32 44cr Imo Tier II Marine

falzen falzen
Four-stroke diesel engines compliant with IMO Tier II

Project Guide – Marine
L+V32/44CR
D2366456EN Printed in Germany GMC2-05100.5
Copyright © MAN Diesel & Turbo · Subject to modification in the interest of technical progress.
L+V32/44CR
Four-stroke diesel engines
MAN Diesel & Turbo compliant with IMO Tier II
MAN Diesel & Turbo
86224 Augsburg, Germany
Phone +49 821 322-0
Fax +49 821 322-3382
marineengines-de@mandieselturbo.com
www.mandieselturbo.com
10-056_PPG_L+V3244CR_Marine_IMO_TII.indd U4 05.05.2010 11:10:46

falzen falzen
======
iHsPOLQQò
mêçàÉÅí=dìáÇÉ=Ó=j~êáåÉ
cçìêJëíêçâÉ=ÇáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉë
Åçãéäá~åí=ïáíÜ=fjl=qáÉê=ff
qáíÉäëÉáíÉ=j~êáåÉ=POJQQjnÅêffKÑã
pí~íìë sÉêëáçå `ÜÉÅâÉÇ a~íÉ `ÜÉÅâÉÇ a~íÉ

MQKOMNM NK1 cê~åò OMNMJMQJNS ríàÉëáåçîáÅ OMNMJMQJNS
^ää=Ç~í~=éêçîáÇÉÇ=áå=íÜáë=ÇçÅìãÉåí=áë=åçåJÄáåÇáåÖK=qÜáë=Ç~í~=ëÉêîÉë=áåÑçêã~íáçå~ä=éìêéçëÉë=çåäó=~åÇ=
áë=ÉëéÉÅá~ääó=åçí=Öì~ê~åíÉÉÇ=áå=~åó=ï~óK
aÉéÉåÇáåÖ= çå= íÜÉ= ëìÄëÉèìÉåí= ëéÉÅáÑáÅ= áåÇáîáÇì~ä= éêçàÉÅíëI= íÜÉ= êÉäÉî~åí= Ç~í~= ã~ó= ÄÉ= ëìÄàÉÅí= íç=
ÅÜ~åÖÉë=~åÇ=ïáää=ÄÉ=~ëëÉëëÉÇ=~åÇ=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ=áåÇáîáÇì~ääó=Ñçê=É~ÅÜ=éêçàÉÅíK=qÜáë=ïáää=ÇÉéÉåÇ=çå=íÜÉ=
é~êíáÅìä~ê=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅë=çÑ=É~ÅÜ=áåÇáîáÇì~ä=éêçàÉÅíI=ÉëéÉÅá~ääó=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=ëáíÉ=~åÇ=çéÉê~íáçå~ä=ÅçåÇáJ
íáçåëK
fÑ= íÜáë= ÇçÅìãÉåí= áë= ÇÉäáîÉêÉÇ= áå= ~åçíÜÉê= ä~åÖì~ÖÉ= íÜ~å= båÖäáëÜ= ~åÇ= ÇçìÄíë= ~êáëÉ= ÅçåÅÉêåáåÖ= íÜÉ=
íê~åëä~íáçåI=íÜÉ=båÖäáëÜ=íÉñí=ëÜ~ää=éêÉî~áäK
For latest updates on Project Guides, visit our website www.mandieselturbo.com:

