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STRUCTURAL DESIGN USING TRIPOD STRUCTURE OF A BIDIRECTIONAL TIDAL

TURBINE

An Undergraduate Thesis Proposal

presented to

The Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology

College of Engineering and Technology

In partial fulfillment

Of the requirements for the degree

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

JOHNNY O. DUYAN

January 2019
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Nowadays human are depending on fossil fuel; such as coal, oil, and other natural gases

as a source of energy. But for some cases this energies is not sufficient to supply the needs and

demand of daily energy. As a developing country the demand of energy continues to rise due to

increase of population and industries. There a lot of renewable energy power generation one of

the renewable energy power generation is the Tidal power.

In recent years the development of tidal stream turbines has been rapid and great

advances has been made. Thus the focus is on the design of the components such as blades and

electrical systems. In order to design and install effective tidal turbines it is needed to understand

the impact and performance of the device. Tidal power is an environmentally friendly energy

source it does not emit any climate gases and does not take up a lot of space.

Tidal turbines look similar to wind turbines. They can be placed on the sea floor where there is

strong tidal flow. The University of Sheffield Sediment Transport Laboratory work in this area

for the past three years and focused on the impact of the support structure on wake generation

and subsequently device performance. Support structure does play a significant role in device

wake generation and the presence of position of an upstream device can dramatically affect the

performance on the downstream device. There are currently many tidal turbine designs that exist

around the world. The horizontal axis turbines are by far is the most prevalent design and

favored by most developers. Within the field of horizontal axis tidal stream turbines there are

numerous support structure designs that are most effective.. This means that the monopile
foundation will be a valid option for many years for offshore wind farm installation. And the

tripod structure is one of the most effective structure designs that does not need higher speed

velocity.

Statement of the problem

Water flows varies in different areas. The issue of further compounded by the design constraints

imposed on the base structure foundations. This paper focuses on the structural design of a tidal

turbine. To scale the prototype design to dimensions with economic power extraction

Objectives of the Study

This study aims to evaluate the performance of the structure of the tripod structural

design in actual study and actual experimentation. Testing in the actual, getting the stress using

CFD and To scale the prototype design to dimensions with economic power extraction.

Specifically, this study aims to:

A. Design a prototype in actual and proper dimension.

a. Design model by similitude.

b. Fabricating the prototype and model design

B. Conduct experimentation on model and prototype

C. Evaluate the performance of the actual model and prototype and compared them to the

data gather using programs like Solidworks.

Significance of the Study


Global dependence on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural resources as primary
source of energy will eventually results to fast depletion of fuel reserve. New ways of using
tripod structure design of a tidal turbine because of the growing demand for electricity. The
application of this study is to enhance the power generation in the low water speed area with the
use of a horizontal axis tidal turbine.

Scopes and Limitation

As part of the whole development of the project, this study focuses on the design of

Tripod structure consists of the body and stresses and fatigue in the structure.

This study was bounded within the following statements:

A. Focused only on the design Tripod structure on where is the proper strucuture.

B. Actual fabrication and testing of both model and prototype are included in the scope of

the study.

Theoretical and Actual Framework

Gravity Based use their self-weight to provide stability against horizontal and overturning

loads. One of the drawbacks of gravity based foundations on cohesionless materials is that the

failure mechanism is typically dominated by the sliding resistance.

HMAX=Wtan(δ’)
The sliding capacity (Hmax) in cohesionless materials is a function of the submerged

weight (W’) of the structure and the effective friction angle of the seabed-foundation

interface (δ’).
CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction

Since early recorded history, people have harnessed the energy of the tidal wave. Middle

Ages use tidal mills for grinding of corns. Tidal energy was discovered in the year of 1996 in the

area of La Rance, River France. Tidal energy discovered by M. Jannaschii by simply watching

the tides and the power of waves. Optimal power coefficients were found to occur at tip speed

ratios. The tripod support structure design appeared to operate more effectively in low tip speed

ratio condition, whereas the angled and cylinder designs were found to achieve optimum power

coefficient in higher speed. The cable moored system appeared to operate very effective at low

speed conditions but its performance is lower. That’s why my design is the tripod support

structure because it is effective in low speed and its performance is higher. As our location is in

stream and the velocity is not good enough that can give higher velocity. The main

transformation and energy transfer it starts with kinetic energy then goes to mechanical and then

finishes with electrical energy. However, the high tidal energy environment required to provide

the input to tidal power devices present a combination of design and installation challenges to

developers. Today, the monopile has been used in the vast majority of wind farms and although

the consensus three or four years ago was that the monopile was not cost-effective over 25 m or

more, it now seems that projects with up to 30 m water depth are considering the use of the

monopile.
Fig.2.1 Wave on Tripod Structure

2.1.1 Monopile Structure

Pile structure is the most common tidal turbine foundation suitable up to 30 meters. The

pile structure are drilled and hammered in the seabed it is the most easy to fabricate because of

simple design. Possible bending and fatigue cracks due to current and wave loads that may grow

into fatigue cracks and brittle fracture. The turbine and associated support structures are joined to

a base of such weight as to involve gravitational forces of such magnitude as to be sufficient to

withstand forces acting to tend to displace the turbine and its associated support structures.

