Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
TURBINE
presented to
In partial fulfillment
JOHNNY O. DUYAN
January 2019
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays human are depending on fossil fuel; such as coal, oil, and other natural gases
as a source of energy. But for some cases this energies is not sufficient to supply the needs and
demand of daily energy. As a developing country the demand of energy continues to rise due to
increase of population and industries. There a lot of renewable energy power generation one of
In recent years the development of tidal stream turbines has been rapid and great
advances has been made. Thus the focus is on the design of the components such as blades and
electrical systems. In order to design and install effective tidal turbines it is needed to understand
the impact and performance of the device. Tidal power is an environmentally friendly energy
source it does not emit any climate gases and does not take up a lot of space.
Tidal turbines look similar to wind turbines. They can be placed on the sea floor where there is
strong tidal flow. The University of Sheffield Sediment Transport Laboratory work in this area
for the past three years and focused on the impact of the support structure on wake generation
and subsequently device performance. Support structure does play a significant role in device
wake generation and the presence of position of an upstream device can dramatically affect the
performance on the downstream device. There are currently many tidal turbine designs that exist
around the world. The horizontal axis turbines are by far is the most prevalent design and
favored by most developers. Within the field of horizontal axis tidal stream turbines there are
numerous support structure designs that are most effective.. This means that the monopile
foundation will be a valid option for many years for offshore wind farm installation. And the
tripod structure is one of the most effective structure designs that does not need higher speed
velocity.
Water flows varies in different areas. The issue of further compounded by the design constraints
imposed on the base structure foundations. This paper focuses on the structural design of a tidal
turbine. To scale the prototype design to dimensions with economic power extraction
This study aims to evaluate the performance of the structure of the tripod structural
design in actual study and actual experimentation. Testing in the actual, getting the stress using
CFD and To scale the prototype design to dimensions with economic power extraction.
C. Evaluate the performance of the actual model and prototype and compared them to the
As part of the whole development of the project, this study focuses on the design of
Tripod structure consists of the body and stresses and fatigue in the structure.
A. Focused only on the design Tripod structure on where is the proper strucuture.
B. Actual fabrication and testing of both model and prototype are included in the scope of
the study.
Gravity Based use their self-weight to provide stability against horizontal and overturning
loads. One of the drawbacks of gravity based foundations on cohesionless materials is that the
HMAX=Wtan(δ’)
The sliding capacity (Hmax) in cohesionless materials is a function of the submerged
weight (W’) of the structure and the effective friction angle of the seabed-foundation
interface (δ’).
CHAPTER 2
2.1 Introduction
Since early recorded history, people have harnessed the energy of the tidal wave. Middle
Ages use tidal mills for grinding of corns. Tidal energy was discovered in the year of 1996 in the
area of La Rance, River France. Tidal energy discovered by M. Jannaschii by simply watching
the tides and the power of waves. Optimal power coefficients were found to occur at tip speed
ratios. The tripod support structure design appeared to operate more effectively in low tip speed
ratio condition, whereas the angled and cylinder designs were found to achieve optimum power
coefficient in higher speed. The cable moored system appeared to operate very effective at low
speed conditions but its performance is lower. That’s why my design is the tripod support
structure because it is effective in low speed and its performance is higher. As our location is in
stream and the velocity is not good enough that can give higher velocity. The main
transformation and energy transfer it starts with kinetic energy then goes to mechanical and then
finishes with electrical energy. However, the high tidal energy environment required to provide
the input to tidal power devices present a combination of design and installation challenges to
developers. Today, the monopile has been used in the vast majority of wind farms and although
the consensus three or four years ago was that the monopile was not cost-effective over 25 m or
more, it now seems that projects with up to 30 m water depth are considering the use of the
monopile.
Fig.2.1 Wave on Tripod Structure
Pile structure is the most common tidal turbine foundation suitable up to 30 meters. The
pile structure are drilled and hammered in the seabed it is the most easy to fabricate because of
simple design. Possible bending and fatigue cracks due to current and wave loads that may grow
into fatigue cracks and brittle fracture. The turbine and associated support structures are joined to
withstand forces acting to tend to displace the turbine and its associated support structures.
parameters as seabed type and water depth are crucial. All configurations mentioned above need
in-depth geological analysis on the sea soil conditions. The surveys for drilling are the most
expensive ones since the price grows proportional to the required depth. Cost is also a main
problem for the installation process. Piles for example need construction vessels in order to be
placed. Besides installation vessels, human operating power is also required. In hostile
environments the installation and maintenance windows are limited to 30 minutes during slack
tides, which makes very difficult any kind of intervention. The casings protect against impact
damage and also provide additional ballast and therefore stability to the cable. Typically the
casings are fabricated from cast iron or polyurethane in half shell arrangements which are
Offshore piled foundations are generally installed by driven, drill-drive or drilled and
grout equipment that is selected based on the geology of the site. Although driven piles offer a
potentially efficient foundation solution for many seabed structures and which has been applied
2.4 Why Choosing Cast Iron over Concrete Tidal Turbine Ballast?
Metal is proven denser than concrete, which enables laminar iron to achieve the target
weight in less space and volume compared to concrete.
Once the foundation has been designed the counterweights should be attached to it with
screws or another fastening technique. Since cast metals are stronger and harder than concrete,
gray cast iron counterweights are much more resistant to impact and strains.
Tidal turbine ballast made of gray cast iron need only paint and coating to stay protected.
As opposed to this concrete counterweights need additional containers to keep them from any
environmental impact, which significantly affects the cost, but doesn't deliver better protection.
2.5 The most advance technology
The turbines directly sit on a tripod or a lattice, which are supported on the pile
foundations. The tower can be further stabilized by the tripod. Most of the offshore wind farms
in shallow waters are monopole structures, which have the advantage of simple design for
manufacturing.
METHODOLOGY
This chapter covers the procedures and methods that will be utilized by the researcher for
The process to be followed during this study is shown in the flowchart below. The flow
chart illustrates how the study will be planned and designed in realizing the objectives of the
study. From the start until the end, the processes are linked to each other. The design flow begins
with gathering of related literature in order to gather information that will support the study and
guide the researcher during the actual designing process. The overall methodology process
utilizes software simulation and computer aided drawing of desired design in accordance to the
An actual will be used for the experimental set-up to verify the results form simulations.
Testing of the structure using tripod performance of the model shall be done using the available
INFORMATION ANALYSIS
GATHERING
SPECIFICATION EXPERIMENTATION
AND MODELLING
SIMULATE DESIGN
USING FABRICATION
SOLIDWORKS
DESIGN
SPECIFICATIONS
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/monopile-foundation
https://www.farinia.com/energy/tidal-turbine-counterweights/tidal-turbine-ballast-and- other-
tidal-turbine-foundations
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.656.1609&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Adcock, T.A.A., Draper S., Houlsby, G.T., Borthwick A.G.L. and Serhadlıoğlu S., 2013,
“The Available Power from Tidal Stream Turbines in the Pentland Firth”, Proceedings of the
Royal Society A, 469: 20130072.
The Crown Estate, 2011, “Wave and Tidal Energy in the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters: