 .0788 2 . 11 727 7.6.1359 411 . 55 13478 . 2
I3Z 11424 "99968 1I.'l891 5 .0916 2 . 12057 i 57576 414 .69 IJ 6M 8
III 17689 2352637 I I. 5326 5 . 1045 2 . 12385 7 51880 417 .83 1.1892 .9
'34 li956 2406104 11.5758 5 . 1112 2 . 12710 i . ~269 420 .97 14102 6

.-
155 18225 246OJ75 11 .6190 5 . 1299 2 . IJOJJ 7 . .fOi41 42-4 12 14313 .9
.56 '84" 251~56 11 .6619 5 . 1426 2 . \33~ 7.35294 42i . 26 14526 . 7
137 18769 2571353 II. 7047 5 . 1551 2 . 13672 7. 29927 430 .40 14741. 1
' JS 2628072 11 . 7413 5 . 1676 2 . U9S8 7. 24638 433 .54 14951 I
13' 19321 2685619 11 . 1898 5. 1801 2 . \4301 7. 19424 436 .68 15174 . 7

"0 '%00 2744000 11.8322 5.1925 2 . 1 ~13 7. 14286 439 . 82 15393 . 8

14.
..,
142

14'
19881
201M
20449
207 ..
2803221
2863288
2924207
2985984
11.8743
II. 9164
II. 9583
12 . 0000
5 . 2048
5.2171
5.2293
5 . 2415
2 . 14922
2.15229
2.15534
2 15836
7.09220
7.0-U25
6 .99301
6 .94444
442 . 96
446 . 11
449 .25
452 . 39
15614 . 5
158.16 . 8
16060 .6
16286 0
145 21025 J048625 12.0·U6 5 . 2536 2. 161.17 6 89655 4 5 ~ 5.1 16513 0

....., "901
146.
147
21316
"609
22201
3 112136
3 176523
3241i92
330i9~9
12 .0SJ0
11 . 1244
12.1655
12.2066
52656
!i 2776
5 . 2896
5 .3015
2. 16435
2 . 16732
2 . 17016
2.17319
6 .84932
6 80271
6 . 756;6
6 . 71141
458 67

... "
461 .SI

468 . 10
16141. 5
lQ<)n 7
1720.3 . 4
17436.6
 AMER ICAN INSTITUTE ' OF STEE L CONSTR UCTION, INC. 113

FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS ISO TO 199

1000 No. _ Diameter
Sq~~ Cubic
N. Square C,'" Roo< Roo.
l.o(arithm x
Reciprocal Cin:um. A=
150 2lSOO 3375000 12.2474 5.3133 2.17609 6.66667 471.24 17671.5
lSI 22801 3442951 12 2882 5.3251 2.17898 6.62252 474 .38 17907.9
IS2 23104 3511808 12 .3288 5.3368 2.18184 6.57895 477 . .52 18145.8
ISJ 23409 3581577 12.3693 5.3485 2.18469 6.53595 480.66 18385. 4
154 13716 3652264 12.4097 5.3601 2.18752 6,49351 483 .81 18626.5
1S5 24025 3723875 12.4499 5.3717 2.19033 6.45 161 486 .95 18869 .2
156 z.&336 3796416 12,4900 5.3832 2.19312 6.41026 490.09 19t13.4
1S7 2460'9 3869893 12.5300 5.3IN7 2. 19590 6.36943 "93.23 19359.3
158 2<l9M 3944312 12 . .5698 5.4061 2. 19866 6.329\1 496.37 19606.7
19855. 7
IS' 25281 4019679 \2.6095 5.4175 2.20140 6.28931 499.51

160 25600 '606000 12.6491 5.4288 2.20412 6.25000 502.65 20106.2

161 25921 41 7328 1 12.6886 5.4401 2.206113 6.211 18 505.80 :KlJS8.3
162 26244 4251528 12.7279 5.4514 2.20952 6.17284 508.94 20612.0
20867.2
• I.,
164
2656'
"89'
4330747
44 1OW4
12 .7671
12.8062
5.4626
5.4131
2.212 19
2.2 1484
6.13497
6.09756
512.08
515.22 21124. 1
165 27225 4492 125 12 .8452 5.4848 2.21748 6.0606 1 5 18.36 21J82.5
166 27556 4574296 12 .8841 5.4959 2.22011 6.02410 52 1.50 21642. 4
167 27889 4657463 12 .9228 5.S069 2.22272 5.98802 524 .65 21~.0
168 2822<1 4N1632 12.9615 5.5118 2.2253 1 5.95238 527.79 22167.1
169 28561 4826809 13.0000 5.5288 2.22789 5.91716 530.93 22.0 1. 8

no 28900 4913000 13.0J8.l 5.5397 2.2J045 5.88235 534.07 22698.0

171 29241 50002 11 1J.01'67 5 .. SS05 2.23300 5.84i95 531.21 22965.8
172 29... 51188448 13.1149 5.5613 2.23553 5.81395 540.35 2JZ35.2
I7J 29929 5177117 13.1529 5.5721 2.23805 5.78OJ5 543.50 2JS06.2
174 30276 5268024 13.1909 5.5828 2.14055 5.747IJ 546.64 23778.7

• 175
17' m76
30625 5359375
5451176
13.2288
13.2665
5.5934
5.6041
2.24J04
2.24551
5.71429
5.68 182
549.78
552.92
24052.8
24328.5
24605. 7
13.J041 5.6141 2.2·1797 5.64972 556.06
'" 31329
178 31684
17. 'lOl l
5545233
5639752
5735339
13.3417
13.3791
5.6252
5.6357
2.250012
2.25285
5.61798
5.58659
559.20
562.35
24884.6
25164.9

180 32400 583_ IJAI64 5.60162 2.25S27 5.55556 565.49 25446.9

181 32761 5929741 13.4536 5.6567 2.25768 5.52486 568.63 25730.4
182 33124 6028568 13.4907 5.6671 2.26001 5.49-151 571. 71 26015.5
183 33489 6123487 13.52i7 5.67],( 2.26245 5.46448 574.91 26302.2
184 33856 6229S04 IJ . .564 7 5.6817 2.26-182 5.43478 578.05 26590.4
185 .H225 6331625 13.6015 5.6980 2.26717 5 . .w.s.&1 581.19 26880.3
18' '4596 '<34856 tJ.6182 5.70&3 2.2695 1 S.376J4 .... 34 27171.6
187 '4969 6539203 13.6H8 5.7185 2.17180& 5.34159 587.48 27464.6
188
18. 35'"
35721
6644672
6751269
lJ.7113
13.7477
S.7287
5.7388
2.2J.1l6
2.276-16
5.31915
5.29101
590.62
593.76
27759. 1
28055.2

190 36100 6859000 13 . i S40 5.7489 2.27875 5.26316 596.90 28352. 9

191
192
19'
,-
36481

37249
6967871
7077888
7189057
tJ .8203
13.8564
13 .8924
5.7590
5.7690
5.7790
2.28103
2.28330
2.28556
5.23560
5.20833
5. 18 135
600.04
6OJ.l9
606.33
609.47
28652.1
28952.9
29255.3
29S59.2
19. 37636 7301384 13 .9284 5.7890 2.28780 5.15464
195 38025 1414875 tJ.9M2 5. i989 2.29003 5.12821 612.61 29864.8
196 38416 7529536 14 .0000 5.8088 2.29226 5.102Q.\ 615.75 30171 .9
197 38809 76-lSJ73 14 .0357 5 .8186 2 . 29H7 5.07614 618.89 ""80 5
198
19'
"204
'9601
7162392
7880599
14.0712
14.1067
5.8285
5.8383
2.29667
2.29BSS
5.05051
5.02513
622.04
625.18
30190. 1
31102 . 6
Iii AMERICAN INSTITUT E OF STEEL CONST RUCTION, INC.

200 TO 249 FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS

1000 No . • OiameteT
Square Cubic
No. Square C,'" Rool Rool
LoGarithm X
Ril'::iprocal Circum. 'CO"
200 • 0000 0100000 \4 . 1421 5.8480 2 . 30IOJ 5.00000 628. 32 31415.9
201 .,"'"
...,. 8120601 14. 1714 5 . 8578 2 . JOJ20 4 . 97512
.,<.0('
631.46 31730.9
320,n .4

......
14. 2127 5 . 8675 2 . 30535 4. 95050

...
202 8242408
20J 41209 8365427 14. 2478 5 . 8771 2 . 30750 4. 92611 637 . 14 32365 . 5
41616 SI'9664 14 . 2829 58868 U096J 4. 90196 32685 . 1
205 42025 86 15125 14. 3178 5.8964 2 . J1t75 4 . 87805 644 .0J 33006.4
206 424J6 87418 16 14 . 3527 5 . 9059 2. 31J87 4 . 854J7 647 . 17 33329.2
207 42849 8869743 14 .3875 5 . 9155 2 . 31597 4.8J092 650. 31 3J653.5
208 89989 12 14.4222 5.9250 2 . 31806 4 . 80769 65J.45 33979.5
209 "'''
'3681 9129J29 14.4568 5 . 9J45 2 . J2Q1S 4 . 78469 656 .59 3UQ7.0

21. 14 .4914 5 .9439 2 . 32221 4 . 76190 659. 73 34636 . 1

~]
44100
211 44521 14 .5258 5.9533 2 . 32428 4 . 73934 662 .88 34966.7
212 44944 14.5602 5 .9627 2 . 32634 4 . 71698 666. 02 35298.9
21'
214
.5369
45796
14.5945
14 .6287
5.9121
5 . 9814
2 . 32838
2 .33041
4 . 69484
4. 61'290
669. 16
672 . 30
35631.7
35968. t
2Il 46225 993&175 14 .6619 5 .9907 2 . 33244 4 . 65116 675.44 36J05.0
216 46656 10017696 14.6969 ' .0000 2 . 3J445 4 . 62963 678.58 36643.5
217 47089 10218313 14 . 7309 6.0092 2 . 33646 4.60829 681.73 36983 .6
218 47524 10360232 14 . 7648 6.0185 2 . 3J846 4.58716 684 .87 37325.3
219 47961 10503459 14 . 7986 6 . 0177 2.34Q.14 4 . 56621 688 . 01 37668. 5

220 'MOO 10648000 14 .8324 '.0368 2 . 34242 4 . 54545 691.15 38013 . 3

221 "'41 10793861 14 . 8661 6 .0459 2 .34439 4 . 52489 694 . 29 38359.6
222 49284 10941048 14 .8997 6 .0550 2 . 34635 4 . 50450 697.43 38707.6
22J 49729 11089567 14 .9332 6.0&U 2 . 348J() 4.4S1lO 700.58 39057.1
224 50176 112394H 14 .9666 6 .0732 2. 35025 4.46419 703 . 12 39408.1

1 1~~
225 50625 15 . 0000 6.0822 2 . 35218 4 ...... 706.86 39760.8
226 51076 15 . 0333 6.09 12 2 . 35411 4. 4H 78 110 .00 40115.0
227 51529 15.0665 6.1002 2 . 3S603 4. 40519 71J . 14 40470.8
228 51984 15 .0997 6.1091 2 . 35793 4 . 38596 116.28 40828 . 1
229 52441 15 . 1327 6.1180 2 . 359&1 4 . 36681 719 .42 411 87.1

230 52900 12167000 15 . 1658 6.1269 2 . 36t7J 4. 34i83 122 . 57 41547.6

2JI .IJ.I(\ 1 12326391 15 . 1987 6 . 1J58 2 .J6J61 4. 32900 725 . 71 41909 .6
2J2 53824 12487168 15 . 23 15 6.1446 2 . 36549 4 . 31034 728 .85 42273 . 3
2JJ 54289 12649337 15 . 2643 6.1534 2 . 36736 4.19185 731.99 42638 . 5
23< 547" 128t29().1, 15.2971 6.1622 2.36922 4.27350 735.13 43005.3
2J5 55225 12977875 15 . 3297 6.1710 2 .37107 4. 25532 738 . 27 43313.6
236 5_ 13144256 15 . 362J 6.1797 2 .37291 4. 23729 741.42 43743 . 5
2J7
238
239
,....
56169
.57121
13312053
1J481272
13651919
15 . 3948
15.4272
1.5.4.596
6.1885
6.1971
6.2058
2.37475
2.37658
2 . 37840
4. 211).11
4.20163
4.ISl10
744 . 56
747 . 70
750. 84
44115.0
" " '. 1
44862 . 7

24. 57600 1J82.fOOO 15.4919 6 .2145 2.J8()2 1

2 . 382()2
4 . 16667
4.14938
753 .98
757.12
45238.9
45616.7
241 58081 13991521 1.5 . 5242 6.223 1
242 "564 14172488 1.5.5563 6 .2317 2 . 38382 4.13223 760.27 45996.1
24' 59049
244 59536
14348907
14526784
15.5885
15.6205
6.2403
6. 2488
2.3856 1
1 .38739
4.11523
4. 09836
763.41
766.55
46377 .0
46759.5
245 60025 15 .6525 6.2573 2 . 389 17
..""'"
4.08163 769 .69 47143 . 5

ii~
47519.2
24'
247
60516
61()()9
1.5 . 6844
1.5 . 7162
6 . 2658
6 . 2743
2 . 39a94
2 . 39270 4 . 1>'858
772 . 83
775 .97 47916.4
2.. 61"" 15 . 7480 6.2828 2 . 3t).145 4 .03226 179 . 12 48305.1
"9 6200 ' 1.5 . 7797 6.2912 2.39620 4.01606 782 . 26 48695.5
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. liS

FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS 250 TO 299

' 000 No . .. Diameter
Square Cubic

-
N,. Square c,'" Roo. Roo. Logarithm X
Reciprocal Circum. Mu

". 62500 15625000

15813251
IS .811 4
15 .8430
..
6 .2996 2 .39;94
2 .39961
' .00000
3.98406
18S . 4O
7SS . 54
49087.4
4'»80.9
'" ."0'
'"
6JOO'
'6OOJOOS
16194277
13 . 8745
15 .9060
6 . 3164
6 . JlH
2 .40140
2 .40311
3.96815
3 .93231
791.68
794 .82
49815.9
.5Oli2 . 6
'"
'"
64009
64516
6.5025
16387()6.1
165S1375
15 .9374
15 .9687
6.3330
6.3413
2 .4048J
2 .4065"
3.93iOI
3 .92 157
197 .96
801.11
S0670 . 7
51070.5
'"25.
2S7
65336
66049
16777216
16974593
16 . 0000
16 .03 12
6.3496
6.3379
2.40824
2 .40993
2 .41162
3 .90625
3.89105
3.8i597
8().I.25
807.39
810 . 53
51HI.9
51874 . 8
52279 . 2
66S.. 16 .0624 6.3661
'"
2S9 6708 1
17173512
17373979 16 .0933 6.3743 2 .41330 3.86100 813 . 67 52685 . 3

'00 67000 173;6000 16. 1245 6 . 3823 2 .41497 3 . 84615 816 . 81

819 .96
53092 . 9
53.502 . 1
'26'
01 68121 17779581 16 . 1555 6.3907 2 .41664 3 . 83142

,OJ
26'
"".
69"9
.9696
li9&.1728
18191447
18J99744
16 . 1864
16 . 2173
16 . 2481
6.3988
6 .4070
6.4151
2 .41830
2 .·"996
2 .42160
3 .81679
3 .80228
3.78i88
823 . 10
826. 24
829. 38
53912 . 9
54325 . 2
54739. 1
265 70225 18609625 16,2788 6 .4232 2.42325 3 .. 77358 832 . 32 3S 154 .6
'66 70736 18821096 16 .3095 6,4312 2 .42488 3 .. 75940 835 . 66 553il.6
267 71289 19034163 16. 3401 6 .4393 2 .4265 1 3 . 74532 838 . 81 55990. 2
26' 71824 19248832 16. 3707 6.4473 2 .42813 3 . 73134 lW I. 93 56-U O.4
'69 72361 19465109 16. 4012 6.4533 2 .42973 3 . 71747 &.15 .09 56832 . 2

270 "'00 .968JOOO 16 .4317 6 .4633 2 .43136

2.43297
3 . 70310
3 . 69004
848 . 23
85 1. 37
57255 . 5
57680.4
271 73441 19902511 16 .4621 6.4713
272 73984 2012.3648 16 .4924 6 .4792 2 .43457 3 . 67647 834 . 51 58 106 .9
27J 74529 2OJ46411 16 .5227 6.4872 2 .43616 3 . 66JOO 851 . 65 58534.9
20570824 16 . 5529 6.495 1 2 .43775 3.64964 860.80 58964 . 6
'"
275
75076
75625 2Oi96875 16 . 5831 6,3030 2.43933
2 .44091
3.63636
3.62319
563 . 94
867 .08
59395. 7
59828.5
276 76116 21024516 16.6132 6.3108
m 76729 21253933 16 .60133 6.3187 2 ,44248 3.61011
3.59m
870. 22
873 . 36
60262 . 8
60698 .7
278 77284 21484952 16 .lm3 6.5265 2 .44404
279 71841 21717639 16 . 7033 6 .5343 2 .44560 3.58423 876 . SO 611 36.2

'80 78400 21952000 16 . 7J32 6.3421 2 .44716 3.57143 879 .65 61575 . 2
'81 7896' 22 1 ~1 16 . 7631 6 . 3499 2 .44811 3.55872 882 . 79 62015 .8
28' 79524 22425768 16 . 7929 6 . 5577 2 .45025 3.54610 885 .93 62458.0
'83 80089 22665 187 16.8226 6.3654 2 .45179 3.53357 889 .07 61901.8
28' 80656 22906304 16 .8523 6.5731 2 .45332 3.52 11 3 892.2 1 63347 . 1
285 81225 23 149125 16 .88 19 6.5808 2.45484 3,50877 895.35 63794 ,0
28. 81796 23393656 16 .9115 6.5885 2 . 45637 3 .49650 898 . .50 601242.4
287 '2369 'J6J99OJ 16 .9411 6 . 5962 2 . 45788 3.48432 901.601 64692.5
'88
'89
82'44
8J521
23887872
24131.569
16. 9706
17 . 0000
6 . 6039
6 . 6 11 5 ,.-
2 . 45939 3.47222
3.46021
904 . 78
907 . 92
651« . 1
65397.2

'90 84.00 24389000 17 .Ol94 6 . 6191 2 .46240 3.«628 911.06 66052 .0

'91 85264
81.81 24642171 11 . 0387 6 . 6267 2 . 46389 3.43643 914. 20 66508 .3
29' 85849 24897088 17 . 0880 6 .6343 2 . 46538 3. 42466 9 17. 35
920 .49
66966.'
67425.6
29'
29.
25 133751 17.1172 6 .6419 2.46687 3. 41 297
67886.7
864" 254 12184 17 . 1464 6 .6494 2 .46833 3 . 40136 923.63
926 . 77 68J.19.3
295 87023 23612375 17 . 1756 6 .6569 2 .46982 3.38983

.....
296 876 16 23934336 17 . 2047 6.66014 2. 47129 3 . 37838 929 .91 68813 .4
297 88"" 26198073 17 . 2337 6 . 61 19 2 . 47276 3 . 36700 9JJ .05 69279. 2
26463591 17 . 2627 6 . 6794 2 . 47U2 3 . 33570 936. 19 69746. 5
""
299 89401 26730899 17 . 29 16 6 . 6869 2 .47367 3.l#t8 939. 34 702 15 . 4
116 AMER ICAN INST ITUTE OF STEE L CONSTRUCTION, INC.

300 TO 349 FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS

1000 No. _ Di.l me lcr
Square CubH:
No. Square C,'" Roo, Roo, i.o£:arillun X
Reciprocal Circum. Are,
300 90000 27000000 17 . 32Q5 6 . 6943 204i712 3.333JJ 942 .48 70685 . 8
.101 91160 1 2721090 1 17 .3494 6 . 10 18 2041857 3.32226 9~5 . 62 71\57 .9
9~8 76
J<" '12Q.1 27543608 17 .3781 6 . 7091 204800 1 3 .31126 71631.5
,..
Ji)J 91809
92416
27818127
2809H64
1704069
110435(i
6 . 1166
6.7UO
2 .48144
2 .48287
3.JOO33
3.28947
951 90
955 04
72 106 .6
725S.! 4
30'
J06
301
J08
9,.,.
93025

.....
9-4U9
2&.172625
286.52616
289J.1-1-13
29218112
17 . 4642
17 .4929
17 .5214
11 . 5499
6 . 7Jl3
6 . 7387
6 . 7460
6 . 7SJJ
2AS-l3O
2.48512
2 48714
2 .48855
3 . 21869
3 . 26791
3 . 25?J3
3.U615
... .,
9.58 . 19
961 3J

967 . 6 1
13061 7
7J541 5
74023.0
74506 0
J09 95481 2950J629 11 . S1S-l 6 . 7606 2 .48996 3 . 23625 970 75 74990 6

310 "100 2919 1000 17 .6068 6 7679 2 49136 3 22581 97J 89 75476 8
J11 96721 J(Xl8()W 17.6.152 6 . i752 2.49176 3 . 215U 917 .04 75964 5
JI2 97J44 30371328 17. 66..15 6.7824 2 ~')t15 3 . 2Q.SU 980. 18 16453.8
313 97969 3066-1297 11 .6918 6 . 7891 2049554 3 . 19489 9&.1 .J2 16944 7
31' 98596 309591-14 17.7200 6 . 7969 2.49693 3.1S-l71 986.46 774.17 I
J1S 99225 .11255875 11 . 1482 6 .8lH1 2 .-19&.11 3.17460 989. 60 779.1 1. 1
316 99856 3155-1-196 17 . 7764 6 . 8 113 2,49969 3. 16456 992 . 14 18U6 . 1
J11
J18
J19
100489
101124
101761
3185SOU
Jl1514J2
JU6 1i59
17 . 81).15
17 &.126
17.8606
6 8 185
6 . 8256
6 . 8328
2 50106
2 . 502-1J
1 50.179
J . 15457
J . 14465
3 . 13480
"'"
' " OJ
1002 . 2
7891J . 9
79HZ 6
79912 .9

J20 102400 J2168O(X) 17 . 888.S 6 . &.199 2 50515 J . 12500 lOOS 3 80424 8

311 10JQ.11 JJ076161 17 9165 6 . 84iO 2 """I 3 11526 1008 . 5 80928 . 2
J22 10368< 3JJ86U8 17 . 9-U-t 6.8541 2 5Oi86 3.10559 1011 .6 8 1433 2
J2J 10UN J3698267 11 9ill 6.8612 2 50920 3 . 09598 101-1 . 7 81939 8
m 10-1976 J-I01211-1 18 .0000 • 86SJ 2 51055 3.08642 1017 9 82448.0
3 .07692 101 1.0 82957 . 7

Ij~lm
J2S 105625 18 .0278 6 . 8753 2 51 188
326 106276 18 . 0555 6 . 8824 2SU21 3 .06749 1024 . 2 &.I~69 . 0
J21 106929 18 .0&.11 6 .8894 2 . 51455 3.05810 1027.3 &.1981.8
J28 107584 18 . 1108 6.8964 2 51581 3 .Q-I878 1030 .4 84496.3
J29 108141 18 . IJ84 6 .ooJ4 2SIi20 3.0395 1 IOJ3.6 85012 . 3

"0
331
IOS900
109561
35937000
3626469 1
18 . 1659
18 . 19J4
6 . 9 104
6. ~174
2 .5 185 1
2 .51983
3 .0J0JO
3 . 021 15
1036 . 1
1039. 9
85529 . 9
860-19.0
JJ2 110114 3659-1368 18 2209 6.9144 l 52 114 3 . 0 1205 1043 . 0 86569 . 7
JJJ 110389 369l6OJ7 18 . 24&.1 6 93IJ 2 52244 3.00300 1046. 2 87092.0
J.W 111556 3725971» 18 . 2757 6 . 9382 2 52375 2.99-101 1049. 3 87615 9

...•"
.""
6 9~51 2.5250-1 2.98507 1052 4 881 41. 3
'"
3J6
JJ1
112225
112896
Il JS69
31595375
37933056
38272753
18 .JOJO
18 .JJOJ
18.3516
6 9511
6.9589
2 .52634
2 5216.1
2 .97619
2 96736
1055 .6
1058 . 7 89196 .9
3J8 11424--1 J8614472 18 .J8.I8 2 52892 2.95858 1061 .9 89727 . 0
3J9 114921 38958219 18.4120 6 .97l7 2.53020 2 .94985 1065 . 0 90258.7

3" 11 5600 J9J01OOO 18.4391 6.9795 2 . 53148 2.94118 1068 . 1 90792 .0

341
342
>13
344
" ....
116281

117649
I I&.IJ6
39651821
40001688
40353607
40701584
18.4662
18.49J2
18.5203
18 . 5472
6 .986-1
6 .9932
1.0000
1.0068
2.5J215
2 . 53-103
2 .53529
2. 53656
2.9J255
2.92398
2. 91545
2. 90698
1071.3
1074.4
107T.6
1080. 7
91326.9
91863.3
92401.3
929-10.9
>IS 119025 4106J625 18.5742 7 0136 2 .53;82 2.89855 10&.1 . 8 93482.0
34. 119716 414217J6 18 .6011 7 0203 2 . 53908 2. 890\7 1087 .0 94024 . 7
>11 12Q.1119 41781923 18 . 6279 7. 0271 2 5-1OJJ 2. 88184 1090. 1 94569. 0
34. UllIN 4214-1192 18 .6548 7. 0338 2 .54158 2 . 87J56 1093 . J 95 11 4 . 9
95662 . 3
J49 121801 42508549 18.6815 1 1»06 2 54283 2 . 865J3 1096.4
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 117

FUNCTIONS Of NUMBERS 350 TO 399

1000 No. _ Diameler
Square Cubic
N. Square C.", Roo< Roo. Loearil hm X
Reciprocal Circum. A~

330 122500 4281SOOO 18 . 7083 7. 0413 2 . 544Ql 2.85714 1099 .6 962 11.3
J5I 123201 4324355 1 18 . 7350 7. 0540 2 . 54531 2.84900 1102 . 7 96761. 8
312 123904 43614208 18 . 7617 7. 0607 2. 54654 2.84091 1105 . 8 9731 4 .0
33' 124009 43986911 18. 7833 7.0674 2 .54777 2.83286 11 09 . 0 97867.7
33' 125316 44361864 18 .8149 7 .0740 2 . 54900 2 .82486 1112.1 98423 .0
7 .0807 2 .55023 2. 8 1690 1115 . 3 98979 . 8
'"
'56
JS1
126025
126736
127... 9
44733875
45118016
45499293
18. 84t.4
18.8680
18.8944
1.0813
7 .....
2 .55145
2 .55267
2.80899
2 .80112
1118 .4
1121. 5
99538 . 2
100098
'58 128164 45882712 18 . 9209
18 . 9473
1 . 1006
1 . 1012
2 . 55J88
2 . 55509
2 . 19JJO
2 . 78552
1124 . 7
1127 .8 '''''''''
101223
.......,
J59 12888 1 46268279
2 . 556J{) 2 . 71778 11 31.0 101788
""
361
362
129000
130321
131().W
47045881
41<13i928
18 . 9737
19. 0000
19. 0263
7. 11 38
7. 12Q.I
7. 1269
2 .55151
2 . 55811
2 . 77008
2 . 76243
1134 . 1
1137 . 3
102354
102922
J6J 131769 47832147 19 . 0526 7 . 1335 2. 55991 2 . 75482 1140. 4 103491
• J64 132496 48228544 19.0788 7.1400 2 . 56 110 2 . 74125 114J . 5 """,2

....
J65
367
133225
133956
134689
48627125
49021896
.94J086l
19.1050
19 . 1311
19 . 1572
7. 1466
7 . 153 1
7. 1596
2.56229
2 . 56348
2. 56467
2.73973
2.73224
2 . 72480
11 46 . 7
11 49. 8
1153 .0
,...,5
105209
105785
J68 135424 .98J6OJ2 19. 1833 7 . 1661 2 . 56S&5 2.71739 1156. 1 106J62
J69 136161 SO,''''' 19.2094 1 . 1726 2 . 56703 2.71003 11 59. 2 10""

370 1J6900 S06SJOOO 19. 2354 7. 179 1 2. 56820 2 . 70270 1162 . 4 107521
J7I 137641 51064811 19. 2614 7. 1855 2 .56937 2 .69542 1165 . 5 108103
J7l 13&384 51478348 19. 2873 7. 1920 2 . 57054 2 . 68817 Jl68. 7 108'87
J7J 139129 51895117 19. 3132 7. 198-1 2 . 51171 2.68097 1171.11 109272
J14 139376 52313624 19. 3391 7.200 2. 5i287 2 . 67380 1175 .0 109858
J7S 140625 52734J75 19. 3649 7. 2112 2 . 57403 2 . 66667 1118 . 1 110441
'76
J77
141316
142129
53157376
S3582633
19. 3907
19.4165
7. 2177
7. 2240
2. 57519
2. 57634
2 . 65957
2 . 65252
1181.2
11 84 . 4
111036
111628
'78 142884 540101S2 19.4422 7 . 230-1 2 . 57749 2.64550 11 87 . 5 112221
'79 143641 5«39939 19.4679 7 . 2368 2.57864 2.63852 11 90. 1 11 28 15

380 1"'400 54872000 19.4936 7.14J2 1 .51978 2 . 63 158 119J.8 11 3411

381 145161 5SJ06341 19 .5192 7.2495 2. 58093 2 . 62467 11$16.9 II ....
,.,
382 145924
146689
147456
55742968
561111887
56623104
19. 5+48
19 .5704
19. 5959
1 . 2558
1 . 2622
7 . 26&5
2 .58206
2 .53320
2 . 58433
2 . 6 1780
2 . 6 1097
2 . 6().n7
1200. 1
1203 . 2
1206.4
114608
11 5209
115812
J84
J&S 148225 57066625 19 .6214 7.2748 2 . S8546 2 . 59140 1209 . 5 11 64 16
J86 148996 51512456 19. 6469 7. 2811 2. 58659 2 . 59067 1212 . 7 11 1021
387 149769 57960603 19.6723 1 . 2874 2 . .58771 2 . 58398 1215 .8 117628
J88 150544 58411072 19.6977 7.2936 2 .S888J 2 . 57132 1218.9 11 8237
J89 151321 S886J869 19. 7231 7._ 2 .58995 2 . 57069 1222 . 1 11 81147

'90 152100 59319000 19. 7484 7. 306 1 2.59106 2.564 10 1225 .2 11 9459
'91
J9l
152881
153664
59776471
60236288
19.77J7
19.7990
7 .3124
7.3186
2 .59218
2.59329
2.55754
2.55102
1128 . 4
1231.5
120072
120'87
,..
39' 154...9
155236
60698457
61 162984
19.8242
19.8494
7. 3248
7. 33 10
2.59439
2 . 59550
2.54453
2.53801
123~.6
1237.8
12130-1
121922
122542

i~
395 6 1629875 19.8746 1 . 3372 2 .59660 2.53165 1240 .9
39' 62099 136 19.8997 7 . 3434 2 . 59770 2.52525 1244 . 1 123163
J97 62570173 19.9249 7 .3496 2 .59379 2 . 51889 1247 . 2 123786
'98 6JO«192 19. 9499 7. 3558 2.59988 2 . 51256 1250. 4 1244 10
'99 63521199 19. 9750 1. 3619 2. 60097 2 . 50621 1253 . 5 125036
... 118 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. .

400 TO 449 FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS

1000 No. _ Diameter
Square Cubic ,
No. Square C,,", Loga rithm x
Roo' Roo'
Reciprocal Circum. A~

400 '60000 6400000O 20. 0000 7. 368 1 2 . 60206 2. 50000 1256.6 12_
40'
40'
'161604
60S0' 64481201
64964808
20.0250
ZO.0499
7. 3742
7. 38OJ
2 .60314
2 .60423
2.4'311
2.48756
1259.8
1262. 9
126293
126923
403 162409 65450827 20 .0749 7. 3864 2.60531 2.48139 1266. t 127556
404 163216 65939264 20 .0998 7 .3925 2.60638 2.47525 1269.2 128190
40' 164025 66430125 20 . 1246 7.3986 2 .60746 2.469 14 1272. 3 128825

... '''''.
406
407
409
164836
165649

167281
669234 16
674 19143
679173 12
68417929
20. 1494
20.1142
2Q. I 990
W.n37
1 . 404 7
7.4108
1.4 169
7.4229
2 .60853
2 .60959
2.6106(i
2 .61172
2.46305
2.45700
2 .45098
2 .44499
1275.S
1278.6
1281.8
1284. 9
129462
130100
1307 41
13 1382
410 168 100 6892 1000 20.2485 1.4290 2 .61278 2.43902 1288. 1 132025
411 168921 6942653 \ 20.273 1 7.4350 2 .613S4 2 .43309 1291.2 132670
412 169744 69934518 20.2978 1 .4410 2.61490 2 .42718 1294 .3 133311
4IJ 170569 7()«4997 20 .3224 7 .4·no 2.61595 2 .42 13 1 1297. 5 133965
414 171 396 70957944 2O .34i0 1.4530 2 .61100 2.4 1546 1300. 6 134614
415 172225 1 1473375 20 . 3715 7.4590 2 .6 1805 2.4<1964 1303 . 8 135265
41 6 173056 1199 1296 20 . 3961 7 .4650 2 .61909 2 .40385 IJ06. 9 1359 18
417 173889 725 11713 20.4206 7.4710 2 .62014 2.39808 1310. 0 136572
4 18 174724 13034632 20.4450 7.47iO 2 .62118 2.39234 1313.2 131228
419 175561 73560059 20. 4695 7.4829 2 . 62221 2.""" 1316 . 3 137885

420 176400 74Q81JOOO 20.4939 7.4889 2 .62325 2.38095 1319 . 5 138544

421 111241 74618461 20 . 5183 7 .4948 2 .62428 2 .37530 1322. 6 139205
422 178084 75151448 20 .5426 7.5007 2 .6253 1 2 . 36967 1325 . 8 139867
47J 178929 75686967 20 .5670 1 . .5061 2 .62634 2. 36407 1328 . 9 140531

'"
425
1 79116
180625
76225024
76765625
20. 5913
20.6155
7 . 5126
7 .5185
2 .62737
2 . 62839
2.35849
2 . 35294
1332.0
1335. 2
14 11 96
141 863

'"
427
428
181476
182329
183 184
i7308776
11854483
78402752
20 .6398
20.6640
W .6882
7 . 5244
1 .5302
1.5361
2 .62941
2 .63043
2 .631 44
2.34742
2.34 192
2.33645
1338. 3
134 1. 5
1344 . 6
142531
I 43W I
143872
429 184041 18953589 20 . 7123 7 .5420 2. 63246 2. 33 100 1341 .7 144545

430

I ~lm
' 849111) 20. 1364 7.5478 2 . 63347 2.32558 1350.9 145220
431 18576 1 20 .7605 7.5531 2.63448 2.32019 1354 . 0 145896
4J2 186624 20 . 7846 7.5595 2 .63548 2 . 3 148 1 1357. 2 146574
43J 187 489 20. 8087 7. 5654 2. 63649 2 . 30947 1360. 3 14 7254
434 188356 20. 8327 7.57\2 2 . 63749 2.304 15 1363.5 147934
4J5 189225 82312815 20 . 8567 7. 5i 70 2.63849 2.29885 1366.6 148611
436 , 9l1li96 82881856 20.8806 7. 5828 2.63949 2.29358 1369.1 149301
437 1!1I"69 83453453 W . 9045 7. 5886 2 .64048 2.28833 1372.9 149987
438 191844 84021612 20 .9284 7.5944 2 . 64147 2.283 11 1376.0 1.50674
439 192721 84604519 20.9523 7 600' 2 . 64246 2 . 21790 1379.2 151363

44. 193600 85184000 20. 9762 7.6059 2.64345 2.27273 1382.3 152053
44'
442
194481
195364
8576612 1
86350888
2 1. 0000
2 1.0238
7.6117
7.6174
2 .64444
2 .64542
2. 26757
2 , 26244
1385. 4
1388.6
152745
153439
443 196249 86938307 2 1.0476 7.6232 2 . 64640 2 . 25734 1391. 7 154134
444 197136 87528384 21.0713 ·7 . 6289 2 64738 2 . 25225 1394 . 9 154830

...44' 198025
198916
88121125
88716536
21 .0950
21.1187
"21. ]424
7.6346
7. 6403
2 .64836
2.64933
2.247]9
2 . 242]5
1398.0
1401.2
155528
156228

'"44'
449
'99809
20070<
20]601
89314623
899 ]5392
90518849
2 1.1 660
21.1 896
7. 6460
7 .6517
7.65 74
2 .65031
2.65128
2.65225
2.237 14
2.23214
2 . 22 717
]404.3
]407 .4
14 10 .6
156930
157633
158337
 AMER ICAN INST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION. INC. 11 9

FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS 450 TO 499

1000 No. _ Diameter
No. Square c,.,. SqLl3te
Roo.
CLibie
Roo. x
A~

'SO 202.soo 91125000 21.2U2 7.6631 2.65321 2.22222 1413 .7 1.59043

." ,...,..
2QJ4QI 9173J8S1
92345408
2 1.2368
21. 2603
7 .....
7 .6744
2.65418
2.65514
2.21i29
2.21239
1416 .9
1420 .0
1.59751
'161171
661'"
'"
4SJ
.54
205209
206116
929.59677
93.57666<1
21.2838
21.3073
7.6801
7.6857
2 .65610
2.65706
2.207.51
1.202601
1423.1
1426.3 161883
45S 207025 9419637.5 21.3307 7.6914 2.65801 2.19780 1429.4 162597
". 207936 94818816 21.3542 7.6970 2.65896 2.19298 1432 .6 16J313
208M'
..
2.18818 143.5.7 I64OJO
'"
.58 209764
9S44J99J
96071911
21.3776
21.4009
7.7026
7.7082
2.65992
2.66087 2.18341 1438 .8 1601748

'"
460
210681
211600
967025i9

97336000
21.42U

21.4476
7.1138

7. 719"
2.66181

2.66276
2.17865

2.17391
1442 .0

144.5 . 1
""
166190
2.66370 2.16920 14.$8 .3 166914
411' 212.52 1 97972181 21.4709 7.7250
411'
4IIJ
21J444
214369
98611128
99252847
21.4942
2 1. 5 1H
7.7306
7. 7362
2.66464
2.66558
2.16450
2. 1.5983
1451.4
1454 .6 ,.....,
167639

'M 21.5296 99897344 2 1.5407 7.7418 2.666.52 2.15.517 14.57.7 1691193

465 21622.5 1005.$.$625 21. 5639 7.7473 2.66745 2.1.50.54 1460.8 169823
4"" 2 171 .56 101194696 21.5870 7.7.529 2.66839 2 . 1.$.592 1464.0 170554
1.$67 . 1 171287
411'
468
218089
219024
101S4756J
102.503232
21.6 102
21.6333
7. 7.584
7.7639
2.66932
2.67025
2.141J3
2 . 13675 1.$70.3 172021
46' 2 1996 1 103161709 21.6564 7.7695 2.67117 2.13220 1473.4 172757

410 220900 103823000 21.6795 7.7750 2.67210 2. 12766 l.$i6 .5 173494

471 22184 1 104487 111 21.7025 7.7805 2.67302 2.12314 1479.7 IN234
m 22278.J 10.51.54048 21. 7256 1.7860 2.67394 2.11864 \481.8 1749N
413 223729 10.582Jl1I7 21. 7486 7.7915 2.67486 2. 1141 6 1486 .0 175716
2.10970 1489.1 1160160
'"
415
4i6
224676 IIJ6.l964H
10717187.5
101850176
21.7715
21. 79H
21.8174
7.7970
7.8025
7.8079
2.67518
2.67669
2.67761
2. 10526
2.IQ08.I
1492 .3
149.5.4
177205
177952
417 108531333 21.84OJ 7.8U' 2.678.52 2.09644 1498.5 178701
."
479
1092 1.53.52
109902239
21.8632
21.8861
7.8188
7.8243
2.67943
2.680J4
2.09205
2.08768
1501.7
15G4 .8
1794.51
180203

'80 ' ....00 110S92000 21.9089 1.8297 2.6812.$ 2.08ll3 1508. 0 '80956
."
.82
231361
232324
1l12MMI
111980168
21.9317
21.9.545
7.8352
7.....
2 .6821.5
2.68J05
2.0;900
2 .07469
1511.1
1.51".2
181711
182467
483 233289 11 2678.587 21.9773 7 ..... 2.68J95 2.07039 1517 .4 18322S

".
485
2342.56
235125
1 U379904
114OM12.5
22.0000
22 .0227
7 .8514
7 .8.568
2.6Sf85
2.68.574
2.06612
2.06186
1520.5
1523.7
183984
184745
".
481
236196
237169
1147912.56
115501303
22.1)45.J
22.0681
7.8622
7.8676
2 ......
2.68753
2.05761
2.05JJ9
1526 .8
15.30.0
183'"
186272
488 23814.$ 1162 14212 22.0907 7.8730 2.68842 2.()4918 1533 . 1 187038
489 239121 116930169 22.11J3 7.87M 2.68931 2.04499 1536 .2 187805

490 240100 11 7649000 22 . 1359 7.8837 2.69020 188514

491 241081 118370771 22. 1585 7.8891 2.69108 189345
492 242064 119095488 22.18 11 7.8944 2.69197 190 11 7
493 243049 11 9823157 22.2036 7.8998 2 .69285 190890
.W 244036 1205S3784 22 . 2261 7.9051 2.69373 191665
120 AME RICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONST RUGTroN, INC.

