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Three coherent systems of units are given below. These systems allow the equations given in the Item to
be used without the inclusion of conversion factors
.
SI British
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(a)Definitions of ∆p and CK are given in Data Item No. 690164 where the difference between
gross and net values is explained. In the present Item gross values are used. (See also Section 3.)
2 2
∆p ( lbf ⁄ in ) ⁄ 1lbf ⁄ in
C v (UKgal/min) = Q (UKgal/min)/ ---------------------------------------------------------------- .
specific gravity of fluid
–3
1 UKgal/min at 1 lbf/in2 pressure drop = 6.291 ×10 m3/s at 1 N/m2
–3
= 182.1 ×10 ft3/s at 1 pdl/ft2
–3
= 32.11 ×10 ft3/s at 1 lbf/ft2.
(c)Valve sizes are usually given as the nominal pipe diameter, D n , for which the end connections
are designed. This is the basic dimension used in this Item. However, when Data Item No. 660272
is used to calculate the losses in the associated straight pipes, the actual internal pipe diameter,
D , must be used in those calculations.
(d)The degree of valve opening is defined in this Item as the ratio (travel of valve control from
closed position)/(travel of valve control from closed to fully open), e.g. number of turns
open/number of turns to fully open. Thus, δ = 0 for fully closed valves and δ = 1 for fully
open valves.
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69022
2. INTRODUCTION
In this Item information is given on the pressure loss for single-phase flow through a number of types of
shut-off and simple flow control valves.
The information is presented in the form of non-dimensional pressure loss coefficients and applies for the
flow of liquids and also for the flow of gases at low Mach numbers*.
The types of valves included are illustrated and described in Section 6 where the appropriate Figures giving
data are indicated. Also included in Section 6 are typical size ranges, temperature and pressure limits and
examples of the applications of the various types. This latter information is intended as initial guidance on
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the suitability of a valve for a particular duty. The final choice should be considered in conjunction with
manufacturers and their literature. References 1 and 3 will be of assistance in locating appropriate
manufacturers.
An Appendix lists some alternative names found during the preparation of this Item and classifies them in
terms of the main types given in Section 6.
The information given is based on data from Derivations 6 to 25 and on data supplied by a number of valve
manufacturers. It is only approximate for various reasons. In general, valves of different sizes and from
different manufacturers, although broadly similar, are not exactly geometrically similar. In small sizes, one
valve body may be offered with a variety of end connection sizes and in some cases a valve of one nominal
size may be available with several seat sizes. If the pressure loss is derived from pressures measured too
close to the valve, and therefore not in regions of fully-developed flow, inconsistencies arise and this
accounts for some scatter of the data. In some cases there are approximations such as the neglect of Reynolds
number effects.
A large number of standard specifications for valves are issued by the national standards organisations, by
industrial companies and other organisations. Such standards usually refer to materials and construction of
valves and do not give pressure loss data.
* The Mach number of a gas flow is the local flow velocity divided by the local speed of sound. As the Mach number at the valve inlet
increases above about 0.2 the effects of compressibility start to become noticeable. However, for the purposes of this Item, and especially
in the case of straight through valves, the effects are unlikely to be significant for Mach numbers up to about 0.5.
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69022
3. CALCULATION OF PRESSURE LOSS
∆p = C K × ½ρV n2 (3.1)
∆h = C K × V n2 ⁄ 2g ,
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where the velocity V n is based on the nominal valve size, D n . In this Item, C K is given in terms of a basic
coefficient, C K ′ (Figures 1 to 11), applicable for fully open valves and for Re Dn ≥ 10 4 to which correction
factors, α1 (Figures 12 to 15) and α2 (Figures 16 and 17), must be applied to account for partial opening
and for Re Dn < 10 4 respectively. Thus
CK = C K ′ × α1 × α2 .
