Fr ee ee ee eee ae eee ee eee a eee eee eee Series editors: Michael H. Long and Jack C. Richards ‘This series present che findings of cent work in applied linguistics which are of direct elevance to language teaching and learning and of particalar imterest to applied linguises, researchers, language teachers, and teacher trainers In thie seros ‘The Development of Second Language Proficiency edited by Birgit Harley, Patrick Alen, Jim Crs and Merrill Sait Cognition in Second Language Instruction edited by Peter Robinson Corpora in Applied Linguistics by Susar Huston ‘Computes in Second Language Acquistion by Carol A. Chapelle Contrastive Rhetoric by Uila Conner Evaluating Second Language Education edited by J. Charles Alderson and ‘Alan Beresta Exploring the Second Language Mental Lexicon fy David Singleton Focus on Form in Classroom Second Language Acquisition edited by Catherne Doughty and Jessica Williams Genre Analysis by Jobn M. wales Immersion Education International Perspectives edited by Robert Keith Jobson ‘and Merrill Swain Interactive Approaches t Second Language Reading edited by Patricia L Carrel, Joanne Devine and Dovid E Eskey Intecfaces between Second Language Acquistion and Language Testing esearch edited by Lyle Bachman and Andrew D. Coben Language Learning and Deafness edited by Michael Strong Language Program Evaluation by Brien K. Lynch Language Transfer by Terence Oalin ‘The Learncr-Centred Curriculum by David Numan Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquistion Py J Michael O”Malley and Unna Ubt Chamot Learning Vocabulary in Another Language by LS.P. Nation Linguistic Perspective on Second Language Acquisition edited by Susan M. Gass ‘au Jagualyy Schachter Newwork-based Language Teaching edited by Mark Warschaner and Richard Kern Perspectives on Pedagogical Grammar edited by Terence Oalin Research Perspectives on English for Academic Purposes edited by job Flowerdew and Matthew Peacock Researching and Applying Metaphor edited by Lyne Camerort and Grahame Low Second Language Vocabulary Acquistion edited by James Coady and Thomes Fuckin Second Language Writing edited by Barbara Kroll Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching edited by Sandra Lee MeKay and Nancy H. Homberger ‘Teacher Cognition in Language Teaching by Devon Woods “ext, Role and Content by Ana M. Jobs Corpora in Applied Linguistics Susan Hunston University of Birmingham CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS‘The Pte Building, Trumpington Steet, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBMIDGE DNIVERSITY PRESS ‘The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, United Kingdom 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3307, Australis Roi de Alar 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain. Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa bxtpuirwwecambridge.on © Cambridge University Press 2002 This book isin copyrighs, Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevaar collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may cake place without ‘he writen permission of Cambridge University Kress. Fist published 2002 Printed inthe United Kingdown a the University Xress, Cambridge “Typeset in Sabon 10.5/12pc. System 362 [er] A catalogue record for this book ic available from the British Library ISBN 0 521 80171 0 hardback ISBN 0 521 80583 X paperback For Doreen and Peter HunstonContents Series editors’ preface ix Acknowledgements xi Introduction to a corpus in use 1 What this book is abour 1 What a corpus can do What corpora are used for ‘Types of corpora Some key terms Why corpora? Why nor? Conclusion Note on sources of examples The corpus as object: Design and purpose Issues in corpus design Corpos, text and language Conclusion Methods in corpus linguistics: Interpreting concordance lines 38 Introduction Searches, concordance lines and their presentation ‘What is observable from concordance lines? Coping with a lot of data: using phraseology Using a wider context: observing hidden meaning, Using probes Issues in accessing and interpreting concordance lines, 65 ‘Methods in corpus linguistics: Beyond the concordance line 67 Frequency and key-word lists or Collocation 68 Tagging and parsing 9 ‘Other kinds of corpus annotation 86 ‘Competing methods 2