500 TO 549 FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS

'000 No. _ Diametn
Squa~ Cubit:
No. Squ a~ C, .. Roo< Loearithm X
Roo'
Reciprocal Cirwm. A~

500 250000 125000000 22 . 3607 7 .9J70 2. 69897 2.00000 1570 .8

'963'"
"'. ,,-
"'2
lOJ ,,-
251001 1257.5 1501
126S06008
127263527
12 .38JO
11 .4054
11.4277
7 . 9423
7. 9476
7.9518
2.69984
1.70010
2 . 701.57
1.99601
l.99lOJ
1. 98807
1573 .9
1577 . 1
1580. 2
197136
197923
198713
5<>1 254016 118024()64 22.4499 7 .9581 2 . 70243 1.9MB 15&3.4 19.5<>1
200296
""
506
",7
255025
2500.16
257Gf9
128 787625
129554216
13OJ2J343
22 .4722
22 .49«
11.5167
7." "
7.....
7. 9739
2. 7OJ29
2. 70415
1.70501
1.98020
1.97~28
1. 97239
1386. 5
1589. 6
1592 . 8
201090
201886
508 ".,.. 13 1096512 11 . 5389 7. 979\ 2 . 70586 1.96850
I. .....
1595 .9 202....
2OJ482
""
51'
259081

260 100
13 1872229

132651000
22 . 5610

22 . 5831
7 .9843

7. 9896
2 . 70672

2.70757 1. 96078
1599 . 1

1602.2 204282
511 26111 1 133432&3 1 11 .6053 7. 9948 2 . 10842 1. 95695 1605 .4 205Q8.I
512 262144 134217728 11 .6274 ' .0000 2.70927 1.95312 1608 . 5 2()5887
5IJ 263169 tJSOO5697 11 .6495 8 . 0052 2.710 12 1. 94932 1611 .6 206692
51' 264 196 lJ5796744 22.67 16 8.01Gf 2.71096 1.94553 1614 .8 207499
515 265225 136590875 22 .6936 8 .01 56 2.7 tt 8 1 1.94175 1617 .9 208J07
516 266256 l J7J88096 22 . 71 56 8. 0208 2 . 71 265 1. 93798 162 1.1 209 11 7

14_
517- 261289 138 188413 22.7376 8 . 0260 2.71349 1.93424 1624.2 209928
518 268324 138991832 22 . 1596 8 . OJII 2.11.03 1.93050 1627.3 2 10741
519 169J61 13979&359 22 . 7816 8 . OJ63 2.71517 1. 92678 1630 . 5 211556

52'
521
522
523
270400
271441
272484
27J529
141410761
142236648
14JOS5667
22 . 8035
22 .8254
22 . 8473
22.8692
......
8. Gf IS

8 . 0517
8 . 0569
2 . 71600
2 . 116M
2.71167
2.7 1850
1.92308
1.91939
1.91571
1.91205
163J.6
1636 . 8
1639.9
1643.1
212372
213 189
214008
214829
524 274576 14J871824 21 . 8910 8 .0620 2.71933 I. ..... 1646 . 2 2 1565 1
525 275625 1447OJ 125 22 .9129 8 . 0671 2.12016 1.90476 16069.3 2160675
52' 276676 145531 576 22.9347 8 . 072J 2.72099 1.90114 1651.5 2 17301
527 277729 1~183 22 . 9565 8 . 0774 2. 72181 1. 89753 1655 .6 218118
528 278784 147197952 22 . 9183 8 .0825 2 . 72263 1.89394 1658 .8 2 18956
529 279841 148OlS889 2J . 0000 8.0876 2.72346 1.890J6 1661.9 2 19781

530 '80900 148877000 2J . 0217 8.0927 2 . 72428 1.88679 1665.0 220618

,.....
53 . 281961 149721291 2J . Gf34 8 .0978 2 . 72509 1.88324 1668. 2 221452
532 283024 150S68768 2J . 0651 8 . 1028 2 . 71591 1.87910 1671.3 222287
5JJ 151419-4,)7 23 . 0868 8 . 1079 2 . 72673 1.81617 1674 .5 223113
5.l4 285156 15227JJ0.4 2J . I084 8 . 11 30 2. 72754 1.87266 1677 . 6 223961
535 286225 1.5J1JOJ1S 23 . 1301 8 . 11 80 2 . 72835 1.86916 1680. 8 2U801
5J6
,......
287296 . 53990656 23 . 15 11 8 . 1231 2.72916 1.86567 1683 . 9 225642

"....
537 154854153 2J . 17J3 8. 1281 2 . 72997 1.86220 1687 . 0 2260684
5J8 15S720872 2J . I948 8.1JJ2 2.73078 1.85874 1690. 2 227329
539 290521 156590819 23 . 21606 8 . 1382 2 . 73159 1. 85529 I69J .3 228175

54'
541
29. 600
29268 1
157464000
158J4Gf 21
2J . 2379
23 . 2594
8.1 433
8 . 14&3
2.7J239
2.73320
1. 85 185
1. 8484J
1696 . 5
1699 .6
229022
229871
542 293764 159220088 23.2809 8. 15JJ 2.73400 1.84502 1702.7 230722
543 294849 160103007 23 . 3024 8. 1583 2.73480 1.84162 1705.9 231574
54. 295936 160989184 23 . 32J8 8 . 163J 2 . 73560 1. 83824 1709. 0 232428
545 2117025 161878615 23 . 3452 8 . 1683 2 . 7J64O 1.83486 171 2 . 2 2J3283
54' 2981 16 162171336 23 .3666 8 . 17J3 2 . 73719 1. 83150 1115 . 3 2J4140
547 799209 163667323 2J . 3880 8 . 1783 2 . 7J799 1.82815 1718.5 2J4998
54. JOOJ<)4 164566592 23 . 4094 8.18JJ 2 . 7J878 1.82482 1711.6 235858
54' 301401 165469149 2J . 4301 8. 1882 2.7J951 1. 82149 1724 . 7 236720

I
 AMERICAN I NST ITUTE OF STEEL CONST RUCTION, INC. 121

FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS 550 TO 599

I"" No. _ Diameter
SquatC Cubic
N. Square C,'" Roo. Roo. Losarithm X
Reciprocal Circum. A~

,SO ""SOIl 166375000 23.4.52 1 8.1932 '2 . 74036 1. 81818 1127 . 9 237583
551 JOJ601 16728415\ 2J.47J.1 8.1982 2.14115 1. 81488 1731.0 2lM48

'" JOI'"
JOS809
1611196608
169112377
23 .49-47
23 •.5160
8 .2031
8 . 2031
2 . 14194
2 . 14273
1. 8 1159
1.808J2
1734 . 2
1737 . 3
239314
24()182
'"'" .lO6916 1700J14().I 23.5372 8.2130 2 . 74351 1.80505 1740.4 241051

'" 3080" 170953875 23 . 5584 8.2180 2. i4429 1.80180 1743 .6 241922

".
m
J09IJ6
310249
171879616
172808693
23.5197
lJ._
8.2229
8.2278
2.74507
2 . 74586
1. 79856
1.79533
1746 . 7
1149. 9
241795
24""
JII.J64 17374 11 12 8 .2327 2. 14663 I. 79211 1753 .0 2" 545
'"
". JI2481 174676879
23.6220
23.6432 8.2377 2. 74741 1.18891 1756.2 245422

'60 JlJ600 175616000

17(1558481
23 . 6643 8.2426 2.74819
2.14896
1.78571
1.78253
1759 . 3
1762.4
246301
241181
'"
56'
,OJ
314721
315844
31 ....
mSOU28
178453547
23.6854
23 . 7065
23.7216
8.2475
8 . 2524
8.2513
'2.74974
2.15051
1.7i936
1. 77620
1765 .6
1768 . 1
248063
248947

.
56'
,,OS
318096
3 19225
179406144
1803611"
23.1487
23.7697
8.2621
8 . 2670
2.75128
2.75205
I. 77305
1.76991
1771.9
1115 .0
2498J2
250119

,...
.
320356 23.7908 8.2719 2.75282 1.76678 1778 . 1 251607

'" 321489
322624
323761 im= 23.81 18
23.8328
23 .8537
8.2763
8.2816
8.2865
2 . 75358
2.75435
2.75511
1.16367
1. 76056
1. 757-17

1. 75439
1181.3
1784.4
1187.6

1190. 7
252497
253388
254281

255176
'"
'"
324900
326041
185193000
1861694 11
23 . 8741
23 . 8956
8 . 2913
8 . 2962
2.75587
2.75664 1.75131 1193 . 8 256072
256970
'"
,,.
57J
327184
328329
329-176
187149248
188132517
189119224
2J . 9165
23 . 9374
23 . 9583
8.3010
8 . 3059
8 . 3101
2 . 75140
2.75815
2 . 7589 1
1. 14825
1. 14520
I. 7-1216
li97 .0
1800. 1
1803 . 3
251869
258770
330625 1901(19375 23 .9192 8 . 3155 2.75967 1.13913 1806.4 259672
'" 1809. 6 260516
'"
'"
57.
331776
332929
'J«l84
191102976
192100033
193100552
24 . 0000
24 . 0208
24 . 1).116
8 . 3203
8.3251
8 . 3300
2.76042
2 . 76118
2.76193
I. 73611
I. 73310
1. 73010
1812 . 7
1815 . 8
261482
262389
5i9 3352-11 19-111).1539 24 . 0624 8 . 3J.f8 2 . 76263 I. 72712 1819. 0 26.1298

580 '337561
J6IOO 195112000 24 . 0332 8 . 3396 2.76J.13 1. 72414 1822 . 1 '64108
265120
'"'" 338724
196122941
197137368
24 . 1039
24 . 1247
8 . 3443
8.3491
2 . 76418
2.16492
1.72117
l. 71821
1. 71527
1825.3
1828. 4
1831.6 '266948
66OJ'
'"
".
339889
.}41056
198155287
199176704
24 . 1454
24.1661
8.3539
8.3587
2.76567
2.16641 I. 71233
1. 70940
1834 . 7
1837 . 8
267865
268183
'"
".
342225
34JJ96
200201625
201230056
24.1868
24.2074
8 . 36.14
8.3682
2.76716
2.76790 1. 70648 1841.0 269703
270624
'"
".
".
34''''
345744
346921
202262003
203297472
20-1336469
24.2281
24 . 2487
24.2693
8 . 3730
8.3777
8 . 3825
2.76864
2.76938
2 . 77012
1.70358
1.70068
1.69779
1844 . 1
1847.3
1850 . 4
271547
272471

1853.5 273397
''''
'"
348100
349281
205379000
20642507 1
24.2899
24 .3 105
8.3872
8.3919
2.77085
2.77159
1.69492
1. 69205 1856.7 274325
275254
'"
59'
59.
350464
35 1649
352836
207474688
208527857
209584584
24 . 3311
24.3516
2-l.372 1
8.3967
8.4014
8.4061
2 .71232
2 . 77305
2.77379
1.689 19
1.68634
1.68350
1859 .8
1863 .0
1866 . 1
276184
277117
59' 350«125
3552 16
210644875
211708736
24 . 3926
14.4131
8.4\08
8.4155
2.77452
2 . 77525
1.68061
1.67785
1869 .2
1872.4
278051
278986
'96
1.6751).1 219923
'"
59.
59'
3...."
357604
358801
212776173
213847192
21492 1799
24.4336
24.454Q
24.4745
8.4202
8.4249
8 . 4296
2 .71597
2.77670
2.77743
1.67224
1.66945
1875 .5
1878 .7
1881.8
28086'
281802
.. 122 AMER1CAN INSTITUT E OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

600 TO 649 FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS

1000 No.... Diameter
C,b< Sq~~ Cubic
No. Sq,~
R001 R001
l..o£:arithm x
Reciprocal Circum. A~

600 360000 216000000 24.4949 8.43..3 2.77815 1.66661 1885.0 282743

601 361W l 217081801 24.51S! 8.4390 '1.77887 1.66389 1888. 1 '83687
60'
'113 36''''
36_ 218167108
219256227
24.5357
24 .556 .
8.4437
8. 4484
2.77960
2.78032
1. 66113
1.65837
1891.2
1894.4
2846.1 1
283578
604 3601816 220.H8864 2L57601 8.4530 2.18104 1.65563 1897.5 286526
60'
606
""25
367236
221445125
222545016
2-1,5967
24.6171
8.4577
8.4623
2. 78176
2.78247
1.65289
1.65017
1900 . 7
1903 .8
287475
288426
607
608 36_
363449 223648543
224755712
24.6374
2".6577
8.4670
8.4716
2.11019
2.78390
1.64745
1.64414
1906. 9
1910. 1
289379
291})JJ
609 37088 1 225866529 24.67i9 8.4i63 2.7M02 L64zo.1 191J.2 29 1289
<110 312100 226981000 24.69AZ 8. 4809 2.785JJ 1.6..J934 1916.4 292247
'11 373321 2280991.11 24.7184 8. 4856 2.7116M 1.63666 1919.S 293206
'12 374544 219220928 24.7386 8.4902 2.78675 I.6JJ99 1922 . 7 294166
61' 375769 230346397 24.7588 8.4948 2.78746 1.6J1J2 1925.8 295128
' 14 J7""
378225
23 1475544 24.7790
24.7992
8.4994 2.78817 1.62866 1928.9
'297057
9609'
'" 8.5040 2.78888 1.62602 1932.1

'"
,17 379456
' ....9
24.8193
24.8395
8.5086
8.5132
2.78958
2.79029
1.62338
1.62075
1935.2
1938.4
298024
298992
'18
619
381924
JS3161 llmYil 24.8596
24.8797
8.5178
8.5224
2.79099
2.79169
1.61812
1.6155 1
1941.5
1944.6 '9996'
JOO9J4

'20
" 1
.......
"564'
238328000
23948J()61
24.8998
24.9199
8.5270
8.53 16
2.79239
2.79309
1.61290
1.61031
1947.8
1950. 9
24.9399 2.79379
'" ""'"
,,.
240641848 8.5362 I. 6OH2 1954.1

mm
'" 388121>
389376
24180-1367
24:1970624
24.9600
24.9800
8.5408
8.5453
2.79449
2 .795 18
1.60514
1.60256
1.60000
1951.2
1960.4

'" 390625 244 140625 25.0000 8.5499

8.55-0&4
2.79588 1963 .5 JO<I7"
'"
'"
".
391876
3931:19
394384
245314376
2"649 188.3
247673152
25.0200
25.0400
25 . 0599
8.5590
8.5635
2.19657
2.79727
2.79796
1.59144
1 .59490
1.59236
1966.6
1969.8
1972.9
301779
308763
309748

'" ' '900

631)
39564 1 248858189

250041000
25.0199

25.0998
8.5681

8.5726
2.79865

2.79934
1.58983

1.58730
1976.1

1979.2
310736

311125
63 1 398161 251239591 25.1197 8.5712 '.8OOOJ 1.58419 1982.3 312715
63' 399·124 252435968 25.1396 8.5817 2.80072 1.58228 1985.5 313707
63' .00689 253636137 25.1595 8.5862 2 .801.0 1.57978 1988.6 314100
6J4 .01956 2548-10104 25.li94 8.5907 2.80209 1.57729 199 1.8 3 15696
63' 403225 256047815 25.1992 8.5952 2.80271 1.57480 1994 . 9 316692
637
6J8
""'''
'" ."'''''
405769
257259456
2S&1.N853
259694072
25.2190
25.2389
25.2587
8.5997
8.6013
'.6088
2.8OJ46
2.80414
2.60482
1.51233
1.56986
1.567.0
1998. 1
2001.2
200<.3
317690
J18690
319692
• 639 408321 260917119 25.2784 8.6132 2.80550 1.56495 20075 320695
1"640 409600 262144000 25.2982 8.6177 2.80618 1.56250 2010.6 321699
64 1 410881 263374721 25.3180 8.6222 '.80<186 1. 56006 2013.8 322105

...
64'
64'

64'
412164
413449
4 14736
416025
26-1609288
265847101
267089984
268336125
25.3377
25.3574
25.3772
25.3969
8.6267
8.6312
8.6357
8.6401
2.80754
2.8082 1
2.80889
2.80956
J .55163
1.5552 1
1. 55280
I.5S039
2016 9
2020.0
2023.2
2026.3
323713
324722
325733
326745
64' 411316 269.586136 25.4 165 8.6446 2.81023 1.54799 2029.5 327159
647 418009 270S40023 25.4362 8.6490 2.81090 1.S4S60 2032.6 328775
64. 419901 272097192 25.4558 8.6535 2.81158 I. S4J2 1 2035.8 329792
649 4212()1 273359449 25Ai55 8.6579 2.81224 1. 54II8J 2OJ8.9 330810
-
AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 123

FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS 650 TO 699

.000 No . .. Diameter
Square Cubic
No. Square c,'" Roo' Roo'
Logarithm X
Reciprocal Circum. A<~

'5<) 422500 274625000 25.495 1 8.6624 2.8 1291 1.53846 2042.0 33 1831
651 4 23801 275894451 25.5147 8.066S 2.81358 1. 53610 20-15.2 332853
652 4 2510-1 277 161808 25.5343 8.6713 2.8 1425 1.53374 2048.3 333876
653 4 26409 278445077 25.5539 8.6757 2.8149 1 1.53139 2051.5 334901
65. 427716 279726264 25.5734 8.6801 2.81558 1.52905 2054.6 JJS927
655 429025 281011375 25.5930 8.6M5 2.81624 1.52672 2QS7.7 336955
656 4JOJJ6 2823004 16 25.6125 8.6890 2.81690 1.52439 2060.9 337985
657 4JI649 2SJ';9)J?J 25.6320 8.6934 2.81757 1.52207 2064.0 339016
658 432964 284890312 25.65 15 8.6978 2.81823 1. 51976 2067.2 340019
659 434281 286 191179 25.6710 8.1022 2.81gs9 1. 51745 2070.3 3410M

660 435600 287496000 25.6905 8.1066 2.81954 1.51515 2073.5 34Z119

66' 43692 1 28S8Q.l781 25.7099 8.1 110 2.82020 1.51286 2016.6 343 151
662 438244 29011 7528 25.129-1 8.7154 2.82086 1.51057 2079.7 344 196
66J 439569 2914.14247 25.7488 8.1198 2.82151 1.50830 2082.9 345237
664 44"96 2927549-l4 25.7682 8.nn 2.82211 1.50602 2086.0 346279
665 44 2225 29-1079625 25.7876 8 . 7285 2.82282 1.50376 2089.2 347323
666 443556 295408296 25.8070 8.7329 2.82347 1.50150 2092.3 3-18368
667 444889 296740963 25.8263 8.7373 2.82413 1.49925 2095.4 349-1 15
668 446224 298077632 25.8457 8.7416 2.82478 1.49701 2098.6 350464
669 447561 299418J09 25.8650 8.7460 2.82543 1.49471 2101. 7 3515 14

67. 448900 300763000 25.8844 8.7503 2.82607 1.49254 2104.9 352565

671 450241 3021117 11 25.9037 8.7547 2.826i2 1.49031 2108.0 3536 18
672 451584 303464448 25 .9230 8.7590 2.82737 1.48810 2111 .2 354673
673 452929 304821217 25.9422 8.7634 2.82082 1.48588 2 114 .3 355730
2.82866 1.48368 2 11 7.4 356788
'"
675
454276
455625
306182024
307546875
25.9615
25.9808
8.7677
8.7721
8.7764
2.82930
2.82995
1.48148
1.47929
2120 .6
2 123.7
357847
358908
676 456976 308915776 26.0000
677 458329 310288733 26.0192 8.7807 2.83059 1.47710 2 126.9 359971
678 459684 3 11665752 26.0384 8.7850 2.83123 1.47493 2130.0 361035
2.83181 1. 47275 2 133.1 362101
'"
680
461041

462400
3 13Q.J6839

3 14432000
26.0576

26. 0768
8.7893

8.7937 2.832.5\ 1.47059 2136 .3 363 168

68. 46376 1 315821241 26.0960 8.7980 2.83315 1.46843 2139.4 364237
682 465124 3 17214568 26.1151 8.8023 2.83318 1.46628 2142.6 365308
68J 466489 318611981 26 1343 8.8066 2.83442 1.46413 2145.7 366J80
68. 467856 320013504 26.1534 8.8 109 2.8.3506 1.46199 2148.8 367453
685 469225 321419125 26. 1125 8.8 152 2.83569 1.45985 2152.0 368528
686 470596 322828856 26.1916 8.8194 2.8.3632 1.45773 2155.1 369605
687 471969 3242-12703 26.2107 8.8237 2.83696 1.45560 2158.3 310684
688 473344 32.'i660672 26.2298 8.8280 2.8.3759 1.45349 2161.4 371764
689 474721 327082769 26.2488 8.8.323 2.83822 1.451 38 2164.6 312845

690 4 76100 328509000 26.2679 8.8366 2.83885 1.44928 2167.7 373928

691
692
693
477481
47_
480249
329939371
331373888
332812557
26.2869
26.3059
26.3249
8.8408
8.8451
8.8493
2.83948
2. 8-1011
2.84073
1.44718
1. 44509
1.44300
2170.8
2174.0
2 177 .1
,,-
375013

317187
694 481636 334255384 26 3439 8.8536 2 . 34136 1.44092 2180.3 378276
695 483025 335702375 26.3629 8.8578 2 .84198 1.43885 2183.4 379367
696 484416 331153536 26.3818 8.8621 2.84261 1.43618 2186 .5 380459
697 485809 33860887J 26 . 4008 8.8663 2.84323 1.43472 2189.1 381553
8.8;06 2 .84386 1.43266 2192 .8 382649

.""".
698 4812(» 340068392 26.4197
699 341 532099 26.4386 8.8748 2.84448 1.43062 2196 .0 38.3H6
"...
124 A~'I E R I CAN INST IT UT E OF ST EEL CON STR UCTION, INC.

700 TO 749 FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS

1000 No . .. Diameter
C,", Square CubM:
No. Square R~, R~'
l.o£:arilhm x
Reciprocal Cin::um. A~a

700
i'01
.90000
"91WI
34JOOOOOO
344"7210'
26 .<1515
26 .4764
8.8790
8 .8833
2 . 84510
2. 8-1571
1.42857
1.4265J
2199. 1
2202.3
......,
lSS94'
i02 4928Q.1 3459-18403 16.4953 8 .8875 2 . ...... 1.42450 2205.4 3SiOH
i03 49-1209 347428927 26. 514' 8 . 8917 2 ...... 1.42248 22()8 . S 388151
7" 495616 J4891J66.1 26. 5330 8 . 8959 2. 8-\757 1.42&15 2211 , 7 389256
iOS 49;025 J5Q.I0262S 26. 5518 8 .9001 1 &1819 1.4 18« 2214 . 8 39OJ6J
706 498436 351895816 26 . 5107 8 . 9013 2 . 84880 1..f16U 22 18 .0 39147\
107 499849 J5JJ9J24J 26 . 5895 8 .9085 2 . 84942 1.41443 2221.1 392580
708 501264 354894912 26.608J 8.9127 2. 8.\OOJ 1.41243 2224 . 2 393692
709 S02681 JS6400329 26 . 6271 8 .9169 2 . 8S065 1.4[{)44 2227 .4 394805

710 ""100 35791 1000 26 .6458 8.92 11 2. 8.5126 1. 408-15 2230. 5 3959 19
711 50552 1 JS942.HJI 26 .6M6 8 .9253 2 . 85187 1.40641 2233 . 1 397035

'" """. J60944 128 26 .6833 8.9295 2.85248 1.40449 2236 .8 398153
713
"""'.
i l4 509796
362461097
36J994JH
26.702 1
26 . 7208
8.9331
8.9378
2.85309
2.85370
1.40252
1.40056
2240 .0
2243.1
399272
400393
11S 5 11 225 365525875 26.7395 8.9420 2 . 85431 1.39860 2246.2 40 15 15
716 5 12656 36;061696 26.7582 8 .9462 2 . 85491 1.39665 2249 .4 402639
717 514089 368601813 26.7769 8 .9503 2.85552 1.39470 2252 .5 403765
718 5 15524 370 146232 26 . 1955 8.9545 2 . 85612 1.39216 2255.1 40..892
71. 5 16961 371694959 26 . 8 1.f2 8.9587 2.85673 1.39082 2258 .8 '060"
no 518400 26.8328 8 . 9618 2 .85733 1.38889 2261. 9 407150
721 5 19841 26. 8514 8 .9670 2 .85794 1.38696 2265 . 1 408282
ill 521284 26. 8701 8 . 9111 2 .85854- 1.J8S1)< 2268 . 2 409415
72J
m
522729
5141;6 !ffiOO 26. 8887
26.9072
8 .9752
8 . 9794
2 85914
2 .85974
1.J8J1J
1.38122
2271.4
22K5
410.lSO
411687
725 525625 JalO78125 26. 9258 8 . 9835 2.""-" 1. 3;931 2277 . 7 412815
726 5270;6 J826511i6 26. 9444 8 . 9876 2 ""'. 1.37741 2280 .8 41J965
m 528519 334240583 26. 9629 8 . 9918 2 .86153 1.3i552 2283 . 9 415106
728 5799.. 385828352 26 9815 8 . 9959 2 862\3 1.J7J6J 2287 I 416248
72. 531441 Ja742Q.189 27 .0000 ' .0000 2 .862/3 1.31174 2290 . 2 4li393

;30
73 1
732
1JJ
"2900
53U61
535824
537289
389017000
390617891
392223168
393SJ2837
27 . 0185
27 . 0370
27 . OS55
27 . 0740
9 .0041
9 .0082
9 .0123
9 .0164
2 .86.332
2 .86392
2 .86451
2 .86510
1.36986
1.36799
1.366 12
1.36426
2293.4
2296 . 5
2299 .6
2302 . 8
. "'"
418539

420835
421986
734 538756 3954469O.J 27 .0924 9 .0lQS 2. 86570 1.36240 2305 .9 4231J8
7J5 540225 397065315 27 . 1109 9 .0246 2.86619 1.36054 2309 . 1 424293
;'" 27 . 1293 9 .0281 1. 35870 2312 . 2 425447
1J7
738
541696
543169
544644
3986&8256
400315553
401947272
2U477
27 , 1602
9.0328
9 . 0369
2 .lI6688
2 .86747
2.1J6806
1. 35685
1.35501
2315 .4
2318 . 5
.,"'"
42ii62
739 546121 40..1583419 27 . 1846 9.0..10 2." ' " 1. 353 18 2321 .6 428922

"0 547600 405224000 27 . 2029 9 .0..50 2 .86923 I. 35135 2,124.8 430084

,.,
741 549081
550564
406869021
408518488
21 . 2213
27 . 2397
9.0..9\
9 ,0532
2. 86982
2 . 87040
2.8;099
1.34953
1.34771
2327 .9
2331.1
2334 . 2
43 1247
43H12
433578
"3 552049 410172407 27.2580 9 . 0572 1.34590
". 5S3SJ6 4 11 830784 27 . 2764
27 . 2947
9 . 061J
9.0654
2 .87157
2 .87216
1.34409
1.34228
2337.3
2340 . 5
434746
435916
'" ,,-
746
741
;os
555025
556516
413<193625
415 160936
416832723
27 . 3130
27.331J
9 .0694
9.0735
2.87274
2 .8i332
1. 34048
1.33869
2343 .6
2346.8
437087
438259
439433
559504 4 18508992 27 . 3~96 9 .0)'75 2 . 87390 1. 33690 2349 .9
". 561001 420 189749 27.3679 9.08 16 2 .81448 1.33511 2353. 1 440609
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT ION , INC. 125

FUNCTIONS Of NUMBERS 750 TO 799

'000 No. _ Diameter
Square Cubic
No. Square C,"" Roo'
LotIarithm X
Roo'
l
Reciproca l C ircum. A~.

,,.
151
"2500
564001
421875000
423564751
27 . 3861
27 . 40«
27.4226
.."'"
9 .0896
9 .0937
2 . 81506
2.8 7564
2 .87622
1.33333
1.331S6
1.32979
2356 . 2
2359 .3
2362 . 5
441186
442965
444146
'"
15. "'''"
567009
42.5259008
426957777 27 .4408 9 .0971 2 .87680 1.32802 2365 .6 445328
'"
155
568516
510025
428661064
430368875
27.4591
27. 4773
9 . 1017
9 . 1057
2 . 87737
2 .87195
1.32626
1.32450
2368 . 8
2371.9
446511
44 7697
15'
151
57 1536
57JO.19
432081216
433798093
21 . 4955
27 . 5136
9 . 1098
9 . 1118
2 . 87852
2 . 87910
1.32275
1.32100
2375 .0
2378 . 2
<48883
4SOO72
15' 574564
15. 576081 435519512
4372"'5419
27 . 5318
27 . 5SOO
9 . 1178
9 . 1218
2 . 87967
2 .8802",
1.3 1926
1.31752
2381 . 3
23M . 5
45 1262
452453

160
161
162
577600
,.....
579121
438976000
44071108 1
4424S()728
27.5631
27 . 5862
21 . 60-13
9 . 12S8
9 . 1298
9.1J38
2 . 88081
2 . 881J8
2 . 88 196
1.315;9
1.31406
1.3\234
2381 .6
2390. 8
2393 . 9
.....
"".,,"
.56031
163 582169 444 19"'947 27 . 6225 9 . 1378 2 . 88252 1.31062 2397 .0 457234
164 '83696 445943744 27 . 6405 9 . 141 8 2. 88.309 1.30890 2400.2 458434
16' 585225 447697125 27.6586 9 . 1458 2 . 88.366 1.30719 2403 . 3 459635
166 586756 44945.5096 27 . 6767 9.1498 2 . 88423 1..30.S48 2406. 5 .608J1
161 588289 451211663 27.6948 9 . 1.531 2 . 88480 I .JOJ78 2409 .6 462MI
168 589824 4529848]2 27 . 7128 9 . 1577 2 . 8&536 1.30208 2"12 . 7 463247
169 591361 4547S6609 21. 7308 9 . 1611 2 . 88593 1.30039 2415 .9 .....54

21 . i489 9 . 1657 2 . 88649 1. 29870 2419 .0 46S66J

"'
111
112
59"'"
59""
595984
4S653JOOO
458314011
.60119964'
27 . 7669
27 . 7849
9 . 1696
9 . 1736
2. 88705
2 . 88162
1.29i02
1. 2953"
1. 29366
2422 . 2
2US . 3
2428 . 5
_13
468<l85
469298
'"
114
597529
599076
461889917
463684824
27 . 8029
27.8209
9.1775
9 . 18 15
2 . 88818
2 . 88874 1.29199
1. 29032
2431.6
2434 . 7
47051J
471130
115 600625 465484375 27 .8388 9 . 1855 2 .88930
2 88986 1. 28866 2"37 .9 4129-18
"'
111
602176
603129
461288516
469097433
470910952
27 .8568
27 .8147
27 .8921
9 . 1894
9 . 1933
9 . 1973
2 .890-12
2 .89098
1. 28700
1. 28535
2"41.0
2444 . 2
474168
475389
'"
119
605284
110684 ' 4127291J9 27 .9106 9 . W12 2 .8915-1 1. 28310 2""7 . 3 476612

180 ....00 47455lOOO 27 .9285 9 . 2052 2 . 89209 1. 28205 2450 . 4 47i8J6

181 60996' 476379541 27 .94M 9 . 2091 2 . 89265 1. 28041 H53 . 6 479062
182 611524 478211768 27.9643 9 . 2130 2 . 89321 1. 27877 2456. 7 480290

,..
183 613089
614656
4800486S7
48 1890.104
27.982 1
28 .0000
9.2170
9 . 2209
2 . 89316
2 . 89H2
1.27714
1.'27551
2459.9
2ol6.1 . 0
4815 19
482750
185 616225 48.)7J6625 28 .0179 9 . 22-18 2 .89487 1.27389 2466. 2 4&3982
186 611196 485587656 28 .0351 9 . 2287 2 .895-12 t . 27226 2<169. 3 485216
619369 4S74.f.JroJ 28. 0.535 9 . 2326 2 .89597 1. 27065 2"72 . 4 486451

".'" '622521
2094'
188 489JOJ872 28 .01\3 9 . 2365 2 .89653 1. 2690-1 2<115 .6 481688
4911 69069 28 .0891 9 . 24Q.1 2. 89108 1. 267"3 H78 . 7 488927

190 62<1100 49JOJ9000 28. 1069 9 . 24<13 2 .89763 1. 26582 2<181. 9 490167
19 ' 625681 "94913671 28 . 12<17 9.2482 2 .89818 1.26422 2<185 .0 491409
192 627264 496793088 28 . 1425 9.252 1 2.89813 1.26263 2488 . 1 492652
19J 628849 498677257 28 . 1603 9 . 2.560 2 . 89921 1. 26103 2491.3 493897
19' 6JO\J6 s00566I84 28 . 1780 9 . 2599 2 . 89982 1.259"'5 2494 .4 495143
19'
196
191

'"
19. .-
632025
6336 16
63'2Q9
638-101
502459875
504JS8JJ6
506261573
508 169592
5 10082399
28 . 1957
28 . 21l5
28 . 2312
28.2489
28.2666
9 . 2638
9 . 2677
9 . 2716
9. 275<1
9 . 2793
2 . 90037
2 . 90091
2 .90146
2 . 90200
2 90255
1. 25186
1. 25628
1.15471
I. 2.531l
1. 25156
2497 . 6
2500 1
2503 . 8
2507 .0
2510 . 1
496391
497641
....92
500145
501l99
126 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONST RUCTION, INC.

800 TO 849 FUNCTIONS .F NUMBERS

1000 No... Diameter
C,b< Square Cubic Logarithm
N~ Sq,~ X
Roo' Roo'
Reciprocal Circum. Area

800 640000 512000000 28 . 2843 9.2832 2.90309 1.25000 2513. 3 502655

80 ' 641601 513922401 28.3019 9 . 2810 2.90363 1. 24844 2516.4 5039 12
802 643204 51584%08 28 . 3196 9 . 2909 2 .00.U 7 1. 24688 2519 .6 505111
80J
IIO!
80'
...."
6«809

648025
51778 1627
519718464
521664)125
28 .3313
28.JS~ 9
28.3725
9 . 29ol8
9.2986
9.3025
2. 90472
1 . 90526
2. 90580
1.24533
1.24318
1. 24224
2521.1
252's . 8
2529 .0
S06432
S07694
508958
806
""36 523606616 28 .390 t ' . 306J 2 906J4 1.24069 2532 . 1 510223
807
808
809 ....,
651149
,''''''
52SSSi9U
5275 ' 4112
529475129
28. 4071
28 .4253
28 . 4429
9 3102
9. 3140
9 .3179
2 90687
2 .90141
2.90795
1. 23916
1.23162
1.2.l609
2SJS J
2538. 4
2541. oS
511490
512158
514028

81. 656'00 531441000 28 .4605 9 .3217 2.90849 1. 23457 2544 7

2M7 .8
SISJOO
516513
657721 5JJ4117JI 28.4781 9 .3255 2 .90902 1. 23305
'"
'12
813 .,....
659J.... 5J5J87J28
53B67797
28.4956
28. 5132
9 .3294
9 .3J32
2.90956
2 .91009
1. 23 153
1.23001
2551 .0
2554 . 1
517848
519124
81. 662596 539353144 28.5307 9 . 3370 2.9 1062 1.22850 2557 .3 ,200)2
2560.4 52 168 1
'"
'16
664225 54 1343375 28 .5482 9 .3408 2 . 9 111 6 1. 22699
522962
"'''' 543338496 28.5651 9 .3447 2 . 9 11 69 1.22549 2563 . 5
817 667489 545338513 28 . 5832 9 .3485 2 . 9 1222 1.22399 2566.1 524245
'18 669124 501734J432 28 . 6001 9.3523 2 . 9 1275 t.22249 2.569.8 525529
'19 670761 501935J259 28. 6182 9 .356 1 2 . 91328 1.22100 2513.0 5268 14

,2<> 672400 551368000 28 . 6.156 9 .3599 2. 91381 1. 21951 1576 . 1 528 102
'21 67_
822
67,",",1 S5JJ87661
5554122~8
28 . 6531
28 . 6105
9 .36.37
9 .3675
2 .91434
2 . 91487
1.21803
1.21655
25i9.2
2.582 .4
529391
530681
.,.
823 677329
678976
557441767
559476224
28 . 6880
28 . 7054
9 .3113
9 .3751
2 9 1s.w
2 . 91593
1.21507
1.21359
2.585 . 5
2SSS .7
531973
533267
82S
82. ""25
682276
561515625
563559976
28 . 7228
28 . 7402
9 .J7 89
9 . 3821
2 .9 1645
2 .9 1698
1.21212
1.21065
2591 . 8
2595.0
534562
535858
827 683929 56S609283 28 . 7516 9.3865 2 . 9 1751 1.10919 2598 . 1 531 157
82' 685584 561663552 28 . 7150 9.3902 2 . 91S03 1.20773 2601 . 2 538456
82. 687241 569722789 28 . 7924 9.3940 2 . 9 1855 1.20027 2604.", 539758

8JO 68'900 571787000 28 . 8097 9 .3978 2 .91908 1.2O-t82 2607 . 5 541061

83 '
832 '692224
9056' 573856191
575930368
28.8271
28.8444
9 .4016
9.4053
2 .91960
2 .92012
1. 20337
1.20192
2610 . 7
2613 . 8
542365
543671
83j 693889 578009537 28 . 8617 9 .4091 2 .92065 1.21JO.18 26 16 . 9 544979
2 .92117 1.1990-1 2620 . 1 546288
'"
83'
695556
697225
5800937O-t
582182875
28 . 8791
28 . 8964
9 .4129
9 .4166 2 . 92 169 1.19160 2623 . 2 547599
8J6 698896 584277056 28 . 9137 9 .4204 2 .92221 1.19617 2626 .4 548912
837 71lO.\69 58637625J 18 .93 10 9 .4241 2 .92273 1.19474 2629 . 5 550226
8J8 702244 588480412 28 .9482 9 . 4279 2 .92324 1.1 9332 2632 . 7 551541
83. 70392 1 590589719 28 . 9655 9 .4316 2 .92316 1.19190 2635 .8 552858

84. 7.5600 5927O-t000 28.9828 9 .4354 2.92428 1.1 9048 2638.9 554 177
84'
842
70728 1
70806<
59482332 1
596947688
29.0000
29.0172
9 . 4391
9. 44 29
2 .92480
2.92S31
1. 18906
1.18765
2642 . 1
2MS . :!
555497
S5681 9
....
'43 710649
712336
599077107
601211584
29.0345
29.05 17
9.4466
9.4503
2 . 92583
2 . 92634
1.18624
1. 18483
2648.4
2651 . 5
558 142
559467

'45
84.
714025
715716
603351125
605495736
29.0689
29 .0861
9 .454 1
9.4578
2 . 92686
2 .92131
1.18343
t.t82QJ
2654 . 6
2651 .8
560794-
562122
847
84'
717409
7I91O-t
720801
601645423
609800192
611960049
29.1033
29. 1204
29. 1376 ......
9 . 46 15
9 .4652
2 .92788
2 . 92840
2 . 92891
1.18064
I. 17925
1.17186
2660 .9
2664.1
2667 . 2
....."
SM783
566116
84'
 .....
Ar-. fER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 121

FUNCTIONS 0' NUMBERS 850 TO 899

1000 No. .. Diameter
Cui lie
No. St]uare (,'" Square
Roo' Roo'
X
Area

850 i22.;1)) 614125000 29 . 1 I 1764? 26i O 4 567450

Itit nHO I 61629505 1 29 l i l9 1.1 7509 2673 . 5 568786
S51 115':.JO.i 6 184i0208 29 1890 1.1737 1 2676 6 S70 12~
711609 6Z06SO-l77 29.2062 1.17233 2679 8 5i1~6j
"J
8" U9-116 622835864 29 2233 2 93]46 1.17096 2682.9 572803
855 mOl5 615026J75 29.2404 94 912 2 93197 1. 16959 2686 I 5141 46
2689 . 2 Si549()
856
857
858
732736
734449
136164
617212016
629412i93
6.1]628712
29.2575
29.2i46
29.29 16
94
'"
9.4 986
9.5 OB
2.93247
2 .93298
2 .93349
1.16822
1.16686
1.1 6550
2692 . 3
2695.5
576835
578]82
859 737881 63.1839779 29.3087 95 06Q 2 93399 1. 16414 2698 .6 579530

86Q 1J9600 6.16056000 29.3258 9.5 097 2.93450 1.1 6279 210] .8 580880
861 741321 63827738 1 29.3428 9.5 134 2.9JSOO 1. 16 tH 210-l .9 582232
'02
863
74JO.\4
744769
640503928
64273564 7
29 . 3598
29 .3769
9.5 171
9.5 201
2.9355\
2.9360 1
1.16009
l.l 5875
2708. 1
27]1.2
583585
584940
8.. 146496 6449725H 29.3939 9.5 244 2. 93651 1.1574 1 2114 . 3 586297
865 148225 647214625 29 .41 09 ' .5 281 2.93 702 1. 15607 2717.5 587655
8M 749956 64946 1896 29A2i9 9.5 JI7 2 . 93752 l.l5473 2720.6 589014
867
868
751689
753424
65 1714363
653912032
29 .4449
29 .4618
9.5 ".
9.5 391
2 . 93802
2.93852
1.1 5340
I.] 5207
272 3 .8
2726.9
590375
59[738
869 755 161 656234909 29.4788 95 417 2.93902 1.1 5075 2730.0 593\02

8iO 756900 658503000 29 .4958 9.5 464 2.93952 14943 2733 .2 59H68
871 758641 6607763 11 29. 5127 9 . 5501 2.94002 1.14811 2736.3 595835
872 i60J8~ 663054848 29 .5296 9 . 55J7 2.94052 1.14679 2739.5 597204
873 762 129 6653386 1i 29 . 5466 9.5 514 2.9410 \ I. ]4548 2742.6 598575
874 763876 661627624 29.5635 9. 561O 2 . 94 15 1 I. ]44] 6 2745.8 599947
669921815 .1 4286 601320
875
876
877
765625
767376
769 ] 29
672221316
6i 4526lJ3
29.58W
29.5973
29. 6]42
9. 5
'"
9 . 568J
9 . 5119
2 . 9420 1
2.9HSO
2. 9UOO
]4]55
. 14025
2148.9
2752 . 0
2755.2
602696
604073
8"
8i9
ii0884
77264]
676836]52
679]5] 439
29 .63]]
29.6479
9.5 156
9. 5 792
2. 9U49
2. 9U99
.!.l895
]3766
2758 . 3
276 ] . 5
60545]
6068J 1
8,. i74400 68 ]472000 29.6648 9.5828 2 .9H48 l.l J636 276-L 6 608212
881 776 16 1 6!!3i9i841 29 ,6816 9 . 5865 2 .94498 I.!.lS07 2767.7 609595
11112 777924 686128968 29.6985 9.5 9()1 2.94547 ] . lJ379 27;0. 9 610980
883 77%89 6S8465387 29.7153 9. 59.17 2 . 94596 I . lJ250 2774.0 612366

'"
"5
886
781456
783225
;8,1996
69QS07lG4
693]54125
695506456
29.7321
29.1489
29.7658
9.5 913
9.60 10
9 .'"16
2 .94645
2 .94694
'2.9.]743
1. 131 22
l. ] 2994
1. 12867
2777.2
2780.3
2183, S
613 754
615 ]43
6 16534
88; 786769 697864103 29.7825 9 . 6082 2 91792 1. 12740 2786.6 6 1;927
888 ] . ] 26lJ 6 ] 932]
889
7&8544
790321
700127072
i02595369
29.799.1
29. 8 ]61
9 .6
"'
9.6 154
2. 94841
2 .94890 1. ]2486
2789.7
2791. 9 6207 17

'9()
891
792]00
793881
i().l%9000
iOnli97 1
29.8329
29.8496
9.6 19()
9.6 226
2 ,94939
2 .94988 ,. l n33
. ]2360 2796 .0
2799 . 2
622 114
6235 13
892 795664 709732288 29. 866-1 9.6 262 2.95036 I. 12108 1802.3 6249!.l
893 797449 i]2121957 29 .8SJ1 9.6 298 2 .95085 I ] 1982 2805.4 626315
894 ;992.16 71 4516984 29. 8998 9 .6 JJ4 2 ,95134 I ] 18$7 2808,6 627718
. II 7.l2 18 11 .7 629124
11 607 28 14 . 9 6305JO
I. 11 483 2818 . 0 63 ]9.18
I. 11 .159 282 L. 2 6J3J48
I. 11235 2824.3 634760
128 Ai\ IER ICAN INST ITUTE or STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

900 TO 949 FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS

' 000
Squ.. rt
Root
Culoic
Root
I" . ..; .hm l x
Circum. Area

..., .......
-
90. 819025 1.41217625 JO ,08J2 9 . 6721 2.' 1. 10491 2SU . l 643261
U367H16 30 .0998 9 ,6763 2. ' 57ll 1.10315
""
901
8108J6
8226-19 U61''26013 30 1164 9 6799 2. ' 5761 1.1025"
2&16 .3
28-49 ." 6016107
908
909

'JO
82446-1
826281

828100
7"861J312
751089'19

753571000
3O . IJJO
30 . 1-196

30 . 1662
9 .683-1
9 . 6870

9 . 6905
2.' .809
2.' 5856
2.' S""
1.1O!'!2
1. !001t
1.09890
2852 .6
2855 . 7

2858 . 8
.
64 7533

650J88

'"
"2
"j
914
829921
8.317-101
8.3J569
8.35396
7.56058031
758550528
761048497
76355 19H
30 . 1828
30 . 1993
JO . 2159
30. 2324
9 . 69-11
9 . 6976
9 . 7012
9 . 7047
2.'
2.
_,
2.' 5952
.990
2. 9609S
1.09769
1.0')649
1.09529
1. 09409
2862 .0
2865 . 1
2868 . 3
2871.4
65 1818
653250
654684
65611 8
30 . 2490 9 . 7082 1.0929() 2874 . 6 657555
''"" 8.37225
8.39056
766060875
768575296 30 . 2655 9 . 7118
2.96 142
2.96 '90
2.96 2J1
1.09170 2877 . 1 658993
660433
'"
'18
'19
84OSS'
&12724
844561
711095213
113620632
776151559
30. 2820
30. 2985
30. 3 150
9.71B
9 . 7188
9 . 7224
2.96 284
2.96 lJ2
1.0905 1
1.08932
1.08814
2880 . 8
288-1 . 0
2887. 1
661874
663317

.20 118688000 2 .96 319 1.08696

.21 """"
8-48241 78 1229961
30 .33 15
30 .3480
9 . 7259
9 . 7294 2. 96.126 1.08578
2890. 3
2893.-'
664761
666207
922
9B
8.1008'
85 1929
78.3777448
186JJCU67
30 . 3645
JO .3S09
9 . 7329
9 . 736-1
2.
"'''
2.96.20
2. 96.\61
1.08460
1.08JH
1.08225
2896 . 5
2899 . 7
2902 . 8
667654
""'OJ
670554
'"
OJ.
.26
853116
855625
851476
788889024
1914.5312S
i940227i6
30 .391.4
3O.4118
JO .43OZ
9 . 1400
9 . 7435
9,7410
2. %614
2. 9666'
1.08108
1.07991
2906 .0
2909. 1
612006
673460
921
.28
929 .....,
859329
86118-4
79659i98.3
199178752
801765089
30,40&67
JO . 46J1
JO,4795
9 . 7SOS
9 . 7540
9 . 7575
2.96 108
2.96 1SS
2. 96802
1.07875
1.07i59
1.076-13
2912 3
2915 .4
2918 . 5
674915
676372
6778.3 1

'30 86<900 80U51ooo JO 4959 9 . 7610 2. 96848 1.07527 2921 . 7 679291

OJ ,
9J2
OJj
OJ<
...."
866161

810489
812356
80695«91
S0955i568
81 2 166237
8W80.s<H
30 .5123
30. 5287
30. 5450
JO . 5614
9.7645
9 . 7680
9 . 77 15
9 . 7750
2. 968"
2. " .<2
2. 96988
2.' 1OJ'
1.0UII
1.07296
1. 07 181
1.0;066
19K8
2928 .0
2931.1
29M . 2
680752
682216
68.l68O
685147
93S
.36
874225
876096
8170&003 75
8200258.56
30 ,5778
30 .5941
9 . 7785
9 . 7819
2.' iOBI
2.' 7128
1.06952
1.068J8
2937 .4
29-10 .5
6866"
688084
931 877969 822656953 30 6 105 9 . 7854 2.' 7174 1.06724 2943 . 7 689555
'38 879844 825293672 30 .6268 9 . 7889 2.' 7220 1.06610 29-16 .8 69102ti
.39 88172\ 827936019 30 . 60111 9 . 7924 2.' 7267 1. 06496 2950.0 692502

.,
.<0 9 . 7959
9 . 1993
2. ' 7313
2.' 7359
1.06383
1.06270
2953 . 1
2956 . 2
693978
(.95455

...'"
,<3
9 . 8028
9.8063
9 .8091
2'740S
2.' 7451
2. ' 1497
1.06157
1.000000S
1.05932
2959.4
2962.5
2965.7
696934
698415
699897
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT ION, INC. 129

FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS 950 TO 999

1000 No. _ Diameter
N. Square C,.,
.
Square
R001
(ubi<:
R 001
Lo&arilhm X
Reciprocal Circum. A~

950 902500 857375000 JO.8221 9.8305 2 .97772 1.05263 2984.5 108822

.51 904401 S6OO85351 30.838J 9.8339 2 .97818 1.05 152
\. 0.5042
2987 . 7
2990 .8
11031 5
711 809
952 906J()l 862801408 30.8545 9 .8374 2 .97864

""....
953 908209 865523177 30.8707 9 . 8408 2. 97909 1.04932 2993.9 713J06
.54 91011 6 30.8869 9 . 8443 2 .97955 1.04822 2991.1 714803
95' 912025 1170983815 JO .9031 9 . 8477 2 .98000 1.04712 3000.2 716.1OJ
95' 913936 873722816 JO .9192 9 .85 11 "2 .98Q.16 1.().I603 3003.' i17JlO.l
.57 91580&9 876-167493 30 .9354 '9 .8.146 2. 98091 1.().I493 3006.5 719306
958 917764 819217912 30.9516 . 8580 2 .98137 I.().IJM JOO9.' 720810
.59 919681 881974079 30.9677 9 . 8614 2 .98182 1.04275 3012 .8 721316

1.().I167 3015.9 723313

"'...
%0 911600 ""730000 JO . 9839 9 . 8M8 2 . 98127
961
962
923521 887S0J681
890277128
31.0000
31.0161
'9 .8683
. 8717
2. 98272
2 .98318.
1.().I058
1.03950
3019.1
J022 . 2
725332
7268-12
96J 927369 893036347 31.0322 9 . 8751 2 .98363 1.03842 3025 . 4 7283.H
964 929296 8958413« 3 1.().lSJ 9.8785 2 .98408 1.03734 3028.5 729867

..,
.65
961
931225
933156
935089
898632125
901428696
90-1231063
31.0644
31.0805
31.0966
9 . 8819
9 . 8854
9 .81188
2 .98453
2 .98498
2.98543
I.OJ627
1.03520
1. 03413
3031.6
3034 .8
3OJ7.9
73 1381
732899
734417
%8 937014 907039232 3 1.11 27 9 .8922 2 .98538 1. 0JJQ6 304 L.1 735937
969 93896 1 909853209 3 1.1 288 9 .8956 2 .98631 I.OJI99 '0# 2 731458

910 912673000 31.1448 2 .9867i I.OJ0II3 3047 . 3 738981

91 1
912
"""""
94284 1
9.f4784
915498611
918330048
31 . 1609
31.1i69
9 . 8990
9 . 9024
9. 9058
2 . 98722
2 .98767
1.02987
1.02881
3050.'
3053 . 6
140506
142QJ2
913 946729 9211673 17 31.1929 9 .9092 2. 98811 1.02775 3056. 8 743559
91' 948676 924010424 31.2090 9.9126 2 .98856 1.02669 3059.9 m ...
915 950625 926859375 3 1.2250 9 .9160 2 .98900 1.025601 J06J . 1 7466 19
.16 951576 929714176 31.2410 9 .9194 2 .989-15 1.02459 3066 . 2
3069.3
148151
749685
911 954519 932574833 31.2570 9 .9227 2 .98989 1.02354
.18 956484 935«1352 31.2730 9 .9261 2 .99OJ4
2 .99078
1.02249
1.02145
3072.5
3075 .6
751221
752158
91. 958441 938313739 31.2890 9 .9295

"0 "'"00 94 11 92000 31.3050 9 ,9319 2 .99123 1.02041 3078.8 754296

.81 962361 9-H076 141 31.32011 9 .9J6J 2.99167 1.01937 J081.9 755837
96-1324 1.01GJ3 JQ8.I .0 757318
'"
.83
.84
966289
%8"6
946966168
949862087
952763904
31.3369
31.3528
31.3688
9 .9396
9 .9430
9.9464
2 .99211
2 99255
2 . 99300
1.01729
1.01626
JOSS . 2
3091.3
758922
1,,""
2 .99344 1.01523 762()1l
'".81
'"
970225
912196
974169
955671625
958585156
961504803
31 .3S n
31.4006
31.4166
9 .9497
9 .9531
9 . 9565
2. 99388
2 . 99H2
1.01420
1.01317
309'"
3097 .6
3100 .8
763561
765111
.88 976144 9644J0272 31..&325 9 .9598 2 .99476 1.01215 3103 .9 ''''''2
". 978 121 967361669 31.4484 9 . 9632 2 . 99520 1.01112 3107.0 768214

I !r~
990 980100 970299000 31 .4643 9 .9666 2 .99564 I. 01010 3110 .2
991 982081 913242271 31 .4802 9 . 9699 2 . 99607 1.00908 3113.3

.""'
,... "''''' .
992 976191488 31.4960 9 . 9733 2 . 9965 1 1.00806 311 6.5
993 979]46657 31.5119 9.9166 2.99695 ] .OOi 05 31 19.6
988036 982107784 3U278 9 . 9800 2.99139 1.000)1 1m2 . 7
99'
996
9900"
99W 16
985074875
988047936
:1I.5436
31.5595
9 9833
9 .9866
2 . 99782
2 . 99826
1.00503
1.00401
3125 . 9
3129 . 0
777564
7i9128
991 ....009 991026973 31.5753 9 .9900 2 . 99870 ] .0030 1 31l1 .2 780693
9')4011 992 3 1. 5911 9 .9933 2 .99913 1.00200 3 U5.3 782260
99'
999 """
998001 997002999 31.6070 9 .9967 2.99957 1.00 ]00 JU8. 5 783828
130 Ar..n:R ICAN INSTITUTE OF' STEEL CONSTRUCTION. INC.

TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
R....... II1' -, + COJ' A _ ,In II COJ« II
_ ,In' II
_ ro.oAI«A _ ,,,nAcorA

H G Sine A " .,.,.A " _ '_ """A'''nA ,, ./ I _ ..... A _ BC

~/;'
"', A «)Iff A

L71\ Cooint A _ d" A " _ , __ IfnAco,A .. '/ I - . I"'A .. AC

,,,,,A I« A

T~ncrn!
A ,, " "A _ _' __ .I"AI«A - ,"
U>I A co, A

CQ!an~! A " "" A _ _, _ .. COl A COI« A " /lG

./n A ,,,,, A
A • C F A ______
'"n A I _ AD
S«an!
./" A COl A
A _",I
__ A _ _I_
C""",an t _ AG
"" A lin A

TRIGONOM£lRIC SOLUTION OF TRIANGI.L\

~ ~
"Z ,, /)I+cl - 2kcOIA

AbO
/)I " "'+<'_llUco,B
C' " "I + /)I _ )"bCOfC
.- ---
,
,,+6o+c

IlICKT ANGLED 11\IANGtES

RO"Inl"'"
K_n.
A 8 0 • • ,
""
• ••,
••• t"nA __
•
,,,,,B

CO$B __
_ !!..
•
•,
-- ~
.. .,jCI:Oi
,
'. , • /nA _ ~
,
-- ~

• --,-
"z
A •• ... - A
-- • ~A --
.fn A

•
DOl

/)It_A
--,-
A

A •• " '- A
-- & ' "'' A ;;;;A
~llnJA

--
A. , ... _ A ,.In A '~A
•
OBLIQUE .I.NCUD 11\1ANGI..ES

K_. Reqnl~

,
A 8 C • • ""
=, ,
COIIB_
,
COI I C _ ..11(.-,,) e.- II) (. -c)
" , 6o, c

~ .(.,;;:)
A _

~'(I:,6o) ~.(. - c)
•• .. If" B .. If .. C
" ,A,B ISt '_ (A + B) - -
.oA .1.. A

.. ,b, A II11B _&_ _ II"" II lin C

dIiB
•
., II, C ' '' .. A _ ".1
__ .. C_
b - "COIC
..f"'+/)I-lob co.C --,-
..11.1" C
 AMERICA N INST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 131

PROPERTIES " "" CIRCLE

1f .. l. 141!tlU3.S'!

Ci"",mf.rf'<\Ce ]1fr _1fd

Cireumf.ren<t X I.l ISl I

,., ",
0;."",1.,. 0( C;.d. 0( ~ ... I ptriphtry .. ""U'"
.. oid. 01"",,- X 1.:t1U4
Sdool Squ,re 01 oq ...1 pttipbery .. <::irele
r .. d;am.,.... oIcirclc xl.1IMf
Diamol'" 0( Cirele d"",momDod .\>0111 ...." -
.. lido 01 ...." - x .. 41411
Side of Sq ... re iMCribod ;" • cirele
_ d..""' .... 01 cirtle x 1.71711

"t'

.,
:I'

'" ,• .. Iii""" .. 1M _
• _
I.fI74SlrA '

' . _ 51.1957' _•
,~.
,
. --,-.-
!!adi... ,
41>1 +.01

..
""""
, ,,111>, J

• ' -Ya~­ -,, 'mI _"

' +)'-
:louin'..!!" ~
.
• • II-' +~
• ... ,,1,1-(,+)'-11)1
1f' _ U6""4, lor .. '.tf4m7 :I' .. U IS.ltt9, lor .. 1 .5t~1 ~ .. I.5U I"',Ioc- I.7514)S1
lI'" .. '.!fUJI1, 10, .. '."57" 3 •
1M - UI745JJ, lor - un'"4
-Ii .. 1."UU', lor .. I.Ui574' •
lI'" .....nUI5, lor .. 1._55H ' N .. 57.:195"'5, lor .. U53U]6
""i"

CIRCUlAR SECTOR
, .. ~i\ll of cird.

.. Area 01 Circle )(

- f.MI7:N4 X ., X "I
...
...!

, .. tadi ... 01 dre'" .......

CIRClJlJ\R SEGMENT
II .. rio<

•• ~~p ... rHo(Sea ...... t .. Op .. AreaolSKtor ncpo -AruofttWolle .. tp

,
(Ltnclb olan: .. op x,) - ~(r - II)

Area 0( Sq;m ... t .. , p .. Art, of Cirele - Ar01 of St!:m..,t .. 0 p

132 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

NATURAL SINES ' ND COSINES

0.-
g-

0
O'

0.00000
10'

0.0029 1
20'
0.00582
Sines
30'
0.00873
.
0 .01164
' SO'
0.01454
60'
0.01745
C~

..
lines

,I 0.01745
0.03490
0.02036
0.0378 1
0.01321
0.04071
0.02618
0. 0-1362
0 .02WS
0.04653
0.03199
0.04943
0.03490
0 .05234
0.06976
88
87
J 0.05234 0.05524 0.05814 0.06105 0.06395 0.06685 86
4 0.06976 0.07166 0.07556 0.07846 0.08136 0.08426 0.08716 8S
5 0.087 16 0.09005 0.09295 0. 09585 0 .09814 0. 10164 0.10453 84
6 0. 10-153 0. 10742 0 . 11031 O. IUlO 0.11609 0.11898 0. 12187 8J
7 0. 12187 0.12476 0. 12764 0. 1J().S3 0.13341 0.13629 0.U917 82
8 0 . 13917 0 ..14205 0. 14493 0. 14781 0.15069 0. 15356 0. 15643 81
9 0. 15643 0. 15931 0. 16218 0.16505 o 16792 0.17078 0.17365 80

10 0 . 17365 0. 17651 o Ji9J7 0.1822-1 0. 18509 0.18795 0. 1908 1 79

0.1908 1 0 . 19366 0. 19652 0.19937 0. 20222 0.20507 0. 20791 78

".." 0.20791 0. 21076 0. 21360 0 . 216014 0.21928 0.22212 0. 22495 77

Jj 0 . 22495 0 . 22778 0.23062 0.23345 0. 23627 0.23910 0.24192 76
0 . 24 192 0.24474 0.24756 0.25038 0.25320 0.2.5(i(11 0.25882 75

IS 0.25882 0.26163 0.26«3

0.28123
0 . 26724 0.27004
0.28680
0.27284
0.28959
0.275601
0.29237
,.
7J
16 0.27564 0.27843 0.28402
0.29237 0.29515 0.29793 0.30071 0.J0348 0.30625 0 .J0902 77
"19
18 0. 30902
0.J2557
0 .J1I78
0.J2832
0.31454
0.33 106
0.3 1730
0.3JJ8 1
O.J2006
0.33655
0.32282
0.33929
0.32557
0 .34202
71
70

20 0. 34202 0 . .!4475 O. J.l748 0. 35021 0.35293 0.35565 0. 35837 69

21
n
2J
0.35837
0.37461
0. 39073
0.36108
0. 31730
0 .39J41
0 . J6J79
0.37999
O. J9608
0. 36650
0 . J8268
0 . 39875
0.36921
0.J85J7
0.40142
0 .31191
0.J8805
0 ......
0. 3746 1
0. 39013
0. 40674
"
67
66

.,.
0. 40674 0.409J9 0.41l04 0.41469 0.41734 0.41998 0. 42262 65
"25 0.42262 0.42525 0.42788 0.4305 1 0.43313 0.4J575 0.43837
0.43837 0.44098 0. 44359 0. 44620 0.44880 0.45140 0.45J99
"27 0 .45399 0.45658 0.45917 0.46175 0.464JJ 0.46690 0.46947 62
28
29
0.46941
0.4M81
0 .47204
0.48735
0.47460
0.48989
0. 47716
0.49242
0.47971
0.49495
0.48226
0.49748
0.4848 1
0.50000 "
60
30
Jl
0 .50000
0.5 1504
0.50252
0.5 175J
0.50503
0.52002
0.50754
0. 52250
0 . 51004
0.52498
0.51254
0. 52745
0.5 1504
0.52992 ""
J2
JJ
J4
0.52992
0 . .54464
0.5.5919
0.532J8
0.54708
0.56160
0.53484
0 . .54951
0.56401
0. 53730
0. 55194
0.56641
0.53975
0 . 5.5436
0.56880
0.54220
0.55678
0.57 119
0.54464
0. 559 19
0. 57J58 ""
55

J5
J6
0.57J58
0.58779
0.51596
0. 59014
0.57833
0.59248
0. 58070
0. 59482
0.58J01
0.59716
0. 58543
0.599-19
0,58779
0. 60182 ..,
54

J7
J8
J9
0.60 182
0.6 1566
0.62932
0.60414
0.61795
0.63158
0.60645
0.62024
0.6J383
0. 60376
0. 62251
0.6J608
0.61107
0.62479
0.6J8J2
0.61337
0 .62706
0.64056
0. 61566
0. 629J2
0.6U79
""SO
40 0.64279 0.6450 1 0.64723 0.64945 0. 65166 0 .65386 0.65606 49
0.65825 0.66262 0. 66480 0.66697 0.669U 48
" 0.65606 0 ......

..
42
4J
0.669 13
0.68200
0.69466
60'
0.67129
0.68412
0.69675
SO'
0.61344
0 .68624
0.69883
40'
0. 67559
0 .68835
0.70091

30'
0.67173
0.69046
0. 70298
20'
0.67987
0 .69256
0.70505
10'
0.68200
0.69466
0.707 11
0'
47
46

"
Sinetl
D.·
kr~'('t
C(lIines
 AM ERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC, 133

NATURAL SINES AND COSINES

",.

."" 0' 10' 20'

Coline.
30' . ' SO' 60'

0."""
Sines

0
1
2
1.00000
0 . 99985
0 . 99939
1. 00000
0.99979
0.99929
0 .99998
0.99973
0.99917
0.9!1996
0.99966
0 . 99905
0 .99993
0.99958
0.99892
0.9\J989
0.99949
0.99878
0.99939
0."""
"
88
87
,
J 0.99841 0.99831 0.99813 0.99795 0.99776 0.99756
..,
B6

.
0.99863
0.99756 O.997J6 0.99714 0.99692 0 ...... 0."'" 0.99619
5 0.99619 0 .99594 0.99567 O. 99S40 0 .99511 0.99482 O.9!U52
•
7
0.99-452
0 .99255
0.m21
0.99219
0 .99390
0 . 99182
0 . 99357
0 . 99 144
0.99324
0.99106
0.99290
0.99067
0.99255
0 .99017
8J
82
•• 0 .99027
0.98769
0 .98986
0 .98723
0 . 93944
0 .98616
0.98902
0 . 98619
O.98S58
0.98580
0.98814
0.98531
0 .98769
O.9IWII
81
SO

10 0 .9M81 0.98430 0 .98318 0 .98325 0.98272 0.982 18 0.98163 79

II 0.97992
12
IJ
0.98163
0.97815
0 .97437
0.98107
0.917S4
0 .97371
0.98050
0 .91692
O.97JO.l
0.97630
0 . 97237
0.91934
0 . 97566
0.97169
0.97875
0.97.502
0.97100
0 . 97815
0 . 97437
0 . 97030
"
77
76
If 0.97000 0 .96959 0 .96887 0.96815 0.96H2 0.96667 0 .96593 75
0 .......
"
16
17
0 . 96593
0 . 96126
0 . 956J0
0.96511
0 .96046
0 .95545
0 .95964
0.95459
0.96J6J
0 . 95882
0 . 95372
0.96285
0.95799
0.95284
0.96206
0.95715
0.95195
0 .96126
0.95630
0.95106
74
7J
72
18 0 . 95 106 0 . 95015 0 . 94924 0.94832 0 . 94740 0.94646 0.94552 71
19

20
0.9-1552

0 .93969
0 . 94457
0 . 93869
0.9-l361
0 . 93769
0.94261
0.93667
0 . 94 167
0 . 93565
0 ......
0 .93462
0.93969
0.9JJS8 ..
70

21
22
,.
23
0 .93358
0 .9271 8
0 .92050
0 .93253
0.92609
0 . 91936
0 . 93148
0.92499
0.91822
0 . 93042
0 . 92388
0 . 91706
0.92935
0 . 92276
0.9 1590
0 .92827
0.92161
0.91472
0.92718
0.92050
0.91355 ."
67

25
26
27
0.91355
0 .906J 1
0.89879
0 . 8910 1
0 . 91236

0 . 90S07
0 . 89752
0 . 88968
0 . 91116
0.9OJ8J
0 . 89623
0.88835
0 . .....
0.00159
0 . 89493
0 . 88701
0 . 90875

0 . 90133
0.89J6J
0.88566
0.90753
0.90007
0.89232
0.88431
0.906J1

0 .89379
0.89101
0.88295
.
6J
62
28 0 . 88295 0.88 158 0.88020 0.87882 0 . 87743 0.87603 0 .87462 61
29 0.87462 0.8732 1 0.87178 0 .87036 0.86892 0.86748 O./!(i6OJ 60
30 0 .86603 0.86457 0 . 86310 0 .86 163 0 .86015 0.85866 0 . 85717
51
52
0 .85717
0.84805
0.85567
0 . 84650
0.85416
0 . 84495
0 . 85264
0 .84339
0.85112
0.84182
0 .84959 0.84805 ""
JJ
54
0 . 83867
0 . 829Gl
0 . 83708
0 . 8274 1
0.83549
0 . 82577
·0 .8JJ89
0 .82413
0.83228
0 . 82248
0.84025
0."""
0 . 82082
0 . 83867
0."'"
0 . 8 1915
""
55
JS 0 .81915 0 . 81748 0 . 81580 0.81412 0 . 81242 0.81072
J6
J7
0 .80902
0.798M
0.80730
0 .79688
0 . 80553
0.795 12
0.80JB6
0.79335
0 . 80212
0 . 79158
0."'"
0 . 78980
0 . 80902
0 . 79864
0 . 78801
""
58 0.78801 0 . 78622 0.78442 0 .7826 1 0 . 78019 0 . 77891 0 . 777 15 ""SO
59

""
0 . 77715
0 . 766Q.1
0.77531

0.76417
0.77347

0.76229
0 . 71162

0.76(1.11
0.76977
0 . 75851
0.76791

0 .7566 1
0.766Q.1

0.75471 .
"
"
4J
0 . 75471
0 . 74314
0 . 73 135
0 . 71934
0.75280
0 . 74120
0 .72937
0 . 71732
0.75088
0.73924
0.72737
0.71529
0 . 74896
0.73728
0 . 72537
0 . 71325
0 .74703
0 . 73531
0 .72337
0.7112 1
0 . 74509
0.73333
0.72136
0.709 16
0.74314
0 . 73 13S
0.7 1934
0.70711
."
47

C~
60' SO' 40' 50' 20' 10' 0' n.-
roine. Sine. "~
J34 AME RICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

NATURAL TANGENTS AND COTANGENTS

"'.
"~ 0' 10' 20'
Tangents
30' 40' 50' 60'
Cotan.
gents

0 0.00000 0.00291 0.()()582 0.00873 0.01164 0.01455 0.01746 89

I 0.01746 0.02036 0.02328 0 .02619 0 .02910 0.03201 0.03492 88
2 0.03492 0.03783 0.04075 0.04366 0.04658 0.04949 0.05241 87
J 0.05241 0.05533 0.05824 0.06116 0.06408 0 .06100 0.06993 56
•
5
0.06993
0.08149
0.07285
0.09042
0.07518
0.09335
0.01870
0.09629
0. 08163
0.09923
0 .08456
0.10216
0.08149
0.10510
8S
84
•
7
8
0.10510
0.12218
0.14054
0.10805
0.\2514
0.14351
0. 11 099
0. 12869
0.14648
0.11394
0. 13165
0. 14945
0.11688
0.13461
0.15243
0. 11 983
0.13J58
0.15540
0.12278
0.14054
0.15838
8J
82
81
9 0. 15838 0. 16137 0.16435 0.16734 0.11033 0.17333 0.17633 80
10 O. t7633 0.11933 0. 18233 0.18534 0.18835 0.19136 0.19438 79
II 0.19438 0.19740 0.20042 0.20345 0.20648 0.20952 0.21256 78
12 0.2 1256 0.21560 0.21864 0.22169 0.22475 0.22781 0.23087 77
IJ 0.23087 0.23393 0.23700 0.24008 0.2-1316 0.2462-1 0.24933 76
14 0.24933 0.25242 0.25552 0.25862 0.261i2 0.26483 0.26795 75

15 0.26795 0.27107 0.27419 0.21132 0.28046 0.28360 0.28615 74

0.28990 0.29305 0 . 29621 0.29938 0.30255 0.30573 1J
"
17
0.28675
0.30573 0.30891 0. 31210 0.31530 0.31850 0.32111 0.32492
"
.
18 0.32492 0.32814 0.33136 0.33460 0.33783 0.34108 0.34433 71
19 0.34433 0.34758 0.35085 0.35412 0.35740 0. 36068 0.36397 70
20 0.36397 0.36721 0.37057 0.37388 0.37720 0.38053 0.38386
21
22
2J
0.38386
0.40403
0.42447
0.38121
0.40741
0.42791
0.39055
0.41081
0.43136
0.39391
0.41421
0.43481
0.39727
0.41763
0.43828
0.40065
0.42105
0.44115
0.40403
0.42447
0.44523 .
OS
67

24

25
26
27
0.44523
0.4663 1
0.48113
0.50953
0.44812
0. 46985
0.49134
0.51320
0. 45222
0.47341
0.49495
0.5 1688
0.45573
0.47698
0.49858
0.52057
0.45924
0.48055
0.50222
0.52421
0 .46211
0.48414
0.50581
0.52798
0.46631
0.48113
0.50953
0.53111
.
65

OJ
62
28 0.53171 0.53545 0.53920 0.54296 0.54674 0.55051 0.55431 61
29 0.55431 0.55812 0.56194 0.56511 0.56962 0.57348 0.57735 60
30 0.517.35 0.58124 0.58513 0.58905 0.59297 0.59691 0.60086 59
JI 0.60086 0.60483 0.60881 0.61280 0.61681 0.62083 0.62487 58
J2 0.62487 0.62892 0.63299 0.63701 0.64117 0.64528 0.64941 57
0.67451
JJ
34
0.64941
0.67451
0.65355
0.67875
0.65771
O.68JOI
0.66189
0.68728
0.66608
0.69151
0.61028
0.69588 0.7002 1 "
55
35
J6
37
0.70021
0.72654
0 . 75355
0.70455
0.73100
0.75812
0. 10891
0.13547
0.76272
0.71329
0.73996
0.76133
0.71769
0.14441
0.77196
0.72211
0.74900
0.77661
0.72654
0.75355
0.78129
"
53
52
J8 0.78129 0.78598 0.79070 0.79544 0.80020 0.80498 0.80978 51

.."
J9 0.80918
0.83910
0.81461
0.84407
0.81946
0.84906
0.82434
0.85408
0.82923
0.85912
0.83415
0.86419
0.83910
0.86929
50
49

..
"
4J
0.86929
0.96040
0.93252
0.9656.9
0.87441
0.90569
0.93797
0.97133
0.87955
0.91099
0.94345
0.91100
0.88413
0.91633
0.94896
0.98270
0.88992
0.92170
0.95451
0.98843
0.89515
0.92709
0.96008
0.99-120
0.90040
0.93252
0.96569
1.00000
..
48
47

45

Tan. 60' 50' W 30' 20' 10' 0' D~

gents grees
Cotangents
 AMERI CAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 135

NATURAL TANGENTS AND COTANGENTS

",. Cotangents Tan·
g<-
0' 10' 20' 30' 40' SO' 60' gent3

0 « 343 . 77371 171. 88540 114.58865 85.93979 68.75009 57 . 28996 89

I 57.28996 49 . 10388 42 .96408 38. 18846 34.36777 31.24158 28.63625 88
2 28.63625 26 .43160 24 . 54176 22.90377 21.47040 20.20555 19.08I1 4 87
J 19 .08 0 4 18 .07498 17. 16934 16.34986 15.60478 14.92442 14 . J0067 86
• 14.J0067 13 . 72674 13 . 19688 12.70621 12.25051 11.82617 11. 4300.5
"
S 11 .43005 11.05943 10.71191 10. 38540 10.07803 9.78817 9 . 51436 84
6 9.51436 9.25530 9 . 00983 8 . 77689 8.55555 8.34496 8. 14435 8J
7 8 . 14435 7.95302 7. 77035 7.59575 7.42871 7.26873 7.11537 82
8 1 . 11 537 6.96823 6 . 8269-1 6 .69116 6 . 56055 6.43484 6 .31375 81
9 6.31375 6.19703 6 . 08444 5 .97576 5.87080 5.76937 5.67128 8Q

10 5 .67128 5 . 57638 5.48451 5.39552 5.30928 5 . 22566 5. 14455 79

II 5. 14455 5.06584 4 . 98940 4.91516 4 .84300 4.77286 4.70463 78
12 4 .70463 4.63825 4.51363 4 . 51071 4 .44942 4.38969 4.33148 77
IJ 4 .33 148 4 . 27411 4 .21933 4.16530 4 . 11256 4.06107 4.01078 76
14 4 .01078 3 .96165 3 . 91364 3.86671 3.82083 3.77595 3 . 73205 7S
IS 3.73205 3.68909 3.64105 3.60588 3.56551 3.52609 3.48741 74
16 3 .48741 3 .44951 3 .41236 3.37594 3.34023 3 . 30521 3.27085 7J
17 3.27085 3.23714 3 . 20406 3.11159 3.13972 3. 10842 3.07768 72
18 3.01768 3.04749 3 . 01183 2 .98869 2. 96004 2.93 189 2.9042 1 71
19 2.90421 2 .81100 2.85023 2.82391 2.79802 2.77254 2.74748 70
20 2.74748 2.72281 2.69853 2 .67462 2. 65109 2.62791 2.60509 69
2 . 58261
21
22
,.
2J
2.60509
2 .47509
2.35585
2.45451
2.33693
2 . 56046
2.43422
2.31826
2.53865
2.4142 1
2. 29984
2.51715
2 . 39449
2 . 28161
2 . 49597
2 . 37504
2.26374
2. 4 7509
2 .35585
2.24604
"
67
66

2S
26
27
2 . 2%04

2. 14451
2.05030
1.96261
2.22857
2. 12832
2.03526
1.94858
2.21132
2.11233
2.02039
1. 93470
2.19430

2.09654
2.00569
1.92098
2 . 17749

2 . 08094
1.99116
1. 90741
2. 16090

2.06553
1. 97680
1.89400
2. 14451
2.05030
1.96261
1. 88073
..
OS

6J
62
28 1.88073 1.86760 1. 85462 1. 84177 1.82907 J .8 1649 1.80405 61
29 1. 80405 1.79174 1. 77955 1. 76749 1. 75556 1.74375 I. 73205 60
30 1.73205 1. 72047 1.70901 1. 69766 1.68643 1.67530
• 1. 66428 59
JI 1.66428 1. 65337 1.64256 1. 63185 1. 62125 1.6107 4 1. 60033 58
J2 1.60033 1. 59002 1. 57981 1. 56969 1.55966 1.54972 1.53987 57
,.
JJ 1.53987
1. 48256
1.53010
1.47330
1.52043
1. 46411
1.5 1084
1.45501
1.50133
1.44598
1.49190
1.43703
1.48256
1.428 15
56
55
JS 1.42815 1. 41 934 1.4 1061 1.40195 1.39336 1.38484 1 .37638 54
J6 1.37638 1.36800 1.35968 J .35142 1. 34323 1.335 11 1 .32704 53
37 1.32704- 1.31904 1.3 1110 1. 30323 I. 29541 1.28764 1.27994 52
J8 1 .2799.1 1.27230 1.26471 1. 25 717 1.24969 1 .24227 1.23490 51

...
J9 1 .23490 1. 22758 1 .22031 1.21310 1.20593 U 9882 1.19175 SO
40
.,.,
1. 19 175 1.18474 1. 17777 1.1 7085 l.l 6398 1. 157 15 1. 15037
41 1.1 5037 1.14363 I. 13694

.
1. 13029 1.1 2369 1.11713 1.11 061
1.11061 t.10414 1.09770 1. 09131 1. 08496 1.07864 1. 07237 47
1.07237 1. 06613 1. 05994 1.05378 1.04166 1.04158 1.03553 46
1. 03553 1.02952 1.02355 1. 01761 1.01170 1.00583 1.00000 4S

C~ 00' SO' 40' 30' 2Q' 10' 0'

ta R'
0.-
g~.
gents T angent$
136 AM ERICA N INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTR UCTION, INC.

NATURAL SECANTS AND COSECANTS

Sttants
D<- c~ ·
,,~
0' 10' 20' 30' 40' lO' 60' cants

1. ()()()().I
0
1
,
2
1.00000
1 ,0001 5
1.00061
1. 00000
1.0(1)21
1.00072
1. 00002
1.00027
1. 0008J
1.000J4
1.00095
1. 00007
1.()()(I.I2
1. 00108
I 00011
I 00051
1.00122
1. 00015
1.00061
1. 00137
"
88
87
1,00169 1,00187 1.00205 1.00224 1. 00244

."
1.00137 1.00 153
4 1. 00244 1. 00265 1.00287 1. 00309 1.00333 1.00J57 1.00382 85
,, 1.00382 1. 00408 J . 00435 1. CX»63 1.00491 1.00521 1. 00551

7
1. 00551
1.00751
1.00582
1.00787
1.00614
1.00825
1.00641
1. 0086J
'1.00681
1. 00902
1.00115
1.00942 ,
1. 00751
0098J
8J
82
8
, 1. 00983
1.01247
1. 01024
1 .01294
1. 0 1067
1. 01342
1.01111
1.01391
1.0 11 55
1.01440
1.01 200
1. 01491 ,
1 01247
01543 "
80
10 1.01543 1. 01595 1.01649 1. 01703 1. 0 1758 1. 01815 , 01872
"
,."""
1. 01872 1.01930 1. 0 1989 1. 02049 1. 02 11 0 1.02171 1.02234 18
1.02234 1. 02298 1.02362 1.02428 1. 02494 1. 02562 1.02630 17
1. 02630 1.02100 1. 02770 1. 02842 1.02914 1.02981 1.03061 76
1,03131
1. 0306 1
1.03528 1.03609
1. 03213
1.0369 1
1.03290
1.03774
1. 03368 1.03447
1.03944
1.03528
"74
"""
1.03858 1. 04030
1. 04030 1. 04 117 1. 04206 1. 04295 1.04385 1. 04477 1. 04569 7J
1. 04569 1. 04663 1.04757 1.04853 1.04950 1.05047 1.05 146 72
1.05146 1.05246 1.05347 1.05449 1.05552 1. 056.57 1.05762
"" 1. 05762 1.05869 1.05976 1.06085 1.06195 1.06306 1. 064 18 "
70
20 I.(l6418 1. 0653 1 1. 06645 1.06761 1.06878 1.06995 1.07115 69

"
22
23
24
1. 0m 5
1.07853
1. 08636
1.09464
1.07235
1. 0798 1
1.0877 1
1. 09606
1,07356
1.08 109
1.08907
1 .09750
1.074 79
1.08239
1.09044
1.09895
1,07602
1.0S370
1.09183
I.l00U
1. 07727
1.08503
1.09323
1.1 0189
1.07853
1.086J6
1.09464
1. 10338
.
68
67

65

2S 1. 10338 1.1 0488 1.10640 1. 10793 1.1 0947 1.111 03 1.11260 64

26 1.11 260 1.114 19 1. 11 519 1.1114() 1. II90J 1.1 2067 1.1 2233 63
27 l.l 2233 1.1 2400 1.1 2568 1.1 2738 1.12910 1. 13083 1. 13257
28
29
1.13251
1. 14335
1.1303
1.1 4521
1. 13610
1.14701
1.13789
1.14896
1.1 3970
I. 15085
1.14152
1,15277
1.1 4335
1. 15470 ""
60
30 1.1 5410 1.1 5665 1..l 586 1 1.16059 1.1 6259 1.16460 .1. 1666J

" 1. 16663
1. 11918
1.16868 1. 17075 1.17283 1.1 7493 1.11104 1.1 7918 ""
"""
J2 1.18133 1.1 8350 1. 18569 1.1 8790 1.19012 I. 19236
JJ 1. 19236 1. 19463 1.19691 1.19920 1. 20 152 1. 20386 1. 20622
34 1.20622 1.20859 1.21099 1. 21341 1. 21584 1.21830 1.22077

J5
J6
1.22077
1.23607
1. 2521 4
1.22327
1.23809
1. 25489
1.22579
l. i 41 34
1.22833
1. 24400
1.23089
1.24669
1. 26330
1.23347
1. 24940
1. 23601
1.252 14 "
53

"
38
39
1. 26902
1.28676
1.27 191
1.28980
1.25767
1. 27483
1.29287
I. 26047
1. 27778
1.29597
1.2B075
"29909
1. 26615
1.28314
1. 30223
1.26902
1. 28676
1.30541 SO
""
.," 1.30541
1. 32501
1.30861
1. 32838
I. 311Sl
1.33177
1.3 1509 1.3 1837
1.33864
1. 32 168
1.34212
1.32501 49

.
1. 33519 1.34563 48
42 1. 34563 1. 34911 1.35274 1. 35634 1. 35997 1.36363 1. 36733 47

".....
4J 1. 36733 1.37105 1. 3748 1 1.37860 1.38242 1.38628 1. 390 16 4'
1. 39016 1. 39409 1. 39804 1.40203 1. 41012 1.4 1421 4S
60' SO' 30' 20'
So-
"'"U '" Cosecants
W' 0' o..
"~
 AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 137

NATURAL SECANTS AND COSECANTS

COSKan l, So·
0.-
s- canu
o' 10' 20' 30' 40' .\0' 60'
0 • 343.775 16 171 .88831 114 . 5930 1 85 . 94561 68 . 75736 57.29869 89
1
, 57 .29869
28.65371
49 . 11406
26 . 4505 1
42 .975 71
24 . 562 12
38 . 20 155
22 .92559
34 . 38232 3 1. 25758
21.49368 20 . 23028
28 .65311
19. 10732 "
81
,
J 19 . 10132 18 . 10262 17 . 19843 16 .3804 1 15 . 63679 14.95788 14 . 33559 86
14 .33559 JJ . 76312 13 . 23472 12 . 74550 12.29125 11.86837
9. 839]2
11.47371
9.56617 "
5
•
11.4737 1
9.56611
11. 10.455
9. 30911
10 . 75849
9 . 06515
10.43343
8 . 83367
7.66130
10 . 12152
8 .6 1379 8.40466
7. JJ7J9
8.205S I
1. 185JO
"
8.1
7
••
8 . 20551
7 . 18530
6 . 39245
8 .0 1.565
1 .03962
6 . 27719
7. 8340
6 . 89979
6 . 16601
6.76.547
' .05886
7. 49Si l
6 .63633
5 .95536
6 . 51208
5 .85539
6 .39245
5 . 75877
"
81
80

10 5.75877 5.665JJ 5 . 57493 5.48740 S.«l26J S. JlO49 S. l C()84 79

II 5 . 24084 5 . 16359 5.08863 5 .01535 4 .9-1517 4 . 87649 4 .80913
"
..
12 4 . 80973 4.74482 4 . 68167 ' . 02Q2J 4 .S004 1 4 . S02 16 4 .+CS4 1 77
4 . 18238 . 4 . 13357

,.""
13 4 . « 54 1 4 .39012 4 . 33622 4 . 28366 4 . 23239
4 . 13357 4 .08591 4 .03938 3.99393 3.94952 3 . 90613 3 . 86370

15 3.86370 3 . 82223 3.78 166 3 . 74198 3.70315 3 . 66515 3 . 62796

16 3 .62796 3.. 59154 3 . 55587 3.52094 3 .48671 3 . 45317 3 .0030 7J
17
18
3.42030
3 .23607
3.3880S 3 .35649 3.3255 1 3 . 295 12 3 . 26531
3 .09774
3 . 23607
3 .07155 "
71

.
3.20737 3. 17910 3 . 15155 3.12440
19 3 . 07155 3 .04584 3.02057 2 .99574 2 . 91135 2 . 94731 2 .92380 70
2 . 8 1115 2. 70Q.13

.""
20 2. 92380 '.9OO6J 2.81785 2.85545 2 .8J.H2
21 2. 10Q.13
2 . 66947
2.76945
'2 .6.1040
2.7488 1
2 .63 162
2 . 12850
2 .61313
2 . 7085 1
2 . 5949 1
,."'"
2 .57698
2 . 66947
2 . 55930
,."
23 2. 559.30 . 54190 2 . 52474 2.50784 2.49119 2 . 47477 2 . 45859

""
2. 4585'
2. 36620
2. 28117
2. 44264

2. 35154
2.26766
2. 42692
2 .33108
2.25432
2.4 11 42

2 .32282
2.24 11 6
2 . 39614
2 . 30815
2.22817
2 . 38107
2 . 29487
2 . 21535
2.J662Q

2 . 2811 7
2.2Q269
.
OJ
27
28
29
2 . 20269
2. 13005
2.06267
2. 19019
2. 11 847
2.05 19 1
2.17786
2 . 107Q.l
2.Q.l128
2. 16568
2.09574
2.03077
2.15366
2.08458
2.02039
2.14178
2.07356
2.01014
2. 13005
2.06267
2.00000
"60
61

30
JI
2.00000
1.94160
1.98998
1. 93226
1. 98008
1. 92.302
1.91029
1. 91388
1. 96062
I . 0Q.I85
1. 95 106
I. 8959 1
1. 94 160
1.88709 ""
J2
JJ
1.88708
I. ......
1. 87834
1.82790
1.86910
1. 81981
1.86116
1.81180
1.85271
L8Ol88
1. &1435
1.796Q.1
I .......
j . 78829 "
56

" 1. 78829 1. 18062 I. 77JOJ 1.76552 1.7.5808 1.15073 1. 7U.u

"
J5
J6
1. 74345
1. 701.30
1. 73624
1. 69452
I. 72911
1.68182
1.72205
1.68117
t. 71506
1.67460
1.108 15
I. .....
1.70130
1.66 164 "
53
J7 1.66164 1.65526 I....,. 1. 64268
1.606J9
I. ......
1.60054
1. 6JOJ5
1.59475
1. 62421
1.S8902 ""
...
J8 1.62427 1. 61825 1.61229
J9 1. 58902 1.58J33 1.5771 1 I. 57213 1.56661 1.56114 1.55512 .\0

.."
40 1. 55572 J .55036 1.54504 1.53977 1. 53455 1.52938 1.52425
41 1.52·425 1. 5 1918 1. 5141 5 1. 50916 1. 5().I22 1.49933 1.49448

."
4J
1.49448
\.46628
1.43956
60'
1. 48967
1. 46 173
1. 435 24
.\0'
1.4849 1
1.45121
1.43096

40'
1.48019
1.45274
1. 42672
30'
1.47551
1.44831
1.42251
20'
1.4 708 7
1.44391
1.4 1835

10'
1.46628
1.43956
1.4 1421

0'
45

0.-
C~·
a," 5""" "~
138 AMERICAN INSTITIITE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

DECIMALS OF AN INCH
fOR EACH 1""TH.
Fractions Decimals Fractions Decimals

'4. 0 .015625 39"" 0.515625

'., 0.03125 17hz 0.53125
'... 0.046875 3S"" 0.546875
'", 0.0625
37,,-.. '", .0.5625
'0. 0.078125 0.578125
'., 0.09375 19h2 0.59375
'k. 0.109375 3'".. 0.609375
Va 0. 125 % 0.625

'k. 0. 140625 "I". 0.640625

'., 0.15625 2 1h2 0.65625
114. ().171875 " ... 0.671875

134..
'", 0.1875
0.203125 ..54.
11,1& 0.6875
0.703125
'., 0.21875 23h2 0.71875
15". 0.234375 47 4.. 0 .734375
';' 0.250 ';' 0.750
0.265625 · ' 4.. 0.765625
17""
'., 0 .28125 25h2 0.78125
19 4.. 0.296875 51 4.. 0.796875

21 4.
'", 0.3125
0.328 125 53
4..
13h:& 0.8125
0 .828125
ll h2 0.34375 27h2 0.84375
23 0.359375 0.859375
4" 55""
% 0.375 Va 0.875

" ... 0.390625

0.40625
" ... 0.890625
13h2 2' hz 0.90625
2744 0.421875 59,,4 0.921875
'", 0.4375 15,16 0.9375
29". 0.45~125 61"4 0.953125
ISh2 0.46875 3 1h2 0.96875
31 44 0.484375 63 44 0.984375
'h 0.500 ," 1.0Q0
 AMERICAN INSTI1UTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 139

DECIMALS OF A FOOT
FOR EACH lA, OF AN INCH FROM tA, TO 1Z INCHES
Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal
'A, 0 .0052 3 IA. 0 . 2552 6 'A, 0 . 5052
0 . 5104
9 IA. 0.75$2
0 . 7604
0 .0104
¥,!, 0.0156 3~
3, ,
0 . 2604
0 . 2656 6¥,!
6 , 0 .5156 9¥,!
9 , 0 . 7656
6'~ 99~ , 0 . 7760
0 . 5208 0 . 7708
3 '~
% 0 .0208 0 .2708
'A, 0 .0260 3 ' , 0 .2760 65, .0 .5260
~ ~,
0.7813
~ ~, ~ ~,
0 . 5313
~,
0.0313 0 .2813
0.0365 0.2865 0.5365 0.7865
. 0.0417 3 ';' 0.2917 6'h 0.5417 9'h 0.7917
'A. 0.0469 3 'A, 0 . 2969 6 'A, 0.5469 9 'A, 0.7969
31 1~, 0 .3073 66~ 99~
3 ~ 0 .3021' 0 . 5521 0 . 8021
I~,
0.0521
0.0573 11 • 0.5573 11 • 0 .8073
',.
131t,
0 .0625
0 .0677
3 3,4
3llft,
3V,
0 .3125
0 . 3177
0 .3229
6~
6' ~,
6V,
0 . 5625
0.5677
0.5729
9 3,4
9V,
0 . 8125
9 13A. 0 . 8177
0.8229
V, 0.0729
, .~. 0.0781 34 " ~' 00.3333
. 3281 6lS~. 0.5781
10
9"~' 0.828 1
I 0.0833 7 0.5833 0.8333
1 'It, 0.0885
0.0938 ~'
44 ,
0.3385,... 7 ' A,
0 .3438
0.5885
0 . 5938
10 lA, 0 .8385
10 Va 0 .8438
7¥,!
: ¥,!, 0 .0990 4 A, 0 .3490 7 , 0 . 5990 10 'A. 0 .8490
10 s'~ ,
1 114 0 . 1042 4%, 0 .3542 7 1;4 0 . 6042 10 0 .8542
0 . 1094 4 sla, 0 . 3594 7 SA, 0 . 6094 0 .859-1
I ~'
: ~,
I ,
0 . 1146
0.1198
0.1250 ""~,
4%
0 .3646
0 .3698
0.3750
7 'is
7 Tit,
7'h
0.6146
0 .6198
0.6250
10 ~
10 7 ,
10 %
0.8646
0.8698
0.8150
I ' A, 0. 1302 4 'It.
4 s;,
o 3802 7 'Its 0 . 6302
0 . 6354
10 'It,
10 sA
0.8802
0 .8854
711~1 •
0 .3854
IP ~1
0 . 1354
I , 0.1406 4"~' 00 .3906 7 0 . 6406 101l~, 0 . 8906
1 3,4 0 . 1458 4 l,4 .3958 7 l,4 0.6458 10 3,4 0 .8958
113A, 0 . 1510 4131a, 0.4010 713A, 0 . 6510 1013A, 0 .9010
I V, 0 . 1563 4 V, 0.4063 7 V, 0.6563 10 '¥. 0 .9063
115~, 0 . 1615 415~, 0.4115 71S~, 0 .6615 101S~, 0 .9115
2 0'. 1667 5 0.4167 8 0.6667 11 0 .9167
2 lit, 0.1719 5 lA, 0 .4219 8 lA, 0.6719 11 'A. 0 .9219
2 V.
~A'
0 . 1771
0.1823 S~5 , •
0.4271
0 .4323 8
8 ¥,! ,
0 .6771
0 .6823
11
11 ,~, 0 .9271
0.9323
2
2 1;4
2 sit,
0.1875
0 . 1927
5 ,
5 s~.
0.4375
0.4427 81
SO,
0 .6875
0 .6927
11
11 ',.
'A,
0 . 9375
0 .9427
8~ ~.
0 .6979 0 .9·179
55~
0 .44i9 11
2 ~1
0 . 1979
2 ' • 0.2031 ' , 0.4531 S', O. i031 11 0 .9531
2% 0 . 2083 5'h 0 .4583 8% 0 . 7083 11 112 0 .9583
2 'It, 0.2135
0 .2188
'A,
5
5 'I.
0.4635"
0.4688
8 'It,
8 s;,
0.7135
0 . 7188
11 'A, 0 .9635
11 SA 0.9688
2211~1 , 0.2240 511~. 0.4740 81 1~, 0.7240 1111~. 0.9740
2 3,4 0 . 2292 53A 0.4792 8}} 0.7292 It 'A 0.9792
2 13ft, 0 .2344 5';~' 0.4844 81 It, 0 . 7344 l1 13h. 0 .9844-
r,'
221 A,
0 . 2396
0 . 2448
5V, 0.4896
56" ~' 00.4948
8V,
8"~'
0 . 7396
0 . 7448
It'¥. 0 .9896
1115~. 0 .9948
3 0 . 2500 .5000 9 0.7500 ". 1.0000
•
140 AM ERICAN INSTIT lffE O F STn : L CONSTRUCTION, INC.