To obtain the overall pressure loss, ∆p AB , between two points A and B, in regions of fully-developed flow,
which span a valve, the friction losses in the straight pipes upstream and downstream of the valve must be
added to the loss given by Equation (3.1). Thus
2 Lu + Ld
∆ p AB = ∆ p + ½ρV × 4f -------------------- ,
D
2 Lu + Ld
and ∆ h AB = ∆ h + ( V ⁄ 2g ) × 4f -------------------- ,
D
where V is based on the actual pipe bore, D . For non-circular section ductwork, D n and D should be
replaced by the equivalent hydraulic diameter ( 4 × cross-sectional area/wetted perimeter). Values of f for
various surfaces are given in Data Item No. 660272.
If points A and B are taken close to the valve, or the next component upstream or downstream is close to
the valve, A and B may not be in fully-developed flow. (See Reference 4 for a discussion of interference
effects.) However, for most practical purposes, when using the information given in this Item, the error
introduced will not be significant provided that Lu ⁄ D > 2 and L d ⁄ D > 5 and that the total length of straight
pipe immediately upstream is at least 10D .
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4. REFERENCES AND DERIVATION
REFERENCES
DERIVATION
6. CORP, C.I. Experiments on loss of head in valves and pipes of one half to twelve
RUBLE, R.O. inches diameter. Bull. Univ. Wisconsin, Engng Series, Vol.9, pp.1-143,
1922.
7. – Note on engine throttle torque and pressure drop experiments. RAE
Engine Dept Note No. E3901, October 1941.
8. LANSFORD, W.M. Loss of head in flow of fluids through various types of
one-and-one-half-inch valves. Engng Expt Station Bulletin, Univ.
Illinois, Vol.40, No.24, Bulletin No. 340, February 1943.
9. BECK, C. Laminar flow friction losses through fittings, bends and valves. J. am.
Soc. naval Engrs, Vol.56, No.2, pp.235-271, May 1944.
10. KROLL, A.E. Globe-valve flow coefficients for valve meters. Ind. Engng Chem.,
FAIRBANKS, H.V. Vol.37, No.6, pp.588-591, 1945.
11. FORSTER, B. Some pressure measurements on valves. Pametrada Report 117,
September 1954.
12. WILKINSON, H.C. Pressure losses in main steam pipes and fittings. Pametrada Report 118,
September 1954.
13. BRYANT, R.A.A. Loss coefficients for some Australian pipe fittings. Commonwealth Engr,
BENNETT, C. Vol.44, No.5, pp.143-148, 1956/57.
14. KITTREDGE, C.P. Resistance coefficients for laminar and turbulent flow through
ROWLEY, D.S. one-half-inch valves and fittings. Trans. am. Soc. mech. Engrs, Vol. ,
pp.1759-1766, 1959.
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15. IDEL’CHIK, I.E. Handbook of hydraulic resistance. Coefficients of local resistance and
friction. A.E.C.-tr-6630. US Atomic Energy Commission, 1966.
(Available from US Dept of Commerce, Springfield, Va. Translation
from Spravochnik po gidravlicheskim soprotivleniyam. Gos. Energ. Izd.,
Moscow, 1960.)
16. Pipe friction manual. Third Edition. Hydraulic Institute, New York,
1961.
17. BONNINGTON, S.T. Measurement of the pressure losses in copper pipe fittings. Brit.
Hydromechanics Res. Assoc. Rep. RR 718, May 1962.
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6
69022
5. EXAMPLE
(The example is worked in both British and SI units. The data for the latter case are rounded off from the
exact equivalent values.)
Part of a test rig includes a diaphragm valve as shown in the sketch below. What will be the approximate
–3
pressure loss between points A and B for water and for oil flowing at 15 UKgal/min ( 1.14 ×10 m3/s) with
the valve fully open? For water,
–6
density = 62.4 lb/ft3 (103 kg/m3); kinematic viscosity = 1 cSt = 10.76 ×10 ft2/s (10-6 m2/s),
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The actual bore of the steel pipe is 1.05 inches (26.7 mm).