?j~êáåÉ=båÖáåÉë=C=póëíÉãë=[=jÉÇáìã=ëéÉÉÇ=[=mêçàÉÅí=dìáÇÉë?K
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç
USOOQ=^ìÖëÄìêÖI=dÉêã~åó
mÜçåÉ HQV=UON=POOJM
c~ñ HQV=UON=POOJPPUO
ã~êáåÉÉåÖáåÉëJÇÉ]ã~åÇáÉëÉäíìêÄçKÅçã
ïïïKã~åÇáÉëÉäíìêÄçKÅçã
qáíÉäëÉáíÉ=j~êáåÉ=POJQQjnÅêffKÑã
«=j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç
oÉéêçÇìÅíáçå=éÉêãáííÉÇ=éêçîáÇÉÇ=ëçìêÅÉ=áë=ÖáîÉåK=
==
q~ÄäÉ=çÑ=ÅçåíÉåíë
N fåíêçÇìÅíáçå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK==N=J=N
NKN= =båÖáåÉ=ÇÉëÅêáéíáçå=POLQQò=fjl=qáÉê=ff KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===N=J=P
NKO= =j~êáåÉ=éä~åíë=Äó=j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===N=J=R

NKOKN cçìê=ëíêçâÉ=ÇáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉ=éêçÖê~ããÉ=Ñçê=ã~êáåÉ=~ééäáÅ~íáçåë=Åçãéäá~åí=ïáíÜ=
fjl=qáÉê=ffI=éêçéìäëáçå=~ééäáÅ~íáçåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==N=J=R
NKOKO qóéáÅ~ä=ã~êáåÉ=éä~åíë=~åÇ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~êê~åÖÉãÉåíëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==N=J=T
O båÖáåÉ=~åÇ=çéÉê~íáçå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK==O=J=N
OKN= =båÖáåÉ=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅ=Ç~í~ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===O=J=P
OKNKN båÖáåÉ=ÇÉëáÖå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==O=J=P
OKNKNKN båÖáåÉ=Åêçëë=ëÉÅíáçå=KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=P
OKNKNKO båÖáåÉ=ÇÉëáÖå~íáçåëX=aÉëáÖå=é~ê~ãÉíÉêë= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=R
OKNKO aáãÉåëáçåëI=ïÉáÖÜíëI=áåÅäáå~íáçå=~åÇ=îáÉïë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==O=J=T
OKNKP ^ÇÇáíáçå~ä=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÉèìáéãÉåí=Ñçê=î~êáçìë=~ééäáÅ~íáçåë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==O=J=NN
OKNKQ mçïÉêI=çìíéìíëI=ëéÉÉÇëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==O=J=NP
OKNKQKN båÖáåÉ=ê~íáåÖë= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=NP
OKNKQKO ^î~áä~ÄäÉ=çìíéìíë= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=NQ
OKNKQKP péÉÉÇëLã~áå=Ç~í~==KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=NT
OKNKQKQ péÉÉÇ=~ÇàìëíáåÖ=ê~åÖÉ=KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=NV
OKNKR bñéä~å~íçêó=åçíÉë=Ñçê=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ëìééäáÉë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==O=J=ON
OKNKRKN fåí~âÉ=~áê= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK =O=J=ON
OKNKRKO cìÉä= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK =O=J=ON
OKNKRKP båÖáåÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK =O=J=OO
OKNKRKQ iìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK =O=J=OO
OKNKS mêçéÉääÉê=çéÉê~íáçåI=ëìÅíáçå=ÇêÉÇÖÉê=Eéìãé=ÇêáîÉFKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==O=J=OP
OKNKSKN léÉê~íáåÖ=ê~åÖÉ=Ñçê=Åçåíêçää~ÄäÉJéáíÅÜ=éêçéÉääÉê= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=OP
OKNKSKO dÉåÉê~ä=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=Ñçê=éêçéÉääÉê=éáíÅÜ=Åçåíêçä=KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=OR
OKNKSKP léÉê~íáåÖ=ê~åÖÉ=Ñçê=ÑáñÉÇJéáíÅÜ=éêçéÉääÉê= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=OV
OKNKSKQ léÉê~íáåÖ=ê~åÖÉ=Ñçê=éìãé=ÇêáîÉ= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=PN
OKNKSKR ^ÅÅÉäÉê~íáçå=íáãÉë= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=PP
OKNKT aáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=çéÉê~íáçåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==O=J=PT
OKNKTKN pí~êíáåÖ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=~åÇ=äç~Ç=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=Ñçê=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éä~åíë= KK O=J=PT
OKNKTKO bãÉêÖÉåÅó=çéÉê~íáçå=KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=QN
OKNKTKP içï=äç~Ç=çéÉê~íáçå= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=QP
OMMVMTOUJPOJQQò=fjl=qáÉê=fffswKÑã
OKNKTKQ iç~Ç=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=Ñçê=ëÜáé=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ëóëíÉãë= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=QR