LENGTH CIRCULAR ARCS FOR THE RADIUS I

"
~
,,, 0.000 DOOO ... DECREES
I .OH 1976 ,,.. 2.O')t ml
•,,
Mr~I11"ES

0 .000 0010 O'

,
SECONDS
O. 000 00(I(t
r.D1>4
,,
t .m "" 0.000 2909 0 .000 OOU
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6!01
rou '" , 0.000 Sill 00.000 0091

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O.CU<I \lIOII6 ~ 2 129 .JOU

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D.OlI lm ~ 1.099 55)4 t . l66 7$50 0 .000 '711 o 000 014$
,• ,• ,•
•,
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0 .069
0 .011
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O. IOt HIIII
1 . l n 17:10
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1. 1519113
1.1.
1.169 J706
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2. 164 lO&J
2. ISI6616
f 199 1149
1. 216.s612 •,
••
0.001 16.16
0.001
0.001
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0.151 07'96 1, 2IM 27ft
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0 .002
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1.211 nos , 2. 26IJ 9l1D

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0.296 7060 I.JU
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0 . .549 0659 1.39011 l634
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0.411 6tH U.l5 &891 2. W 08lJ 0008 1449 0.000 IJJI
2.600 S406 0000 1_
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1. 510 196J 2 617 9939
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1.640 60115
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0.6 108652
1/ 621 JIM
0 .645 HIS
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2. 10.5
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2.192 $2611 0.011 6JM 0.000 ' 9.19

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2. " " 1
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2819 79JJ
2 ,1911466

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o Oil
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7991

..."" 000 2UJ

o 000 Jill

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O.8lO JOU 1.861 $IU.I 2914 6OJ99 0000 u;~
0,1.)11JIG
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1.901 4089 'M
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l.l06
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J . 141
63<:i1
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0 .011 161.
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By the uoeo( tbeabovf;tabIe, tho ..,th 0( .ftyan: .... y bt loulld if tile Itnc,h 0( tlle.>d ......"" the >nl"' 0( ,lie ""Cm<~'
. 0 . 000 281l
0.000 l860
0 .000 l'lO9

be~ft.
£Umpio,... Roquired 'M Joot:th 0( ... 01 ...... 1 0( U o IS' 21" "j,h .>d,u, 0( 24 r.... J "",,-
F.- table. ~t~ 0( an: (lUdj .. I) lor Jl" _ .55&5054
15' _ .000l6.1J
21" _ .0001J09
u_
........ x 2~ . 11 ~h 01 tad; ...) _iJ65'_" ...
A ~1ERl CAN INSTITUTE OF STEEl. CONST RUCT ION, INC. 141

Part III

Building Materials

Strength of Materials
Specific Gravities
Properties of
American Standard Yard Lumber and Timber
Safe Loads for Timber Columns
Unit Stresses for Structural Lumber
Contents of Storalle Warehouses
1-12 AMERICAN INST IT UTE OF ST EEL CONSTRUCTION. INC.

STRENGTH '" MATERIALS

mESS IN KII'$ PER SQlJARt INCH

.. .,'"
,~

u. ,
'"
" ,'" .1S.8

'"" "" "

~,

• ~

""
,,."" ,,""
H
" ,~

"" '"
"
M
~
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w
•
"
w
"
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"

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,,~

~
,....;1<
toD,,1<
18- 20 ,-
t...:'I. <201.
pipe. w; ..
rolled. Ih<fl •.
PIa,;num ...;.... u,..n_ltd.
• • .n..... led.
Sih"ff• .,..t.
Steel. bcO .... pLat ..•• ~ .. Ix»c
• • • I!.nce pLa, .... ,.....1<
,.....1<

. '"
""';n",·.ooI", ..
• n~;"m. ,~I<
,.....1<
"';n'~;n, bo.?' . pLaJn. ~,ructu ... ~ ,radt. ,.....1<
,. , .. med ........ .
kud ....•.....•.•••
uct·,
dtlCIf'I"I«!..... ~radt ...
,,..........
'~I<
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• ;n,ttlIItd;'to. ,.....1<
hard .• ,..,,,1<
<Old ,wio,od . , ... dl<
r;,,,!'·. ~I<n . ,..... 1<
,...,..1<
bridltOl .•
build;np ,.....1<
,......1<
""
>h;p". ......1<
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION. INC. 143

STRENGTH" MATERIALS

llhapea. p1aca, N1 ~ •. c"";lo:

riv~ .... .
.ye bo .... UDaMnled
• • .nnealed .
""
~
•• nsile
c.......
.<Milo:
Cetlsilo:
.msi le
cmsi "

CorP« S ....I. 0.50% Cu . "

JI- 33 ' . nsilo:
cmoi le
cmsi le
Stod Spriotp. unceonpote1 . ~ o-10

St .... Win. uoan .... led .

• • •n ....Ied . •. "'ro
bride<' ""bit.
Tin ...... . ...... . .. . . . .. . .
" • .....,
• u.ur-y.10Sn.1 51> .

• " '''''''''
,;
Bulklin, M••.n.Io

Brick. Com_. 1f<IOd. . .• ,~ ..,

• • medium bu,Md.
hrd burned.
f'r-' I nd povi",
CCIIKRte . ••
...
",."

'''"'
M"""",),. C ronic • .
• t;meocOM. bI ....c~ .
Sand".,.,. . .. ,. ..,...,.,
.M
'"
,ro
Rubble . . •• .
'"
,'"..
• ..,.,ned .
,~ '"
llriok. ""'""""' .
""
... ,,.,"""'"..
• ...rd bumtd .
,,., ,,.,
,,., ""
,,., ,.,
,,.., ,,., ,.,
Sc."...Bl_. . . . . .. . .... .
• Cro.ice. ,neiot .. . •
U ......."... marble .• .
""'
""'"'"' ,.,
,,., ,.,"" ,.,
Sondotonc.
""' ""
,,.,, '"
'"
"'"
,~
S1a.e .•
""' ""' '"
Mio<e!~"""'" C~ .. """,~ .•.

PLuI ..
!Ioorinc .• .. """ ""'
,~

'00 ""' ""'

""' .
.......
Torracote..
Ropa, .........1~~;~.' •• •• ••• I ""' ,
• . WId'",.
",""ib.. """'
~ ...
•
ooIid...."..... cotC,,. .
• • II.. . ....,""
' s.., Spoci/ica.iono or cho: A""';""n :""';" y lor Tn .i"" ~'at.n.l ..

··UI"";,.., Ioborotory ..... ....,...dy ronduc.od. inoJica.< .ha • •ho: . ...... cefI .. n' ",.io in <0<><,..,.< "'i"ura .... . '"ftY
;mporlonl inftum<:e "" d,e uhi .... ~ ' . Crm&.h or tho: finio.hod prod\l<t. o.lo "" . his ... bjoel n n be oo.aiMd r""" t ....
PorllonJ C.",.., A~lioI>. Chic.,,,.
144 MIIIERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL COl\1'STRUCTION, INC.

SPECIFIC GRAVlTlES .... WEIGHTS

""...
W.ic.ht.
~
Cu. Fl.
"" .
C.. vi.y
,~

~
...
Weicht.

Cu. Ft.

Metals, AlloY', Oru Timber, U. S. ScasoDed

Aluminum. cast-hammond. Z.ss-.-Z.15 ,~ Alb. "hi.e-<td ... 0.'2-065
Aluminum. bronitC. U ~, Cedar. "h;~ted .. O.Jl-O.38

....
Bnao, ..... ·roIled. 8.4-1.1 Chootnu.. .. ......... .
B"""". 7.9 '" 14'; Sn.
Copper. cu.·roIled.
1.4-1.9
8.8-9.0
'""" Cy~.
Fir. Dougla.opruoe . ..
0"
0.48

"'
U, Fi •• _ ......
O.S I

...
Copptr "",.p)'rit.. 4.1-4.3
19.zs,- 19.3
Gold. c...·hamm...."'.
"'" FJm ... hi.e. .. ........... .. 0.72
Iron. case. Pc .......... .
Iron. ,,'rouiht .
1.-00.-
I..,... opitceI.<i.....
U
1.6-1.9
7.8-7.9 ...
~
H <IIIIodr.
!lickor)'.
Locuot ............. ..
0.41-0.$1
0.14-08f
0.7J
0 ..
I..,... r.".....;Jio><I .
Iron ( f t . btmatit.
"
,.,
6.1-1.J '"
m
m
Mopl<-.Ioard.
Mop;.. "hi.e.
Oak. et.e.tnUI.
O~
OM
In>n ( f t . bonIatite in bank 160-180 O.k. 'ivo 0 .9S
I..,.. ""'. hemati •• I0000:. 1.)0-160 Oak. mi. black. 0.65
I"", "",.limoni.e .,. 3.6-4.0 Oak. ,,'hi ••. 074
Iron ( f t . "",gnetite.
]"", 01., .. . 4.9-5.2
2.5-3.0 ''"on" I~~. 0.--..
I'i .... ,-ed.
O.SI
0.48
lead ............ .
I..ad _. i.len.
Manpnae.
11.31
7.3-7.6
1.2-3.0
..,'" Pin •••·hile
Pine. )-.I~. lonJ''''''
Pine. y~·. obort·k:d.
0. 41
0.10
0. 61
~b",.nae <>«. p)·roI"":~. 3.1-4,6 '"
'W Poplar . 0.48
M<f'C\!ry ••.
Nidel ...
l"i.ckel.~me ... l.
U.6
8.9-9.2
8.8-90
,.,M'
,~
Red~-ood. Coli'"",,, ..
Sp.u« ••·hite. black.
Walnu._ black.
0 .42
0.40-0.46
0.61
W.,""., ..hilO.

..
l"Ia.inum. cut·ham~. 21.1 - 21. 5 U~ 0.41
Sih'ff. <;l$ •• h.mmere<l .• 10.• - 106 M""tu," Cont... u:
T in. cu. ·hammere<l ...
T in <>«. <aMi •.,.; ••
1.2-1,5
64-70
'"
.~ Sea......:! ti",ber U to W",4,
C~ ',mber "1' '0 -W%
Zinc. cut_rolled
ZiI>C ( f t . bIentIe .
6.9-1.2
3.H.2
'"
'" V.riOIiI Liqllids
AI<:oh<!I.1000/". 0.79 .."
C..-ul••
Variolls Solids
","I>,
C ....... l .. borle)',
C«Nlt. «><n. 0).... hulk.
bulk.
bulk.
..
"
~
Acid .. muria.;., 40%.
Acid .. ";uic
Mid ..... Irhu,ic 81%
L)-.. ond.l.
0;1 ...'<ltuhle
Wk.
66%
L~

,
L~

1.10
.
0.91--0.9-1
~

'"
,~

~
c.rw.. wbea.. loulk. I."""""to
0;1 .. 1I\i....-:al. 0.?O-09J
lI.y and St"''''. ,,"100 ~ W.t .... 4"C. ron. d..,,";.y '0 "
61 4lS

.'.u.
COlton. ~1a •. lI..... p. 141- 1. 50
0.'»-(1 .91 M " II·...... 1000e
W...... .i«
0.958-1
0.88-0 91
S98JO
~
~'kott<. I000o: .
FIo<lr. P'-' ............. .
0.4G-O.50
0.70-(1.80 "" Wa •..-. ......... 'noIIbl1e.>.
Wow. _ "".'" '"
1.02-1.63
•
M
Cia.., ooonmoo>. 2.40-2.60

.
,~

,'"
..
CIuo, pia •• or.,,--n •. 2.45-2.12
CLut, n)·staI .•. 2.90-3.00 Gase., Air = I
Lealh.r. .. .............. . 0.86-1.02 W
Paper. 0.10--1. 15 M Ai •• cr<:. )60 DIm, .0Il()11
I'oIatoeo, pil<d.
Rubl...-. caouochouc .•••.
Rubbo.- roodt.
0.'2-0.%
1.0-2.0 ."
~
Am_i>.
Carbon d"nidt.
Carbon """"",ide
0.5920
1.5191
09613
.CH18

""
.0181
Sail. J<&"ulo'ed. piled
SaI.p<t ... .
Starth .. ..
Sulphur.
U3
1.9J--2.01
."
~ Gat, il!umi ... tin,
Gat, ... t~ ...l.
lIy-droeen· ••.
0.35--0.45
0.H-O.48
0.0693
028-.0J6
.0J8-.~
.~w

Wool ..... 1.32 '"" Nitroeen.

0.)11 ....
0.91H
1.1056
.0184

"'"
 Ar..1ERICAN INSTITUTE O F STEEL CONSTRUCT ION, INC. I.fS

SPECIFIC GRAVITIES .~ WEIGHTS

Weieht.
""~.
~
C II. Ft .

Addar MIS(llIry Minerals

'",.
Gnoni'., O}"eni . <,~.,.;.. 1 J--.I 0 A.t>eotoo m
U"""'_, ... .t.Ie
SOndo •.,.... bI"....,...
1.J-18
2 I- l. t
'"
,~
8 .<)·....
2. 1-2. 8
' M

Mortar Rubble Masonry

"" 11...1, .
8.u,i, •.
2. 1--.1. 1
2.55 ,~

~. 1.1- 1.8
G<3ni",. ')'..-.i,•.
J"';'., ,
Lin...,,,,",, marbl<
2 . 2_2.8
2. 2-16 """
Clay. marl
[>o!omi .< ,.
I 8-2 6
1. 8-2.6 '"'"''"
Sandot"'"', bl_",",.

Dry Rubble Masonry

1.0-2.1
FeId ..... '.or' hoduo.
G....... ·""p.'u inc ..
2.5-2 .6
24-2 1
'"
,~

,~

Gr~ni ••• ')"mi ' . 2 S-J . 1

'"'"
Cr"ni, ••• )=il<, ,.,.;. .. 1 9· lJ ,~
C ........ ,"'"'. , ..p 2. 8- J 2
Lim<>too>o.
!So.OOot ,bI__ ,
..... n",rble .. 1 9--1 I
'" G)·pou,n. ,labul..- .......... . 2.J-2.8 ,~
1.8· 1.9
'" lIomlole-nd.
[.i _ . m • ......., '"
2.5-1.1
",
Brick Masonry
1...... II.oiclr. 2.2-2 J ,~
~1 "I""'te
'pa'i'. '"" '"",
Corn""'" bo-i<k
Sol, bo-i<k.
1.8-2 ,0
1.5-1 7 '"
f'hoopI. • •• rock.
l'orpII!,<)' 2.6-2 .9 '"'"
'"'
,.
P1>mi«o ....,ural 0. ll-O. 9O ~
.... .... .. .. ] .5-2,8
Concrete Masollry
~, ... """,... oo
o...,u.ftin'
SanJ.c.,.....
Shale, .lat.
bI",,""'"" . 1.1-1 .J
2.1-2. 9
'"",
c....,.",. ""I. "c .. .
2 2_1 4
1 9--1 J
1S-1 .1
'"
,~
s...""'OII<.•• Ie. 2.6-1.8 '"
("""-"'" c'nd .., ..c.
'"' Stone, Quarried, P~ed
Various Buildiog Mat'l
Ash ... cinders .
Co",o", po<.lond, 1000<.
....,
W
n....It. Irani, •. , ....... .
Limest"" •• n""bIe, qu ...h. ""
C........ , po<IIaOO ...' l7-U 'M Sand".,...
~,
"
'"'"
u ..... npoum.looo<. ~4
1. 4- 1. 9 c.-...._. hornbk......
~ I onor, ...
Sl.>p, b;>nk 01"
Slo,.. b;>nk "-Tft<>inp.
'"
61-7:
93-117
Bituminous Substances
Slap, """,hin. ""I· •.
"
~9 -SS
~" ""' .. nd .
Eartb, elt" ElCavated
...
Aophalt"m .•••• ,
C.,.I. &n, hncit.
C... l. !>i'"mi""".
C.,.l.lieni, •. ,
1.1 - 1.5
1.4--1.1
1.2- 1.5
1.1-1 .4
."""
".""
CL.)·.<I, )'.
C""l. peat. ,urr. dr)'.
CIo)', dom", pia.. i<,
CI.o)' .",1 ".,.t!. Jry'
~:arth, dry. " -
'" C.,.l.• har«»l. pi ....
C... I. dlor«»l. ""k .
0.65-0 .8.5
0.28-0. «
0.41-0 .57
""
"
'".."
b .rth. dr)'. ,,..,ked
" C.,.I, coke 1.0-1. '

"'""
f~"h . ....,.... ""'"" C ..phi.... .. ............ . 1.9--2 . l
""'rth, moio •• _ 1«<1.
\:..orth. mud. """inl Paralli ..... . 0 81-0. 91
"I'.t""
..""""'....mm,...re6D«l.
.
brth, mud. ~ k ed
Ri",.p. limes,.,...
Ri, .... p.
Ri ",ap. wI<
s."".
,,00""'"
,,,,,'e!. dry'. Ioooe
•••••• ~ '"
'M
""M
W Po.roIeum. bon, i... .
I'.. ""... m.'. scli ... .
Pitch ........ ..
0 .87
0 . 19-0 . 82
O. lJ-O . 15
0. 66-0 .69
1.07-I.I S
."
00

00
Sand. '''''e! , dry. packed 100-.- 120
T ar, bi'uminous U.
Sand. ,.-.~ ... dry ...... .

EltaYitiOIlS in Water
l1 8-no

Coal and Coke, Piled

"
Sand or rr.'~
Sand or I ' O,'e! .",1 . b y,
co,
Ri,..-m""
"
~

M
W
C.,.I, ,n,hraci ••
C""" bi,uminous. ligni'"
CN'. pea •. '"rl .
.....
47- .\.8

~"
('.,.1. <;ba"""" 10- 14
""
:;''''''''''''-'1>
"'" C.,.r. «>1<" 1l-Jl

T h· "",ioc , .. , il;'" of ooIid •• nd liqllidt ref..- 10 ... 1..- al 4"C .• 100.., cI &'1'" 10 air a, O"C. and 760 mm _ r •.
Th<. ... i~bu p<~ <II' .... foot a ~ dtri,'«I f""" .,_,. spcc'li.c , ... i.ies, <>=I'" "'hm: .Uled Iha . we"hll . ~ for bIIllo.. huped
Of " - ..., ..-.. 1, . ",.
146 AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT ION, INC.

PROPERTIES " AMERICAN STANDARD YARD LUMBER "'" TIMBER SIZES

NATIONAL LIIM!£.I MANU"ACTltilS ASSOCLI.TlON

:-;'....,;...1
s..
.......
"'-n~
"'-' ~
A_
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,- " L1:".1
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S«t ....
~lod.1uo SOOKi ...1
~
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,....,. . ,.... S-

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10XlO 11S.75
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"'" 'U U 10114 06
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....
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lX IO
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rm ..
1869
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2Xn lOXlI 161 25 IIW6S 14 1197 Jo9
lXI4 I xU 1J61 10XJO '" lOJlJ 19 un"
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2XI6 1J I.
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11XI4
IlXI6 II~XlJij
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11'~XI7'
ISS 15
17'.1$
.....US7 as J.49 JI

....'"
11XII lOi n SIM 49
>x • "'
m~m n .9J """" "" ""U"'" ...
9 . SI 10 42 IlXlO II ' X 19' 114 15 62l 7105 90 1l.81
>X.
>X,
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19113 91 2S , 9514 14
"~.~
IlXll In IS "S911
lXIO 1'I,ll

. ....
IlXl4 I I XlJ 170.l.S \24JI 011 lose 41

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nX16 II~X l5' 19J 15 Il-39O 42 IH6 II
lX11
lX I4
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55 . 41
5316\!
!J821
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79.1J
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878 I'I9Jl S8 1449 47

"' 24602 61 1607. 91

. ".
JXI! 45.904 IIU M 15398
""
>xro

...
...
SI.19 14 . 1 16U.00 160 . .16
14X 14
14 X I6
1J~X1JI~ 1&lIS
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...'"'"
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418916
410 .06
~~

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14XI' I~XI~ H615 ..nn
"
,IJY.XIIY. Uti 73

m~m "" ""

13.14 14 38 14 X:!O 26JU
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ISS 56
~"
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1911 "XU 11 1110 61 ICHO.06
III «
11lS
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4XI O

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14X16
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14GOO 10 1241
,..,
50
U

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41 .6011 U9 tl

.. ....
4 XU 14X2A IJ XI7th JI1.25 lJJ\118 JJ
1701 56
74.\ U 110. 1\
4 X14
4XI6 ." ' "
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56 . 11 15.6 lilt 90
161196
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lIS 02
14XJO .~ 1106 l-5881 41 19!o11 06

rou ".
.. ro , "' "" '" "'
'rm
tXI'

..... . ..
119.lJ 14015 U., .ro "
I'XI6
II>XI' ,IS "' 171.1S
'" 6911 49 791 14

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16Xll is
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11&.11 011
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11904 14

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16X14 l6U5 101 1 1676:1 00 142664
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roo 16106 16XXI IS X ~ Ul.25 n;.o 531S9!111 114'. 14

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6XI, 74.25 1111 66
6X I6 M.U lJ6 1106 ,16 120 U
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III.U 4H.ll Ux:!O .1-4115 108Ull 110906
6XU
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,
~II W"
roll
56. U
11. 25
1S6
198
16J61
11l.11
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415.11
577 81
ro.ro
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I lliXll

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4S815

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16149 86 \SOl .ll
117l 11089 .04 1794 II
1(RoI4 7J lI1J.ll
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ro ...
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m'll~i7m .. , llrlJ~
loxn 109. 25 1764 01 14 Xl4 5S1.1S 254 14 96 1161 97
IOX14
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191 5 50114 98
p<'I' •• IM: r_.
-"
 AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONST RUCT ION, INC. 1.J7

SAFE LOAD ~ POUNDS '" SQUARE INCH .. CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA

SQUARE .... RECTANGULAR TIMBER COLUMNS
DR, lOCATIONS
• Rolio ollAnz,k to Leool Di ............ (If'J

Spcrieo oIl.umloa"
"-'--
'"""'"
""'"
...'" ..'"" .. " .... '"" ..'"" '"" '".." 'I' 'I'•
'I' 'I' I/~
~

• Aoh, eo--riaI Wb,,~

"""
C_ _
k
n,. 1016
k k

... ." .... ". '" '" ... ,n n.

.
k

...,,. ... '''''" ""... ."". .", .,'" '" '"

k

~
k k

'M

Coodar, W........ Red:

"'""
'" '" '" ..."" '" '"
f"or, IWN.m C_ OO 3,1'

C«iu, N,,",,-..:I Sou ........ ","ile """

c..... ..,"" "" "" ".
m '" " '" ,. 'N
'M

,. '" "" .,'" '" '" '"

O""n~l:
Pioot, N,,",,- Wbile, ldol>o ",,,,10,

Cy~
SIIpr, Calif.

Soulbtrn,
~,Wat ....
",)oj.. , and I'ondou """
""'- -
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'" '" '" '" '" '"
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'N '"
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r .... Soudoon V..... :
0-10: &.n:., V_ Pd 5wfti: ....""'- ... ''''.ro . , ""., '"'' 'U''" '"'" . , '" '" n,
~} Illl 1176 1112

..... ..... ,. '" '" ...'" '"...'"

1173 1149 llll
MaI*, Sal...

Douclaa Fir (Rky. M,n. Rot ... ):

•
~. Rod. \\'b;,<. Si'b:
onray r.~; Alaska Ct&
£) ... ~ and Wb ... ; '... ........,:
C_ _

'"
H'
." ."
:'16
(;01
'" '" '" '"
'"
Guo., .nd Black: Tu

H.-Iock. Wat C - """ ... '" '" ...'" ...."" ...'" '" ,. '" ,~

.... ,., ...'" ".". ... '" ,..,'". '" ,.'" '" '"
e_ m roo
H_Icd, Eaoo .... : c__ ,;61
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"' "' ... '"
SJ(l

..,. '"'" '"'" '" ,. '" '" "' '"

~,,, ,,.. ".
• Oo.lc. \\"'IO.nd Red
C__
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......... c--
c__
..
..... ,,.. .",. ., ." ...'" '"'"
.
'" '"m
..... ....., '" '" '"' '" ".
,
~

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..
5prv(., [nlltswon

..... ,,.. '" '" '" ". "' '" '" " m

c-_ ..
T .........k
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m
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m

...SAFE LOADS in C'OIOIpaoioot

,IIt.~ I", 1M
tabIoo
,...alIoIIO pn I... liml-
~
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nnod ;.,
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'. lho ...... un.! 01 _ .......1
148 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCf ION, INC.

ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESSES roo STRUCTURAL LUMBER .,., TIMBER

ill ....
"" """"""1I1..,..·.bIo u~;, s.""",;" Pou"". pet Squ.", I......
,- s..- c..n.,......,..s..-. Modul... 01
....
Sendi",
Spocieo 01 Ti",ber
"''''''''
c..o. I"E.~
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EIaWri'Y
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Fibre 1111 Loco,,,,,,. Go- 'oGno'" .iooo)

..
C_ _
Corda" W.. t<n> Rod
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o.p,..,,.,..,. 01 A,rinohu",., Mad'-~W-';n. fa- u.. in df)' 1O<a,,,,,,"- The pad.. 101 ..·ha w_ . .. , i _ . ,.
fOl di ........... lumber."" .imbe<" equi .... len. i" quali'y '0 ,I>< America" S..ndo..,. ,,,," S.RK"tural M...... I •• ""bIiohod
by ,I>< fl u.... 01 Stondordo. U. 5.l)c.po.rtm" ... 01 Commtn"\'. i. Simplifood Pno:t ice R<-com .... ndo' ion No. '16.
~ vadn a"" . , . - h,,,.., bt-ero adoptod by .1>< American IU;lw.y E.~.....n", A'""""" ..... ..,..,.,,«1 by II>< American
s.:...;.,y r.,.. T... ;", M "~"Io,.nd.",~""'- by . 1>< Buildi", Code Com .. i" ... 01 il>< I)c.po."m.." oICommern.

....
All com""to.;o"" 10 de,_i ....1>< req"if"Od ..... oIlumbor ...... b<n ohould br _ "" .1>< net . . -.... """'1 ........., .....1
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. H9

ALLOW ABLE UNIT STRESSES '" STRUCTURAL LUMBER ~ TIMBER

_ ~_ IN LOCATIONS lISUAUY m
;,
;
~

C«la,. Wat«n Rod

.......

,--
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 ISO A~"ERICAN INSTITUTE Or STEEL CONST RUCTION, INC.

CONTENTS " STORAGE WAREHOUSES

..........
-
W~ish .. Wricht.
H ~hl
~ !.lye Looodo,

'""
M.t..;'l

,,-
CutrFoot Squan Fool
....
",-, ~
,~
....
""'" ~
Pound.1.:

Buildinr Materials
,,
.. ....,
Aobntoo. ~
Urick .. Uuildi", ..•.••
"" , ""'"
,,, .~
Urick .. Fire Clay ••••
Cement, Natu.al. •.• ~ ~
Cement. Ponlond ... ............ w
G.n-"m ....•••.••••
L, .... ond Pbst.... . "
~
U ,, '"
T i...........
.............. ................. ~
, '"""
Wood .. bulk .••
" '"
Drug., Paintt. Oil, Etc.
Alum, Pu,l, in burda .••..••.•. H , ,~

Dlta<hine Pmo-der, in ~ •.•

Ill ... Vitriol. in bomlo. "" ,,
,~
,.
'"
................. , m
Glycerin<:. in .....
" ,.,
.
~
Linseed Oil. in barn•....
Linooed Oil, in iron ""'_ ..••.•••••••
Lopood Extsa<:1, in boo ....... "" ,,• '" ,.,
lI."';n, in bo.mb ....
SheIla<, CUID ••••• , ,, ""
'U
no
Soapa, .....••...• "na
~
"" "'""
Soda Aoh, in hoophtad •.....•••
Soda, Cay .. "" in iron drum.
.. ,!li '"
m
.
Soda. Silicate, in bomb
Soot!:"'' ' Acid ..•• " ,,'Ii '",
Toi I Art"'''', ...
\·am........ , . .......... .
Whit~ LHd Poole. in <an •..
White. LHd. d<y
R~ Lead and Li t""'¥". dry.
...............
'".
H
H

'"
ll.l
'"
..'"
""
'"
..,

Orr Good., Cotton, Wool, Etc,

.. .......... , ,.,
'M
"'"
.
Burlap. in bo .....
Co.". .. and Ru~ •.
eo;,. Vam. in bo .......
Cotto<o. in boleo. American
.'""
H
••• ',M
Cotto<o. in boleo. F<nil" ..........
• m
••• '"
Colto<o Dt.:achod Goodt, in .......
U
Cotto<o FIa""'. in ......
Cotto<o SbHtinl. in CUta, ..• n
• ,.,
'M " ,.,
CotlOCl Vam. in caou •••• ..••
Ex<t"Ioior, Cr-o«l ........
Hemp. Ita ian ......r-o«l ...
""
H •• .
,no'"'" "
,~

Hemp.M""ila,,,,,,,,~ ..

t","."'1':;--" "'" ,•• ..

m...,'n .....
Li .... c-t.. in "....
Li ...... T"...eIo, in CUta. .. ......... ."'"
~

,• ,,
,~

.
. ••• ,
Silk and Silk C«:da ~
SO"I,"""'~ .....
Tow.""'"~ ...........
Wool. in bat..,""'"~""
.. ......... "
~
"'
\\'001. in bat.., not """,r-o«l.
••
,~

Wool. \\'~ in 0 _ ....•..

"" '"

,
 AM ERICA N INSTIT UT E OF ST EEL CONSTR UCTION, INC. lSI

CONTENTS STORAGE WAREHOUSES

"
--. -
II'.." .. \\'';~h ..

) Ioterial t-.:r_ lI.i~~.

I'ile ~I._
~
Foot
""-floor
lI""""n><oo..J
1.0,'.I...wl.,
'.....nod. _
l'O<In<!o f",,' I ..... nod. ~.u.F_

Croctrit., Wintl, Liq,uor.. Etc.

s..._,....
1Je,o... in bolP . ..............
C.nned Good .. i'; <~, .
0
0 •• m
m

•••
y ~,
C-..t..,
,~

Coff... Roo ...... in baco ..

""» •
~
".
Coff.., GfftR. in ba.c' .
D.t ... in cua .. ••••••• " ,,••
m
~

,~

F"" in <:a><o
F""',. in bo"..to 0
"" ,.,""
• ,~
m
""
r",i, .. .. """
M•• ,.n<! Me •• I'tod",,,.
M,'k. Con<Ion><d.
MoI.uoa. in b,.,nlo ,
Rn. in bolP
Sol Soda. in bomb . ...... ~
."
~
,••
,,•
""
~
,~

~
,~
'"
m

,~
Soh. in bolP·.
s...I'Po>o.-dt-r.inc_
su",h. in bomb ..
y" ,•• '"
,~

Sue,f, in bomb ..
~ r. in usa .............
Tn. in .1In...
""" ••• ,.,'"
~

Wi ..... and Liq_ .. ,n bor .. to. ~" '"

HudWUt, EtC.
Au,omobile I'an.
Cboin.
..
0
'00 ••
••
...
,~

~
~'t~
1lK."".1 Good••0><1 Mach;""'y ""
0
~ •• ""
,~

I/i_
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" •• '"'M'00
~
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. ....
Machi".,..,.. l.icht
PI"mbinl. r ..,,,,.. ~
•• ,'"
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PI"mbinl. Sopplin,
So ... r ..t...,..... " •
50: ....... , .....
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Sf><.et T in. in """'"
'"
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no ,• '"
,•
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TooI:t.!imloII. M...1
1\';" Co""'. on ....... " m
Wir<. In""l<o:I Copper. in coils
Wire. Golv•• iud I,.",. i. coils
Wir<. ~I .l"" ' . on opccI •.
M

"" .'•. '"

m
.~

Milctllaneou.
Au.omo/>i!o. Tim
Au.omobileo. .naoted,
•
~
• '00
~
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.·"",i,.n
Glo ... nd Chi .....·..., in <nit ..
"
0
~

•• '"
,~

I/ idoo.nd u.,,,,,,. in bola ~ '00

II .,... B.lfolc. in bundla.
lAo' .....and lAo,,,,,,c-t. "
0 •• m
,~

I"a.,....N~.,... .• nd Slrow'-n!o
" • '"
•••
P.I""'. \\'rili"l.nd C........ ~ 00 ~
Rop<. in ....1•.
R._.Crude "
~

• '"
'00
,~
Tobacco. bola.
"
.. 152 A~I ER ICA N INSTIT UT E OF STEEL CONSTR UCTION, INC.

CORRUGATED SHEETS
DIMENSIONS
.....
-,
A .... in Sq, f eet Numt-JShH1.

....
Conu£., ......
t.e:f,h 01 One S/Iod in 100 Sq. r ..,
Cor".... ...,...
C""",a'iono
W .h~ in 1",,10<0 ~plh
'" ,."'...
S.",I...- Full CO'·..•
m, '" ,. ,. 2'~ ' %' 1%' ,. ,.
..."
1' ,1'1.'

.
Nom;· Ac, u, l Z', !%' IW

..
~,
, .~ \\';,i ,h W;'!lh ,~

,
,.," ,, ,. 00
.~ ,•• •
.. .
II 67 I(I. U S.57
~
" 13 ,00
10 .• 2
n .so 7. 14 ''""
""
1• . 00

, ,'"
'" •
17110

"" .. 16.JJ
IS.61
1S . 11
11.»
' 4.5a
16 .61
6 . 11
,
. ~

5. 17
' .00

....
' .00
:F, ."" "
~ ,~ 21 .00 1'.50 IS. 7S 4 . 76 5. 1J '. M
I~ I~ ~

" ~ ,. " "

m
U .OO
21.61
' .00
~ .~
25. 00
' .N
J.5 1
t .61
' M '00
' SUa ,i¥Oft ' r< lor 21'11 ' w",th .
s. 6, 1. S, 9 .0>;1 10 r.., ... SURd.rd .......... M ui","",~ .h io nh . .,. ~ 1... %',

WEIGHTS
f'ou.o. P<'I' 100 Squ.. Fcrt
""i...ed SMelt
Thick-. Uni.ed Su,.. Standard Gate
<-.
• otiofto

,' ,2'Ia " m" 41(1

,..,'"" """ ... " ~

,~

".'"'" '"
... '",."
,," " " "
'" ""
,~
•
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"
"
•..
."
N
..
.
,n, '"..., '"m..... ,.... '"m '"
'"n.... '"'"
.. ,,.',.,"..
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'" '00
"
"
"
""
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.... ..

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'00
'~ .. ""... '" '" . .. '"
m
"M " ..
Galv.n; .... Shoot.
'" " " "
Thick_ Vnito:! Sia l .. Standud ~
Coo.·

" ,." " " .. " •....

,. ,. .
.o' iono ~ ~ N

,, " m" ru" "

"
... " 00
'M
,. '00m '"'"'" no'"'" '" '" '" '"'" ''"" " " "
•• '" '" '" .." " .." ""
~
' ZYa
'"
,'" m ... '" '"'" '"
'" '" ... '" '"" '"' ".." a """
'" ... '"'"... ..'"'",g ~
~ ,~
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I~ .. . ,~
'00
... ,~ M

",., _";"hu , ;, .... in.,,", ,bo,~ ,.!Ms 'r< lor """..I d i _. ond "" '""" incl...s. . llow • ..,.. Cor one! or oidt .. ~

NUMBER OF SQUARE FEET REQUIRED

2%' SU..urd SIIeet. to...- ........ of 100 Sq...,.. Fed
En<I lop in 10,<1...
, , , ,
.. ,'"'".
s;.Je Lap

, • •
e""",.,.,.,. ,
Numl.o.. 0/
'"
". '" '" ". ".
,~

'"
'"
'" '" '"'" '"
,~

The .100'>' ~ t.,...

io L,o",,1 "" ,be .... 0/ .w"lanl .;.J .bo of ot..... 91> i""'-......,.
If Iong~ or . horll'!" ........,.I ~f~ u,.,1 tho ""''''.... of 1IQ1IlII" f..., ~i.t1I ..·;11 vary iIIl'Ulrllint1t.
"' po, ~ l n ",,,,,Ia,,'
roof ,..
'",1In in ,he 1cJl&(1,.
,.>S,,"",..., .,.... .....
",oe-""'I ""noc . . ...... ,~ .11....·,.1 C... 10,. in ,I>< ."h h '" , .... ohk, . ",1.. ,

In Mondor.,] . OJi", """',"", .... 001< rurr'U&'O' "'" ioalkwo·."j rot b p in , .......lIh uI ,.,. "~" ~, ... fool, 1M .... in , be
Ie",,,,.
AME RICAN INSTITUTE O F STEEL CONSTRUCTION, I NC. 153

Part IV
Structural Shapes and Details

Explanation of Specification Formulae

Angles

Channels

Beams
American Standard
Bethlehem
Carnegie
Miscella neous Beam Sections

Beam Summary

Columns
Bethlehem
Carnegie
Plate and Angle
Plate a nd Chan nel

Base Plates

Rivets and Bolts

154 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, I NC

A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION FORMULAE

In 1923 the American Institute of Steel Construction undertook the work

of promoting uniform practice in the industry, and in order that its efforts would
not be interpreted as being unduly influenced by commercial interests it selected
a committee from among tho:! leading talent in the academic, engineering and
architectural professions to prepare a Standard Specification on the Design,
Fabrication, and Erection of Structural Steel. This committee represented a
combined experien<;e of approximately one hundred and fifty years in an indus-
try which is not more than thirty-five yean old. The personnel was as follows:

GEORGE F. SWAIN: M. Am Soc C E- M. Am Soc M E- M. Inst C E

M. ARE A- Past President, AS C E- Professor
of Civil Engineering, Harvard University

MILO S. KETCHUM: M. Am Soc C E-M. ARE A-Dean of the College

of Engineering, and Director of the Engineering
Experiment Station of the University of Illinois

E. R. GRAHAM: of Graham, Anderson, Probst & White, Architects,

Chicago, Ill.

W. J. THOMAS: M. Am Soc C E-Chief Engineer, Geo. B. POIIt &

Sons, Architects, N. Y.

WILBUR J. WATSON: M. Am Soc C E-M. ARE A-President, Watson

Engineering Company, Cleveland, Ohio

It was recognized in their deliberations that the misleading term of "factor

of safety" was more the subject of the application of any recommended unit
stress than the unit stress itself. They did not undertake to define the qualities
and property of steel, which is a proper function of the American Society for
Testing r-.taterials, but restricted themselvCll to a definition of the uses of steel
in connection-;'ith building construction.

On the following pages is a mathematical explanation of the development

of the various formulae recommended in the Specification for the proper reo
duction of working stresses. The diagram shpwing various column formulae
indicates that a wide difference of opinion has existed on the proper consideration
of this subject.
AM ER ICAN INSTITUT E OF ST EEL CONSTRUCT ION, INC. 155

Part IV
Section 1

Explanation of
A. I. S. C. Specification Formulae

Beams
Web Shear and Stiffeners
Laterally Unsupported Flanges
Columns
Rivet Stresses

A. I. S. C. Connection Angles
Column Bases
156 AMERICAN INSTIT UTE OF STEEL CONST RUCTlO N, I NC.

BEAMS- ALLOW ABLE STRESSES

(A. I. S . C. Specification)
All parts of t he structure IIhall be 110 proport ioned t ha t the sum of the
maximum static stresses in pounds per sq. in. shall not exceed the following:-
Shearing
On the gross area of the webs of beams a nd girders, where h, the
height between flanges in inches. is not more t han 60 t imes t, t he
thickness of the web in inches. . . . ....... . ......... . . . . 12000
On the gross area of the webs of beams and girders if the web is not
stiffened where h, t he heigh t between flanges in inches, is more
than 60 times t, t he thickness of the web, t he maximu m shear per
. V 18000
sq uare ulch' A s hall not exceed II J

+ 7200/1
In which V is the tota l shear, and A is gross area of web in sq uare
inches.
Stiffeners
Stiffenen shall be required on the weI» of rolled beam5 and plate
girders at t he ends and at points of concentrated loads, a nd a t other
points where h the clear distance bet ween flanges is great er t ha n
8StV I8000 (A/ V) I , in which t is t he thickness of t he web. When
stiffeners are required, the distance in inches bet ween t hem sha ll not
be greater than 85tV18000 (A/ V) I , or not grea ter than 6 feet.
When h is greater t han 60 times t the t hic kness of t he we b of a plate
gi rder, stiffeners shall be required a t distances not great er than 6 feet
apart. Stiffeners under or over concentrated loads shall be propor-
t ioned to distribute such loads into the web.
BEAM S- WEB SHEAR AND STIFFENERS
The development of formulae appeari ng in t he Specification on th is sub-
ject is based upon th e aceepted t heory t hat t he vert ical shear in th e web. of
beams and girders may be properly resolved at 45 ° to t he axis of the beam or
girder, or at r ight angles to each other. Numerous tests have been made on
beams an d girders in which they have been loaded beyond t heir elastic limit
with the resul t that the mill surface of the material hall been bro ken down
along t he lines on which the interior material has been distorted. These lines
have been photographed and confirm t he t heory exactly. They indicate that
t he webs of rolled beams act as multiple lattice t russes, and t hat riveted plate
and ang le girders act ~ pin connected trusses. These strain lines show the
stresses acting a t exactly 4S 0 to t he neutral axis. If th e web of a beam or girder
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 157

ill to fai l by buclr:ling this failure would of course develop as a result of the com-
pression Itresees acting at 45 " to the axil of the girder; and the length of the
column would be the square root of 2" I where II is the height between flanges.
Over a long period it has been established that until this height il more than
60 times the thickness of the web, there is 00 danger from buckling. The formula
representing the crippling strength of the web i. developed:u followa:
Ie average intensity of the allowable compression ,treM equal 18,000 6
I • .. average intensity of the verticailihear per square inch on the gro..
IleCtion of the web equal., 12,000 6
length of the compression fibre at 45 " betv,'een the IItiffeoers or the
flanges. whichel'er is the smaller.
A groes area of the web in square inches
V _ gross vertical shear on the web
" _ distaott between flanges or Itiffeners, whichever is the ! maller
_ thickness of the web
, .. least radius of gyration of the web
Therefore. , .. I /~and I .. ~
The column formula applied to the web of a girder would then be
Ie Ie
f. - I'
+-
"'
is a constant applying when the ratio l /, is u!lCd, and 'I is a conupond-
I:

ing COOltant applying when" I is used.

Solving thil equation for" 1//' "'e have,

..!!...' ..
II
1:1 ( ~-
f.
1 )

It is now necessary to determine the value of the constant '1' Conceding

the fact that ItifJenel1l are not needed inside the points where" /1 equa lll 60,
"'e may &ubstitute io thill formula and get,

3000 .. 'I ( 18000 _ 1 )

12000
and 50Iving thi. we have,
'I - 7200
The column formula for ....eb crippling then becomes.
V
A - 1+--
.'
18000

7200 l'
and IOlvilig this, we have,

~ .. 85 I ~ 18000 -
A
V
-I
158 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, I NC.

Uy this analysis and treatment of the webs of beams and girders, we are
enabled to so space the stiffeners on a web ~. thick as to give it the same
resistance to buckling as a web l' thick would have. It is, of course, obvious
that we cannot make the shear of a .11" web equivalent to the shear of a I '
web; but we have taken the subject out of the empirical treatment and placed
it 011 a rational basis.

On the opposite page is a chart devised to eliminate the necessity of cal-

culations in finding the allowable vertical shear in the webs of beams and
girders. and it also gives the proper spacing of web stiffener!!.

The oblique lines through the points on the line which is the scale repre-
!lCnting web thickness in inches all pass through zero. These lines intersect
verticals from the base line giving the scale of h. The horiwntal lines from
this intersection give the ratio h ft on the left of the chart and where this hor-
iwntalline crosses the curve, gives the allowable shear per square inch in the
web, which is read at the top of the chart. By reversing the process, the proper
distance between stiffeners is given.

Esample:-
9000 pounds per square inch shear is permitted when h It equals 85; and
if t is .!1 inch h - 42 inches, which is the maximum distance between stiffeners
if the distance between flanges ill more than 42 inches.

Below is given the allowable shear per square inch for various ratiO!! of hIt.

'/t !'IA '/' riA ' /t I'/A ' /t PIA

60 12000 74 10224 87 8775 100 7535
61 11868 75 10105 88 8672 105 7111
76 110
62
63
64
11 734
11 604
J1 473
77
78
9988
9871
9756
"
90
91
8571
8471
8372
11 5
120
6722
6345
6000
65 11343 79 9642 92 8274 125 5678
66 11215 80 9529 93 8177 130 5378
135 5097

"""
11087 81 94 18 94 8082

..
10961 82 9308 95 7988 140 4836

70
71
10835
107 11
10587
83

85
9199
9091
8984
"
91
98
7895
7803
77 12
145

IS5
4592
150 4364
415 1
72 10465 86 8880 99 7623 160 395 1
73 10344
·UIERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION. INC. 159

. .
'OlIO , •
WEB SHE AR AND STIFFENERS CHART

, ond , hoi k ill i~c"" .

,
8
>
""
-"

~
z
z
~
-;
-;
c:
-<
::;
o
~

~
-;
The above illustration i:s a picture of a 15 inch-38 pound ~am 15 feet-
1U{ inches long which haft been loaded at the third points al indicated by '"r
.-=>

the white marks.

There i. a picture of a tOP and bottom flange shown from which it will be
8z
~
&een that the failure was due to buckling of the compn!&Sion flange. The -;
line drawn above th e beam indicates the perma nen t !let; and the lines on the
web are the strain lines which arc shown more clearly Oil an enlarged cut on "
c:
n
the next page. -;

Xo paint was uled on any of these beams, and the cracks in the mill
o
.z
scale are the mult of-strain. beyond the elastic limit of the material.
z
"
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 161

•
1

~
'0
o

I
162 AMt::RICAN tNSttTUTr:: Ot!' STEEL tONStRUCTIO~, INC.
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 163

BEAMS-ALLOWABLE STRESSES
(A. I. S. C. Speeification)
All partl of the structure shall be 110 proportioned that the sum of the
maximum static stresses in pounds per sq. ill. shall not exceed the following:-
Bending
On extreme fibres of rolled shapes, and built up sections, net
section, if lateral deflection i~ prevented .... . .. .. . . .......... 18000
When the unsupported length 1 exceeds 15 times b, the width of
the compression flange. the stress in pounds per sq. in. in the
latter shall not exceed

20000
I'
+ -'=000
='"
The laterally unsupported length of heams and girders thall
not exceed 40 times b the width of the compression flange.

BEAMS- LATERALLY UNSUPPORTED FLANGES

The question of the stresse~ in laterally unsupported flanges is of vital

importance in the proper design of beams and girders. It is reoognited of course.
that this flange stress does not exist as uniform through the full length of a
beam or girder flange, and is therefore properly entitled to somewhat higher
unit str~ than the direct U!Ie of the columll formula would permit. Practice
over many years has established that it should be unnecessary to reduce the
allowable stress in the compression flange until the length of this unsupported
flange is more than 15 times its width. 011 this basis the 18,000 pound unit stress
is permitted up to the point where lIb is 15, and is reduced by thecolumll formula
curve beyond this point. The constant in the denominator of this curve is
determined as in the other two formulae by drawing a curve which statts at
20,000 and p.asse~ through 18,000 at 15 lIb .
The A. I. S. C. Specification has. in the treatment of this subject, elimin-
ated a large part of the empirical formulae which have existed ill the past. It
might be advocated that a straight line formula would as satisfactorily answer
the purpose, but it should be remembered that 6uch a straight line formula does
not contain any factor which can be interpreted as representing failure by
flexure. I n addition to this, the use of any formula depends upon the engineer
having before him the tabulated properties of the sections to be used, and if this
tabulation is necessary in the straight line formula, it would be just as consist-
ent to carry the calculations one stage further and give the allowable unit stress.
thus eliminating the chancell of error» in calculation.
164 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

On the page opposite is given a chart for deter mining the per cent of the
allowable uniform load which various compression flanges may carry if laterally
unsupported. The maximum allowable load is that which produces a flange
st ress of 18000 pound!1 per square inch on the beam or girder when laterall y
supported. The formula is,

f. - - ="-- ,
20000

+ -"----
.
2000 b'

In which
Ie -allowable compression Btress in pounds per square inch:
I - unsupported length of the compression flange in inches.
b - width o:f the flange in inches.

The oblique lines pass through the flange wid t h scale given in inches and
uro.
T hese lines intel'lll!Ct verticals from the span given in feet. T he horizontal
line from this intersection gives the ratio lIb on the left of the chart; and where
this horizontal line cr.osses the percentage line, is the per cent of a laterally
supported beam load which the same beam will carry if laterally unsupported.

E,xomple:-
A flange 6 inches wide on a laterally unsupported span of IS fee t has lIb
equal to 30, and it will carry 76~% of the load of the same beam if it is lat era ll y
supported. The chart also gives t he spans where the reduct ion of fla nge stress
is required, and the maximum spans for laterally unsupported flanges.

A table giving t he allowable flange stress and percentage of fi xed beam

loads for beams with .laterally unsupported flanges is given on the page imme-
diately following the clbart.
AM ERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 165

LATERALLY UNSUPPORTED FLANGE S

. I
r.t.., •. I .nd • bod. in incb ••.
166 AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

BEAMS ... GlRD£RS """ LATERAllY UNSUPPORTED FLANGES

AlLOWABLE STRESS, . POUNDS - SQ. INCH, • EXTREME fIBRE _ VARIOUS RATIOS - ~

.., ....,,'".... , .... , ...."'" ".,•, ...."'" ., ....

0
rn..
0 - ..~

."
160 I1IJO
~.,
21 .0 "." "., .....
,~,
25 .0
,w,..
IUJI
"''' "., '"''
31.0 ,~
35.0
nU6
n .o ,,,
,.... ..., ,m,n.o uua
.
11.0 11415 22 .0 1610J 31 .0 IIIIJ
11.0 mu ~., US!1 D.' ".,
~., 11614

'", "'''
19.0
"'" 24 .0 iSSIS
'" lUI.
11111

PERCENTAGE · FIXED BEAM LOAOS - VARIOUS RATIOS - ~

, , , , ,
0
,.... '"
% 0 % 0 .
~ % 0 ~

n.o W... n,
.... ".,
u ..
. , .....
16.63 ~,

." 99 .14
'" wu n ,
n .' ".,
&4 . 4'

... ,
16.41
... , .,,' .... 61 .1'

,..
151 W.D
9961
'"'" '"'".... 16.l l 6161
'" "" ".
1S4

.,. . " .
U.'
"'"
"~
9919
'"
~.
91 U
91.tI
91 .1:1
91.66
n,
n.
n,
2'6
....
..... ".
'"
&4 . 11
"01
.
...
...,
I'U
?S."
, ."
7$.&4
7$.68
.." ."
""'"...
1$1 ~,
91 .SO 25 . I

... . .
15,51
93.18 ~. 9115 n .' Il .n n .M 61 . n

..., ....
l5'
15.'
...
....". '" ...
1$.9 98.64. ~ 91.19

".. .... ,,,

15. 21 55 . 9 6J . n
...,
16.0

'" ....
16.2 .,n
21.0
112 . 91.()I,
9O. n
... 1218
1272 .
51.0
51.1
n .2
".,, 15.D.5
" .89
1'.14
....
. .
6J .n
61 . 21
6J . IJ

" .. '"
.
16l

...
ILU
.u• ".
ll.J
'" 1'. $1

... . .
16.'

'" " ..,,'

21 4

..
90." JI.4 14. n

....
""".,.. . "
16.6
115
21.6
....
" .n
" ...
'" .U3
12 .01
lI.$
"
JI' '" 14. 26
7' . 11

". .
91.51 117
'" tJJJ '" '1 91 JI.7 IJ .f5
Mn
'"
... ..."
119.1' .1.75
'" 1l.79
16.9

'" ...
'I.U

"..... '"
....." ".'" ....."...
'"
119.61
11.0
" ..., JI.' 13.64
.... n .o
6611

.. ....
'I .U U . 48
11 . 1 n .1 n. ' ' 1.11 Jl.l n .ll 51 . 1 6S1l
112
n .l
119. 14 n .' .UI U.2 lJ . 11 3U 6:5.67
115 n .' U.l 7l .0l n .J
n .•
"...
17. 4 17.4 10.71 7286 37. 4
175
11.6
17.7
9635
9611
.. OO
U.$
116
lJ.l
M. 51
n.»
17.5
.....
.
21 .6
n .' " '"
1062 32.$
".'" " .
J2 . 7
n .7I
12.55
II . tO 31 .1
6:524
64 .9S

" ...
11.1 95 .91 12.1 SII . 19 21 . 8 10. 14 n .' n.ll 64 .1\

"., ....
31 .'
17. 9 95 . n n.,
...
U .9

.. ,
17.' 79.93 ll.' 72 .09 64 .61

, "" ... ...

19 IJ
'" 95 62 11.11 D.'
,
3UI 11."
1'. 1 95 .41 87 . 71 D '
........ "U ".'"'"'" . .
J3 I I I. It

". ...
1'.2 'LU ~,
11 .55 U, 71.63
~"
I' .J
I'.
95 II
,,~
U,

...
U.

..
1JJ9
17.2l
n,
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U.
. ,,
H.~

...
79 II lI .ll

".
~."

.. ........ ... ...""'"'".... .."

11.5 U, 17.0J H~
.." ...
'" .... ... ...
lI . U
M.51 , "
86.15
D•
D'
II"
fI .69
11 .02
1017 ""
II.' U .• ~ U. 7' .1.1 ~. "
.....
""
".,.
II .' "'21 U ... D' IIJ1 ~

..,
. .".
19.0
.....
It . I
...
19. 2
H.n
'"
24 .1
24 .1 .....
86 . 21
86.11
~ lI.n
11.06
~,

~. ,

.
711 .41

.....
70 . 26
...
...
J'. I

....,,
iJ . 1I
02 . 97

"'".
17.90 ~. ,

.....
711 . 11 01 .1l
" .J 24.3 M.1I ~. , 11. 14 ~., 62 . 69
19.4 "'.11 U .•
.....
M.O>

'".
JUI ~

..... ...
'2 .SS

". ... ..... .... .....

.....,
19. 5 93 . 36 17. 42

...
24 .S
...
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.....
39 .S '2 . U
19. 7
I • .,
" .0
• UO
~
9J.OS

'2 . 75
24.6
24 . 7
24 .'
•• •
15.14
.. .. 1
~

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~,

~
17. 26
n . lo
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76. 71
~

....
~. ,
~
..... ...,
69.21 ....
62 . 21
62 . 14
01 . 12
I . Iloe _~ .... 0.10, ill ........ 01 1M u.pnoo;. ........
II ..... oriddo '" IM ......... _ _

STRESSES AND LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION

 AMtRtCAN tNS'I'lTUT£ OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 167

COLUMNS-ALLOWABLE STRESSES
(A. I. S. C. Specification)
All parts of the structure shall be 50 proportioned that the sum of the
maximum ltatic stresses in pounds per sq. in. shall not exceed the following:-
Compression
Rolled Steel, on short lengths or where lateral deftection is
prevented . . ..... . ....... . ... . . . ....... . ..... . 18000

On gross section of columns. . . . . . . . • . . • . . • . . .. __'"8000",0',-__

- I'
+ '8000,'
with a maximum of ...... . . . .......................... . . 15000
In which I is the unsupported length of the column, and r is the
corresponding least radius of gyration of the section. both in inches.
For main compression memben, the ratio 1/, shall not exceed
120, and for bracing and other secondary members. 200.

COLUMNS
One of the apparent defects in most curves representing column failures is
the lack of consideration of the fact that steel in compression fails by one of three
processes depending upon thl! ratio of slenderness. These three types of failure
may be deacribed as bearing, transverse crippling and ftexure. Bearing failures
occur in short specimens which can hardly be classed as columns in the usual
meaning of the term, since a failure by bearing is evidenced by a lateral flow o(
the metal. It is of course, true that the physical evidence of bearing exists in
all columns to the extent that the specimen is shortened and thearea is increased
by the lateral flow of the metal. As the ratio of slenderness increases, the action
of bearing merges inlO a combination of shear and bearing on a plane inclined
to the axis of the column, and this combination will be referred to as transverse
crippling, which corresponds very closely to what is considered shear in the
web of a beam or girder. Pure shear rarely exists in construction.
When the ratio of slenderness is small, and the specimen very short, the
angle of the plane on which transverse failure occurs, is nearly at right angles
to the direction of the compression stress, and the dominant condition of failure
is bearing. This condition CJCis15 up to where I I' is approximately 25. As the
length increases, the angle of this plane of failure changes, the bearing stress
decreases, and the shearing increases until the plane is 45 ~ to the axis of 6tress,
and at this point the intensity of shear is one-half the axial stress, or direct
comprCMion. Failure in column6 does not occur on this 45 ~ plane, but when the

)
168 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, I NC.

angle between the axialstre!J9 and the plane is approximately 35 to 40 and

Q Q
,

i, the result of a combination of shear and bearing, referred to as crippling.

Professor Charles E. Greene in his book on Structural Mechanics (1897)
analyzes conditions of transverse shear, and by experiment found tha t in
granular material, such as cast iron, the angle of the plane of failure was about
35" to the axis. Due to the ductile propertie! of steel, complete fracture cannot
be obtained in this type of failure. If failure by transverse crippling is sufficiently
complete, the column folds up about the part where primary failure started
instead of bowing from end to end as will occur when the failure is one of flexure.
It may, however, occur that in the primary failure by crippling, the re!ulting
eccentricity may cause the failure to merge into a flexural condition, and bow
from end to end although the prir:nary condit ion was one of crippling. This will
explain why columns sometime! fail by flexure against the axis of their maximum
strength in bending.
An examination of many column tests Bhows that failure by transverse
crippling dominates until the ratio of slenderness Ilr is about 80 and sometimes
more than 100. It if were possible to eliminate eccentricity, including metallur·
gical and mechanical inequalities both as regards the straightness of the column,
and the application of the load, all columns would fai l at practically uniform
stress by transverse crippling. The elimination of mechanical and metallurgical
eccentricities being impossible in commercial practice, means that when such
eccentricities become sufficient, the columns will not fail by crippling, but by
flexure; and to be consistent the formula for this flexure type of failure must
include a factor representing flexure.
The American Institute of Steel Construction's Specification considers
columns as failing by crippling at 15,000 pounds per square inch, where I I, is
60 or Ie51'!, and reduces the allowable working stress by a flexure formula where
II, is more than 60.
Confirming the uniformity with which columns fail under condit ions of
transverse crippling, the following records of test are given from which it will
be seen that the strength corresponds to the yield point of the material.

Soft Steel I ~ Thick Medium Steel 2' Thick

Ultimate StTC" Ultimate Stress
Length 1/ , per sq. in.
Length 1/ ,
per sq. in.
12'0· 40.5 38,700 12'0' l8 .3,800
12'0' 40.5 38,000 12'0' l8 .5,000
12'0' 40.5 37,700 12'0' l8 .5,000
H'O' 81 38,600 24'0' 76 .2,000
24'0' 81 37,600 24'0' 76 42,500
24'0' 81 36.600 H'O' 76 43,600
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 169

\ Vhile t he point at which failure by flexure due to metallurgical and mechan.

ical eccentricity is empirical, an d starts somewhere about where 1/, is 80, the
Specification is based on failures by transveT3e crippling ending where 1/, is 60,
and beyond this reduces the allowable stress by a flexure formula which pre-
vent. an appreciable increase in t he unknown initial eccentricity.

Such a formula for determining the maximum working stres!! should be

obtained by combining the stress per !!Quare inch due to direct compression,
and t he stress per !!Quare inch due to flexure, making the sum of t hese two eq ua l
the maximum a llowable st ress. I n connection with the diagram attached hereto:

length of the column in inches.

P
y maximu m deflection in inches from the line of
action of the compression stress.
\ " distance in inches of the extreme fibre from the

\ axis of the sect ion throug h its center of gravity.

P total load in compression.
I \\ A a rea of the column in square inches.
moment of inertia of the colunm cross section _ Arl
I I I Art

~~
5 section modulus of the column - - - --,
->j • •
+ radius of gyration of the column cross section.
I I f maximum allowable stress intensity per square in.
t
IJ The in tensity of stress per square inch due to direct

J compression is then equal AP .

!I The bending moment due to direct compression is P y.

p The stress per sq. in. due to bending is S

Py

Then combining the stress per !!Quare inch from direct compression with
the st ress per sq uare inch due to bendi ng, we ha\'C,

I'
f --
A
+ -I'yv
Art
- -A p( + -y,)
I

and solving this, we have

"
P J
=
A
+l...!!
"
170 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

P f
A + Y'
-;>

This formula must be correct within the elastic limit of the material if
our theory of flexure is sound, It cannot, ho"'ever, be used in this form because
y is unknown. It is, however, kn own that as I increases y will also increase.
Also y" is a distance times a distance in which v is a constant. To retain the
consistency of the equation in replacing the quantity ytt, we must have it include
a distance limes a distance; and as I is the distance, regulating the variation in y.
we may properly introduce {P to replace the quantity ytt. In thm factor' iu-
cludes the constant v, and the unknown ratio of I to y. Substituting the
quantity {p, we have the Rankine formula .

p
A - f
+-;1
d'

This substitution above referred to is reasonable, for as .. increalltll, other

things being equal, y must decrease, and all I increases y must increase in a
greater ratio. If the length of the column increasetl while the cross section and
v remain the same, clearly y would increase in a greater ratio.

It may be said that this formula contains one inherent inaccuracy, namely,
that' should really be a variable increasing with P. It is not practical to make
, a variable for designing purposes, and furthermore, the exact law of its vari-
·ation has not been determined. The purpose of reducing the working stress ill to
make the variation of' 80 small that it is negligible; it is therefore assumed a
constant for practical purposes, and in this connection the use of the formula is
limited for primary columns between the pointll 60 I lr and 120 l lr; and for
secondary members from 120 llr to 200 I/r. The determination of the constant
in the denominator of this formula is as follows:

The maximum allowable stress in comprt!lSion is 18000 pounds. and at

(j() l lr the maximum allowable working stress has been fixed at 15000 Ibs.

From this we derive the equation,

18000
15000 -
d'
+
"
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 171

Substituting 60 for I{r, we have

18000
15000
+ 3600 ,
Solving this, we have
, - 18000
and our formula th en becomes,
P 18000
A
-1------""'7.--
I'
+ -;0;0;;;:7
18000,1

This provides a redu ction in stress per square inch over the range in which
the column is considered as failing through flexure.

It might be advocated that a straight line formula could be devised to

give practically the same reductions for flexural conditions as the curve, but
a comparative analysis of the two sho\\'s that the straight line is mathemati-
cally inconsistent. The straight line formula is,
P cl P cl
-
A- I --
, or/ - -
A + ,

In the development of our formula we foundl equal to the sum of the direct
load stress and the bending streu, or,
P P,II
1 - -A + A,t
Combining these formulae we have,
P)'I' ,I
A, t - -;

In this we find that el l, of the straight line formula is equal to the sum of
the direct load stress and the bending stress in our formula. This is not consis-
tent, since on the left we have a stress per square inch times a ratio and on the
right a constant timCII a ratio.

Furthermore, solving for )" we have,

In this we find that, would increase if either A or, were increased, which
is the reverse of actual conditions; abo if P were increased, )' would decrease,
which is absurd.

I
172 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

The claim that a straight line formula is easier to operate is based upon
the assumption that the operator has memorized the tables of radius of gyra-
tion and if he has not, the tabulation might consistently be carried one step
further giving the unit stress and eliminating the chances for erron in com-
putation.
On the page opposite is a chart which is devi!!e<l to eliminate the necessity
of tedious mathematical calculations to determine the allowable working stress
in columns of various lenll1hs.
The oblique lines through the points on the scale of radius of gyration in
inches all paS!! throu~h zero. These lines intersect verticals from the base where
the length of the column is shown in feet. The horirontalline at the point of
this intersection gives the ratio of 1/" on the left of the chart. The line which
is the scale of radius of gyration in inches is so located that the length of the
column in feet is converted to inches and divided by the radius of gyration which
is read on its scale. Where the horizontal line from the ratio of 1/" intersects
the column formula curve, the al[owable stress per square inch in the column
is read at the top of the chart.
Example:-
The oblique line representing" equal to J inches crosses the vertical line
representing a column 27 feet long at a horizontal line showing the ratio 1/, to
be lOS. This horirontalline crosses the curve at a point which shows the stress
to be 10,900 pounds per square i'ICh.

A table giving the allowable working stress per square inch for ratios of
1/, ranging (rom 60 to 200 is given on the page ilnmediately following the chart.
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION. INC. 173

COLUMNS
ratio 1/. wi.hl .nd. both in inch ....
174 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION. INC.

ALLOWABLE WORKING STRESS "" COLUMNS. VARIOUS RATIOS

A MERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 175

ILLUSTRATION OF FLEXURE
AND
LOCAL CRIPPLING TYPES
OF
COLUMN FAILURES
176 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

COLUMN DIAGRAMS
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 177

COLUMN DIAGRAMS
On the page opposite there is a diagram illustrating twenty-eight
(28) different column formulae, including that of tbe American Institute
of Steel Construction which i6 6hown as the heavy line.
Since the rolling mills began publishing handbooks about thirty-five years
ago based on a 16,000 pound unit 6tresll, an endless number of column formu lae
have been devised to give the allowable working stresses under different
ratios of slenderne$!l.
The diagrams clearly illustrate that the basic unit stress is not a consi.-
tent index of the so called factor of safety.
Below is given a key to the chart with the various formulae which ere
represented.

I. A. I. S. C.: 15000 to 00 11,: beyond 00 11'_ 18,~

1 + 18,oror'
12. Am. Bridge 1922: 18000- 60 1/ , with max. 15000
~ 3. A. R. E. design Ry. Bridge: 15000-50 II , with max. 12500
I 4. A. R. E. electrical spec.: 15000-7511,
~ 5. A. R. E. existing Ry. Bridge O. H. Steel: 24000-8011' with max. 20000
,6. A. R. E. existing Ry. Bridge Beam. Steel: 21000-701/' with max. 17000
, 7. A. R. E. existing Buildings: 26000 - 80 11, with max. 20000
4 8. A. R. E. 1920 Ry. Bridges: 16000--7011, with max. 14000

9. A. 5. C. E. Highway Bridge: 16,~~ with max. at 401lr

+ 12,500,2
"10. Boston 1919: 12000 to 80 II ,: 2()O()()-100 II ' above 80 llr
16,000
II. Boston 1918: z2
I + 20,000,2

, 12. Bethlehem Steel: 16000--5511, with max. 13000

, 13. N. Y. City: 15200--5811,
~ 14. Carnegie straight lines: 13000 to 5011r: 7000 at 12011r: 3000 at 200 1/,
J. & L. Chicago etc. use No.8
., 15. Omaha: 18000-80 Il r
'/16. N. Y. C. Ry.: 16000-70 II , with max. 15000
Can. Eng. Ltd. Assn. Ry. Bridges- Use No.3

17. Philadelphia: 16'~i

1 + Il,ooor i
18. Canton Boiler: 16000 to 90 I/r above which 214()()--6Q II,
178 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

12,500
19. Cambria-Gordon:
+ "
36,ooor 2
22,000
20. o.bom Hia:hway: - F
I + 36,0001 2
19,OClO
21. O,born Elect. Ry.:
"
+ 36,000,2
11,fX1:J
22. OllboTn Steam Ry.: . l'
+ 36,00:5?

, 23. Chicago Bridge & Iron: 20300-10//,: max. f4000

24. Cleveland: S = ~ [ I +( ~ +10- ) Sec. ~, V ~i ]

25. Blackwells Island Bridge Ordinary loading: 2()()()()- 100 1/,
26. Blackwells Island Bridge Congested loading: 24000- 100 1/,
27. Present Quebec Bridge combined loads exclusive of secondary U~:

20000-80 l/r with max. 15200

28. Present Quebec Bridge All combined loads inclusive of secondary stresses:
22000-80 1/, .

RIVETS AND BOLTS

For many years there has been a considerable variation in the working
stresses allowed in rivets, and careful thought was given this important subject.
Engineers have long recognized that more complete conditions of bearing exist
on plates and sections, ..... hich are enclosed on both sides, than can exist on out-
side plates or sections where the rivet acts as a cantilever. Rational provision
is made for this in OUT Specification and it will permit a more consistent and
economical development of stresses. Test' ..... hich have been recently made
clearly indicate the truth of ..... hat many engineers have believed regarding the
friction between riveted surfaces being greater t han the usually allowed working
stress in the rivets.
The Specification ali50 properly classifies rivets as power or hand driven
instead of field or shop dri\·en.
Po ..... er driven rivets are those driven by pneumatic tools, whether in the
shop or field. Hand driven rivets are those driven without the use of pneumatic
equipment.
 AMRtuCAN INSTITUTE OF sTC:'EL CONS'l"RUCTrON, I NC. t~9

ROLLED STEEL SLABS

The wide variation in apedficationa haa made this class of material
unatt ractive to the rolling mills and very expensive on accoun t of the large
percentage of waste. Rolled steel slabs, especially from 2· an d over in
thickness, are likely to be more or less bo .... ed fiat wise. Consequentl y an
additional allowance should be made in the thickness of the material as
rolled. I r the material is sheared hot there will be from J ~ to 5 ~ of deformation
adjacent to the shear. They can, however, be cut with a burning torch,
eli minating this variation, but this process is somewhat more expensive
than hot shearing. In ordering such material the following is suggested.
Specify ordinary open hearth steel with a carbon content of .10% to
.25 % , and without incorporating the !;amI.' physical requirements as fixed
for !trucl ura l steel. Show only finished dimension! and whet her the material
is required hot sheared or burned to lengt h. Also show wha t machining is
to be done, namely on one face or both faces, or possibly on both faces and
four edges. The mill should be instructed to add to these specified d imen-
lions whatever is necessary to make sufficient material to machine finish.
Below is a Jist of recommended dimensions both as to width and thickness,
which can be produced in multiple lengths, and from which the engineer
will be ab le to select over-all dimensions that will enable him to meet anything
except very unusua l requirements. Slabl up to 4· in thickness can be
.traightened by a prell9 eliminating nece&Sity of planing.

Width Thickness Length Cutting

6'-S" to 60'· 0' Shear cut

,,"",,'
\6'
50'· 0'
'0'
'0'
24'
,,' 6'·S· to
6'·S" to
6'·S" to
36'·
J6'· ""
Shear cut
Shear cut
Shear cut if .10 to .25 carbon or
under; otherwise !lame cut only
Flame cut only
24'
28'
" 6'·S" to 24'·
" Flame cut only
28'
32'
"on.
J ,, '
.1 ~
6'·S" to 24'·
6'·S~ to IS'· 4 ·
6'·S~ to IS '· 4 ~
" Flame cut
Flame cut
only
only
32 ' 6'·S~ to IS'· 4· Flame cut only
36' " 6'·S·t022'-II· Flame cut only
36' "
4 '1.0 . 6'·S·1022'-II · Flame cut only
40'
40'
,,,' 6 '·8- to
6'·S" to
20'·10·
20'·10·
Flame cut only
Flame cut only

'"'"'" ,"",,' 13'.9" to

II '.J. t o
1l'.J. to
17 '. I'
14'.
14'· ""
Flame cut onl y
Flame cut only
Flame cut only
<S' "on..
5 11'·J· to 14'. 0' Flame cut only

'"'" ,,,'
"
1l '.J.
9'·7"
to
to
14'· 0'
12'· O~
Flame cut only
Flame cut only
52'
52' ,,,'
" II'·J"
9'·7 ·
to
to
14'· 7~
12 '· 6·
10'.0· to 11 '· 8~
F lame cut only
Flame cut only
6 '1.0 -
,,'""
Flame cut only
1 0'·0~to II '· S· Flame cut only
"
ISO AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

CONNECTION ANGLES

T he use of the Standard Web Connection Angle for supporting the end re-
actions of beams and girders is based on the assumption that the beam or girder
has been proportioned, and will act as a simple beam. If uniformly loaded a
simple beam has its maxim um bending moment and deflection at the center of
the span.
T he deflection curve for a simple beam is a parabola, a nd where it supports
a plastered ceiling the maximum deflection due to live load is limited to 1/ 300 of
the span. If the beam were considered as fixed at its ends, the maximum bending
moment isat the end of the beam, and this moment wi ll be 50% greater than the
center moment. It is obviously impossible to consider a pair of web connect ion
angles capable of changing a simple span beam to one with fixed ends. Where
there is a deflection of 1/300 of the span due to uniform loading, the ends of the
beam will no longer be perpendicular to the original axis of the beam, but will
move through an angle of about 0° 0' 38 ~, causing bending in the ou tstanding
legs of the connection angles between t he rivets and the heel of the angles. This
movement in the outstanding legs of the angles will be t he ilame for all thick-
nesses of angles !!O long as the beam acts as a simple span, and the unit stress
resulting from this bending in the angles will be proportional to the section modu-
lus of t he material which is bent. T he section modulus of the material bent
is proportional to the square of its thickness. T hat is, the re lative unit stresses in
angles ~~ thick and J{~ thick is as 9 is to 16, and the unit stress in a U· angle
is 1.78 times the unit stress in a}i:~ angle.
T he proper thickness for connection angles is therefore t he minimu m which
will develop the bearing value of the rivets used in shear. For ~· power driven
ri vets this thickness is between ~M" and }i:., and the }i:" thickness is therefore

""". It has been the standard of the industry to keep the center to center distance
between rivets in the outstanding ang le legs 5J{" by varying the gage in the
outstanding !egs of the angles to offset the different thickness or beam webs. This
variation in the outstanding leg gage is by sixteenths of an ineh, which is !!O in-
conspicuous in angles with equal legs that in shop assembling t he web leg and the
outstanding leg are often interchanged unless extreme care is used, resulting in
errors which are expensive to correct in the field. To obviate this and speed up
shop assembling, the standard connection is made 4" X 3J{" X }i:. with the
3.!1"leg and a 2Y." gage always on the beam web. The 2Y." gage in the leg
against the web is sufficient to permit ignoring the allowable cutting tolerance of
~" over or under the ordered length of the beam.

T he 4· X 3U" X ri" is a more desirable angle for stock as it is more adept-

able to other uses than the 4· X 4" X }{. angle previously used.
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 181

Part IV
•
Section 2
Angles

Dimensions and Technical Functions

Tensile Values

Allowable Total Loads

by
A. I. S. C. Specification

, for
One Angle Struts

Two Angle Struts

Angles used as Beams

182 AMERICAN IN STIT UTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCtION, INC,

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 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 183

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184 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

NET nEAS ..... TENSILE VALUES '" ONE ANGLE .. KIPS

STANDARD TENSION or III" POUNDS ... SQUUE INCH

..,...
ANGLES

"
'IJ" RI VET

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Thiel< · I HOLEOlTT 1 HOLE OUT
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TO DEVElOP VALUES mow. ANGLF.S MUST IE " n ACHED If 10TH LEGS

%'RIVET

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1 HOLE OUT

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AMERICAN I NSTITUTE Or: STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 197

Part IV
Section 3
American Standard Channels
Dimensions
Technical Functions
Allowable Total Loads
by
A. I. S. C. Specification
Connection An~l es

Usual Stock Sizes

Depth Wej~ht

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198 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT roN, INC.

STANDARD CHANNElS IY ~

3" DIMENSION5-FUNCTION5-ULOWA8LE TOTAL LOA DS

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 AMERICAN IN STIT UTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIQK, INC. 199

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LOADS BY A. 1. S. C. SPECIFICATION
200 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

STANDARD CHANNELS
5"· DiMENSIONS- FUNCTIONS-A LLOWABLE TOTAL LOADS
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...
•• <
-;-
l!lil ""
•• SO
.H7
.''''
•.. ""
.0 .730
",go! .US
••
tJ~ "
.955

.d~ "
~S ;; " L OS
1.20

"" 1. 34
1.49

H'
o."
H
,
•

LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
 AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIO~, INC. 201
y • STANDARD CHANNELS

,
DlMENSI ONS - FUNCTIONS- ,\LLO ......L£ TOTAL LOADS
I i.
S I.
1>1_'l>Iodut..
of 1...."bI
s...,_
6"
V ~ ~","'II-':::" GW:r:t'::-,
in ...... "".
t> i. Mh'I....' s.... _Sta,••
I. 1_ uullo""Iy t<.de<t '0""_ V
x
[
WI. M • .tlllu... 1" - ... b.d c... ........
~ ~ ~·~!ht":. ~'1.::..'.,~~·~~t!:r'""1~rn'::::"-::'.",,
Web
, 1.01 Rlv""
•••• 010 In 10.<10.. _ _ C .... 'e. of G..,vit, _ bod, 0/
Ch.n .... l

!:;,~~r:~~::.!.."::::..m .,'!!;',':.CI.,:.!,r:, ~~aeSO%

d.e... I.... lIO~ of ,1.- obow ..
............

.. l
•
•".
~
'. ~H-7i~;---t"il-' h
~~~~~~~rT~l l~
i~

.018
,OSO
.078
,, .111

.
.151
,• .1118
.252
,J IO

"
."""
..,
.-
""
.H7
.ns
.M'

.""" ,,..•••..
H
.711S
.898
1.0t
1.11
1.14
" 1.J7

,.""" .."
1.51
1.)11

" 1.114

LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIF ICATION

202 AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

STANDARD CHANNELS
7" DIMENSION5-FUNCTIONS-ALLOWUL£ TOTAL LOADS
,,«._
II.M_.oII-ua
S 1.0

V I.
l ' I.
Modulu •
• 10 Rodl .. of G".._
Mulm ... Web S_. la _d.
Mini", • .,. S _ I.. f_ nll<><ml,. _ 10 .. _ V

[
WI. M . .lm'.... ...- ... _ 51 ... 4 .... Corut.ot"'"
o
w I.
10 MI~I"' .. m S""" 1.. 1...... anlfo ... I,.loMed .0 . ._
WoI.hI of _ SUJodud eooo...,d... Ilo<ludl ... A...... aDd
W
W~b RI"fl'
,. Lo Ill.....'" I .. II"'''''' b e t _ Ct<!1.. 01 G ...1.,. ... d t.ck 01
Cba .... 01
11.1"", oil'''' I. mulmum dlom ..... In lion ...
Allow.ble ....,.,.,..."rated """'c. lood, .... 50--. ..,d U.e!.
d e""",I"". 110,. of 1 _ ,bOWD

.024
.,.,
.OU

., ,.
.096
.110
.216
.266
.Jll
.JIIl
.450
S"
S~

.611
.170
.,,,
.1161
1.06

"
"""
.."
1.17
1.41
1.53

" '.M

LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
 AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, I NC. 20J

STANDARD CHANNELS
DIMENSIONS-FUNCT IONS-A LLOWABLE TOTAL LOAOS
I I, Mome~' of [no.,1a
S I. Se(,lon Mod"I",
8"
V \! ~~;~:! '*:'~ In Pound. ..,
P b Minimum Span 10 Ie<:' unilonnly loaded tonu .. V

[
. .imum Load on one Sta"d a rd ConM!Ctloa
oWI.I. MMinimum 1'_ In f ...,. unllo""ly looded '0 <00,," W
.. I. W<i_h, of one StaMud Connection 1<><ludh." "".1.. ond
Web Rive"
y It !)jolon"" 11I1"c~eo bet ....... C.... ,e< of Gravity""" J:>.d, ""
Chan .. el
R ivet Jlv"" I. maolm"", dlamet ... ln ftanJ"
"l1o .... bl. «one<:t>'ra.ed ""n,., I".,d . .... SO"'O ""d tltflr
doll.oc'loa. SO '!'. of , , , - .ho,",

!
i

.021
.037
.058
,, .".
.114
,• .149
.189
.133
"
"" .281
.3J5
.l9~
"" .456

" .,.., .524

"""
.596

"" ...•••
•••
.6"
.154
.840
.931
1.03

.
1.13
H
Ij!
1.13
I.H
1.46
,"••
d
!.
"
LOADS BY A. 1. S. C. SPECIF ICATION )
204 AMERICAN Ir..'STITUT E 0F STEEL CONSTRUCT ION. I NC.

STANDARD CHANNELS
9" DIMENSI DNS-FUNCTIONS-ALLOWABLE TOTAL l OADS
r I. l'I<>ment of Inenla
S I• .';ectlon Mod",u,
\! l: ~a.~II'::::':' (a:~'~a, 10 Pound.
P I. Minim .. ", Span In Itfl "DIIouDly Ioaoled 10 cauoe V

[
WI. M ul",um 1.-1 011 one Standard Connt<:tk>D
Q I. Mlolmum s".,n In h'''t. uniformlv k>oo:Ied 10 cauoe W
.. i. WeiaM of one 5land..d Connection 1""ludl...- ... ",,1.,. Ud
Web Rh''''
~ I. 1>1.0.0"" In i""bN ~I_n C .... t ... of CmvlW aDd .....,k of
Ch.nnd
Rlv . . .1..... I. maximum "i~mN.' h. It"... e
AII""",bl. ~nt", ..d co:nt~, loaJ, .'" 5(1"', and tbel,
deA«=lIon. 80":0 of ,h_ .ho.. n

Depth _ d ' , , , ,
W'."",I<><>I .•
A"'L 0'1.10.
13.4
-3.89
15.0
4.39 ,,."...
'"0 25.0
1.J3
b' .....• .. 2.U
t . . •.... .,., 2.49
.285 .H8
2.81
.012
h ..... •.•. 1.806
''''' ,."" 1.801S
m .•.•.
o. .... ,,~91

.,., .,.,
.230 ."0 .,., .''''
.597
.,.,
.597 .S97

• ...... 7.247
< ... .""
7.247 7.247 7.241
•• ... ....
'" '"
,~ ,~
......
,. 'A.
,., ...... 41.J
'A.
50.7 W.'
~
70.S
~

~~
IO.SI 11. 21 13.41
,., ,..,., ...
15.66
, 3.49 .1.40 3.22 3.\0

~ ~ ,,. "
0.91 ' .0 ,.•
." ."
, .. ." ." ." ."
."
C<><I.su ....
Mu.Mom."
v. ......
P .ftfl....
126100
189200

""'"
2.54
20100
135200
.,.. "'00 ""00
202800
2.19
." 1616{1O
24HOO
1.61
".-
282000
1.42
.5Si
D"~
~!~
~g.
"";:;'~
W .......
Q.leet.
~I~.
3.05
""'"
'.M """ """ !~.~. 3.19 3.9S !~~

IC·C'O'·C'Cr
' ";·c·C·o·
"
'A "
!.=""d"=",+'-C!"""'
'A 'A " "· ...,
" f".z<,,,,,j
'A

"t- '"', ,- ,-
Spoon
,.... .....,."'Uy
I"'".mlly ~jJ
..... , ..... lIy 1.. '~roJly
~%~ 'toe b%~ It ..

·-
,~

.d ,, 41>.6 49.0
49.6 49.0
6 1.661.6
61.061.6 80.8 "'.. '" ".0
91.0 97.0
91.0 '"
,.,
~"E
.~ ,•
42.042.0
JU 29.3 3U ..,
45. 1 45.1 H.9 H.9 62.1
40.4 .18.6 n.o
.019
.03J

,,
25.2 21.S 27.023.2 32.3 18.6 31.6 "
M.' .on
·;,-
J~
,•
21.0 16.2 1l.S 11.6 26.9 21.8 3 1.3 26.2
,.,
1!1.0 12.S 19.4 13.7 23. I 11.1 20.9 LO.
IS.II 16.9 10.1 20 .2 IJ.6 23.S 16.5
.014
.fO I
.132
~~ 14 .0
12.6
15.0
13.5
18.0
16.2
21.0 13.4
18.8 .. .,"
.201
:;·Ql
1£- " 11.5 .. 12.3 .. 14.1 .. 11.1 ..
:i~
" 10.S .. ILl .. 13.5 .. lS.1 ..
,., .. 10.4,., .... 11.5 .250

!!!~ "
....."
.298
12.4 .. 14.S ..
cc_
" ,.,
.
.J50
• 1, " ••• .. ,., .. 1.1.4
10.8 .. 12.5 ..
,.- " ,,.,'.0 .... •••..,, ...... 10.1,'.0 .... 11.1
.. .. ..
-.-:.: . r """
!j~ "
.511~
" ..,
M .. U .. .., .. ,., ..
.. U .. , .. , .. ..
11.8 ..
..
10.4 ..
..
.5.10
.599
.670
. H7
.828
'.0 .. ,. .. ..,
"j"
1.
H
s~
,-
""
""
n ..,
.., .... ,., .... ,U., .... ., ......
.., .. ,"" .. ".., .... "1.S ....
.., ..
,.,
,. .911
. 00
1. 10
1.19
."
"~:•
1
<J
LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIF ICATIO N
 A~rER I C-\)! I~STITUTE OF STF.F.L CONSTRUCTIOX', INC. 20~

'JY " STANDARD CHANNELS

,.
DIM ENSIONS-FU NCTIONS-ALLOWABLE TOTAL LOADS
r I. M'Hnen' of I .. ..,U..
S I. "e<1I,," Mod"lu'
10"
\ V i: ~,a.~ii':.'::':' 'i(!~,'~ •. In Pound.
I' i. \l;nlm"m S",," In r""" uniformlY I""d~ to .... 0"" V
x
[
11'1. M .. lmum r...,.,d on """ Stando'" {"on""",;""
~;: t~~i~h.":i ~S~:!~~UC~~~~c!.."'l'!c"1~~n':~~.~.nd
11.1, Rlv ~ ..
y 10 1>1,'0",...1" incheo bo<.W«n Cen.e. 01 Gn.vity and beck "'-
Ch.>nnd
Rlv •• dv .... I. muim"m dla"",'., In llanl'
Allowabl. ~n ..... 'ed ~, •• I""", .... 5O':Io.nd ,,*,
d.ft""lono 110'\ of th_ .bo ....

~~~~.:!;. :~ I ..
"":~~:~~::'
.......
I i
..
h ... '" '". "',
m .•.....

,01
••

~C'C'-::.:'r..i·::;;-h-.=;;::-h-.=;d,,=;dc.;=;;:to:;S;::l !-_
0~.;;• •~
!.--"
].!:'
>£

I: Jm~: :mrmR" "D'

.0 17
.030

I~
' i~
~ ~~?? nI~~ I g :g ;;~
I
8
1/ 20
18 ... i~ HIH
21 I L 35
31 .119
.[51
10 16 ... 19 ro" 28 .186

I~
~ "g:~ H.:: !i I":: I
.I.~ ... : "~~f~ ::::::... JH
I
I,
1 ~
,",
18
:~::: :~ I::: I ::.
",.. ',', I:::··
9. II I:. I :::
:.:

,' ,7 ...
U :::
:~t:
..,",
:6J3
I~ ~Z: ::: I g I::: I I ::: ::::~ ::: J~l
I: H ~ ... : I:::·· g .. : :~l l

I
~ 23 7 ..• 81··· . .. .. 12 . . . .986
24 7 ... 8 L..
25 6 ..• 81... ..•... .•
... U ...
II .. ·
1.01
1.16

i
LOADS BY A. J. S. C. SPECIFICATION
I
206 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

STANDARD CHANNELS
12" DIMENSIONS- FUNCTIONS- AUOWABLE TOTAL lOADS
r r. Mom..,. 01 r",,<ti.
S I. SK.ion Mooulo.
~t",d:i':!u°':' ~~'~ar la PouDd.
"P l:L. MLoLmum ~n 1oAd~ '0 ~u.., V
In f.." unlfOmlLy

[
WI. M""imum I~ on One Standord Conne<:.lon
t~'~1~h'tu!:l ~~:':"'!~"~~~~~~~~~~r~~~ aDd
2:: Web Rlve ~
y I. P'l... """ In i",,""" ~"""'n Cente' of C .... vhy..,., t.:1i: of
!;hnnel

~lt':!.'6li"":~"f...":~'" ,,*"t,:,·~n. ~50'" and their

de8oc.io ... 80 '" of th_ .hown

•
.014
.on
.ro,
,,
,•
."'" ..076
."
.".

""
.126

.." " . ...

"" " .'"
.155
.188

."" """ "" .

.2H

" " .341

"""
" ..""
.. "" .398
.449

""
.SOJ

"" .''''
"
. ."" ....
.621

"
""" "" """
.151
.822

" ..
.894

"
"
"
" .." "
"
.970
1.050

LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
AMERICAN INSTITUT E OF STEEL CONST RUCTION, I NC. 207

STANDARD CHANNELS
DIM£NSIONS- FUNCTIONS-A LlOWABLE TOTAL LOADS
I I. M omen t ol l nenu.
S I. S...:'ion M odulu •
• I. Radlu. of (;yrotion
15"
V I. ~I ulm"m W~I.> SMa. In Pound.
P I. Ml nh""m Spon In f.." unif".-mly l"..d~d '" C~" .. V

[
WI. MaAlmum ~d on 0'" St~"da'd Conn"",,,,,,
o I. ~l(nl"'"m St>an In I..." uniformly I""dod '0 Cau..: W
.. I. W~llht of on~ Sta"dtll"d Conn«:<ion Indudln. An' .... and
W~b lIl"",.
y I. Dlotan ... l.. IDC""," """...., .. C~n' ... of Gn.vltr and bad, of
Cbanne l

!.11::..~!:~~:~":~m ~l:~trc:.!i'. ~::rs0<7c ond '11<"

dell<d.lon. 80% of ,h_ .hoWl>

"""
""" ""
"" ""
"
""" ""
""
"" "

LOADS. BY A. J. S. C. SPECIFICATION
Z08 AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

CONNECTION ANGLES '" AMERICAN STANDARD CHANNELS

.;;;;"~. ';;,' all b<a .... and r./oan .. ts from 24' 100 lb. to $' 'ncl"",-., u n b< fnm.d
, topo A..... .
Wb<a ,\ 311. ' "n boom. and <h..,..I.lrom U' 120 I~. '0 6' ,,,,,1"';\"«, uctlH inl
S'. """ b< framed oppooit •• ·ith IQS>f ftu ....
Flan,. oppoo;tc a ..<i.... beam ...hi<h t.ao. dilF......' .... Ol.ndard """....,,""' .
mu" b< cui ...... y at oboYrn. 101" f..ld ';Ydu.,. "" all bnm. {""",,,inc 5' and a'l
C.aJlllnl
_ -_ _ _ _ Minimum Web requiJ"td 10_1op S;nllc Sb<arinl Val ..... .JJ·
Minimum W.b rt<]uittd to de"o-.lop Double Shean ... Val ...... U ·

LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPEc:IFICATION
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CO NS TRU CTI O ~ . INC. 209

Part IV
Section 4
American Standard Beams
Dimensions
Technical Functions
Allowable Total Loads
by
A. I. S. C. Specification
Allowable End Reactions
Standard Connection Angles

Usual Stock Si1es

Depth Weight
3' 5 .7 N
4 7. 7
5 10 . 0
6 12 .5
7 15 .3
8 18.4
9 21. 8
10 25 .4
12 31.8
15 42 .9
18 54 .7
20 65.4
24 79 .9
210 AMERICAN INS1rITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

STANDARD BEAMS
3" D1MENSIONS-FUNCTION5-AlLOWABLE TOTAL LOADS
I 10 M omen' of Inertia
S 10 Sec,I.,.. Mod.l.o
V I: ~a"d.llu,:::~ ~;~'~~'ur In Pound,
p to Minimum S<,on In I ... unlf",mly l"""od to COO""" V

I
R I, AUowable &"d Rta<tJon lor j~' I><orlnl. For ""'oU, _
WI, ~~r.I=u~lr;;::I~.:':. ~~l:: C,,",oo<.ion
o00 I,I, Minimum Span In 1_. onlfor ... ly I.,.,Md to co."" W
W~lh. 01 .... Stand.", C ........,._ Inoh.dln. An.I •• *""
Wob RI¥~.

