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Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous Myelin Sheath - Myelin is a fatty white substance that
System (PNS) surrounds the axon of some nerve cells, forming an
electrically insulating layer. It is essential for the proper
functioning of the nervous system.
The basic structural and functional unit of the nervous Chemical coordination of body functions is
system is the neuron. mediated by the endocrine system, composed of
ductless glands that release hormones.
A neuron transmits electrical signals called action
potential or an impulse across the system and lets a Hormones
body part respond accordingly. Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by
An impulse is the sudden change in the electrical a gland and affect the specific target tissue or organ.
potential of the cell membrane. The Endocrine and nervous system coordinate with
Four Basic Parts of Neuron: each other through a series of feedback mechanism.
Feedback mechanism
Dendrites
Soma A mechanism or a signal that tends to initiate (or
Axon accelerate) or to inhibit (or slow down) a process.
Axon terminal
• Stimulates release of FSH and LH from pituitary
gland
Oxytocin
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
• Hypothalamus
• Parathyroid gland
• Thyroid gland
• Adrenal glands
• Pancreas
• Kidneys
• Ovaries
PITUITARY GLAND
• Testes
HYPOTHALAMUS
Growth-hormone-releasing hormone
• Stimulates release of TSH from thyroid gland • The function of ACTH is to regulate levels of the
steroid hormone cortisol, which released from
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) the adrenal gland.
• Stimulates adrenal glands to secrete
glucocorticoids such as cortisol
PARATHYROID GLAND
• Islets of Langerhans
Insulin
KIDNEYS
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Vitamin D
OVARIES
Estradiol
Thyroxine
• Regulates development and maintenance of
• Increases metabolic rate and heart rate;
secondary sex characteristics in females; other
promotes growth
effects
ADRENAL GLAND
Progesterone
Epinephrine
• Prepares uterus for pregnancy
• Produces many effects related to short-term
TESTES
stress response
Testosterone
Cortisol
• Regulates development and maintenance of
• Produces many effects related to short-term
secondary sex characteristics in males; other
and long-term responses
effects
Aldosterone
AUXIN
TROPISM
PLANT RESPONSE
Types
INTERNAL
- Homeostatic imbalances
- Blood pressure
EXTERNAL
- Vision
- Smell
- Taste