OKNKTKR aáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=çéÉê~íáçå=çÑ=îÉëëÉäë=Ó=Ñ~áäìêÉ=çÑ=çåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=KKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=QV
OKNKTKS ^î~áä~ÄäÉ=çìíéìíë=ÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=çå=ÑêÉèìÉåÅó=ÇÉîá~íáçåë= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=RO
OKNKTKT iç~Ç=êÉÇìÅíáçå=KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=RP
OKNKTKU dÉåÉê~íçê=Ó=êÉîÉêëÉ=éçïÉê=éêçíÉÅíáçå=KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=RR
OKNKTKV b~êíÜáåÖ=çÑ=ÇáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉë=~åÇ=ÄÉ~êáåÖ=áåëìä~íáçå=çå=ÖÉåÉê~íçêë=KKKKK O=J=RT
POLQQò =q~ÄäÉ=çÑ=ÅçåíÉåíë=J=N
===
OKNKU båÖáåÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=ìåÇÉê=~êÅíáÅ=ÅçåÇáíáçåëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==O=J=RV

OKNKV cìÉä=çáä=ÅçåëìãéíáçåX=äìÄÉ=çáä=Åçåëìãéíáçå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==O=J=SN
OKNKVKN cìÉä=çáä=Åçåëìãéíáçå=Ñçê=Éãáëëáçå=ëí~åÇ~êÇW=fjl=qáÉê=ff= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=SN
OKNKVKO iìÄÉ=çáä=Åçåëìãéíáçå= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=SO
OKNKVKP `~äÅìä~íáçå=çÑ=ÑìÉä=Åçåëìãéíáçå=~í=ëáíÉ= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=SP
OKNKVKQ ^ÖáåÖ=KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=SQ
OKNKNM =mä~ååáåÖ=Ç~í~=Ñçê=Éãáëëáçå=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=fjl=qáÉê=ff KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==O=J=SR
OKNKNMKN kçãáå~ä=î~äìÉë=Ñçê=ÅççäÉê=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçå=Ó==
iPOLQQò=Ñçê=Éãáëëáçå=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=fjl=qáÉê=ff= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=SR
OKNKNMKO qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Ä~ëáëI=åçãáå~ä=~áê=~åÇ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=Ç~í~=Ó=
iPOLQQò=Ñçê=Éãáëëáçå=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=fjl=qáÉê=ff= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=SS
OKNKNMKP kçãáå~ä=î~äìÉë=Ñçê=ÅççäÉê=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçå=Ó==
sPOLQQò=Ñçê=Éãáëëáçå=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=fjl=qáÉê=ff= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=ST
OKNKNMKQ qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Ä~ëáëI=åçãáå~ä=~áê=~åÇ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=Ç~í~=Ó==
sPOLQQò=Ñçê=Éãáëëáçå=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=fjl=qáÉê=ff= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=SU
OKNKNMKR iç~Ç=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=î~äìÉë=~í=íêçéáÅ~ä=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=Ó==
iLsPOLQQò=Ñçê=Éãáëëáçåë=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=fjl=qáÉê=ff== KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=SV
OKNKNMKS iç~Ç=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=î~äìÉë=~í=fplJÅçåÇáíáçåë=Ó=
iLsPOLQQò=Ñçê=Éãáëëáçå=ëí~åÇ~êÇ==fjl=qáÉê=ff=KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=TM
OKNKNMKT cáääáåÖ=îçäìãÉë=~åÇ=Ñäçï=êÉëáëí~åÅÉë== KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=TN
OKNKNMKU léÉê~íáåÖLëÉêîáÅÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=~åÇ=éêÉëëìêÉë= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=TO
OKNKNN bãáëëáçåëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==O=J=TR
OKNKNNKN bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=Éãáëëáçå= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=TR
OKNKNNKO qçêëáçå~ä=îáÄê~íáçåë=KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=TT
OKNKNNKP båÖáåÉ=åçáëÉLáåí~âÉ=åçáëÉLÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=åçáëÉ=KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=UN
OKNKNO oÉèìáêÉãÉåí=Ñçê=éçïÉê=ÇêáîÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçå=Eëí~íáÅFKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==O=J=UT
OKNKNP oÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=Ñçê=éçïÉê=ÇêáîÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçå=EÇóå~ãáÅFKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==O=J=UV
OKNKNPKN jçãÉåíë=çÑ=áåÉêíá~I=ÑäóïÜÉÉäë= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=UV
OKNKNPKO _~ä~åÅáåÖ=çÑ=ã~ëëÉë=KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=VN
OKNKNPKP pí~íáÅ=íçêèìÉ=ÑäìÅíì~íáçå= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=VP
OKNKNQ mçïÉê=íê~åëãáëëáçå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==O=J=VT
OKNKNQKN cäóïÜÉÉä==~êê~åÖÉãÉåí=KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=VT
OKNKNR ^êê~åÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=éìãéëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==O=J=NMN
OKNKNS cçìåÇ~íáçåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==O=J=NMP
OKNKNSKN dÉåÉê~ä=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=Ñçê=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=NMP
OKNKNSKO oáÖáÇ=ëÉ~íáåÖ= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=NMR
OKNKNSKP `ÜçÅâáåÖ=ïáíÜ=ëóåíÜÉíáÅ=êÉëáå=KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=NNN
OKNKNSKQ oÉëáäáÉåí=ëÉ~íáåÖ=KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=NNR
OKNKNSKR oÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=ÅçåÑáÖìê~íáçå=çÑ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=NNT
q~ÄäÉ=çÑ=ÅçåíÉåíë=J=O POLQQò
==
OKO= =båÖáåÉ=~ìíçã~íáçå=== KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===O=J=NOR