!11~~r.""~~~~::'~ m~~f~. ft::.~OIfo

donoo,iono SO ,. of .h_ .hown
..." .!>tl.

.213
."
•396
.503
.,ro
.
\.0'.."
.7S0

I.ll
1.39

LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFI CATIO N

AMERI CAN INSTI TUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, I NC. 21t

STANDARD BEAMS '

OI MENSI ONS- fUNCTI ONS-AlLOWABLE TOTAL LOA DS
I. Moment of
I. Sect"'" Moduluo
[~e"[ a 4"
:: rl...".I[~.:'!, 'i~:~'~. I~ Pound.
t: ~II\=~'~ ~~ ~".!c~~~;~~r~~.l=~n!~ ro~";;~I0_
WI.I.':':=I~u~IC;~:"E~e ~~~:~J Conn«;tIO
et: W
RI_
01'._
i .... uhttum
B
~~!~."~ =S:~":'-..d u~;,t:~:\~"t:!.<fU:ttBC:~':Ir:. ...
eb RI .....
Klv"", dlam ..load••
Alln ...t,le .,.,..""" .... 'od "" .. ,e.
d o!\«;tlon. 8<1 % . 1>0 ....
!lanle
e.l ..
re 5O'Xo ....d,I>ei.
d

I
i
l
•
~
1

., .
•128
.21'8
.J18
.'OS
.562
" .610

""" .781
.1'12

" 1.0S

LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPEC IFICATION

212 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

·ST ANDARD BEAMS

5" DI MENSIO N$--FU NCTIONS-A LLOWABLE TOTAL LOADS
I I, Moment 01' 1".,,1.
S I, Se<.lon Modulu.
V:: ~I':.~'':u''!. ~(.~'~, In Pound.
f' I. Minimum ~pa1I In I"". unil<><mly loood«l to coo ..... V

I
It I. AUowable ~;nd 11._,1"" lOt J '1" t....ri"". ~.<>. de<allo ....
Wlo ~!!I:u~t:..bI~:::e ~~:".,j Connection
el: ~~!,:,": ~"s:~":~"C:::~t!"t",,'i''':'~'::'..":.~
Web 11.,,,,,,.
and

~ik:.~';,~~=:"~.:::."':!!.~:.e<,~~ ::'r0% 800 ,hol.

dell""" .... , SO~ of ,hoooe ,"""'n

...
m.
,".

.OJJ
.059
.'"
.134
.182
.138
.J02
.J72
.450
.537
.6JO
.730
.flU
.955
1.08
1.20
1.34
1.49

LOADS BY A. 1. S. C. SPECIFICATION
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTI ON, I NC. 213

STANDARD BEAMS
OI MENSION5-fUNCTION5-ULOWA8 LE TOTA L LOAOS
I I. Mo",,,,,' of In. nlo
S I. Sec • ..". Modulu .
6"
Vl: ~r.d:I'::!. ~~t'~r In """,,,d.
~ t: ~l::"":~~ ~~~n1t':.!~:I~~nl~~rj~.I=~D:~ ~!~":.iallo_
WI. t::!j::!u~'t: :~~E~" ~":~':~~ Connecd.,..
o I. Minimum Spon In I.,., •. "nll"""ly I_ded to ea."" W
• I. WoiCht 01 on. StoDdard Con"..,.l .... lnehodl ....
W.bRl~ ..

!11~~tr.....,.!!=:.,,:!,m~,,:~~no ft:~"Ml~ ond 'Mlr

dofte«lono SO" of t~_ oho"",
A"~~ and

I
L .
••
••
<

.tll
.152
.198
.152
.JIO
.JH
.447
.515
.""
"""
.....,
...
..,
U
.M'
.",
."
1.01
1.12
.
""
\.24

"n ..,,., .....

I.J7
\.51

"" ..,
U
.., 1.79
~

"

LOADS BY A. I. S. C, SPECIF ICATION

214 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

STANDARD BEAMS
7" DIM ENSIONS-fUNCTIONs---AU OWAILE TOTAl LOADS
I I. M_m, 0( I~crtla
S I. So ....... Modulu.
~ ~ ~.:'II':u"!. ('~:'~, I" P.......!.
~ ~ ~~"!~ r.: A~!:~~l~~·j,r·~rl!.,.':' Y:~:.III_

I WI. C'::I~g~lo~bIe_~ 'k":".'.i~ C...... ~1000

Q I. M l .. hu .. Sp.,. Lo f ..... ... lf o ,,,,IJloa<1~ ,,, ca • • W
.. It Wdah\ ol """ SI.aJodud CoeaecUoA 11Id"" .... " ........ u4
Web JUYftI

!I~.ti.~~~':'~":!;"'.,::\~~ 11.".:"10",
d.ftec<l_ to'" of ,b_ '~O"D
_IN!. ,Iwl.

t... .
..... ...
~
,
"

,.•

"t"

tI
~~ ,• .
.
....,.
Ai
"1.
Ii
. ,•
,.,
,.,
.110
.216
.266

I' .,."" .,,'

.l1l

."
"". J

,'j-. .
.$21
.,"
h. " ,U.. .'"
,.,..•
.770
"" ,•• .'"
.""
,"I', '"" ,.'"
1.17
31' "" 1.19

"" ....
1.41
1.53

UJ~
"
h
LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPEC IFICATION
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 215

STANDARD BEAMS
DIM ENSI ONS-FUNCTI ON5-ALLOWABLE TOTAL LOADS
I I. Moment of Inertia
S II Sec.1oa Modulul
8"
V1: ~1a,.<I"llu~u"!. ,\~~~t~'l'!.r In roundl

I
: :: t\l~~': ~~nA'!.!.:~~nf~~f~·'~~..!~ W'::"3~tll_
WI.I:l"~I::u~I~~o~~e ~~~:.'J Con-=Uon
~ 1: ~~!~t~~ !:'S:~'!~ ~~2:~{~"f'DC1~~'::!.-:"~ aDd
Web Rive ..

~Ik!..tl~en"'!::""i",~'~:.m ~·t'~··I~~ ~%
dellcctloao 80% of , _ 01>0"",
and their

..
II ..•..•.
o.
II •••••• •
f ..... .
<.

....
.037

,• '"
..1E4
",.
l~
~~
,• .1~9
.189
.233
" .281
"" .335
. ,~

"" .456
.'"
" .,,,
"" " ....
.674
.754
"
""
.9.1 1

" ..'"
I.IJ

"""
1.23
1.34
1.46
"

LOADS BY A.. 1. S. C. SPECIFICATION

216 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION. INC.

STANDARD BEAMS
9" DlMENSI ONS-f\lNcnONs-AUOWAILE TOTAL LOAOS
I I. Mo"Ut 0( 1_«10.
S "s«._Mod~l ...
t.l: ~I~II::!. ~(;t.!:- I~ ......"<1.
~ I: ~:=::: ~~..:~:r.~I!.I=:";~~'7etYal"_

I WI. ~!l:,,~'r"....!d~::e ~:zJ:"..; COOl_....

2 :: ~'~~'1.',":::
Web RII· .....
:S!:':J!:d~<>':;~fo.,"'.!c't....'1':~--:"'i!'. aDd

.1)33
.051
.014
.LOI
.1.12
.163
.107
.150
.19S

.....•"
,HO

.,
~.,

•670
.747
.
.128
.012
'.00
1.10

.. "
1.19

LOADS llY A. I. S. C. SI>EClFlCATlO~

 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 217

10"

n.,,,'h _ d"
WI._ foot.
10
25.. 10
30.0
10
35.0
10
40.0
i i.!l
I
At ... ..;j . la .•.
b· ....... .
7.38
4.66
8.75
4.80
10.n
4.94
11.69,.
5.09_
,'>]
t ......•. .310 .447 .5~ .741
h .•. 8.65-4 8.654 8.654 8.654" X.!!
m . ......
,• :~;~ :~r~ :~r~ :;r~ ~ d~
~
< ...
.......
.41
7.959
.41
7.950
.4 1
7.959
.41
7.959 ~
.. '"
"0
•• 2(.t 2~ 2!1
Be'"", 2~
f-i:;-rT=+"',",.',-h,c,c.,~."j-,",~,>,."j-""i.,~.,;-'&
~ ,.
L ~ j
X ,
24.42 26.70 211.16 31.60 .c"
~
T=f--:'c·',,'+-i'c·'C'L I-i'~·"·+-;:'~·"'-I]~
,,
"ioS
>.
<
~ ,
,L 6.9
3.0
7.6
3.2
8.5
3.4
9.4
3.7
_
... $
0.97 0.93 0.91 0.90 5:::
Cod. Str.
Ma •. Mon."
V
". 'oe' ...
R
W ..•.
O. f«t. ..
.... ,1>0.
Rlv<t dla.
Span

· -, ,,, .1 '"""
~o ,~,
h, .. '""" (,,,,,",'r.;.., 1;:' • ".,,(1...... -
74.474.4106 Hit> 11(, 116 Ill:> 126
,~ 73.J 7.1..' ~~.I ~1.1 H.~ ,87 ..' ".~ 11.1\ .030
h
•'U• ,•
5~.6 58.6 04.1 M.I 70.0 .70.075.875.8 .647

,.<. • 18.8 4S.4

11.9 40.0
16.6 .IJ.O
5.1.4 S.lA
15.8 41.1
10.1 .17.1
58 . .1 58.3
50.648.5
11.7 ~0.9
~1.2 63.2
51.! 5.1.0
17.-1 H.1
.""
.091
.119
~~ • W
.1 2.628.6
29.3 24.5
n.6116
.IV) 211
18.9.14.9
35.0 JO.O
H.l \8.2
.17.9 2.9
.151
.IM

· .-.
"
~~
"" l6.0 11.129.1 1'.531.826.0.14.528.7 .2lS

.....
H.!:
:.g
H.t 18.4 16.7110.5 19.2 n.8 11.625. 1
n.5 16.C 14.6:11.9 26.911>.929.2 H.I .'"
·.,
!
"" 20.914.1 n.9·15.8 lS.O 11.0 n.1 19.5
IIU 12.4 21.4 14.02.1.3 15.625 . .1 17.3
. .115
. .165

~ 0'" " 21.9 13.9 lJ.? 15.4

.419

.,""' """
18.3 20.0 12 •.1 .4 17
,.-
"'~~ 11.2
16.3
18.S
17.S
20.6
19.4
22.3
21.1
.5.19
.603
,-. " 15.4
14.1
16.1"
10.° ,
IlI.4
17.5
20.0
19.0
.671
.74 5
•• "
:;: ca;
.:~~

j~
"
..,..,'"
"""
14.0
13.3
12.7
1l.2 ..
1~.3.
U.6.
13.9 .
1
]j.~.
16.1
15.9
15.2
14.6
18.1
1/.2 ..
Ii. !
15.8
.811
.,
.901
1.07
..
.."·-
H "
11.7 .. I2.S 14.0 15.2 1.16

~~
•
!i
~
<•
.
LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
218 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

12"

I
.. 8 ••.•.•.
f. . .•. . ...
C ••••••••

•,
. ....
.056

•• """ "" .076

""
.. ..
.126
.ISS
" " ., " .1'8
"" "" .,""
., .nl
"" "" "" .263
.".
" " "" "
" "
.341
.398
"" "" "" "" .449
~"
" "" " "" ~"
"" "" ....
.621
" "
"" "" "" .151
.'22
"" "to" " .894

""
.970
"

LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
 AMERICAN INSTITl!'TE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 219

STANDARD BEAMS
15"

I
.......
110 • • •• • •

'...
c . ..

,, .'"
.061
,• "
.019
. 101
.124
" . 150

""" "" .119

.210

"" """ .243

.279
.JI8
"" "" "" .359
.40l

""" "" """ .448

..""
.497
,. " .SH

""" " " " .001

"" """ """ """ """ ""

.051
.115
.776
" " " " .839

""" " "" "" " " .905

""" "" "" """ """ .913

1.040

"" " 1.120

;~
" " " "
h
LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
2ZO AMERICAN I NSTITUT E OF ST EEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

STANDARD BEAMS
18" DlM£NSIONS-FtlNCTIONS- AUOWAIU TOTAL LOADS
I I. "'-.ea' of 1-..10
S 10 :<<<.i00i Moduli..
t.p 10~ :.-!\'::!. ~!t'=-. I. Pound.
.11Al.... ", Sn.nln 1_ .... 01"""1)' IOI<I~ to ...... V

I
R 10 AI ......... bW I(.. d rt-toon lor 3",- _rl .... For " .. a1Io_
Wlo t'::1~:.!'t::.,bIo...~ t:.~:= c.......... _
2 t Web
~.~~~':;'~ ="s!:!'~·C:::';:~~"r'",,1,..W':~:' aDd
RJ_.

AI-.blP _ , n ' ' ' ' non ....

deft .. tlo... to~ of. _ _ _
1_.
RI.", aI_ it ..... J.u .. "1~""' ... I. ilaqr
an $O'X, ODd .be;,

...
,.........
..
,.
,.

~~
·
tJ
.
ii·v

.,i",l. ."" U .." ."

."
.115
.1~9
.115

... """ ." .." ..." ."""

.203

.-....
• >
~~i .2JJ
B- .'"
}~j
.."" """ """ "" .." .

·.11.' """"" ..."" ."""" ".."""

.J7J
i: . .414
.,al'
.456
·1~ .501
'!- ...
:..: E~
...,
.S48
.596

.j]" """" """" .""" .."""

,.
H ""
0'
~

..." " "

.... .'"
.H4
.811
.870
.9JI
.m
•• "
,. ..."" .."
""... "" 1.t.!
; .
~i.
< " "'" ""
LOADS
.....
• .W
1.17
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. ZZ l

STANDARD BEAMS
DIM ENS IONS-ruNCTI ONS- ALLOWfoBLE TOTAL LOADS
I 10 Mom.n. 01 Inertia
S II s..ctloa Modulul
20"
V1: ~."..~Iiu,::::" '{~~'~., 10 Pou<ldo
~ ~ !\~~~~:: ~~n~~!'~;'o::°l!~'f~·Il:'!~ni~ ~~~.rall'_
WI.P~"fo·x~:.:!o~"';~eRs.,:,~~ c.,,,n«tioo>
~ I: ~!~hlu:; ;':-~.':n~":"'..i "t'~:::rc!.~1.J?':~~;-Z: ",d
Web Rive..
!I;:"';;~::.'a"::"m .!~~:.~':. "::!I<'so" ond ,bel,
d.lle<tl.,.,. 110'1\. .,1 ,b_ . ho.."

'"
..
'"
,'"
'" .239
"" OW " '" "
'" '"
""
.. " ".. " "
.170

'" "" '" " "'" .'"

" "" " " '"'" ""
.."" " .."" " ."" """ """
.33(';

"" "" .37J

.411
" "" """ "" "" .451

"""
.493
" ""
"" "" .."" ""
.S.H

" "" .S81

""" """ .." """

.""
"" """
"" "" "" .."
.679
.736

""" .."
.."" .."
""
.7U

.895
"" ,...
.954
1.0\

"" "" ""

"
A. J. S. C.
." ..""
"
"
1.14
1.21
..,.
1.28
Z22 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIO N, I NC.

STANDARD BEAMS
24" DIMENSI ONS-fUNCTIONS-AUOWABU: TOTAL LOADS
I I. MOlnellt of I"ertl&
S 1.1>«,_ Modulu.
Vt: ~1"!Ij'::!. ~~:t'~~.I.. Pound.
~ t: ~l:~"!~ 'll:Nt!~~"'l~:,rJ,lt l:::~~O ~.,'~eY..u._
Wia f:!:1:u~t:!l~£::", =~~: C...._.1on
~:: ~~~~!~.u: ~::"~~U8~~"'",,~u~~'::"':.~ aDd
Web Rlv..,

!l~~r:""':~~-:':"~=.:.m .!1:::~~... ~50% _ t~l r

deAectloAo 80% of , _ .bow ..

.. ..
.5lJ
~
.653
.w•
• 746
.795
.w
.897
.950
1.01
1.11
ioU
1.31
1. 50
LM
1. 79
1.H

LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
 AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 22.1

ALLOWABLE END REACTIONS ••• AMERICAN STANDARD BEAMS

DETERM INED "

--
BUCKUNG " UNSTIFFENED WEBS . "" VARIOUS LENGTHS" BEARING

"
, ~""

5
,,,
Wel,lIt

'M'

6
7

10
..
12 '.60

15
''l'"

"oro
18
15~

20
.

24

load~. the allowahle ,"etlan R, the '-m_h

provided: but III DO ca. ahalt the reactloll..,Cftd the:

LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPEC IF ICATION

224 AM ERI CAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTI Q::-J", INC.

CONNECTION ",rH' ". AMERICAN STANDARD BEAMS

, ~"'" - ,'"'''' w., , .,' ..,.,.
, n
• I ~!
• :;1 .!:i5 I"'·'· CM....,.ion Dr'ails.
~ ~~
w.~

Iii:::~
, , IE
, , Matk
0...

.,
J' ""
('
",
"'" ,,
"'"
" M'"
,,~

"" '" ··
105
..
,,~

1-I6j(j
119.)(1

11 9.)(1
...,

··
~. '~
". I:! n~.
....· ·~', "[ it! "',.\- ,,,.,
'. ".

~ :~ C; I~ '~,, ,•
'0.
2" A.

1% :".:'

-
' I
,(it8.8

*'1~
~II

jill: ~'"
119JO
'!" .~., '~ !'!a ~,
~lll<:itlll
5' ,,,,ro

,ro",
· ...,·
2l2JO

,".
IC. ;:

~~
,,,.•
.-
~.
6' il ll ".., "'" I:U ~, :.~
!
"'''' · ...,· iI, , I I
liH'! n,
* 1/
"'" · ·• ~'
1$.3 11250 11!30
7' M.'
..
11.5

"'''' '"
, woo ..·'j, ,
S' M' 2J.0
-
"'"
·· ··
314 10
U6X1

, , li~ iH ~'

If ""
155 .))20

n. ,.., •••
9' II.
"" · ·· ··
".,
m",
·
M'OO
41120
17610

KI ;£;! ;
~,
~
., i~i!'! ~! I ,~
.- Ifd~r~ ~II
.,
"" *~ · ·
~
~,
116)0

10' "'.
'" "'"
M' · · ~, I ' I

n. ,,
~',
,,~ 116.0 V.
",ro "!" , IC.l J: :
'"...
··· ~'~'
IColl: ~
12' "' ., "'"
,
· ICU.

·· · ·
C)) 20 IC.U .
[c.u: :
'"""
, IC U .

...."' . """
U.

· ·,
"'''' ~,
. 1720 IC.I ~: ;
!
'.,
·
'<!
IC.I~: ~
""" !!
'""'. · · ·
IC.19.
~,
CI7lO
% IC.19.
IS'
·· ·· ''''''·· ~, !~:!
.W,, ~h
. 7720 . n 20
M'
ro o
'
~
7S. 0
" '" ,
IS'
M.'
·· ·· ··· h:
""'"ro , "'"
. 7720

· · ·
. n20
, 'j' ~

!~ !: l
!
~, .-
~!
,_d , I-'

" ' ·· ·· ·· ~:
IC.I~.
7S.6 C1120 CJJ20 ~
ll,
6~ ~
."
IC. I!:
I C. I~:
." lC.l 9.

LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATlON
 AMERICAN INSTI TUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, I NC. 215

CONNECTION ANGLES "'" AMERICAN STANDARD BEAMS

POWER DaJYnrI 1I1'ETS.

~,

roo
~ . "!" 44!80 '., IC.1U
rC.:U.7

'" "'"
'" $ 1c.:u.7
IC.:U.7

. "'"· "."
~
IC.1.H
"'" 44!80
rc.lU
IC.1U
IC.1U

... "'... "'...

roo
~.
~.
"' "'·
71¥'"
"!"

...ro
ij:
rc.»..
'CA'
IC'».'
l40_1
,'"...
·
~ :".:-

::;:::: .,,::,.;!' :::~".' ,•••,.,r." r""" l~ ' lOll lb. to S' 'II<lutive. ~.n ~ ,,,•., I
""M-n A _ l V.' all bramo and than.els r""" u' no lb. to 6' ill<l .... ,~,
8', can be r..mod Of'POOit • ..-itb topo ftuoh.
i ,

LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
226 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ST EEL CONSTRUCTION, I NC.

BEAM SUMMARY
Pages 302-306
The beam su mma ry afford s the quickest a nd
easiest method of selectin g the most economical
beam section to use for any total con tinuous
uniformly distributed load a nd any spa n in feet.

A.l.S.C. CONNECTION ANGLES

The A. I. S. C. mark on drawings gives
useful information without fur ther reference to
a connect ion an gle chart. The figures, im-
mediately foll owi ng th e Insti tu te's symbol Ie,
are the weight of the connection, incl udin g the
web rivets, a nd the last figures are the number
of sixteenth s of a n inch greater tha n 2 " in the
gauge of the outstand ing legs. Thus, connection
a ngles lC.49.7 weigh 49 pounds, including web
rivets, and the ga uge in the outstanding leg is
27A6 ·. A further d iscussion on the A. I. S. C.
con nection angle a ppears on page 180.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 2V

Part IV
Section 5

Bethlehem Beams
Dimensions
Technical Functions
Allowable Total Loads
by
A. l. S. C. Specification
Allowable End Reactions
Standard Connection An~les

Usual Stock Sizes

Depth Wei~ht

8" 17 .5#
9 20 .5
10 23 .5
12 28 .0
14 33 .0
15 38 .5
16 40 .0
18 49 .0
20 59 .5
11 62 .5
24 73 .5
26 91.0
28 97 .0
30 121. 0
228 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

8"
BETHLEHEM BEAMS
D[~!£NS[OSS-FUSCTlOSS-ALLOWABLE TOTAL LOADS
~;r-:.1um
..
I Io ~toi l """ S IoSOCUOOO )l......

n M"';". . Web SIw:u ... p..-.

)!Iaim_ Sp&n in Met. niI_"
r io st.ct;. oi Gyratbo

"-dod toa_ V.
V' -r"1
B
Al~ End Rn<:tion I". ~ btariac- y". dttailo
_ ~ oi Allonblo EIId RactioN.

IH ),! .w",UID I.-d "" _ Staadanl c....-....

Minimum Span is. I .. t. anif_lr Ioodtd to ...... W.
Wriabt oi ...... Standud Connoott.ioa iAcl""i~ ........ aDd Web Rivett
Kin' ,i..... io M.wmllJD J)iamel... I" boll".
Allowable """""'Iral'" .....10< IIIodt on 50%
X,.
'~~li
aDd !heir dtIIo«ioDo IO'Y. oi Ihooe w..",. ~ 11m

r...... 1'i,..
1\""""'
· .....
.. .......
......
.
.
. ,
I
'i,: 11
I .......
c .......
r·······

I .~.1 ~
· ...
I! ::::.
.: .:
iH
1< ·Il ·: . , I~ !
.. .
, "11
j~f
· loti ..
....
~
· ':::
,
"
HH
~
,
1
• . .. , .
.~

it ••• , ,
,
l~
.....114
.,,,
. 149

Ih "" '"
"
,, .
.W
.m
.m
...
.m

"" .sn

"" I:::. Iq:ul:: .m

.674

I~
"i
)
If ,
~ ,

~
LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
 AMERICAN INSTITUT E OF STEEL CONSTRUcrlON, INC. 229

y BETHLEHEM BEAMS
,r G.-1a= ~.
, ,
DIMENSIONS-FUKCTIONS-ALI../)Y,'ABLE TOTAL LOADS 9"
v-"1i ! ,,! V
I'
10 M_I 0( loe<t1a
f
10 S<c:tiooo Mod"lI.
10 Rad .... 0( Gyratica
10 M.. ino" ... Web Shar bo ...........
1o ,.l bo_ S p a bo IMt, Mail~1oooded to...-v.

[xlkl'
B
afP7'CK. R 10 """'""We Eod Ractb. I... JlA. barinc. F ... o.u.a.
... _01 ADcInbIo E..t ~
X t~ X d W
ail......,.
10 M........ Lood ....... S<andatd ~
s.-
1
,+I
Q
..
10 ,.10.......... ill leot. '-led. toao.-W•
10 W .... loI .... StooodanIC-UO'~Aapo_WebRi-.
v- «a-.

...... ....,. 1I !5
Rn..t 10 Muiao .... o.-t.t ia
AIIonbIe _ " .. ted _let . . . . . . . ~
y f n ood doOr 6eIoctioM 10% 01 _ ..........
Dq>th _ d '.
WI. porl_.
,.,. ......
""""'Sq. I• .•
....
M.'
.
• OO
11.0
6.51
5 . 510

•... 11 i
.,~

.....
.....
.......
....
'. 061 '. 061
........
I .......

,,.......
c .......
.. ....
,.'l!. ,..
.~
,~
•
.~

I:~ l~J ",i . .

• " ,s......
I ....

.. ..., !
M.'
1~ . 11
~J . 9
2O.U
~ ;i
!
""< ">
J .n
I. .. .
.....
S .. • ,
~
J.IO
5
~,U
J.U
5
>
Cotf.Slr , ...
M... Mom.', ...."... ,...
1.18
130100
LM
148)00
lTJIOO

m
V ......
P. looet , 4. 11 U
R.
w .....
",oo
moo ,-
moo
Q.'~ ..
... 1110...
Rn'ddio. ....
5.11
U
% .
5.l1
U

~m
,-. ....
s,.,
1 , "'-" .. "'~,-
... ., ......., .•n
•• ...., ...
,~ ,~

u. • .... ....
.,

j! •, .... ... , ...~

~
~

~~ .. • n.' ll.'
..... .,.
.... n.' ....,.. ... K .5 4 41.5 .014
. 101

••• ...,
11 .1 J U . 111
~~1 • U .• I
U . , 10. 1 2
U .,

....., ..............
.21]
",! 12.4

"1 ""U
l~~
21 .0 11. 1 n.' 1~ . 5 .".

"I"
.. 19. 2 15. 9 M . ' 11. 2
17. 7 14 .0 I
16. $ U .! I
••
15. 2
U .S

lit "
U 15. 4 11. I 1
14 ,4 9 . ~ I
IJ .6 9.0 1
......•••• ..,••• .m
10.1
11.0
." .

•<j •I "" 12.' ' .0 I

... ...
. 610
.
•• " fl. I U.I . 141

i!J
IJ
,'a~
•
I
LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
230 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

BETHLEHEM BEAMS
10'
.....
,
DlMENSIONS-FUKCfIO!'<5-AlLOWABLE TOTAL I..OADS
I io M_to{

to ea .... V.

B
Yor detaiJt
W. io
o•
• •

1.•
..n
.M'
.~ ,

.,.
. 119
. 151

,m
.'"
.JU
.'"
.419
.477
.~

""
..612
• 745
.
.121

LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE or STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 231

BETHLEHEM BEAMS
DI MESSIONs-FuscrrONS_ALLOWABLE TOTAL LOADS
I is Mo.....n olln<rtio S .. S«:tloa Modulus
r is Rl<!i ... 01 G)'1ation
V •• M.. imum Web Shu. in P""ndo.
P .. Minimum ~;n r..... unif""",y Iood«I toea .... V.

B
It i , ... I....·abit ~:nd Rnot;"" I"" 3'1t boari,.. r .... d<tail •
..., ".., 01 ... Iko-. .. bit End R<-oct""'o.
II' .. M• • imum l..ood .... """ Suo<Iard c",,_~kon.
o ;. Minimum $pon in f.. t. uniformly Ioad<d to cit ... W• .
... i. \1·.. , h,ol ..... S. ..... ilrdC""....,."'" ind....:.., ... """'andWeb Ri ....
Ri,.... li,~ i. Mninm ... 0;,. .... ".,. in llan ....
AII",,:al>le """""'t<&tod ..... t..- loaJ. are 5O'}"0
_0<1 the,. dell<ction. 80% 01 ""- """0,

CooLS.... 37J900 411200 48(0500 S51I00 60/.100 66J6OO 7JUOO

,..
Max.Mom.',
P. l«'t . .
_
JHOO
54J
640!100
JS.lOO
6.05
7l93OO
J9.lOO
619
828100
UlOO
6 . 26
\tOJ(I(X)
47SOC1
6.J.l
99S.lOO
52400
6 . .lJ
1096700
U lOO
6 . 29
•
W
19900
21600
2OSOCI
22100
2J800
24.lOO
27800
11000
31700
29100
J5.lOO
J1400
.1-8900
JS600
Q. I..,t , 8 .66 967 10.01 10. n 10 14 IO. n 10 .17
.... lbo . • . II II 13 13 13 13 13
Ri,-.tdia % % % % % % %
l ... t.... lIy Lat..-.lIy Lat..-.l1y La.t .... lly Laterally Lat.nlly Lat..-a lty
j ,-, fi,'"
.. ,•
'N f..... fi.od f_ fiud I .... 6.N f...,
68 68
68 68
68 68
11
71
11
11
11
11
19
19
19
79
II'
79
U
U
U
.. 95
.. 95
.. 95
r"", fi • .., r.... ftud I ....
95 105 105 116 11 6
95 105 105 116 116
95 105 It» 116 11 6

•,
••
..
""
62
53
41
4 14147~
J7
62
5.1
47

.
IS

" " ""lJ ,."28

II
61
53
43
71
61
$J

41
79
10
61
~
49
44
;9
10
61
"
41
41
..
79
~

"55
~
U
19
~

ro
51
~
95
1!6
75
60
55
15
SS
II
6 7 6 6 74
66
9~
1!6

51
105
95

60
10$ 116 116
95 IG4 10-\
II 91
7JBI!IO
6J 13
u ..
91
;0

"u "" .
- '"
.016

. 116
.155

'U

. .
.so
"" "n " "28 "21
41
31
37
J2 "" "" 46
45
4(l
55
51 ~ .1U
.,~

22 39
" ~
.U (J J6 47 "
.'"
"ro ro ."'
"
..
"32 N
26 JJ U
" "
4(l

" " "~ " ""

.,~
~
21 18 21 11 JJ 27 J8 JO U
35 21 YI

"" ....
II 16 2S 19 32 U . U9
"" 21 15 H
11
II
15
N
17 "19 .II 22 JJ
31
24
2J
37
35
27
IS
41
38
~ .~

"" " " " " N

28 "19 JO 37 ,61 1
....
19 13 11 14 H 16 20 JJ 2J

"""
" ....
18
17
II
..• "" "
"" " .. ""
1.1
U
IS
..
2~

23
17

••.
N
27
16
"
17
.• .
J2
~
N
28
21

.. .
J5
" " " .
J2 ..
23
.1S1
.812
~

""
J() •• .
.910
" " " " 21 •.
" N

LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
232 AMERICAN INST IT UT E O F' STEEL CONSTRUCT ION, INC.

r-f.!.:.~ -; H
BETHLEHEM BEAMS
14" , ,
D1MENSIONS':"FUNC'rIONS-AI.LOWAULE TOTAl. LOADS
;,; M".,...... ol l """i. i. , Ste,.,.,
Modulu,
j
0
n•

,,is Minimum SpaR in

' is Radi", ol Gl.... ion
.. M.. im"m W.bShn,;n I'ouod •.
!""'.
""if_I, .....1«1 .0 ""u.. V. V "i t :'1
app7V)./(. ' , h

B
.. AI""""1>10 ~:od R.." . ioo I.,.. J Ill: b<o.ri",. F.,.. .... , .. "

\+[x~h
..,., POI" ol AII(".·.1>10 En<l
w i. Maximum Load on one s...1I<Iard Con....,.ion.
R.ac,""" X
a is Minimum Spoon i" I""., ""il_ly Ioad,.r.o <au .. W. N
• is W..,h. ol on< Sto.ndud Coo""",ioo ;r>elooJiR;l A"II<o.",1 \\'eb Rl~"10
R" .... l'...., .. Mo.',""m
0;""",,, in ft.nlr.
Alkr..-al>lo COIIC<ntr, ,,al """'er .....
I• • ~.sor.
y
.od ,ho;, ....11«, ...... 80"'~ ol ,t..- ... .,..·n. T=
o.p<h ~ d'.
W, • .,...fOO(.
Area.Sq.ln.,
b' ..
1l .11S

"" .~
'.ISO
14.00
U .•
9 . 10
6.150
14 12
31 . S
11. 01
6 . 190
"..,., !
I • . IS
,,~
, 815
]
,J!
I .... , •.•
."' .'M .~ I
lit .• • ..•.
m •.••.
ll ,814
.528
.m
U.SU
.m
11.124
••
.lll
1Z .814
.71l :g!
, d·
. "Jj
...:j
n .......
.w
.l18
.w .w .w
.4U
l _r
, ......
f .......

r····
" ....
··
lUIS
no,
m .•
,~
12 . 11S
.~l':
n .m
1ft:
w .'
n. n s .~.; ~ I
1~:C l~
, r, ,]
..
I. ... J.l4.J U6.5

•" " X .
S .... 42. 49
S.16
47.16
S.81 "" ,. ~
6126
S.91 ], ,
X
< ~ S ....
I. ... 16,9 19.9
'", 21.3

.-
. .w ,~
' .00
, ...
>
coer.S... ~
,~ 1. 43
SlJIOO
,

6S1100
~
'M
735200
" "
.5 5il
""'"
M"'.MOI'l.', ,.~ 1102100
moo
·~U~
4~1 00 ~,oo

... """ ."

V .......
I' . feet .• 5,11 6 .44 63 1
R ......
w .... :.
Q. f<d .•
"
,,~

10.61
,,~

,,~

I I. 9'iI
''''''
"'00
11 .116
moo
"""
11 01
~"i
~l!.3
w. lbo .•
R i.... dio " "
%
'I. %" " rjr'
%
!]l
"".
,.,, ,- ,- ••• ,- ,-
La' .... lly .... ' ...all Lo ...... Ily La ..... lly

...
j
.. ~."d
M.' M.'
.~
~
'" ~. H' ,~ ,~
fi ••d

I.,~ •, M.' M.' ~

," '"
~.
9J.2 '" '"
12.8 11.8 11.9 8 1.9 ~J.l
,~ ,~

...,· •• ~., Sl.S

~., 11 .6 71. 6 81.5 91.9 91. '
~:!

.... ...
~, 5S.8 ~., 81. 7
11 . 5 ." .,~
'" '"
~;ij
.-' il "H ~ . M.'
4J.3 SU
'" '"
51.0 49.0 n.3 S5.0 6S.2 62.1 73.S
~., 55. 4 62.S .161
49. 4 61.) n .7
~:;j M.'

i!! ~ """ ".,.. ""... "., '"

~, 41.8 4J.l .192
" 41.S
39.2
w .•
~
R . 44. 1 ~., », ~ . ,
~ , 52.S
~ .225
."'
.
% .•
.m
, ..
~, jl.J 35.1 4'.0 ~.

]1", "" ". ". "., R'. w.• ".,

,I, W.
ll. 9 25.1 35 ,8 28.3 11.4 ~
."'
12.9 3J.l 25.1 ~ N. U.l U . ,
16.7
...
.~
.431

.
11.3
q~ " '" " ..
31.8 13.4
24 .4 ~ . , 11. 6

,." ".
U .• 19.0 21. 4
"
...."'.,.
25 . 3 .S31
"
~., 11 .4 28.1 19.5

" "" n.' .... .. '" .'"...

24.l 15.9 n . 3 11 . 9 J I.I 35.0 13. 1

iU
~, 14 .6 U .• 16.4 N. 18.1 33 .4 ILl

" .. ....
U,9 .,~
28.4 32.0
"" ". .. n.' .... .... ...

.....-
21. 3 B.9 21.2
. ... U ., .M'
P " " .... n.o
19.6... .... 1S.1
N. '
28.3
~r!! ... .... .. . n.2 . ...
It .2 24 .2

• "
" .. '" ........ ..... "., ......
...
N
18 .9
IB.2
17 .6
..
!9.S
U.J
U.S n.4
1.043
1.11'
.... 19.1 21.) 14 . S 1.191
"
A
" .0
j
<

LOA DS BY A. J. S. C. SPECIFICATION
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 233

BETHLEHEM BEAMS
,
D1MENS10NS- FUf'CTJONS-ALLOWABLE TQ1'AL LOADS
IS"

'00 , ,.
•
~ '"
~
. ~,

.079
~
"
M n
. 101
. 124
00 ~ ~ . ,~

""" "".... ."" .

00
"" . 17 ~
.l lO

"" " .l4J

...." .. ". "..

. 219
.J18

"" .. ...
.m
.
~
w .w,
ro " " "" .
.491

.w
""" •" "" .00'
.'"
..
~
•" .115

"" "" ."

~ .116

"" "" ""

"..
.~
.97J
" "" " ,~

""
~
1.120
" " "
LOADS BY f\ . I. S. C. SPI::CIFICATION
23-1 AMERICAN INSTITUT E OF ST EEL CONST RlJCTIO:-.!, INC.

BETHLEHEM BEAMS
DlMENSiONS-FUNCTIONS-AlLOWABlE TOTAL LO.~DS
T .. Mom<n, eli ...... '.. S i. s.c •.", Modul ..
• .. Ilodi ... 01' Gy"'ion
V ;. Mo.imum W,b Sb<., in i'o<Irod ..
I' ;. Minimum Span in 1«,. uniformly Ioad<d '0 c.a .... v.

B
R ;. "'ro..·.bl< End Ro .. 'ion lor J 0/a ' btat;.,. rOO" <l<:1.il.
_I)O,e 01' Alro..·.bk EOHl R<-O<I;o.,o.
w .. M..imum 1.-1 "" """Sl.OHl.nI C"" .... 'ion.
Q .. Minimum 5{»n in ft. •. unilormly load<:<! 10 nu... W.
w .. W<ishl<Jl".,.... ~.nd.td eo,. .... ,ion i.dudi., ".,100 or><! Web
; , ,,

.116

""" ."
M . 141
" '" '""
~ .'M
"""
" .""" U
"
U
""
M
. 197
.US
.M'

"" "" "" ."" " .""

U
NO
."'
. " "
" "" ""
" " "
"" "" "
.311

....
.'W

" " . """ ." "" "" .SIl

."'
""" "
" "
N

. .. " """
" M
"""N
.616
.670
.717
. ,87
M
" N "" "" "" " "'
"" """
.911

"" "" "" " " .919

""
N
M 1.1>17
" " " "

LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICAT ION

 AMERICA N INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONST RUCTION, INC. 235

BETHLEHEM BEAMS
18

.•••
,"
,~

".'"'M U,
. 125
. 149

'"'" . 11!
.'"
..
~
.m
" '"
~
.'"
"""
W
'"
.ill

"" . 3U

" , .
. 4 14

" .
~
~ " . ~,

"" ""
~
."" ~

.'"
....
~ . ~,

"
"" ~ ~
.,.
M " "" "" .811
.110

"" "" ..
,...
.93 1

.. ...
~

" ""
. "" "" ""
•""
~ ioU
" "" " I .U
" " " " "
LO.4. DS BY A. J.
236 AMERICAN INST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT ION. INC.

BETHLEHEM BEAMS
DIMESSIOSS-FUSCTIOSS-AI.l.CM'ASLE TOTAL u:w>S
1 io M_, ~ l ...rna S is 50<, .... Mod_
V isM ........ Wtb_i.l'oundo.
• if Radlooo ~ c.r..tioa
P if~hn_Spo .. ~f....... '-"7 ....... '..
_V.
II. it III.........,., [o,d Rnor._I.,. J't!o _""" r .............

B
..... _~ IIllo.... bIe r::..d R..ac,;,-.
W io Maximum Lo.od ......... St.nd.rd Con_, .....
o io Minimum Spon in !<fl. uni!""",)" Io.>d«l ,,,no.... W.
VI io \\·.'lh.~ ..... Sul>dardCon_,ion il"l<l""",.."""...
oIId""'"" Ri ......
lI.i"", ,i"".
i. ~Iuim"m Dia ...., ... i .. n.."~.
IIIJ<>,o.bIe ~'n'«l ....... ' ... Io.>d ..... ~
oIId ,b<-i< dHI.<•.,... 80';;' ~ tr.- ohow ••
DorHh • d'
IV" ..... 1000.
Arft.SOI II.
,b'......••..
~
m

Cod. So, 1111100 HI7itOO 1l-U1OO I.I·U SW II>IQ1C(I l1~lOOO 1891LOO

Mn.M"",. '. 11Il\6800 11!670il 111.'1000 1Jll.1OO lHJ600 1611000 :!SHlOO
\ 119500 90000 '-.\9QD 9tIOOO 97Il00 IOJlOO 110900
1'./,.... IJJ 781 7'10 ~OO .U .6.1 8}4
II. 1'1100 J8900 41:100 4JlOO 45 100 4MOO 5J.IOO
W HlOO tllOO 4J900 ._ -w.1OI) ~ 51_
Q..... U54 16.0 1.8<1 1111 illS 1141 1813

..
w.1bo lJ n lJ JS 15 JS 15
1-'0 % % % % % %
Ri'.... dia
, ,~
I ... ' ... ~II L>,~.81
,- 1.a,,,,'1y Lot..,... 11
~-....1
i..a'....11y Lo, ....1 I.......rly
I...., ~ .... , I.... ~"" r.... ~ .. "<1 It... fi-....1 r....

...•• 1;~
104
1.\1
r;Q
104
III
,110
III
IU
..0
117
lU
IU 11<11 19J 19J 196 190 ~ l(l6
18$ 1~\ I$J 19J 196 196 ~ 206
148 148 IH " . lIaS 165 118 178 . '"
'"'", '"'"
'"
. II~ 110

.....,
'N lUi 13' ...'" 110
IN
IJ7
114
1.50
IJI
150 I~l
IJ..I 14~
II>l
I.j<\
,'". '"'"
In
m
'"'"'"
..
10'1 IGl 11.1 114
U

..."
lUI
~
If .. .."
9-l
~
II
,~ 101
~l
M
' 11
100
W
,~

'" '"
1110
110
10J
II I
100
Ql
I II
li S
ItO
III Ul
III III
101 1111
I.ll
IlO
ItO ,. ... ''""
"" .. ~
"
"
....
.
"
" .."
91
.1
'"'
76
10
10j
97
'1
'.1 III
,~
100 118
'1 111
1.1 1{15
106
911
\10
m
110

.....,'"
H
""
8(1
7'1 100 M
'"'" "" ,. "" " IH 17 ~
m
."" ,.."" .." .,.." ,..""
N 11 S9 U 71 .5 j,

" ". " ;~

10
55
.10
;.
15
'7
.1
90
116
11
6l>
'"
""" " " 61 47 11 SS 11 I>l
~
~
54 ;. ss
"" " " " " ~ IH U
"'
" ..
..... .""" " ."""" " """~: ::" ..""" ....
61 41 106 n 11 50 16 54

•"
""
~

,. ..
47
4.
lJ
10
.10
47 ...'"'"m,,.
N
" . ". .,. ..
..
41
.IS
611
65
44
41

..,'"o.
'" .." .. . ."" "" " "
....
~8 .. 50 . •.
"" 44 ..•
,, "
,." .. . .. ."" "
~ 43 •• • ~s .. . ~

""" ~ 45 •• 56 .•.
~ 41 ... H .. 54 ...
~

"" " '"

"" "" ~ ~ ,n
"
LO.--\DS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICAT IO:-';
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONST RUCfION. INC. 231

BETHLEHEM BEAMS
DI~IESsrO:-':S-f'UNcrroXS-"'LLOW"OlE TOTAL LOADS
I .. M_. 011-... S ill s..:uo. ModuI...
r io RaIl .... 01 Gytatiooo
\' ioMu ........ WebSM .. in l-......s..
"'-7 ........
I' i, :.liD'....... Sj ... ift Iftt ....
It .. AII<>woabltI'.oodRn<l_lotJy. bta,n .... F<><ckuiIo
10 ....... V.
_ po~. oI/illo.... LIe l....t 1IAct.....
W i, .\, .. im~m I.-l "" ..... !.tandanIeo.......,..... •
Q i. ~I'~'fi'um $f>aft oft f ..... uR,formly Ioodod ,oca_ W.
'" .. W~b. "' ..... !>l.ondanl (;oo,n«tion indudinJ A","'and W'" Rl,_
Ri,-,. ~i".n it M.. imum 0;"...., ... in ft .....,.
AI .......,.. ".-,..",•• «.1 u,Il •• 1oood• .,.,.50'70
d<f\o<,,,,,,,
and .""ir 800/0 of •_ _ no

,.
.
"00
.n
,,»
II II

n. m"•
~

20 U4
.'"
."
.•»
.»

""
.nz
" .'"
"»""
. 117
.174
.m
.JlJ
"" '"
'" . 410
U
'"
'"'"' ....
....
.~

""
N "
95
.5:1
.611
"
n
n
91
sa
,1164
.11l
»
. .." " .. .. ." as
tJ
.761

.IU

. ... ."" .".."" """ .". ...""

U M

"" "" ~ flO .1161

U M 7S .9lJ
7S , 9J9

"" " U M 7J I ,Of

11 1.10

.." " """ .."" .." ."" "

»
.."" '"
'"
.. " "" " "
~

U
U
'"
'"
'"
LOA DS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
238 AMERICAN INST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCfION, (NC.