2.2Tidal turbine foundation

The choice of a tidal turbine foundation depends on many factors. Environmental

parameters as seabed type and water depth are crucial. All configurations mentioned above need

in-depth geological analysis on the sea soil conditions. The surveys for drilling are the most

expensive ones since the price grows proportional to the required depth. Cost is also a main

problem for the installation process. Piles for example need construction vessels in order to be
placed. Besides installation vessels, human operating power is also required. In hostile

environments the installation and maintenance windows are limited to 30 minutes during slack

tides, which makes very difficult any kind of intervention. The casings protect against impact

damage and also provide additional ballast and therefore stability to the cable. Typically the

casings are fabricated from cast iron or polyurethane in half shell arrangements which are

interlocking and clamped or bolted together in 0.5m to 2m sections.

2.3 Pile Foundation

Offshore piled foundations are generally installed by driven, drill-drive or drilled and

grout equipment that is selected based on the geology of the site. Although driven piles offer a

potentially efficient foundation solution for many seabed structures and which has been applied

to some weak rock foundations.

2.4 Why Choosing Cast Iron over Concrete Tidal Turbine Ballast?

Metal is proven denser than concrete, which enables laminar iron to achieve the target
weight in less space and volume compared to concrete.

Once the foundation has been designed the counterweights should be attached to it with

screws or another fastening technique. Since cast metals are stronger and harder than concrete,

gray cast iron counterweights are much more resistant to impact and strains.

Tidal turbine ballast made of gray cast iron need only paint and coating to stay protected.

As opposed to this concrete counterweights need additional containers to keep them from any

environmental impact, which significantly affects the cost, but doesn't deliver better protection.
2.5 The most advance technology

The turbines directly sit on a tripod or a lattice, which are supported on the pile
foundations. The tower can be further stabilized by the tripod. Most of the offshore wind farms
in shallow waters are monopole structures, which have the advantage of simple design for
manufacturing.

Fig. 2.3 Tripod Structure

Fig. 2.4 Typical HATT TRIPOD STRUCTURE


CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter covers the procedures and methods that will be utilized by the researcher for

the successful outcome of the study.

3.1 System Design flow

The process to be followed during this study is shown in the flowchart below. The flow

chart illustrates how the study will be planned and designed in realizing the objectives of the

study. From the start until the end, the processes are linked to each other. The design flow begins

with gathering of related literature in order to gather information that will support the study and

guide the researcher during the actual designing process. The overall methodology process

utilizes software simulation and computer aided drawing of desired design in accordance to the

defined specification of the system.

An actual will be used for the experimental set-up to verify the results form simulations.

Testing of the structure using tripod performance of the model shall be done using the available

facilities and equipment’s at the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory.


START END

INFORMATION ANALYSIS
GATHERING

SPECIFICATION EXPERIMENTATION
AND MODELLING

SIMULATE DESIGN
USING FABRICATION
SOLIDWORKS

DESIGN
SPECIFICATIONS

Figure 3.1 System Design Flow


References

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/monopile-foundation

https://www.farinia.com/energy/tidal-turbine-counterweights/tidal-turbine-ballast-and- other-
tidal-turbine-foundations

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.656.1609&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Adcock, T.A.A., Draper S., Houlsby, G.T., Borthwick A.G.L. and Serhadlıoğlu S., 2013,
“The Available Power from Tidal Stream Turbines in the Pentland Firth”, Proceedings of the
Royal Society A, 469: 20130072.

The Crown Estate, 2011, “Wave and Tidal Energy in the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters:

How the Projects Could be Built”, May 2011.

Andrew A. Small Xodus Group Aberdeen, United Kingdom

Michael J. Brown University of Dundee Dundee, United Kingdom

Greg K. Cook Consultant to Xodus Group Aberdeen, United Kingdom

K. Lesny, W. Richwien, in Wind Energy Systems, 2011

B.C. O'Kelly, M. Arshad, in Offshore Wind Farms, 2016


Gantt Chart

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