OKOKN p~`çpçåÉ=ëóëíÉã=çîÉêîáÉïKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==O=J=NOR
OKOKO mçïÉê=pìééäó=~åÇ=aáëíêáÄìíáçå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==O=J=NPN
OKOKP léÉê~íáçå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==O=J=NPP
OKOKQ cìåÅíáçå~äáíó KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==O=J=NPR
OKOKR fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==O=J=NPV
OKOKS qÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=a~í~ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==O=J=NQN
OKOKT fåëí~ää~íáçå=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==O=J=NQP
OKOKU båÖáåÉJäçÅ~íÉÇ=ãÉ~ëìêáåÖ=~åÇ=Åçåíêçä=ÇÉîáÅÉë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==O=J=NQR
P nì~äáíó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=çÑ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ëìééäáÉë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK==P=J=N
PKN= =nì~äáíó=çÑ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=Ep^b=QMF=Ñçê=çéÉê~íáçå=ïáíÜ=ã~êáåÉ=Ö~ë=çáäI
ÇáÉëÉä=çáä=EjdlLjalF= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK==P=J=P
PKO= =nì~äáíó=çÑ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáäë=Ep^bQMF=Ñçê=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä
çéÉê~íáçå=EeclF=KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK==P=J=T
PKP= =nì~äáíó=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===P=J=NP
PKQ= =`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=áåëéÉÅíáåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===P=J=ON
PKR= =`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉã=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===P=J=OP
PKS= =nì~äáíó=çÑ=Ö~ë=çáäLã~êáåÉ=Ö~ë=çáä=EjdlF KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===P=J=OR
PKT= =nì~äáíó=çÑ=j~êáåÉ=aáÉëÉä=láäë=EjalFKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===P=J=OT
PKU= =nì~äáíó=çÑ=eÉ~îó=cìÉä=láäë=EeclFKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===P=J=OV
PKV= =sáëÅçëáíóJqÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=EsqF=Çá~Öê~ã=çÑ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáäKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===P=J=QN
PKNM= =nì~äáíó=çÑ=áåí~âÉ=~áê=EÅçãÄìëíáçå=~áêF KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===P=J=QP
Q aáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éêçéìäëáçå=éä~åíë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK==Q=J=N
QKN= =dÉåÉê~äKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===Q=J=P
QKO= =aáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éêçéìäëáçå=éä~åí=ä~óçìí=Ç~í~KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===Q=J=R
QKP= =dÉåÉê~íçê=éêçíÉÅíáçå=~åÇ=ëóåÅÜêçåáò~íáçå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===Q=J=T