Nominal velocity Vn = Q ⁄ π
2
--- D n –3 π 1 2 –3 π –3 2
4 = 15 × 2.676 × 10 ⁄ --- ------ 1.14 × 10 ⁄ --- ( 25.4 × 10 )
4 12 4
= 7.36 ft/s. = 2.25 m/s.
(a)Water
VnDn –3
1 1 2.25 × ( 25.4 × 10 )
Reynolds number ReDn = ------------- = 7.36 × ------ × ------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------
ν 12 10.76 × 10–6 –6
10
3 3
= 57 ×10 . = 57 ×10 .
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Section 6.5 indicates that Figure 11 gives data for diaphragm valves. It is evident from the shape of the
valve that it is of Pattern 1 as shown on the Figure and for a 1 inch (25.4 mm) valve, CK ′ = 2.3 . Since the
valve is fully open and Re Dn > 10 4 , α 1 = 1 and α 2 = 1 . Thus CK = CK ′ .
2 2 Lu + Ld
∆ p AB = ½ρV n C K + ½ρV 4f -------------------- .
D
2 3 2
Thus ∆ pAB is ½ × 62.4(7.36 × 2.3 + ½ × 10 (2.25 × 2.3 +
2 –3 2 –3
6.68 × 4 × 6.6 × 10 × 20) 2.04 × 4 × 6.6 × 10 × 20 )
≈ 1 lbf/in2.
(b)Oil
VnDn 1 1 –3
Reynolds number Re Dn = ------------
- = 7.36 × ------ × -----------------------------
- 2.25 × 25.4 × 10
ν 12 1.506 × 10–3 -------------------------------------------
–6
140 × 10
= 410 = 410
4
From Figure 11, CK ′ is again 2.3 but since Re Dn < 10 , α 2 ≠ 1 . From Figure 17, α2 = 1.4 . Since the
valve is fully open, α 1 = 1 .
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69022
For the straight pipe,
ReD = VD ⁄ ν = 390 390
Using Data Item No. 66027,
16
f = ---------- = 0.041 0.041
ReD
2 2
Thus ∆ pAB is ½ × 50 ( 7.36 × 2.3 × 1.4 + ½ × 800 (2.25 × 2.3 × 1.4 +
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2 2
6.68 × 4 × 0.041 × 20 ) 2.04 × 4 × 0.041 × 20 )
≈ 1.7 lbf/in2.
9
69022
6. DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATIONS OF VALVE TYPES AND LOCATION OF DATA
CK′ α1 α2
10
69022
Pressure loss data
(a) †Typical size range Application and
*
Diagram of valve (b) †Typical pressure general
Location
and temperature limits comments Comments
(Figure numbers)
CK′ α1 α2
11
69022
Pressure loss data
(a) †Typical size range Application and
*
Diagram of valve (b) †Typical pressure general
Location
and temperature limits comments Comments
(Figure numbers)
CK′ α1 α2
12
69022
Pressure loss data
(a) †Typical size range Application and
*
Diagram of valve (b) †Typical pressure general
Location
and temperature limits comments Comments
(Figure numbers)
CK′ α1 α2
13
69022
Pressure loss data
(a) †Typical size range Application and
*
Diagram of valve (b) †Typical pressure general
Location
and temperature limits comments Comments
(Figure numbers)
CK′ α1 α2
14
69022
Pressure loss data
(a) †Typical size range Application and
*
Diagram of valve (b) †Typical pressure general
Location
and temperature limits comments Comments
(Figure numbers)
CK′ α1 α2
15
69022
Pressure loss data
(a) †Typical size range Application and
*
Diagram of valve (b) †Typical pressure general
Location
and temperature limits comments Comments
(Figure numbers)
CK′ α1 α2
16
69022
Pressure loss data
(a) †Typical size range Application and
*
Diagram of valve (b) †Typical pressure general
Location
and temperature limits comments Comments
(Figure numbers)
CK′ α1 α2
For glass-lined
versions
multiply C K ′
by 0.9, for
rubber-lined
versions
multiply C K ′
by 1.5 except
for Pattern 4
for which the
data allow for
the rubber
lining.