BETHLEHEM BEAMS V I ~-'I

24" , ,
D1MENSIONS-FUNC110""S-...LLOWABLE TOTAL LOADS
, ~g,--'i I+lm
::/:. 11" ';1
;. Momtn. of Inertia II Soetloa "lod~l~1
• io Ra<!i,.. of Gyration
, ;. Mo.imum WtbShur il\ P""Dd ..
io Mill"'um SpooR ill I... " urufonnl11oodod to ""u.. V,

B
R iI ... llonblt End RtlClion lot J'h, burin" fot cktail,

i~txl"'f
..., _ of AJIoo.·.bIe I'.nd Ikooctiona.
w .. Mo...."", Lood OIl ooe Standard eon...c.ion. X t~
••.. M",imu", Spo.n ill I... " ""if_ly Iooded to .,.u.. W.
Ia Welthtof """ Standard COIIne<1ion includin, .....In ond Web Rivttt
R;>"<1I;>'n)." MuinlQm 0iamtI.. in fIatore.
AJImr.bIe _ ... tod ""'_ "-d, .... SO%
ond IMi, defIt,:,ioftJ 80'% of t"- ......... Y m
~b_d' . 2l.U 24.00 lUll» 11 .00 24 . 12 2l .91 24 .00
,
14 .09
Wt. per foot.
M •. Sq. III .• ~."...'" ..
10.0 1l. J
lUO
19 .J
2.1.35
..
.... 2l:~
M.'
R91
W .,
26 .41
95 . 5
21 .OS '"~ . "
,~

»U 1 B]
-...' .'
b· ...... ~ ~ 9.035 ~ 9 .JIS 9.1.10 9 . 1.50 9 . 175
." , .. 5.10 i .
,...
t ....... • J9S .4lS . US
• ......
.. ..
lI.lll 22.242 22.242 22 . 106 lUll 11 . an 21 .822
m ••• •••
........
f. •... ••
. 119

. ~
.&19
.,~

.~
.924
.~
.~
.M'
.510
1. 001
.~

."
....
1.044
... .,~
I.U4
.,~
.
i 1"...;
E.! t!l ~
,,
j

" ..'1:
,w.......
~ ....... 11.JlJ

"
2I.JIJ

.' ,.,.'.. ...'"

II .JIS ·11 . U5 Il.IlS 20 . 150

•'~•
20. 150

'~
20 . 150 .j - •
.i~ e.
"A.
... ... ....
... U/.. ul...
.~ ;i
••" .... .
< " L ..
I. .. .
S .••.
1'54. 1
163 .66
9 . 14 .... ....
21011 .8
US . IJ
2M .l
188 . 19
2-105 .1
9 .81
2m.1
....
214 .61
Z692 . 1
225 .24
2511 .3
2J6 . U
2991 . J
148 . 801
] ]
< > ,. .. •
..-
6) .4 14. 7 .1.2 95 .' 101 .9 111.1 1lI .9 1J1 . 9
15 .0 16 .6 11 .0 ~, 22.1 24 . 1 11 . 2
~
....
2S .6
> , .. . L ..

.....••• ' .M 1.0)

"
1.1 1 1. 17 , .~
L" L"
",'"., " _,00
Cod. St • . .
,.."., ll~IOO
"",., ""~ ,-
2515JOO

.-
2-105700 11OUOO

,,- .!i~]

-
Mu.Nom.',

....
""~
316JIOO 4479100
v ..... .
P. let ...
llJlOG
8 .61
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9 .11
UUOO """"
IJ2SOO WSOO
.."
,~~ 151 lOG
.~ .i·~ :..
R.
W .. • • • .
Q.I... I. . "~
18.42 '"'"
,,~

"'00
19 . 78 19 .1l
""'"62tOO
19 J)
~'OO
~.~ ''''''
61100
..
"""
M>OO
19 .82 ~. ~
,,~

~ f"-,,-
.q
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w.lbo .. .
" "% " "% "% "% "% " ~ .~~
",- ,- ,- ,- ,- .. ",-
Ri>'ddia .•
",. " ,- ,. ,-,. ow
1...1.... lly La'erally La ...... lly La ....ally Lat..... lly
..
La ....ally La_ally La ...... lly

..j!
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, •••
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oil 11 .~
M
.
U

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00

.. ..
W

00

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M

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W

.. .
~
n,

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M

,~ ,~
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..,
~,

...
....
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""" "" "" """ "" """ "" "" """ "" """ ". '"'" ""
00
;d M ~ " " '" "" '" M
....
". " ......" " ..." " ..". " " " '00 ""
d"
.
m " " ..." " ... W .~

.. M
.'"
"" "" ..... . " .. "" .. . "" ...... "" ..." "" ......"" "" ..."" "" .."". . 195

IE
"" " ..... " ...
00
.
~
... " M
" ... "
"" "" .. . " ...... """ ..... . """ ...... """ ..... """ ... """ ... " .... .
... " ... U
.. .. .",
. 191
~
1.01
~~
f
.. . . "" " ......... "" ...... "" ... ...
... "" ........ ... ..
...
.. . M .. . ..
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~ M
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1.24
,I

•'i . . . " "" ...... .. . " ..... . "" ........ . ...

"" ... "" ... "" ..... . " .... .. "" ... I .ll
~ U ~ ~
" .. " .. . " ... "" ... "" .. . ~
'LM"
U
" 1.19

LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
AMER ICAN INSTITUTE O F STEEL CONST RUcn ON, INC. 239

BETHLEHEM BEAMS
DIME."SIOSS- FUt-:crroS5-AUOWABL£ TOTAl. LOADS
I io M_. 01 IIIt<tI.o S it ~ )lodul",
it Mui.um " ..... s.-r ill,..,.....
• io 1I.a.ct;,. at Grn''''
it ).I ........ Spu i_ 1M • .....n........ 1o:oedod u> ...- V.

B
it .......... bIo £Ad 1Iuc<... 10< lY/ brarioos. F.... cIeIaiIo
_ _ at ''1_Il10 EM Itnt,;......,
io M... i",uIII Lood ......... So __ rd c_.-. ....
io M,nimum Spo. ill I"", ..... if...... .,. Iood<d U>n_ W.
io W•• bt"' .... Soand ...d C.... _tiooo in<hod,n, "niIKand W.... RI .....

·,ro
. ,~

.'"
..,
. ZJl

".
'" " '"'"
M
.l 16
. ~,

". "" '"'",ro .m

....'"
.. ..
'"" " ~

" .". ....M''",

~,

" .....
.,
• UJ

•&U
. 111

. 918
, ro
1.1$

".
,~

,"
'"
' N

LOA DS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATIPN
240 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CO NSTR UCTION, INC.

B.ETHLEHEM BEAMS
28" DIM ENSIOSS-FUSCTIOXS-ALU)WABI..E TOTAl.. LOADS I. r~!--; ->I Ir
I io ~,.,..,...t 011 ...... ';. S " s..:,,,,,,
Modul ...

,,
v i, Ma.imum ".<"1,
< io Radiu, 01 G)·<. ,,,,,,
SM., in """,., ..
i, Mi~imum Spa" in 1m. uni(o<m'~' Ioodt<.ll<> <.u~ V.
'Y-"Ii T 1,1

B
'0<
3'1a b.. ting. f.". do •• i,. UPP "l"f"J(·

'--Ii [xl"
i. Allo.... bIe End R• ..""",
..., p"'~. 01 "1~ ,.,..~bIe End Ru<tm. - --I
X
.
IV i. M.. imum loaod on"... s,.,.,. nl Con"....""'.
Q i, ~I;nimum Spa" itl !<fl. unifo<mly Ioodtd.o <."~ w.
io W';Kb. 01.,...5 •• ,.,.", Con<lOC1"", incl""in~ A"IIoo . ,.,
Riw. Ii.·.";, Maximum Oia"".' .... i" IIan~.
Ri,... .. "'<b X n!
d

AIIow.I .... """""ntra,od """,<t _ .

,n. 50'"~
...<1 ,btl. dclI...-tiono 110'".
of .boo< .......·n. y ltm

,. ..-"" .""."". ... p~ iil,18.11

o.p,h _ d" 11 8$ 18 15
1800
W,. PM" foot 97.0 IG4 .0
A""".Sq. l n. "'M" 18 61 JO 116
IUO
.11 95
..'"
,b·...
.. .~ 10.000
.410
10.030
. 5J5 I ~
•o .... .~
· 'J
•.. . .~
. 5J9 m
,~

.~
1 III
. 721
~~ ~~
,0. ...... .~ .~

i.11 .~ ~

,.
". .,,"".
11 875 l( 815 U 815 24 315

•
X , 0.
'".
U.;.
j.WI
"';1
j111 5
It.;,
'"
..,;,
43280
~~ ",;i
.,
• X , ... ,~.
165 11 134 . 7J 30641
! ]
,., ... ,, ,,
11.J! 11 J9 IUJ 11 . 46
"<
X
>
,~,
111 4 U37 141 1
> '" ,~
'"'" '"'" lB . 1