QKQ= =mçïÉê=ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí=ëóëíÉã KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===Q=J=U
QKR= =qóéáÅ~ä=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éêçéìäëáçå=éä~åíëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===Q=J=V
QKS= =^êê~åÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éêçéìäëáçå=éä~åíë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===Q=J=NN
POLQQò =q~ÄäÉ=çÑ=ÅçåíÉåíë=J=P
===
R mêçéìäëáçå=íê~áå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK==R=J=N
RKN= =mêçéìäëáçå=é~Åâ~ÖÉë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===R=J=P
RKNKN dÉåÉê~ä KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==R=J=P
RKNKO mêçéÉääÉê=ä~óçìí=Ç~í~KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==R=J=R
RKNKP mêçéÉääÉê=ÅäÉ~ê~åÅÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==R=J=T
S båÖáåÉ=êÉä~íÉÇ=ëÉêîáÅÉ=ëóëíÉãëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK==S=J=N
SKN= =_~ëáÅ=éêáåÅáéäÉë=Ñçê=éáéÉ=ëÉäÉÅíáçå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===S=J=P
SKNKN máéÉ=ÇáãÉåëáçåáåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==S=J=P
SKNKO fåëí~ää~íáçå=çÑ=ÑäÉñáÄäÉ=éáéÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçåë=Ñçê=êÉëáäáÉåíäó=ãçìåíÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉë KKKKKKKKKKKK ==S=J=R
SKNKP `çåÇÉåë~íÉ=~ãçìåí KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==S=J=V
SKO= =iìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëíÉã KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===S=J=NR

SKOKN iìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëíÉã=ÇÉëÅêáéíáçåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==S=J=NR
SKOKO mêÉäìÄêáÅ~íáçå=L=éçëíäìÄêáÅ~íáçå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==S=J=OV
SKOKP iìÄÉ=çáä=çìíäÉíë=Ó=ÖÉåÉê~äKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==S=J=PN
SKOKQ iìÄÉ=çáä=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==S=J=PP
SKOKR mêÉëëìêÉ=Åçåíêçä=î~äîÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==S=J=PT
SKOKS `ê~åâÅ~ëÉ=îÉåí=~åÇ=í~åâ=îÉåí KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==S=J=PV
SKP= =t~íÉê=ëóëíÉãë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===S=J=QN

SKPKN `ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉã KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==S=J=QN
SKPKNKN iq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉã=KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK =S=J=QN
SKPKNKO eq=`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÅáêÅìáí= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK =S=J=QP
SKPKNKP `ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÅçääÉÅíáåÖ=~åÇ=ëìééäó=ëóëíÉã= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK =S=J=QS
SKPKNKQ jáëÅÉää~åÉçìë=áíÉãë= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK =S=J=QS
SKPKO `ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=Çá~Öê~ãëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==S=J=QV
SKPKOKN `äÉ~åáåÖ=çÑ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=EáåëáÇÉ=ÉåÖáåÉF=Äó=~=ìäíê~ëçåáÅ=ÇÉîáÅÉ= S=J=RR
SKPKOKO qìêÄáåÉ=ï~ëÜáåÖ=ÇÉîáÅÉI=eclJçéÉê~íáçå= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S=J=RT
SKPKP kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ëóëíÉã=~åÇ=Çá~Öê~ãKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==S=J=RV
SKPKQ kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ãçÇìäÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==S=J=SP
SKQ= =cìÉä=çáä=ëóëíÉã KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===S=J=SR