* The diagrams show the general features of the valve types but are not intended as detailed drawings of any particular valve. End connec-
tions may be screwed for valves up to about 2 in size (50 mm) and flanged for valves down to ½ inch size (12 mm).
† Valves given in this column are typical of widely available valves. For most types of valve, valves suitable for conditions outside the limits
given or for larger or smaller sizes are available from some manufacturers. Approximate SI metric equivalents to British units are shown
6
in brackets. ( 1 MN/m2 = 10 N/m2
17
69022
Dn (inches)
1/2 3/4 1 1 1/2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20
10
9
8
7
4
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3
3
2 Scatter
C'K
1
9
8
2
7
5
1
4
Scatter
3
0.1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100 200 300 400 500 600
Dn (mm)
18
69022
Dn (inches)
0.6
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0.5
0.4
C'K
0.3
Scatter
0.2
Dn (mm)
19
69022
Dn (inches)
1/2 3/4 1 1 1/2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20
10
9
8
7
5
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C'K
3
Scatter
Dn (mm)
FIGURE 3 CNK FOR BRANCH FLOW, RECTANGULAR PORT THREE-WAY PLUG VALVE
20
69022
101
9
8
7
6
3
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Scatter
100
9
8
7
6
4
C'K
3
10-1
9
8
7
6
4
Valve fully open, ReDn $ 10
10-2
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
t / Dn
21
69022
Dn (inches)
1/2 3/4 1 1 1/2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20
20
10
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9
8
C'K 7
6
5 Scatter
Dn (mm)
22
69022
Dn (inches)
1/2 3/4 1 1 1/2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20
10
9
8
7
5
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C'K
3
Scatter
2
Dn (mm)
23
69022
Dn (inches)
1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/2 2 3 4 5
20
10
9 Scatter
8
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7
6
C'K 5
4
Dn (mm)
24
69022
Dn (inches)
1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/2 2 3 4 5
10
9
4
8 Valve fully open, ReDn $ 10
7
5
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C'K
3
Scatter
1
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Dn (mm)
25
69022
Dn (inches)
1/2 3/4 1 1 1/2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20
10
9
8
7
6
5
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C'K 3 Scatter
θ = 60E
2
θ = 45E- 50E
Scatter
1
0.9 4
0.8 Valve fully open, ReDn $ 10
0.7
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100 200 300 400 500 600
Dn (mm)
26
69022
10
Valve fully open, ReDn $ 104
1
C'K
2
Cross - sectional area at valve seat D
≅ n
Cross - sectional area of upstream pipe D
27
69022
Dn (inches)
1/2 3/4 1 1 1/2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20
101
9
4
8 Valve fully open, ReDn $ 10
7
4
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3
1
Scatter
C'K 2
Scatter
100
9 3
8
7
2
Scatter 4
10-1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100 200 300 400 500 600
Dn (mm)
28
69022
1000
100
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Flat plate
5
α1
Lenticular disc
2
10
1
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Closed δ Open
29
69022
1000
100
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α1
2
Y valves
10 Angle valves
5
Globe valves
1
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
δ
Closed Open
30
69022
1000
100
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α1
2
10
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
δ Open
Closed
31
69022
1000
100
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α1
2
10
}
5
Pattern 1
See Figure 11
Pattern 3
2
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
δ
Closed Open
32
69022
100
5
10
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5 Probable region of
α2 transition from laminar
to turbulent flow
2
0.1 2 2 5 2 5 2 5
5
101 102 103 104 105
ReDn
FIGURE 16 APPROXIMATE EFFECT OF REYNOLDS NUMBER, GATE, PLUG AND BUTTERFLY VALVES
33
69022
10
2
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α2
1
0.1
2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5
101 102 103 104 105
ReDn
34
69022
APPENDIX A SOME ALTERNATIVE VALVE NAMES
This list gives names which have been found during the preparation of this Data Item and cross-references
them either directly, or via the basic class to which the valve belongs, to a Section giving data.
The list is not intended to be exhaustive and for further information see References 3 and 5.