Cod. 5 .. . '"
"'-
""""
,,,,..,
3181.100 J.l16100
·ql
... ....
M:u.Mom.·. U HIOO 4Jl1900 5115 100 551SJOO
\/ .. .. . 151900 168700 181-MlO
.~.5 ,.,
P. lot' .
.W
,1001 IOU IO U
~~~
R .•
w .. ...
Q. (.." ~
51700

""
",.,
~
,,~

""
61100
~""
'""
19 . 11 .,
,-
or·
",. ",. ",. ",. ~.!~J
..·.11>0 .
Rh~,d;'.

1.. '"' -, '"

,,"' ... ,,,~ny
.,. ,-". .,. ,-
La, .... 11 la' ..... 11
.,~
La' .... lIy

~,
,-~,

" '"'" '" '" '"

m '"
•OM

l~ "" '" '" '" m"' "'m ". '" '" '" · OM
,~ ,~ ,~
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".
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,~
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. '" ' 00
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.ISS
.511

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M

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00
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0.00

LO.>\ns BY A. 1. S. C. SPECIFICATION
 AMERlCAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 241

BETHLEHEM BEAMS
DIMENSIONS-FUNCtiONS-ALLOWABLE TOTAL LOAOS
I 10 "'......... oi l""",, S it Sectiooo Mod.l....
r it Radi... 01 C)'T'Itioot
10 Muimum Web She ... in f'ouno:b.
10 Minimu", Spoon in f<'d. unifonnr ~ to ...... v.
10 AII<>wabIo End Rn.ttio<> 10< 3Y.a ~ For drWlo
..., poco of Allowable End R-.>:-"
is Mwmum L;:.d on.,... su..datd Con...,u".,.
io M;"in,um Span in I.... Wlifonnly Iood<d to"" ... W.
io W"b. ol"""SWKIard Conned.ion il>Cludi.oc ..... JIeoand Web Ri ... "
8
Rive( ...._ if MuiOl.'" Diamettr'" 1Ianre.
Allonble ..........'rat<d _tor Ioodo ~ SO%
and t~k delltxt""", 110% 01 ~ --...
Doptb _d',
W,.perf<»l .
.v....Sq.ln
b',.
t •.••.
•
III ......
n .•.•
f. .••
< .•

.2'4
.""
.>N
."'
.w
.•M
.4U
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.522
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".'" .'"
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.616
. 71 8

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"
1.10
.. M
1.3 1

.
~

" ,."" "" 1. 4l

"
"" ....
1.55

"" " "" " 1.1 1

LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
242 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

ALLOWABLE END REACTIONS roo BETHLEHEM BEAMS

DETUMINED B1'

BUCKUNG " UNSTIFFENED WEBS "'" VARIOUS LENGTHS " BEARING

..........
....
,""'-
"
r.;.
\\'eiJ:ht
,
WoI>
U~it
Sue-in
B..cI:linr

,,..
,,-
R...:t;o..

3'11"
Ilufinl
-~
Min.
Span 1«
31l1"
,,-
.R_tioa

.....
,~ .

,... ~
,~
in R 10< I"
Md,tlooaI
""~ -...
,,~

,
Web
V
~

.........
..
V

,-
,,.. 4 .4(1"
8 11 .5 .250"
"'"' 4 . 19' ,, ~

..
~
19.0 .210 ,,~ 4 .15 26100
"" "''''
M.' .'" ,,.. ,"'"
.. ,..
,,~
.,~ ,,~ 5.41 ,,~
'.00
9 m" ,."

-
21. 0 5 .01

.,., """ '"''''

,.,.,
21.0
u.s """ M'" 6. 49
,...,
" "'" ,."
,."
..
,--
.,~

"., 14lLO ,,~ 6.93

""
.'" '"
10 U.S
• r.0
,-
23700 6. 9 1 31100
,,~
U700 . 5. 76
~ 1. L5
"'"' "'"' S. 7J

25. 0
".,
",
.'" mIlO
.245
'"''
IM70
.270 ,..,
9.J9
10. n
10.21
.....
"'" ,,~
~'"
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"'"
"'"
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1. 11
1. 21
U7
12 ."" ,,.. ""., .."'""
...." ..., ""
,, ~
~'''' ,."
"'
'" .'" "'"
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,,..
14750
m.,
31700
,...
9.93
~
.,,' ~
...,
4170 "'., 6 . 7S
".,
48.5
'" .." ,,~
.,'"
,~ 6 .67
6.74

14
~ ,
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M.' .'"
11350

"'"
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12 .57 "'"
,...,
"""
3270
.,.,
.'''' ~''''
~~
......
10. U

.. ,-.... "..
~
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37.5 ,~ I Ul 51700
4l.0
."" "'"
'''M JJ 100 1L1 0
"'" ~ ' . 18

..
"., ,,,nno ",,,,, "'.,
..
.,ro !J. H
~'''' 10 .90
M.' .'" "'"""
13.67 10 . 10

'" .'" ' ''~ ''''' !J.O I

"'" "'"
"'"
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10 .30

.... moo
. "
......
42.S .J15 12.50
,"'"
- -.. .- ...
15 ."
~., .'"
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Hl 50
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,,~ 11 .06
1I . .lJ
moo ""~ ..,.
..." 1. 77
1.67
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\4720 11 .21
"' . 410
~
,,.. 10.97 ".., ,
,, ~

."" 1.35

..
11 ,$
"'" 11 .30
"'" ' . 25

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16
15.0
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IJ530
26700
" 00
311
13. 02
14 . 7S
U .BJ
13.32
-..... ....... ........
m oo
"'"'
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""
,,~
"'"
"'"
"'"
11 .96
11 .90
11.01
10. 41

".,
...".,, .'" ,-,..'"''
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41 ,0
4'. 0
."' "..,
.315
.• M
. 455

"... ,
.315
....'" "'"'
"'"
, ~
-...
41 100
,,~

,,~
14.38
14 .8Z
1 4 .~
14 ,21

16.411
16.ilJ
52100

.......'"'''
51100

"''''
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""
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.,,'"
"""
,-
,
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9 . 15
9 . 61
'.M
9 . 14

u. ~
13.#

-....... ..
.m n .69
~'''' ~"
IS.1lO
52.0
"., moo
.J70 1:111 10 U .s.!
.." 12.35

.- ,-
18 .,'"
".,, .'" I3ll!O
... "'" ..... ~'" ""
59.0 16.15 11 .61
~ , oo U . ~J

••• '"'"
.~ 16.50
" "" "''''
74 .0 "".,
16.61
i6 .W """ 95700
11.1'
10 .95

The beam wb 10
_
,_ltd oil..,."..,
u a column ... i,b find ....... ho~,", an IenftlI I. ol _ 1Wf the bum depth. The 1IIIi.
io de,...."ill(ol.! by the A. I. S. C. column l""",uLl. The ~ilI oI ..·eb,..in, bucIdiJ>c ....mod . tho aetu.ol bear-
illJl on ,II< _k<t <10" ",;oJ1 plate pl.,_I""",h the bam dtpt/t. Thit _ .,.illl tho ......1.. "' ... . . - - _

WIlen , I>< 1'nCIiooI from ,J.. Ioood ""Cftdo ,ho alb..bIe rueliool R. tbe bum wd> "",M be .. ilf"""" Of additioaal Itacth 01
bearin~ ,,.,,,'~I<d. bu. in no """' .... LL ,he ructioa.-..d tbe .IJo..-.bIo w-nnc
voJ ... V.

LOADS BY A. t. S. C, SPECIFICATION
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 243

AllOWABLE END REACTIONS

DETERMINED BT
". BETHLEHEM BEAMS
BUCKLING ", UNSTIFFENED WEBS "'" VARIOUS LENGTHS '" BEARING

...
,"''"....
Weich'
r.;. W~
,
5,lilli,
__ itI
.-.
,,«
R..... ion Min.
Span fer ,,«.
'""'"
,~

-.
.-
...., ....
in Rfor I '
M_
W~
....."'.
- "..
~. ,~ Additional
Bockiitl, 'W
Bu';.. 0..;. V V

~,

~9.5

..
•J75'
.375
.m
m..
IllIG
..
,...
~'OO

"moo
16.77'
18. 23
~
41100
" .. "" ....
"'"'
14.46'
l4.66

... ..
61.G llnG 17 . 17 I4.Zl

20
M.' miG 17. 88
'"" ""
"" lUIO

'" .."
. UG ,U" 45100 11. 28 moo
"" " U.t5
73 .0
78 .0 .... H~
H'" """
~
II. tl
17.70
59700

"'" "" 'ro..

HMOO
13.lt
12.61

"., .'"m ."'" .... "" ...

....
51 .0 11140 10 .78 IUO
. Jl0 H~ 11.6t 97100 n . !l
67 .5
. us
11110
12])0
"""
m" lU I
lI . 16
"'"
>0<00
,, ~
""
45:0
""00
H ....
n.n
16.33
73 .0
""
., ....""".. ... ,,,..
22 77 .0
.." .415 12+110
,u" 41700

...."""
21.46
..... "" 111600 U .56

'"'" ...
" .M 110100 14.89

. 525
Ill70
H."
~ 10 . 33
19 . 51 " MOO
1210
,U"" 14.36
U.78

24
10.0
U.S
79.5
M.'
.~,

....."
.~,

.415
1\l90
lIl,so
H'"
moo
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.....
" -
--.. -
"'"
2l .33
n .ll
".n
21 . 24
....
........,"'",=
~
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IU10Cl
H ....
I14JOO
111500

111500
19 .61
19.!5
18.40
17.:16

....
OO ' m90 22 .67 16."
'"00.' .... """"
'" ,"'"
.525 ,n" IUS
21,1l ""
7010 '''~
UllOO
U.94
15 ,51

.'"
104 .5 1510 ,~ 15.16
10.91

....." ...." ....

.. .. -
U6100
26
'1.0
M .'
11450
11510
>0<00
51100
24 .(1\

""
00>00
5710 1J91OO ""
".n
"" ,-
IIno
91.0
M.'
.':0
IWO '"'" ""
" .oo " ... "MOO 19.66
1S. 71
"'"
....
...m" ,"m ....
"... ,.., ,-
"'.. ...
91.0 5Hoo 18.65 .~ ll.n
".M 151900 21 .6$
28 91.0
104.0 .>00
lUIO
'''''
.,,.,
61100 17 . 51 "" 16$100 11.56
112.0
"' moo :16 .(5 82700 131400 10.51

-
.

....",...,.. .. ,............ ,....

,-
30
110. 0
115 .0
1l1.0
129.0
.-
.'"
."'
.'" ,..., H'"
11140
IH~
~
29 .01
18.95
28 . 21
- ""
""
M"
""
,-
~~
lJ . l l
" .M
12.41
21.S4

The ..... m wd.> io ,..... t<d .. . m1~mn ~ .... 6ud end .. ""vi .... an efteo;ti'"e I<n(th L 0( onc-ball the beam dq>th. Tbe u";t
01'" io det<rminood by theA. I. So C. column formula. Tbe ""t~ d ... et. raitlinJ ~i::r; io ....med .. the a.ctllal t-r.
i.... OIl tho 1Inde. or wall plal< pi", _fourth.be bum dcpIb. Thio 1l1l ........ ilb.he .... lid nurnotOUO tats;
II...... tho ,-,ian from.be Jo.d....,.,.... ,ho .I\owable ructian R. ,he beam..-.b mlJOl be otilltned or additional Ic<>Ith 0(
boon .... _ided: but i. DO.,... ohaU tbe..-tion.,,"""'" tbt allowa ble <beaM, ....1... V.

LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
 ~

N OI.LY:)LH)3d S ':) 'S ') 'V -\9 savo,

-: ":.

·\" ~'

o ••
I '
11111 til l~ ~
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• #

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a '61'::)1 'v,
--..... ......"

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6 '6 1' :)1 . ~

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'~ "'" ~ SI
.
6 '61':> 1 Dt Hr OlI U ~ ,~ t • ..

~~
", ~. ottl .
..
OI"t lt
01'61' ::)1 , ~

fz' %,
0 1 61':) 1
0 161 ' :)1
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y,
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O t f~f
olin
Ollt.
oo 19t
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'f, ~ ~.'~ ! :~! .,,- ~'" (ltH '

"'" ~ , ~! I
"tl

I~I 0-1
'
~tt l or
oi nJI
ri';il'~;
!y. 1j);9ii
0 (9((
I;;;;;' 100;" 1,;; I"ZI
098ft orott Dill

," ." IN; " I ti. if 01'£1':)1I"V.

fI
,... 1 nn! ':)1 'V. 101911
111911
loomr
OOo/£l
iOOftll
DOHl o9r l.. 01 ~'f7

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12'r2 ' , ,
Itzt

" 1'.''0:] ..... ,,.,.,,"'.)

SGV01 :lNI~IIO.\\ '"'~

swnR W1HllH13R ." S31!lNV NOlIJ1NNOJ

':)N I 'NOIl.!)lnnSNO:) '1331.S .!fO 3.l0.ll.lSN I Nv:)nnWV HZ
 AMERICAN INSTIT UTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT ION, INC. 245

26"
SI.O
M.'
~10
H.'
."'"""
~"
78750
835 10
835 10
835 10
83510

28"
'" I fS
97 0
1<M .O
111.0

- .,
g~:
30" ''''
119.0 I '''~ IWi111: :·ll
iiilil Iil!!i,~i:: 79SJO ..

w ~' all t..am. " I> to .oJ I""t..dlnl 26' a" t.. r.. mod oppoo;te ,dth topo
.~

II"""" ,\ w J' "u t"",,... .,""" I ~ ' <"" I., I..."".,j OS"""'"" ~'I,h topo A~o.h_
1'1.>"1:< m ... ' I., "" u 'ay • • 0/00:>..'. r... lotio!. ';Vfl;ftJ on all hoa... 1..",1,..
b'l'-" bum. illb"~. Inl.. l",," ~I'h "".." ..1, ... ,;,... ..
"""'*" a

Minimum \\'ob ""IUn-.ot to ,\e->'<Iop !>i"~ ,," Sb<-an"~ 1'>1... it .j,!'

""""'<lop
,\ lin,mun, \\'eb .....1"1 .... Double St...rillll: Val ... ;. .5J '

LOA DS BY A, I. S. C. SPEC IFICAT ION

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

NOTES and DIAGRAMS

AM ERICAN i NSTITUTE OF ST EE L CQNSTRucn QN, I NC. 247

Part IV
Section 6

Bethlehem Girder Beams

Dimensions
Technical Functions
Allowable Total Loads
by
A. I. S. C. Specification
Allowable End Reactions
Standard Connection An~les

Usual Stock Sizes

Depth Wei~ht

8' 33 .0#
9 38 .5
10 44 .5
12 55 .5
15 74.0
16 81.0
18 86 .0
20 113.0
22 108 .0
24 120 .0
26 151. 0
28 165 .0
30 180.0
248 AMERICAN INST ITUTE OF ST EEL CONSTRUCT ION, INC.

BETHLEHEM GIRDER BEAMS h,....,

8" ,
DlMENSIONS_' FUNCTIONS_ ALLOWABLE TOTAL LOADS
;" M"""'nt d. h' .... ~ ia ,
;" 5«t;.,., Modul... •
VI
~ ':-+i 'Uc""
v
, " Rod;", d. G)',a'"",
is Moximum W,·bShtat in Pou ....... \("Ii T ;'1
, it Minimum s.p.tn in l<fl. un;form', 1oodod ,,, <a"", V. apprc)(. '

G
" ;. Allow.bIe E .. I R_, ;"" ,<# " lI b... rin~. F<#rl<'ailo
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Q .. Minimum Spo.n;n 11"<'. unilormly "-led ,o<a u.. W.
• .. \\'ei~ht 01 "".:S,al>dud Cool_,;.,., .""Iud", AI>i ... and Web Ri.....
Ri... , .i,'O n it M:uimum rx.m<t ... in fl.n~•.
Allowable ron<t1I,n,od ........ Ioo<h .... .5O'JIO
and ,I ..." dtf\ect;""1 80% 01 ,_ ....,..n.
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 M,,'IERICAN INST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 249

BETHLEHEM GIRDER BEAMS

Dr~rENSIOSS-FUl\CTIOl\S:- AL LOWABLE TOTAL LOADS
1 is ~''''''''n. 0( ,_,.. S is s.c •.,.. Mod.'"
r io ~i", 0( Gyra,""
\. I. M.,.im.m Wob SIK-.,
in ,,,",nd ..
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R i, Alro..-able End Rue,"" lor 3'}. burin,. For ...... iI.
_ _ 01 AIIow.bIo End Reac'''''''
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Q io Min,mum Span ,n I... ,. uniformly IoodtoJ '0 co .... III.
.... io Wcich.oI """S,andud e""I1""''''' ,,,,,Iud,n, An,Ieo _ W.b R''''''
Ri,.... ~i,"e>t i, M .. imum Dia,"" .....
in ftan~ ••
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ttm . and ,toci, ...8N:."",. 80')., 0( tI>ooe ~".
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LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
250 AMERICAN INST ITlJI'E OF STEEL CONSTRUCfION. INC.

BETHLEHEM GIRDER BEAMS

,
DIllESSIOSS-I'USCTIOSS-ALLOY{ABLE TOTAl. I..OADS

j
• . 119
. 151
.'u
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. Z15
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LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
 A~ I ERICA N INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONST RUCTION, INC. 251

BETHLEHEM GIRDER BEAMS

DIMENSIONS-FUNCTIONS- ...U.OW... SLE TOTAl. LOADS
I i, M......... ot I .... t~ S '" s..ct .... Modulo..
r is Radi ... 01 Gl'ution
i, ~, ... imum \\".b st.... in l'ooIod ••
io M,n;mu", Spo.n in r... t. uni(orml,lo.dod.o <on. V.
it ... 1.......... End 11....,...... . "" J%; bnriftc. •'"" dotaiIo
.... _ 01 ...1........ Ell(! ~.;....
x io .\Ia.;,.,wm '--Ion",," s.~ ~;,..
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io \\'';c'n 0I_s.-brd Cooo.ak- ioodod"" """",,ud Web

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LOADS BY A. I. S, C, SPECI FICATION

•
252 AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT ION, INC.

BETHLEHEM GIRDER BEAMS

IS" , ,
"
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1 1)0
, 610
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LOADS BY A. 1. S. C. SPECIFICATION
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUGrION, INC. 253

BETHLEHEM GIRDER BEAMS

DIMENSIONS- fUNCTIONS-ALLOWABLE TOTAL LOADS
I I, M.,......,,,, llIef"t;" S .. Sec,ion Modul ..
, isRM;""'G).~.lion
II M:u.imum W.b~a, in l'oulOh.
15"
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.. Allowable End 11."""0"' 10< ly" bHrl",. f orde .....
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is Muimum I~ "" one S'an<lard COII ...... io<!.
is Minimum Span in I... ,. uniformly ~ '0 ca ..... W.
is Wtip,'" oneSt3ndard eo.. ....... ion ;""hodi"" "",.... nd WoI> Riw ..
Riw, ~i,..... is M.. imum Diame'e, in /Ia"~.
AI\&o·able """"n,,,,,«1CftI'''''\oodo.", 500/0
and 'Mi, dtller:lion. 80% 0( u-e ohown.

,..... ..
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LOADS BY A.!, S. C. SPECIFICATION

254 AMER ICAN INST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

BETHLEHEM GIRDER BEAMS

16"

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LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONST RUCT ION. INC. 255

BETHLEHEM GIRDER BEAMS

DrMf.NS[Olo>S-FUNCT[Olo>S-AI.1.0WABLl TUTAL [.0,\05

Dtpdo _ d '.
W •. per ' oot .
........ Sq. la ••
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Co<f.St" ... 18$l.l(I(I :!OO4!1OO lmooo 13201600

101 ....1o1om.'' 2119900 3007200 3lJ.HOO 34S1000
'Y ......• 90100 9WOO 100000 106:00
P. ' oet .• 10 .:rs [o.ss 10 .19 10.94
R .••.•• 46:00 49500 52800 56900
W ...... 9-1500 99000 [0.1500 [09100
O. 'oe •.. [o.n

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9 .81 [0.1l 10.M.
w. Ibo•••
Jt; .... d...
41
[.
41
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41
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fi,«1 fr ... fi,«1 f...., 6,«1 f...., fi=l f"",

, 180 180
~ 80 180
180 [80
[90 190 :00 :00 III ll2
190 190 200 :/00 212 112
[\10 [\10 200 200 In 112
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154
143
113
166
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LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
256 AM ERICAN INSTITUTE OF ST EEL CONST RUCTION, INC.

BETHLEHEM GIRDER BEAMS

20"

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LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCf ION. INC. 257

BETHLEHEM GIRDER BEAMS

I)IMF.NSIQSS- .·UNCTJOSS - ALLOWABLE TOTAL LOADS
1 .. M"....., • ." I ...... ,... S .. s.."ion Mod"l ..
, ;" Radiu. '" Gyr. lion
V i. Muimum Web Sh.... '" f'ouod ..
P i, Min;mum Sp,an ia I", •• "nilonnl,loadod toea .... V.
II. .. Alla.ca ble Eod 11..,0<1.... for 3'1. boarirq:. For dew"

G
_ page'"
Allow-oblt End R• ..";,,,..

ow .... Max,mum I.-l "" one S'andard C""""".ion.

Minimum Span ,n 1..1. unilonnly Joadt,;1 to ....... w.
... .. W.i"'I'" oneS,aodord Con_,ion inclodiDs "",Iou n<! Web R,; ......
R,,-d I've.. i. Ma,imum O;" ........ ;n flon"".
Allow-oblt ronoentra'ed
. "<1 l!>ti, <IdIo<:tion, 800/~
_'<1"." ~ are.5O%
t.hooo oIooom.
Dep,h _ dO . 11.88 21.00 22.12 2225 11 "i
WI. lIlT foot. 10l.0 108.0 116.0 1240 g .:l
A1u.Sq. l n.
b" ..
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b .• . 19.193 19.193 19.198 1~ . )93 = ~
IOU 1.101 1.161 1.116;j-· ~
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n ....•.
e . . . . .. .
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.t~ 15
~ 11"
m,
15.615 18.625 13,625 15,625
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9,41
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290
41 .9 : J
2,92
Cool". Str. 28U400 .IOWlOO J218000 J5 18lOO
,
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118200
11 02
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w .... . 121600 119olOO lJ7800 14J16O
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178 178 191 191 lOS 20$ 220 no

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'00 94 li S 101 116 109 US 117
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LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
258 AMERICAN INST ITUTE OF ST EEL CONSTRUCT ION, INC.

BET~ GIRDER BEAMS

I>IM ENSIOKS-FUNCTIOSS-ALLOYo'ABLE TOTAl. LOADS
I 10 lot_I of I-u. S 10 s.a ... Modul ...
r 10 IUd .... of CYfa'iooI
10 Muiohm WtbSl>oat ,II Pool .....
10 Mi.ionu", Span .. ,_ , ...i " " " " l - .o caoo .. v .
.. . .""".bIt &d itnctiool for Jt,\ bo ..... F...........
_ ..... of Al~ &d lkar.ioM.
, .. "'..i",u", I.-,.d ......... St.oftdard Cooo-,iooI .
.. Min,"'u", Span;. f<fl .... if..... ', - . . ......... W.
is W,..h • .,.. ..... St.o ..... "'c:oru.:..;".. i""hldinc ......... _ Wob
• •1 ,

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NOIl.V::)J.!I I:l]dS "O'S 'I 'V A9 SOVO']

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65, -::INI 'NOJ.I.::>nlUSNOO 'l33.lS jO 31.n.ll lSNI N\l:JHI3WV
,
260 AMERICA N INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

BETHLEHEM GIRDER BEAMS

Ir4h
-;;-g._" --~iH'"
28" , ,
DI M£SSIO:':S-rUScnOl'S-i\lWWAlll£ TOTAL LOADS
.. M.,.......clr .. n .. ,
.. SOCt .... MOO"' ...
r ;. Radiu,ol C)· .......
ty-"'li
,,
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approx. ' T "1
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_ _ 01 AII..... able End Rcac.lono. - - -j
W ;. Max;","", Lood.,.. ..... S'andard Con""",ion.
Q i, Minim"mSpall in I"". unilonnly loaded '00._ W.
• it W';"h,ol ".,.,s..ndanI C.... _, .... ;""Itlding Anlleoand W<b Ri,.. t>
Rj,.." ~;'.. n" Mu;mum o;.,..."",;n flan",.
AIIow.bIe CU'>Ct" ..... ,<d """et" _
and ,hei, _,;0"" .'. 50?0
110'";" of ,,,,- """,,'n.
X
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b· .. '"
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42.69
14 .160
1560
4593
14.2 10
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43.75
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115.0
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262 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ST EEL CONSTRUCT ION, INC.

AllOWABLE END REACTIONS

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LOA DS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICA TION

 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCfION, INC. 263

ALLOWABLE END REACTIONS ... BETHLEHEM GIRDER BEAMS

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WADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
264 AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

CONNECTION ANGLES ... BETHLEHEM GIRD£R BEAMS

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LOADS BY A. I. S, C. SPECIFICATION
 AMERICAN INSTITUfE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 265

CONNECTION ANGLES ". BETHLEHEM GIRDER BEAMS

_m
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LOADS BY A. L S. C. SPECIFICATION
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

NOTES and DIAGRAMS

AME RICAN INSTITUTE OF ST EEL CON STRUCTION, INC. 267

Part IV
Section 7

Carnegie Beam Sections

Dimensions
Technical Functions
Allowable Total Loads
by
A. I. S. C. Specification
Allowable End Reactions
Standard Connection An~les

Usual Stock Sizes

Depth Wei~ht

8' 24 .0 *
9 29 .0
10 21.0
12 25 .0
14 30 .0
16 35 .0
18 47 .0
21 58 .0
24 70 .0
27 91.0
30 115 .0
268 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUcrION, INC.

CARNEGIE BEAMS
DIMENSIONS-FUNCT IONS-ALLOWABLE TOTAL LOADS
[ .. M.,....." all_.;,. s it Sec•.", Modul...
• it Rodi .. 01 Cyn.ion
V io Muimum W<b Sh.w in Pounds.
r it Minimu", Span in r... , ''''iform?, loaded to .. _ V.
R io All_able End RH.etion lor 3'h boari .... For do ...,.
.,., _ 01 Allowoble End ~..,t""",
\II io MaJ<imum t.-J .... __ Standard eo._tloa.
Q io M;~im~m s,... in r.... , unilonnly Ioadod IOu.... W .
• i. W"lh,ol"""SWMIa«IConn«:tiooo indudinJ ......... andW.bRinu

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. 281

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. 614
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LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
 AMERICAN INSTlTlITE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INQ 269
y CARNEGIE BEAMS
9"
•
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LOt\J)S BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
270 AMERICAN INST ITlJfE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION. INC.

CARNEGIE BEAMS
10" ,
DIME:-:Slo:-;s-rUNCTION5-A I.tOWAIII..E TOTAL LOADS --f.i--.; 11=
,,
is ~I""""'t of I ...... i.> S i, Soc, .... Mod~h..
' i, 11 ..,1,,,, of Gyro,,,,,,
V .. M:u.imum \\,<1> Sh.;or;n ,'""nd ..
io M.8;",um s,.... i.n r""t. un,r",mly _ to co..... V.
:;'; ,i ;r
C
is A1lonblo End R~.... ion ,'" lY.' btati",. r ..... tail.
_ POi< 01 AIIow.bIe End Rox,;"" ..
IV i, Mnimum I..oMd "" one StVldanl c.,..I>K,;"... X 1!--1v
b ',it-- X f
Q is M,n;mum Swn i& I..., unif", ... ly _ ... "" .... w.
• i. W~h' of """ Stand..., Co<o<lOCt ..... intl""i... An,1oo aodW.b ~ ... t •
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.
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w.. p«r_
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&nd their dtlI«<ioN 80% 01 ,,,- ohotr •.

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10.000 ,,~

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10.2la
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Y 1=

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LOADS BY A. J. S. C. SPECIF'ICA TION

 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCfION. INC. 271

CARNEGIE BEAMS

,, • •
10"
, ,., toea .... v.
FOt dcuilo
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LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
272 AMERICAN INSTITlJI'E OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

12" ,
CARNEGIE BEAMS
DIM ENSIONS-ruNcrIO"~Au..owA BLE
iI Momen' <II 111M,. , TOTAL LOADS
io Soction Modul ....
~~i=;11-
,Y
' iI R.dt... <II G)Ta,ion
if M"'mulII \\'.t. Shut in P""nd •. ioT- .l\i, --; L
io M,nimum Span in 1_. unilOfmlllooded to tII_ V.

C
R io A11""'ablo End ~..".", I.,.. l'la b..rinJ. F<>< do ..ih
_ P"-C<: <II AI""".bIe End Roac,;"" .. ---I --..-
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'+1'r-
Q
•
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it Wri"" <II on< St.nd.", Con...."ion iOld""'inJ A",""' and W.b RiVCll
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and tIoeir dtll<ction. 80% <II " ' - _ .
X
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LOADS BY A. I. S C. SPECIFICATION
AMERICAN INSTITlTfE OF STEEL CONST RUCTION, INC. 273

CARNEGIE BEAMS
DIMENSiONS-FUNCTi ONS-ALLOWABLE TOT At LOADS
I io Moment of l oenia
r ;. fbdi .. of Gyration
V io M..imum Web Shur in Pounds.
s..:uor.
S is Modul .. 12"
P it Miaimu,," Spoa in foet, unifOtm'llood<d to ...... V.

c
R io _
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Q is Mininlam Spoa in r..-t, uniformly 100<I«I to ta ... w.
w io Woic/Itol oncStaodardCoaneotlonir>dlJdina; A"Clooud Web Riwt$
Ri_livtnio I in~.
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.t10

LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATIO N
~
'( 274 AMERICAN INST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.
r---~--------------~~----~
CARNEGIE BEAMS
14- DI M ENS I OSS-.·UNCT I O:'~ALI..OWA8U: TOTAL LOADS
I ;'~I .......... ofl_... S "~_M,""" ...
• .. Rad_ <II (.)'at .....
V io M ..;mum Web Sh<w 1ft 1""'",1.
P io Mini",um 5,>0" in r.,.t . yni/""ml} kto<l<d '" <~y" V.

C
II. io <\II_dolo £nor ~,_ I.,.. Jv, btari, r", cIt ...ih
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LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT ION, INC. 275

CARNEGIE BEAMS
DIMENSIOll.'S-F1)NCTIOSS-ALtQWABLE TOTAL LOADS
1 .. 101...... '01 14"

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LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
276 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCtiON. INC.

CARNEGIE BEAMS VI
~,,-.; ;1 1-
16" ,
Dl MENSlos!;-rUSCTloss.-AUOWADLE TOTAL LOADS
it Momtn.ol t....., ... it
r ;. Rad'''' '" Cy<>.ion
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C
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! +j' +
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.. .. W';lht 01 01>0 S•• ndanI C",,,..«_ i..dudi"ll ...",Ieo .ndw.b Rivet.
Ri,.." ,iOft " ~t ..;mum Oi.amo ... ill 8.n.e.
AlIo.-.bIo: COfI<et>!r•• ed «n\,Ot' ~ ...., 50%
X
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LOADS BY A. I. S C. SPECIF'ICA nON

 AMERICAN INSTITUfE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT ION. INC. 271

V I <1 CARNEGIE BEAMS

".j:!. - I '" ,
OIM ENS10NS-FUNCT IO:>S-M.LOW1oBLE TOTAL LOADS
, 16"
1.1 i, ;-
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ow .. Mini",.", Span il\ .•Rif<,tmly Ioadod.o caute W.

.. Mui",um ~ "".,... Standatd Con...nioot.

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218 A~'I E:R ICAN INSTITlITE OF STEEL CONSTRUCfION. INC.

CARNEGIE BEAMS
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 AMERICAN INSTrrurE OF STEEL CONST RUCTION, INC. 279

CARNEGIE BEAMS
O'VEH'SlOt."S-F1JNCTION5-AUOWASLE TOTAL LOADS
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"
280 AMERICAN INST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCfION. INC.

CARNEGIE BEAMS
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 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONS:TRUCfION, INC. 281

CARNEGIE BEAMS

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7
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282 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONS1RUCfION, INC.

CARNEGIE BEAMS
DI MENSIONs-r UNCT10NS-ALWWA8LE TOTAL LOADS
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 AMERICAN INSTITlJfE OF STEEL CONSTRUCfION, INC. 283

11 CARNEGIE BEAMS

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284 AMERICAN INSTITlITE OF STEEL CONST RUCT ION. INC.

CARNEGIE BEAMS
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 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCfION, INC. 285
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286 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT ION, INC.

ALLOWABLE END REACTIONS ". CARNEGIE BEAMS

D£TEJ.MtNED IT

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• Spo:<i.lSo<. ion. W.b Thick ...... %'.

LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATiON
 AMERICAN INSTlTlf n ; OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 281

ALLOWABLE ENO REACTIONS roo CARNEGIE BEAMS

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LOADS BY A. I. S C. SPECIFICATION
288 A~ I ER I CAN INSTIT UTE O F STEEL CONSTRUCTI ON, INC.

CONNECTION ANGLES "" CARNEGIE BEAMS

DL"'[.~ II"t/CHTS ... 'ilOUINI .~~' J~' I'OII'EI 1IIt1n::'<I ~I\'£TS

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LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
 A~ I ERICAN INST IT UTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 289

CONNECTION ANGLES ". CARNEGIE BEAMS

DIMENSIONS. WDCHrS .... WOUlNG U)..IOS ~A' roilIER DRIVEN RIVETS

IiiI
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LOADS BY A. I. S. C! SPECIFICATION
290 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT ION, INC.

CONNECTION ANGLES '" CARNEGIE BEAMS

A.l.S.C.
Mark

•
IC.I~.I()
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LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
 AMERICAN INST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT ION, INC. 291

CONNECTION ANGLES ... CARNEGIE BEAMS

DlI'i'EH 1IV£TS

167020 123100
27" 161020
161010
123100
l23l'OO
167OJO l23l'OO

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A _ 3"

LOADS BY A. L S. C. SPEClE1CATION
,
AMERICAN JNSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, IN C.

NOTES and DIAGRAMS

AM ERICAN INSTITUTE OF ST EEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 293

Part IV
Section 8
Miscellaneous Steel Sections

Dimensions
Technical Functions
Allowable Total Loads
by
A. 1. S. C. Specification
Allowable End Reactions
Standard Connection An~les

for

Carnegie Mill Sections

Carnegie H Sections
J . and L. Junior Beams
Phoenix Special I Beams
294 AMERICAN INSTITlTfE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT ION, INC.

CARNEGIE MILL SECTIONS

Iota_V.
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LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
 AMERICAN INST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCf ION. INC. 29S

CARNEGIE MILL SECTIONS

DlMEl"SIO~S-F UNCTIO:-:S-"'U.OWA(lLE TOTAL LOADS
1 ill M<>men. or I......... S ill s..:tiOn Mod~l ...
r io R.. liu. or
GjTat;""
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and .bti. drlIK.ion. 81& or
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l ""'~ _ dO. 9.00 9.00 11 ]
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LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
296 AMERICAN INSTITUTE 0,"' STEEL CONSTRUCf ION. INC.

CARNEGIE H BEAMS

,...
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LOADS BY A. J. S C. SPEC IFICATION

 AMERICAN INSTITlJfE OF STEEL CONSTRUCl"ION. INC. 1 297

-""'''' ""
CONNECTION ANGLES ... CARNEGIE MILL SECTIONS ... H BEAMS
, .""'" ~ ........,"" """
I! I] 1ft w'"' JJ IA~~ Ie... III c -... Dec&ilo

I=~ c •
I. I" • ,..., 119.10 M40 Yo IIC- 6. 9 I""
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17670
17670
11670

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17670
17670 I: j: ,
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,,-.;
_ Flo _
;

Mi......... Wtb ,""",WiI to cIoo¥do9

~
<':=:!.~""
_ 5· ... '--""""'4· H, caabelra-'OfIPOIIi"' .. ;,~_ ....
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so....
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st-riac \'.... ;,. .JJ',

M,d..... Wtb ..... ~i<-ed tocte.-ftop I>oubIo Sbeari,. v ..... ;,...lJ·

ALLOWABLE END REACTIONS"" CARNEGIE MILL SECTIONS"" HBEAMS

""""""" ..
--,- ~
BUCKLING " UNSTIFFENED WEBS """ VABIOUS LENGTHS " BEARING
. ~
~
'" ~
I! 11 W....,
t::. W',"' Vail

Bu<kH..
, :§:: p:::
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=
21 .5 .~

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317
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18
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4 .9S

=--:.;.. -..;, i~~_~_ 1 '

.~.
,--
Yo". tM ....... flUB die bel ........ t1w ........... ~ R.. doo ....... _ .... bellil.-.d<w ...... tioMIleooctII
.,,~~.buti.IIO,-""'tM ....... ...-.~ ......... vaI ... V.

LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
298 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCf ION, INC.

J .,.. L JUNIOR BEAMS yl

n h ~
D1MEI'OS10l'o". $-FUI'OCT 10l'OS--Al.l.oWABU'; TOTAL l.OADS
1 ;. :.I_I c( h,o<';' S ;. s..otk>n Modulul
c ;. Radius c( Gyra, ....
V to M.. im"m Wtb SlIt.. in round ...
I' .. Minimum s.- in ("". uni!orm(lloadod '0 call . . V, d.

J
R io AU_oble End R.... tk>n lor 1'J. 'btuill/l:. ~'OI" doton •
..., pogo C(.AIIoo<oble End R.... ' ......
W i, M.. i"'"m 1.....:1 "".,... Slandard Coo .... , ..... X X
Q ;" Minim"n, Span in I .. " unilonnly Ioadod to <3 .... W.
w i, W.i,h, c( .,...Slandard Con_,.... i""lud,n, Anriel and W.b Ri""to -t
Ri,.. , ,i"", io ~I ..imurn I)",,,,,,, ... in Ha"~*,
".,.......".,«1 ""n'.,. load.... 50'70
AT"""'bIe
ond 'heir <l<fl«lionI 80% c( tII<* ""'.'n. y

,w.
P. I_.

•. ""
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. 195 .~ , .~ .<» .411
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.110 .674 .• 00
.543
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.61Z .~11

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"
1,$1
1.19
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I. U ' 00
1. 19
~,

1 01 .915

LOADS BY A. I. S, C. SPECI FI CA Tl q~
 AM ERICAN INSTITtrrE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION. INC. 299

CONNECTION ANGLES J .,.. L JUNIOR BEAMS

DlMENStOtCS. WEIGHTS, _ WOlI(INC LOADS "" :J,;\' POWDt DlMN llYm
'-

1 .a ·1
.", •
,- .......... H
eo..noc.ion Val ...
Oubtalldi .rl
A.lSC .
eo..nec.ion Ana'"

JI
t ;1
i~ c:.:...nect;"" DeuH.

..... .......,
W~ Unfi ..... Ml rk Wo'
Driven ·~i
C
• 1 :::~

0' 4.16 .,~ 119.10 ~ IC.US 111/"

S.lO ,.., ..., ~ r':.~} ~1~J

" 11930

...,
IC.4.15 lilt..

r~ ~
"9' ,."
6. 12
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119.10

119.10 ...,
...,
~

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II > I•
..
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ll' 9.14 ,~
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e b

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"'= r= ,1 dialalKC .1 ripl 00<1, in .... 01 lull aI *'

I>aIf inch ohcw •• I. """""....-ndo:I ,'" L!.:;,.Ju,,"" bo...... thjo It.v....l5c.... t ~
uncltnua ;" boam """.ho.
WIlen A ~ 3 ' .n Jua"" bco .... co .. be f ..med - , t e with top dlltoh.

"'''''mum W.b .... uirtd to ~ S;.,.1t Sheari ... V.I ..... .33 '
M",imum Wtb .... uirtd to ~ Double Sbeari ... V.I ... io .5J '

ALLOWABLE END REACTIONS

DETElMINED I T
"" J .... L JUNIOR BEAMS

BUCKUNG '" UNSTIFFENED WEBS "'''' VARIOUS LENGTHS '" BEARING

....'"
,....
Wei"'t

,-
~
W.b
• ......" ...... .......... ,,-.
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ReKtion

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5.10
." 11490
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6.12
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10' '. 42
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11' 9 .74
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12' lI .ll .U 7.ll "ro ,,~ 10.4(1
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no. ........ ftb io .......<d .. a oo/umn ';th fu<d 00<1.. bav"'1 an ""..Ii"" Ienrt~ L ct .--balf .... bN", ~~. 1M u"i.
_io<lt<ennined by .... ". I . S. C. <>DIumd ........10. Tbe Itt>rt~ ct web ....... i... buckli,.. Io.-mod.. .'''1101 beat·
u.. "" the tnc........ nil plate plus ooe-Jounh the bNm depth. Thit...- "'itll the ......1.. ct nu..-o Ia...
Wbeoo the .-:tion from the k..J ..<Hdo the a11owab1e.--tiooo R, the beam web m,,1t bo otilI<n«I '" odditioDalltaatb ct
bmri"C provided; bu. id'" cue ohall the ,-lion esoeed the al~ oha.riaa value V.

LOADS BY A, I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
300 AMERICAN INSTITUfE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION. INC.

I~ ~~i --+i 1 H=
12" SPECIAL PHOENIX I BEAMS

IS" 1/ ! T].1
x t~ ,loYl'
P y Tt.

, ,. I'" I '" IS'

~.;.~
•. '-:
... '!: I~ I I Total II I_Totol ~ .....

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n.. .. ...
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11 190 .• • .(OM 309 •••• S47 "i; i;
1l IS I •• .151 ~5 . 6(1 1 ~ !~

CONNECTION ANGU;;' .,,"~. L"~ ;~~:E~AM

":::'¥S~"I
, WF.ICIITl. _ ,,·0I..l1NC LOADS , ~ Il'fm

ALLOW ABLE END ... SPECIAL PHOENIX I BEAMS "w.'i~

BUCKUNG '" UNSTIFFENED WEBS "" VARIOUS LENGTHS " BEARING

::
Tho

..,-,. . ' ......

LOA DS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
AM ER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 301

Part IV
Section 9
Beam Summary

giving
Size and Weight
of
Beams
to be used for
Spans
from 4-50 feet
and foc
Loads
fcom 1---650 Kips.

Continuous Load, Unifocmly Distributed

P'
302 AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION. INC.

SUMMARY ..
BEAMS roo VARIOUS UNIFORM LOADS
"'" SPANS
...,. ,
..
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~ 51'AS IS .·EET_ BEAMS I..ATUtJ\U.Y fIXU)
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LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
 A~l t ltt CAN INSTITUT E OF' STEEL CONSTRUCT loNI INO. 303

SUMMARY .. BEAMS ". VARIOUS UNIFORM LOADS

"" SPANS

.......
.~

1
W'ic~'
r..
s..."",
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SI'AS I, n:~:t III;A'\15 lATERALL\, nXEU

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LOA DS BY A, I. S, C, SI' ECIFICATION

304 AMER ICAN INSTIT UTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT ION, INC.

SUMMARY '" BEAMS '" VARIOUS UNIFORM LOADS SPANS

""
••
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""~ , ,
SI'AN IN fEl-r DEAMS I.ATI:.KAt.I.Y FIX ~; f)

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SUMMARY .. BEAMS
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306 AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEE:L CONSTRUCl' ION, INC.

SUMMARY
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LOADS BY A, I. S, C. SPECIFICATION
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 307

Part IV
Section 10
Bethlehem Columns
Bethlehem Columns with Cover Plates
Dimensions
Technical Functions
Allowable Concentric Loads
by
A. I. S. C. Specification
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Part IV
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NOTES and DIAGRAMS

A MERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 341

Part IV
Section 12
Plate and Angle Columns
Plate and Angle Columns with
Cover Plates
Channel and Plate Columns

Dimensions
Technical Functions
Attowable Concentric Loads
by
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LOADS BY A. 1. S. C. SPECIF ICATION

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NOTES and DIAGRAMS

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 361

Part IV
Section 13

Steel Slab Column Bases

362 AMERICAN INST ITUT E OF ST EEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

SOLID STEEL SLABS ••• COLUMN BASES

DATA TO DETERMINE LENGTH L AND WIDTH W
SEE OPPOSITE PAGE FOR DATA. TO DEYUMINE THICKNESS REQUIRED

I- L -
_W_
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FI~. I FIG. 2
CASE I
BASE RESTING UPON MASONRY
c .. T otal Load On Col. ( In Pound.) .
U _(AlloWed Unit P ...... Oil MalOnf)'
~ table I below.
A .. Area of Baooeln IQ.IIL .. C + U
Select a . ta b having a rollN! .ddth of on., 01
thedlm.,nl!ions I. or W. (Sro: T able II Stlow).
The other dimen,ion I. then A+ widt h..,lected.
From I. & Wand the column dimension.,
determine the OW1han,. _ and J u ohown On
oppooite ",",e.
With thl. data. determine the SQUARE of
t he thlckn .... br. one of the formu~ (l) on
Opposite pallt. The thlcknell oo....e.pondill.l! to
th l. value of t' II ..,lected from Table III,
OppoIite.
i
TI : I
CASE II
BASE RESTING UPON GR ILLAGE BEAMS
In thioca.." t hedimenoion W, Fif{. 2, It!lt:lecled
arbitrarily from the widt'" availa hle. Rou8hly.
It may be 25% to 3<'% 01 th~ length of the top
,rilta.., IM>am... Thl. dlmenoion affect. the obe
and ,,·elghtof tllne IMoolm ...
The otht!" dimenolon L mutt be made 18'l1:~
enoUih 10 extend allee..1 1'10" beyond th.,centeT
li ne. of the ouuid., Filla,e beam., .. obown In
the plan view above.
The If"" A .. I. )( W, and U • C + A
U.., this value of U in formula (J) on opposite.
pa~e. to determine Ihe SQUARE of the requi~
thickness .... before.
Ba_ reolin, on r rilla~ ohould be planed top
a nd bottom, lfover ." th.ck .
T able II
Available Si"". of Steel Slab.

...
Ca remult be taken to eee that theolab ..,lected WI. pT.

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1~ rolled of luffident thkknea. (&t eum"le On Width T hlckne .. Length
l.in.ln.
oppooite pale).
6'1" to 60'- 0 ' 9 .01
Ba..,. reol1nl On malOnty need not be planed
on the bottom. but should alway, be lrouled.
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: 36'_.8" ""
14 .11

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23.80
Table I Jl;t
•• ··· ·· 21'·V·.
18'- . 4 " 21.11
31.73

· ··
36.21
A""n,., Allowable Unit Prtoaurtl on MalOnty
¥ 40 . 80

Common Brick
In Pound s per IQUart inch

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Common Brick -
·· · · - "'"
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- ,
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88.40
95.77
C .... nlte - · · M orla r '.' 10'11" 11 '-.8" 103.10
111.01
 ..
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STE EL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 363

,
., SOLID STEEL SLAB BASES
DATA TO DETERM INE THICKNESS
DATA TO DETERMI NE LENGTH LAND WIDT JI W, SEE OP POSITE PACE
COLUMNS

r-di;-
I : II ;
W! -il--d --- -I-
t - - -- --
- J--t--~
,, I ,, ,,
-- :,r
1
-e+.9Od+- e-
Tberolumn load " C. Jsa.umed to beconoentrated On the lou.out~ r wm,,"o, shaded ~ ...... abown
abo"". tbe web area of tM col~mn Mini practically relieved of preu ure by the dish or I'lucer.like
act"'n of tM alab.
T he", corn,," conotitute 60 to 75 peer ~nt of the column area. 10 tbat tbl , auumptlon don not
produ~ a bearlnlllitreaain any c.... ~ual to the aUo"'ab'" preaaure of melal upon meta l.
Fo. II columna. plate and ana'" column •• and plate. anile and cover plated column • . the aV<mlIe
effoctl"" dlm.nt!on, are .9001 the column depth d , and .55 of the colum n wldtb
•
aa thow" above •
From the ... dimensicnl the pro~tlon •• and J. in the d irection . L and W. 3,.., ealily obtai""<l.
Th ~ d ~l. rmlnlnll bendlnll momenl will occur alonl[ tM Inoer line of thHe PfOjectoonl and " ';U be
mnimum for the a ,..,al •• projection.
The "'IUare 01 the re(Julred thickne. t I. obtaJ~ al aiv." below •
C .. Tota l load on column in pounda.
L .. lA:nath of .Lab in inche ••
W .. Width of . Iab in !nch~'.
A .. A,..,. of , lab _ L xW .
.. Unit prtuure .. C + A.
"" .. Moment for t · "'Idlh of alab.
-"xo )( T a U X al
" -,- - " ,
~
. '0>
S .. Sec. Mod. for . " oYidth of .lab .. \iiOOO-
" U xo' ". p .
x.' 0'
~
" """"
(2)

Since S .. t ~ + 6, .. U
t ~ .. ""iOiXl
~ C»
Havinl til;, value of t l.11le required , lab may be ... Ieclt(l from Tab'" III below , whleb l.arnnlllN
to ahow Ihe value 01 t ' for aU a vailable t hkl<nuoe •.
SIaM 4 ' and lea. in thkkn~ .. <:an bo: 'lroil[hte~ and do nol l"UjuJre plan;nll. For alaba ov.:r 4 "
we haved""~ct"" 'I. " fe r planinlll ~nd~r col un'n. and allO %" fo r planina bottom aurfa~ .... hen ""lui,..,...

-EXAMPLE-

....--
T A BLE III
Valli"'

.'
0' " '0'
Kouih
Thkkn~ ••
"arioul thickneue.

Finilbed Thkkneu
"'" ",,'C .. 935400.
Col. dime ...... n. d
Unilpret6UnU
A _ 9SS400 + 600
16.75 &: b
--. •
1592 IQ. In.
14.00.

40 or
." ,,..
,~
To,
Top & 44 X 36.
.90 x 16.75 .. 15.00& .55 X 14.00 _ 7.70.
,.
'.00
12.25
• ,""" "".,,,
Bottom
For 40 X 40 baR.
. --,- .
18.06
15.02
,,:~ 4'1. •
40_15
---,- - 12.50 & J
40_ 7.70
16. IS.
22.56
19.14
,~
"A '<I," t' _ (600 X 16.15 X 16. 15) + 6000 .. 26. 10
U ... 5% " rollah ba .... pla~ on lOp.-
27.56
lJ.77
J3.06
28.90 ,,'"
'Yo
'%
."'I, For 44 X 36 ba ....

• --,- -
44 _1 5
14.50 &: J - - ,--
36 _ 7. 70
-14.1 5
6 1;' X 14.50 )( 14.50) + 6000 .. 2 ],02
39.06
34 ..11
,,:!t 50/. -C"
UR"S" rollllh baae , p la ned on top.

'"
45.56
• T h~ 40" wid t h L. not roUed O"fl" 5' tbk:k • U~
40.64
'" 44 X 36 lou".
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

NOTES and DIAGRAMS

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 365

Part IV
Section 14
Rivets
Values in Plates
Values in Channel and Beam Webs
Dimensions, Weights, and Signs
Riveting Details
Lengths for various Grips
Reduction of Area in Plates

Bolts
Dimensions and Weights
366 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

SHEAR WORKING VALVES ,,, POWER DRIVEN RIVETS BEARING

@
.tND TURNED BOLTS IN REAMED HOLES
IU 500

LOADS BY A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 361

SHEAR WORKING VAlUES , •• HAND DRIVEN RIVETS BEARINC

s-.r. 8 I ....
,.,.,
@ " ND UNFINISHED BOLTS
o..I. @t_
368 AMERICAN INST IT UTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTI ON, INC.

WORKING VALUES ". ONE 'A" POWER DRIVEN RIVET

.. TURNED BOLT m REAMED HOLE m CHANNEL "" BEAM WEBS
-@"'" ., .. ,.." ;......
"",. 1,_" "'"~. ,_."'. ""'m. 1,.. C;~ ~.m.

7
11.5
111 .0
.- -
.,., ""
~: IllE
~.,
~.,
MW
65.10
~~
RO
21.0
»,
J I.O
.,.,
.. ro
,~
,~

""
6110

0»>
~,

Ii::! ,~

ro.,
- I; "'~
41.0

:~:' 1:~ ~~ I nl ~ I :,~

.,.,
.~ "" ~lIlE
~,
..» ~,

11.0 ,..,
6~80

iii 0 50M liiiiilii j .100 5960 1119)0

22.0
"" .",'" ~, ,~

9 250 5960 119.10 J5.0 5960 11I9lO ~, 1110

41 0
Il::, ""
..
48.0 .~

"'. I~II:;~I "··llEiliiE

20 0
250 1
30.0
J$.O 1
"u.s,
U.,
u.s
..".,, lilE
U .,
,'"
'"
, ,,~
,,~

>0»
:;~:;;; 6110
10 JO 0
15 0
WHi
_._- 1...-
411.0 1
"" , "00
JIO
~.,

41.0
49.0

.-"ro.., -""" '"

~,

'"
'"ro'llEl
25.0

35.0
:lm l iel:~ ~,
U .•
~.
45.0
25.0
28.0
31.5
~.,
4410 5510
51.5
61.0
M.'
",00
,,»
""
10130
250I1m 1"00
28.0
310
310
S400
6110
8-140

M' ...,
"'" ".,
'" l:::: I:::~ 40 .0
44.0
U .S
..., ""
m,
,~ ."" 1=
"'00
~
10.5
76.5
10580
11480 '"
~,

45.0

12 '"
 AMERICAN INSTITUl'E OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 369

WORKING VALUFS roo ONE 3,4'" HAHD DRIVEN RIVET "

UNFINISHED BOLT CHAHN£!:, "" BEAM WEBS
Shtu@: =
" Si"llioo Sh<ar Burinl:@ $IOI» Double Shear Burinl:@. . . .
z-.

""'.•
,~

3
, .....
W.... h

,- ,
..,.., ,,""',. - ..
A....... Std. CloaQodo

. ... ..."'"~ W"h,

,- -~
, ,-
,,~

~"
,
Amer. Std. Bumo

", ""'
..... I:;: ,- ...
....
,~

~ " 3770
~
- ...- -...
!leth1<t..m 1Itoo"",

....., ::: ,-,. ...,

'''h,
Beth. Cir<ltr" Beam.

W
" h. Beari ...
s; ....
,
c.m.c.. Bum Sect.
Wtirh,
~
,-
Beari"1l
,.,
",,", ,

.-.
...••• 4110

""
,..,
'"'
" . .., "" ""
U
U
.., "" ....
3110 ,.., ,,~

4 6 .25
1 .25 "" .~

" "
3910

..•••, 10.5

... ...-
,.., .."""
,~
10.0 ,,~

5 "" 12 . 25 SliD

.., , ""
." ."
11.5 14 .75 1410

6 10 .5
1l .0
U .S
3110
"
'""
." ~" ." ""
4710
..""" ""
12.5
14 .15
11.25
,,~

••• "" '"" ""

15. J

7
12.25
14 .75 "" ""
." "" ". ."
4110
""
11.5
""
""
""
...""
,~
11 .25
." ""
-
19.15
,.. "., ""
II. SO
Il . IS "" ""'
." "" ."
,,~

'"
" .
18.4
""
"" ....
""
"" "" ""
""
U.S

"., ""
19.0
"" .. M .'
"" " "" ."
It.O
21 .0
""
2810 ,~

.
16.25 ,~

." ....
." ." "" ....
8 IS. IS 7110 25 .5
". ."
""'" ""
Jl.O

...
21.15

. ,oro ". " . . ... "

42.0
""
"
." ""
,,~ M~
"" "" '" "" ""
1l .40 ,,~ 21.S

".. "" " .. ." 22.0

"., ""
~,
""
"" Jl .O
""
."
IS .O 25 .0
""
." ....
"" .~
"" ""
.15 .0
""
9 25.0
"" ." ""
35.0
.... ""
~.

"" ""
,."
""
.. ."
.
43 .0

,... ,...
" ..
15. 3

"" ....
25.0 ."
."
."
."
...
""'
,
....
""
.
" .
"" " .. ." ....
""
25 . 4
l5 .0
."
" ""...
.... ".,
""' "., ""
21.0
6110 13 . 5

""
""
""
26.0
""
""
"'"
"" ... .. ""
41.5
.
...
."
...."" ". ""' ,.,.,""""
21.0
2l .0
~
JIIO

".. . "'" 31.0

10
."" .... 42 .0
rom

". ."
.... ." .... "" 49 .0

". , ."
"".... .
".. .... ."
"'" ....
"" . ...
3 1. 8

""
...
.~ ,~
15.0 ... ."
...
....". .,.""'"'" .".""" .".. ,... ""'""'
, , 51.5
U. ,
""
25 .0
28 .0

" .. "" ""

25.0 35 .0 28 .0
." " ." "'. ". ."
". . " .... . .
31.5 ~ J2 .0 4110
"" ""
,,~

..
61.0
" ." ."
."" .... ••• .""""" ..."" ."." "" "".. .""".. ......"""
.... .0.0
.
45.0
~
" ". ~ 10.5
,,~

..
,~
U .• 76. 5
U., 45 .0 m•
~
1Z
...". ."."."""." ........"""", U .•

...'" .".".." ........"" 10.0

91.0
100.0
370 AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

WORKING VALUES '" ONE 'A" POWER DRIVEN RIVrr

TURNED BOLT REAMED HOLE CHANNEL
" sa.-.I3500
~ BEAM WEBS ~ ....
Si",10 SIrotw Bnri", . 14000 Double Sloat Bno'MIc • .JOOOO

...... a..- I BotJo. Gitdr< s..-

- - . ...... -....- - ..... -......

"'-'. SId. 0 - _ .......... Std.

................ ,-,- ................

Bothltllom Beo.... ea .....;. lIta ... 5«c.
.......
.... ... '" .... ... "'''"'.... ,-,-
\\'eiI~1 \\'eic~. Beori", Weicht I\'o\ch. Weilhl
,-
, " '00' ,- ...',
,",'
, ,,-, ,- """
, ,'- , , ,,-, ,
..,
..... ...
~ 4170 ~

.... M.
'"
t HO
,.M.'
M.'
" ~.

- ......... ""
41 .0
n .'
"" ""
.... -
41 .0 noo
41,0
M.' "" ""
14 "" .~

M.' ""
61 .0

M.' ""
'" "" ,."
.,.,
". ". ......" ". ".
". .... "... ,...
J"O .~
.~ 11700
42 .9
45 ,0
. ,... ...... ... ........ ,...
.~
.~
",
10110
11 9.10
"4J .! ""
M.'
"" M"
•• •
14 .0
~ .~
.~
.~
""
."
""
".
11» .0""
""
""
10910
119.10

.... "".... "'"''... ...

. "" "...... .... .... ••
119JO Wo
SU
'''''
- -- "'. ... --....
43.0
". ••• "" " • ""
119.10
119.10
1110
00'
.~

""
119.10
11 9.10
IS ••• "'" •• IruG 11 9JO

""
-....... ..... .
U.O 119lO 10l lO II I 0 ,~ 119lO
71 . 5
"" '"'' , 1U0
141.0
119lO
119lO
119lO

." •••". ,"""" .""" " """". ."""."."

141 G 119lO

... ,
......... .............""" ....""
M' It .! J J, O

45 .0 1415
'10
101lO ""

-- ...
1110 10910 M.'

M.' ... ."

... . "" .... 45 .0

51.0
." ""
.... ""
.oo
16 71.J 10WI
••
M.'• ""
.-.... ...
."
76 .0

••• IOlIO

'"." ....
11140

"" '''''
. ... . .... ... ........
101 ,0 11160
"
" , .... "... ".
IUO

" .... "" " .... "" ,." ....""

.. .... ... .... ""
7Jl0 47 .0
". ". ". ""
....
51.0
••
,". ....
""
"" ...
119JO

" . ""
119lO " 00' ""
""
n .o
....
"" ""
"" "" "" 10910

.. ... ...... ....

119lO

"'" "" ". .... 07 .0 "oo

18
....'. ........"" "'" "", ""."....
".
M •• ....
119.10
119JO 74 .0
71 .0 "
,"'"
~

.... .. ... ....

9J .0

.... ...
100 .0 11110

•• ....
...."" IIlJO .oo
10J .0
...."" 11480
119.10

.... ....
59 ,$
".
-.... ...
:0.0 119.10
IUO 119.10

.......••• ,""...."".. •• "" ""

IS .O 119.10
no.o 119.10
20
119.10
119.10
119JO
M' ""
H .O
""
....
...."" ,"" IlLO
IUO
""
.... 119.10
119.10
Ul,O
"" "" ""'"
119.10 71 0
100 .0 IIt.lO Itt.O
 AMER ICAN INST IT UTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION. INC. 371

WORKING VALUES ". ONE 3A"' HAND DRIVEN RIVET

_. '-
UNflNISHED BOLT " CHANfj£!:. .... BEAM WEBS
SIotar8 _

.....
Sine" Shear _ ... 8 .......
IJdh........ l100. _

....... , ......
Oooobi. Sh.v
-- "
B<~rl8~ ~

- - .... -...
........ S.d. CIoa• • ........ 500:1._

.. ..
Bo ••• Cirdtr Ik.o ... C.nqio&amSK •.
\·"h, .......
.... '" ,,-, 1= ,- .... -
.... .... ..... ..... ,- ...
•
,~
'" .... ..., ,-
W"h.

,-
Il00., ....
, \\·"h •
...
''',. ,- "" ""'"
W"h • W~~h,

...... ...
",",

".
n. "
" "" "'.
n. "
JHO
""
". """'"
JIS
'"
"'.
m.
"'. ""'oo.
•• ,0

""
oo.
". oooo "'"
14 ".
48.0

." W"oo ""

.oo
." .. .~

..
M' OO OO
4UO

.. oo
"
""..
....,.., ... ...... ..... " ,..... ..."" ...'" . . .......""
'"
'"
."
.. oo
M
.. oo ....""
......., ..... .. ........"" .... , ,....""".... .....""""".... ......, .......... . "..
tOIO

...... ...... -
JJ,9
3S0
. ,0
.. OO
U ;!(I
.. oo"'"
•n
41,0

$5.0
U,S
U,S
.~

1.,0
U;!(I

.. OO
,~

'" ... .... '" ... ,-

00'
IS M..

...... ............"""'"
\5,0 61,0 U;!(I W•

'" . . ,..,
MOO tW,O MOO
71,0 1110 M
11, S 1210
..OO
....
Ill.O

......"" ""'". .....".."' "'"".... ...."""". "....".•• """"' ""..

141.0
t47.0

"oo .. oo
". ...""
,~
3170 4710
.. oo

16
......
'", ...
'"
44:!O
.. oo
.. oo
• no
~.

~
""
M' 4HO
H,O
... ..oo
m.
,•"...
...
• ...
..oo
.. oo ."
""
...,...'" ......"....".
..OO 6.516
4HO .~

61110

..."""., ....... . -........... ...."." ......."'""'" ....""". ... ... ...". •'"• ....... ,""......
... .... ... ... t070 U1'O
... ""...
...
-
111,0

81 tO U.!<)
.,., oo.
1l.0
,~

H1'O
910 SJl0

18 ....... ...... ............ "......'" , ...... ......,....

156

140
1100 61,0

180
...'" ......... ..... .
..OO
.. oo
..oo
7010

". ... .. .. ....""'"'" ...."', .... . """" ...... ....". too,O 7410

" .. . ....
..oo
.... . . ....
W• ;6SO
;0,0 101,0

20
,.
". uo
.
61.0

180
, . . ,~
IIJ.O

......" ....... . ............ ... ........ " .."".. ""............

15.0

.... t100
IlI.O
IJI 0
14 2.0
t490
372 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONST RUCTION, INC.

WORKING VALUES roo ONE 'h- POWER DRIVEN RIVET

oo TURNED BOLT • REAMED HOLE • CHANNEL ... BEAM WEBS
Sh<at., 1»00 So .... SI><1ot J ~ JOOOO

"",, 1' - ........ ~

21

22

".
1=
...
...
16.0 9110
U. 10110

..."".. "..
•• ""
'00 •
111.10
101.10

24 ,""
110 0
, ~.
II no

, ~.
11 9.10
, ~. 11 9.10
,W. ""
, ~.

""
11 9.
11 9.10

26
~ !I;::! I ,~ :~:Il§ .. 91.0 != IOJ,O
"'"
119.10
I~ I !~ 151 0 119.10
160.0
"
101 0 IIt80
11 2.0 1I9JO
27

28
~~Ulli

30
 •
AMERICAN INST IT UTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT ION, INC. 373

WORKING VALUF.S '" ONE 'A- HAND DRIVEN RIVET

"
_.Sht-.... 8
~
_ so.
UNfiNISHED BOLT " CHANNEL "" BEAM WEBS
Sh<ar o-u.c .I~ ,- Doul>l< SMM Be"";ft;: fi .....

- - - -
"-<. Sed. Bea_

.
A....., ~d C........ Ded......... Beam. 8ot~. Cord« Boa",. Ca ........ Rum son
W."h, ....
•
, -~
,... ....
Wei.be
....
De,..;n.
.... .....
,- "". .... ,-
W"hC
.... Wciah\
....
e. ...
.... ,- ...., ...., ,- .... ..." ,- '" ,-
"""~
s.."iII, W.~ht Bean...

,
e•
,~

!>II..., SI ... r
~,
~,

U,
<ON
HN
100 HN
... -
""
"'"
"ro
~

"."'. ....''''
~, .. N
21 HN ,~

-
"N
,~ .. N
IIJ 0 u ro

...,
,ro • .t:!o ""
UN Hro
."
~.

." u ro
""
101,0
,~ . u ro ""
"'"
22 ".
.fl ""
n" UN
UN
UN
u ro ..
.,,"
"" 1160 .. N
n •. o ..ro ""
""
.. ... .
, ..ro ,.., '"
N. UN ..ro "'"
,..,
n"
-
"" ...
..ro u ro ,..,
n" ". .. ro
...." "'" 101.0
'"
. . ........"" ''''....
I.U u ro UN "N
"'"fl "" uro "'" lI J a
ro .• ..ro ,ro •
u ro ....
u
...."",... uuUNrororo u ..
""
24 . ........ ....
'"'''' '' UN
110 0
u ro .... ".
.... fl.
u ro ....
u ro
UN
UN
u ro ,..,
1180

.
IU, O
"'" , " u ro
140 0
u.

.
HN
u ro
1100 u ro JU O
,ro • Hro
-....
""
""
'" .
u ro .m '''' Hro
115.0
' N' u ro
,~

"" '" Hro UN

ooro ....""
26 .... 1' .0 OON
u ro
MOO

""
,..,
U8,O uro
'u • uro ....
.......
"'"
,
, ~. ooro

"fl" UN
.m
,~ ISI,O uro
,~. uro
...
LOI 0
LIl 0
.. ro Mro
.. ro
.. ro N" ""
27
............"'"
.
.. ro
,ro •
145 0
.. ro

..
,.. .
11$ 0
'"
"N
.. ro
u ro

- U..
............
,,~

28 u ro
..ro ""
,..,
"'" '"
IUO

IOS O
uro
uro
III 0 u ro u ro
.... ........."
115. 0

....
.
1100 UN u ro UN
....
,~ l1J,O li S 0
1150 " N UN U'"
'N' ooro '"'' 11100
ooro
....
1150
us 0 ooro
"" """ 1\10 ,0
ooro
'" ooro
."
30
1l'9 0 "N
"'" m" ooro
'HNOO' OO N
.. ro
...........

.
374 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS ... CONVENTIONAL SIGNS .... RIVETS

DIMENSIONS .. RIVETS
RlITTOS HEAD COUNTERSUNK
[)iam. B 11. ..,11 ... II. Hdah, K
",
H..,h. 01 Hd. H _
Lon! bd. II. _ I .S II
.us B
"II.
Ilk.
: ~.
"
".
".
'j.'
•• '-to
ll.
"~.
,
Shon JUd . • H
ll.
Depth 01 COUnt .... nk
K _ .5 D ,'~I
'"
i~ ,~
'2'
WEIGHTS .. 100 BUTTON HEAD STEEL RIVETS
Lona.h in I...d ...
under Head v. ,.
Diom.t... 01 Ri ..... in Inc .....
,~

, "...••• " ." "" "

'Yo
,. "•"
10.0
'Yo 11.1

:~ .., 11 .1
ro

......
,
14 . 1
" " " ,..
.., U.5
16 .9
~

." .
"
. " "" '" '"'"'" '"'"''""
""
'00 w
'"
,Hl
18.J m m
,~

,.'"
10.3 19.1

i~
II . I
11.9
fl.O

...,
22.'
. """" '"'"'"" ,'"'". '"'"".'" ".'"'"""
""
m
~

,. ,.
11 .6 U.S
Il.' " '"'"
.,•
•
.~"
U,
28.0
N.'
~ .,
"" ""'.' ".'" '"'"
'" '" ,'". '"'" '"'"
"" W
'" m
~
~,

'"
m
ill

. ",".'"n' ,.".'"'" '"'" ,'"'". '"'"'"

m
'"'"'"
31.1
5 '10 ~
" ~
~~
~

"'m
~,

,
,
,~

100
,~

\\'';';h. oI
a.tton
Head. Only
,, •• •
"" '"n' '" ,.
'"
"
,~

". '" '" '" '"

'"
"
,ro ••
~
m
no
~
,~

-
m

"
'"'"on
'"
CONVENTIONAL SIGNS - RIVETING
SHOP RI VETS FIELD RI\'~IS

COUn' ...... nk and ClIipp«l T W<) Full C"""' ...... nk a nd Chipped

F\.ou<n<d.
NnrSide
't. Hilh. 'lI.nd % Ri.....
F.,Side 1IothSi<leo
F.. uonN.
N..,Side
* Hilh. % t<> I' Ri_
F... Side BothSideo

=~=~~Il~iji~
 •

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION. INC. 375

RIVETING DElAILS

I
376 At>.IERICAN INSTIT UT E OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

LENGTHS " UNDRIVEN RIVETS ... VARIOUS LENGTHS " GRIP

@ ~ ~ @,~#~J ~d
ttlt§tlt
- -,

DIJTTOS !lEAD
tUfJ'l4d
COUNTERSUNK
-In¢1t.

0; ...... ' .. ol )l.i-et

,. ,.
D, ...... ~ ol R;vtt

,• ,•
G,ip Grip
~ ~

".
.
Itt.
" , ,
~ % % IV. ,~

. !n, .
~ ,!~ ,'% ,'~
'%
,,''~.
,~ " " !~ i~ ,:n" '% ,
"A

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, ,'% , ~~
i~ U ,'" , ,'":n
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 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, lNC. 371

REDUCTION .. AREA ~ PLATES ... RIVET HOLES

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378 AMER ICAN IKST ITUTE OF STEEL CO:-':STRUCT ION, INC.

DIMENSIONS WEIGHTS MACHINE BOLTS

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DIMENSIONS

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 A M ERICAN INSTITUT E O F ST EEL CONSTRUCfION, I NC. 379

I N D EX
A. I. S. C. Standard Specification s Page
Structura l Steel for Buildings .............. . ... , . . ... . 6-16
Abutting Joints ...... . ... . . 12
Beams and Girders. .... . ....... . 10- 11
Bolts ............ . 9, 10, 12
Burning T orch .... . IS
Columns ..... .
Combined Stress ...............•.... . ...
•
11
Compre!lSion F langes . ... . ...... • ...
Connections ........ . .... .
•
13
E rection ........ . . . ..... . 15- 16
Expansion Rollers.
Impact. ............... . .
• 8
Inspection ....... . 16
Lattice ...... . 13- 1+
Loading ..... . 8- •
Net Sections. 12

I.
Painting .... . IS
Rivets ............ . . . 9, 10, 12,13
Stresses.. . . ........ . 9-
Temporary Bracing ..... . . . .... ... .. 15

I.
T hic kness of Material .... . . . • ........ 14
Workmanship . ...... . 14- 15
\ Vind .. . ............... . 8-
Code of Standa rd Practice .. .. . 24- 39
Assembling ............ . 31
Cla!lSification .......... . 25- 28
Delays .. . ............... . 35- 36
Drawin~ and Specifications ... 3.
Erection ............... . 33- 34
Extra Work and Ma terial . 36- 37
Field Bolts and Ri vets .. . 26, 29
Inspection.......... . .......... • .... 32
I nvoicing . ...... .... . ............ • ... . 28- 29
Loss in Shipment... . ............. . 33
Overrun. . . . ... . ........... . 2.
Proposals. . . ... . ........•. 37- 38
Reaming....... . .................. . 31
Storage. .... . ............. . 33, 36
Weights, to calculate . ............. . 2.
Workmanship ....... . ............. . 30- 32
Fireproofing Structural Steel Bu i ldin~ .... . 40- 51
Fires................ . ........ . 42
Fire lIa:tards. . . . .... . ............. . 44
Steel- Properties and Stress at high tempera tures. 45- 47
F ireproofing Materials ..... .. .. . .............. . 47
Tests. . ..... .... .... . . . ................... . . . 47- 50
J80 AMER ICAN I NSTITUT E OF ST EEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

Angles (S tanda rd a nd Ba r Slu)

Allowable Loads
Beams. 196
Struts of one angle .................... . 186-187
Struts of two angles. . ...... . 188- 195
Connect ion (See under Connection Angles)
Dimensions and Weight! ... 182-183
Technical functions. 182- 183
Tensile Values ..... . 184- 185
AreHS
Circles from .0 1 to 1000 dia ....................•..... 108-129
Plane figures (various sections) .. . 70- 77
Rectangular sections ...... . ....... . 82- 83
Reduction of, for rivet holes. 376
Square and round bars ..... . 87- 91
Ba r s
Round and Square (areas and weights) ..... . 87- 91
Flat rolled (weights) ...................... . 84- 85
Beams and Clrders
American Standard Beams ................ . 209-226
Dimensions, Functions, Allowa ble Total Loads. 210-222
Connection Angles. .. . ................ . 224-225
End Reactions ....................... . 223
Bethlehem Beams ...... .. ............ . 227- 245
Dimensions, Functions, Allowable T otal Loads ..... 228-24 1
Connection Angles ..... . 244-245
End React ions ............ . . 242- 243
Bethlehem Girder Beams .... . 247-265
Dimensions, F unctiOIl$, Allowable Total Loads. 248- 261
Connect ion Angles....... . ........... . 264- 265
End Reactions.. . . . . . . . . . ...... . 262- 263
Carnegie Beam Sections ...... . 267- 29 1
Dimensions, Functions, Allowable Total Loads .... 268-285
Connection Angles. . . . . . . . ...... . 288- 29 1
End Reactions .............................. . 286-281
Carnegie 1-1 Sections
Dimensions, Functions, Allowa ble Total Loads. 296
Connect ion Angles and End Reactionll. 297
Carnegie M ill Sections
Dimensions, Functions, Allowable Total Loads ..... . 294-295
Connection Angles and End Reactions. 297
Jones and Laughlin J unior Beams ....... . 298-299
Phoenix Iron Co. Special Beam ..... . 300
Beam. Stresses
A. I. S. C. Standard Specification ..... 8- 11
Explanat ion of A. I. S. C. Specification formulae .. 156-\6(i
f ormulae for beams un der various loading conditions ..... 92-103
 AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STE EL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 381

Beam Summary ... .... . . 302- 306

Bending Momenta
Beams under various loading conditions ........... . .... . 92-103
Coope~ E 10 Engine Loading'. 104- 105
Explanation of. .. .. ... .. . 64- 68
Bolts (squa re and heIllgon hea d s). 378
Dimensions and weights . 378
Bearing and shear values in plates. 366-367
Bearing and shear values in channel and beam webs . .. 368-373
Channels. American St a nda rd ..... . 197-208
Dimensions, Functions and Allowable Loads . . 198--207
Connection Angles. 208
Cha nnel a nd Plate Columns
Dimensions, Functions and Allowable Loads ... . 354-359
C ircles
Areas and circumference!l dia ..01 t o 1000 108--129
Properties of. ... ... . .. .... . ... ... . 131
Circular
ArC!!, Length of ... . . . . . .... . ........ . ........... . 140
Sectors, Formulae ................................... . 131
Segments, Formulae . 131
Code of Sta nda rd Prac t ice (see under A. I. S. C. Sp«ification)
Columns ..... . . . ....... . . . . . ... . .... . ... . ... . 307-359
Dimensions, Functions, Allowable Loads
Bethlehem J-I Columns .... . 308--325
Carnegie Beam Sections ... . . 328-339
Plate and Angle ...... . 342- 353
Plate and Chan nel .. . 354- 359
Column Bases . . .. .. .... .. .. ........ . ... . .. . .... . . ... . 362- 36.3
Column Formula
A. I. S. C. Standard Specificat ion. 9
Explanation of A. I. S. C. Specification .. . 167- 175
Stresses allowed for va rious ratiOli I/, .. .... .. .. .. • . ..... 174
Various formulae used . .. .. ......... . .......... • ..... . 176-178
Connection Angles
A. I. S. C. Standard
Explanation of A. I. S. C. Standard . ISO
Explanation of A. I. S. C. Mark .... 226
Sizes (see under heading of beam for which used)
Contents of S t oralle Wa reho uses .... . . .... . ... . 15t}-15 1
Coopers E 10 Engine loading .. . . . ...... . ............ . 104--105
Corrugated S heeta ... . ........... . 152
Cubes and Cube R oots. N umbers from .01 to tOOO • . ... .. 108--129
382 AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, I NC.

Decimal Equivalent.
Fractions of an inch ............... . 13.
Fractions of a foot ................. .. ........ , .. ..... . 139
Deflection
Beams under various loading conditions ............ . 92- 103
Table of, for various depth beams"", .. " ... " ... , ... . 10~107

Flreprooflnll
A. I. S. C. Standard Specification for Structural Steel
Buildings (see also under A. I. S. C. Std. Specifications). 40- 51
Flat Rolled Steel- Welllht' ..•.....• ... .....•.•. ,'" ." .. 84- 8S
Formulae
A. I. S. C. Specification Stresses
Tension-Sect. Sa ....................••.... ,,
Compression-Sect. 5b ............•... •• . ...
Bending- Sect. Sc ..................... • ......... ,,
Sheari ng-Sect. 5d .............................. .
Bearing-Sect. 5e ...................... • .... 10
Beams under various loading conditions ....... • .... 92-103
Elements of Sections. . .............. . 70-77
Trigonometric .... 130
Functions
Numbera .01 to 1000 .... 108-129
Trigonometric ..... 132- 131
Elasticity, Modulus of. ..... ...... ..•.... .... .•... ...... 57- S9
Elements of various section •. ...... . 10- 77
End Reactio ns
Beams and Channels (see under various headings)
Formulae for Beams under various loading conditions. . . . . • 92- 103
Erplanatlon of
A. I. S. C. Standard Specification ................. .... . 156-179
A. I. S. C. Standard Connection Angles ....... • , ........ ISO
Gaulles- Wlre and Sheet sizes ............... . ....... . ' " 86
Girders (see under beams and Ilirdera)
History of Steel and Iron ............. .. ...... •• ..... •.. S4- 62
Laterally Unsupported Flanlle8
A. I. S. C. Specification (Sect. Sc)..................... 9
Percentage of fixed beam loads allowed, • . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. 166
Live Loads (minimum)
Recommendation of U. S. Department of Commerce ...... 52- 53
LoIlarithms or numbers .01 to 1000 .............•.....••• 108-129
 AMERICAN i NSTITUTE OF ST EEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 38J

Lumber
Na t iona l Lumber Manufacturen Association Standards
Sizes (pla.in and drmed). , , .... . . . 146
Functions . .. . . .. . . . . .... .. . . . .. . 146
Columns
Safe Loads (dry locations) ... . . .. . . . .. . ... . . . .. . . 147
Allowable Unit Stress
Dry Locations ... .. ... .. . . ... ... . .. . •. ... 148
Locations usually wet ........ . ...... .. .. . . 149
Malleable Iron . .. .. . S6
Materials (various)
Specific Gravity and Weight. 144- 145
Strength of . 142- 143
Modulus of Elas ticity
Explanation of . 57- 58
Various materials . 142-143
Momenta of Inertia
Explanation of formulae. . . ..• . ... . . . ... 64-68
Rectangles about neutral axi~. . . . .. ... .. . .. .. . . 78- 79
T wo rectangles about common axis . . ... .......... .. ... . BO-8!
Various Sections ... . ...... . . . ....•.... . ..... 70- 77
Nuts (square and hexagon) ............ .. . . .. . •.. . . . . .. 318
Nomenclature . . 69
Radius of Gyration
Explanation of formulae . .... . 64-68
Formulae (or va rious sections .. .. ... . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . 70- 77
Reactions
Beams under va rious loading conditions . . 92- 103
Coopen E 10 Engine Loadings.. . ... . ........... . .... . lOS
Reciprocals. Numbers .01 to 1000 .... . . ...... . 108-129
Rectangular Sectio ns
Areas ..... . 82- 83
Moments of Inertia ................. . 78- 81
Rivets
A. J. S. C. Standard Specificat ion . ........... .. . . . 9,11, 12, 13
A. I. S. C. Code of Standard Practice ......... . ... . 29,32
A. S. T . M. Specificat ion for Structural Steel. .. . .. . 17- 21
Conventional signs. . ............ . ... . 374
Dimensions of heads . .. ........................... . . . 374
Lengths undriven for various grips . .. .............. . 376
Red uction of area for holes . .. ... . •.. , , • , , , .. , • ..... 377
Va lues in pla tes .. . . . ........... . ........ . . . 366-367
Values in webs of Channels and Beams .. . ........ . 368-373
\Veight.. . . . .. . . . . .. .... .. .. . .............. . 374
384 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, I NC.

Riveting
A. I. S. C. Standard Specification. 12- 13
Details, clearances, etc. 31S
Screw threads, U. S. Standard-dlmenslons . .... 318
Sections- properties of. 10- 11
Section Modulus- Explanation of formulae .. 64- 68
Segme nts, circular. . 131
Shear
A. I. S. C. Standard Specification (Sect. 5d) . 9
Coopers E 10 Engine Loadings .......... . 104-105
Formulae for Beams under various loading condit ions .. 92- 103
Sheet Metal Ga uges . 86
Specifications
A. J. S. C.
Standard for Structural Steel for Buildings. 8- 16
Standard for Fireproofing of Structural Steel ...... . 40- 51
Code of Standard Practice . . ............. . 24- 39
A. S. T . 1\1.
Standard for Structural Steel for Buildings ........ . 17- 23
Specific Gravity- variou s materials. 144- 145
Square and Round Bars- areas and weights . 87- 91
Squares and square roots numbers .01 to 999 . 108- 129
Strength or Materials .......... . 142- 143
Stresses
A. I. S. C. formulae ............. .
Discussion of .................... .
Column. Tables for various ratios fir .. .
. ... 9- 11
64- 68
11.
Threads-U. S. Standards, dimensions .. . 318
Timber (see under lumber)
Trigonometric Formulae ..... . 130
Trigonometric Functions . 132-131
Web Buckling ........ . 156-1 58
Weights
Flat rolled steel ..... . 84- 85
Round and Square bars. 87- 91
Various substances .... 144- 145
Wire-Standard Gauges . 86