Valve Name:
Angle valve a valve in which the inlet and exit f lows are at 90° (6.3.2 or 6.5).
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Ball valve may be a type of plug valve (6.1) or a float controlled angle valve (6.3.2).
Butterfly valve Section 6.2.
Cock a simple version of a plug valve (6.1).
Control valve* usually refers to a poppet type valve (6.3), but other types can be used.
Diaphragm motor any type actuated by a diaphragm motor.
valve
Diaphragm valve Section 6.5.
Flap valve a butterfly valve (6.2) (may also refer to a non-return valve).
Flex valve a type of diaphragm valve (6.5).
Fullway valve a type of gate valve (6.4).
Gland cock a simple version of a plug valve (6.1).
Globe valve Section 6.3.1.
Motor valve refers to control mechanism, see basic valve type.
Needle valve Section 6.3.4.
Oblique valve a Y valve (6.3.3).
Parallel slide valve a type of gate valve (6.4).
Pinch valve a type of diaphragm valve (6.5).
Plug valve Section 6.1.
Plug cock a type of plug valve (6.1).
Poppet valve Section 6.3.
Radiator valve may be of any type, see appropriate Section.
Regulating valve basically any valve used for regulating, most frequently a poppet type,
butterfly or diaphragm valve.
Rising plug valve a type of gate valve (6.4).
For footnote see end of Appendix.
35
69022
Valve Name:
Rising stem valve any valve in which the operating spindle rises out of the valve as the valve is
opened.
Slide valve sometimes applied to gate valves (6.4).
Sluice valve a type of gate valve (6.4).
Stop valve basically any shut-off valve.
Throttle valve usually a butterfly valve (6.2).
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* Valves specially designed for automatic control systems are not covered by this Data Item.
36
69022
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS DATA ITEM
The work of the Engineering Sciences Data Unit on these series is monitored and guided by Technical
Committees of the Royal Aeronautical Society, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and the Institution
of Chemical Engineers. The Committee responsible for the preparation of this particular Item was the Fluid
Mechanics and Thermodynamics Committee of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and the Item has
been accepted for inclusion in the Aeronautical Series by the Aerodynamics Committee of the Royal
Aeronautical Society. The inclusion of this Item in the Chemical Engineering Series has been approved by
the Institution of Chemical Engineers.
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The Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Committee has the following constitution:
Chairman
Prof. A.J. Ede – University of Aston in Birmingham
Vice-Chairman
Mr E.C. Firman – Central Electricity Research Laboratories
Members
Dr G. Hobson – GEC-AEI Ltd
Mr K.M. Leigh – United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
Mr A. Linford – The British Hydromechanics Research Association
Mr G.J.F. Reid – British Petroleum Co. Ltd
Miss B. Shilling – Royal Aircraft Establishment.
Chairman
Prof. G.M. Lilley – University of Southampton
Vice-Chairmen
Prof. D.W. Holder – University of Oxford
Mr W.F. Wiles – Rolls-Royce Ltd
Members
Mr E.C. Carter – Aircraft Research Association
Dr L.F. Crabtree – Royal Aircraft Establishment
Mr R.L. Dommett – Royal Aircraft Establishment
Mr H.C. Garner – National Physical Laboratory
Mr J.R.C. Pederson – British Aircraft Corporation (Guided Weapons) Ltd
Mr M.W. Salisbury – British Aircraft Corporation (Weybridge) Ltd
Mr J. Taylor – Hawker Siddeley Aviation Ltd, Woodford
Mr J.W.H. Thomas – Hawker Siddeley Aviation Ltd, Hatfield
Mr J. Weir – University of Salford.
37
69022
The members of the staff of the Engineering Sciences Data Unit concerned were:
The Technical Committees have the co-operation of many engineers and scientists in industry, research
establishments and universities from whom much assistance and unpublished information is being received.
Particular assistance with the preparation of this Item has been received from Dr A.J. Ward Smith of Smith
Meters Ltd, formerly of the Engineering Sciences Data Unit.
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38