SKQKN j~êáåÉ=aáÉëÉä=láä=EjalF=íêÉ~íãÉåí=ëóëíÉã KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==S=J=SR
SKQKO j~êáåÉ=aáÉëÉä=láä=EjalF=ëìééäó=ëóëíÉã=Ñçê=ÇáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==S=J=ST
SKQKP eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=EeclF=íêÉ~íãÉåí=ëóëíÉã KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==S=J=TN
SKQKQ eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=EeclF=ëìééäó=ëóëíÉã KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==S=J=TR
SKQKR eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=EeclF=ëìééäó=ëóëíÉã=Ó=íïáå=ÉåÖáåÉ=éä~åíKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==S=J=UT
SKR= =`çãéêÉëëÉÇ=~áê=ëóëíÉã KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===S=J=VN

SKRKN pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=ëóëíÉãKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==S=J=VN
SKRKO pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉäëI=ÅçãéêÉëëçêë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==S=J=VT
SKRKP gÉí=~ëëáëíKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==S=J=NMN
q~ÄäÉ=çÑ=ÅçåíÉåíë=J=Q POLQQò
==
SKS= =båÖáåÉ=êççã=îÉåíáä~íáçå=~åÇ=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=~áê KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===S=J=NMP
SKT= =bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=ëóëíÉã KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===S=J=NMR

SKTKN dÉåÉê~ä=áåÑçêã~íáçå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==S=J=NMR
SKTKO `çãéçåÉåíë=~åÇ=~ëëÉãÄäáÉë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==S=J=NMT
T ^ìñáäá~êó=ãçÇìäÉë=~åÇ=ëóëíÉã=ÅçãéçåÉåíëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK==T=J=N
TKN= =^ìñáäá~êó=ãçÇìäÉë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===T=J=P
TKNKN kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ãçÇìäÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==T=J=P
TKNKO mêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=ãçÇìäÉKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==T=J=Q
TKO= =póëíÉã=ÅçãéçåÉåíë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===T=J=R

TKOKN iìÄÉ=çáä=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉê KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==T=J=R
TKOKO iìÄÉ=çáä=ÇçìÄäÉ=ÑáäíÉê KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==T=J=S
U båÖáåÉ=êççã=éä~ååáåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK==U=J=N
UKN= =fåëí~ää~íáçå=~åÇ=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===U=J=P
UKNKN dÉåÉê~ä=ÇÉí~áäëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==U=J=P
UKNKO fåëí~ää~íáçå=Çê~ïáåÖëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==U=J=R
UKNKP oÉãçî~ä=ÇáãÉåëáçåë=çÑ=éáëíçå=~åÇ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=äáåÉê KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==U=J=NP
UKNKQ `çãé~êáëçå=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~êê~åÖÉãÉåíë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==U=J=OP
UKNKR iáÑíáåÖ=~ééäá~åÅÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==U=J=OT
UKNKS oÉèìÉëí=ëé~ÅÉ=Ñçê=ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==U=J=PN
UKNKT j~àçê=ëé~êÉ=é~êíëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==U=J=PP
UKNKU bñ~ãéäÉW=éêçéìäëáçå=ëóëíÉã=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==U=J=PT
UKO= =bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=ÇìÅíáåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===U=J=PV

UKOKN bñ~ãéäÉW=ÇìÅíáåÖ=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==U=J=PV
UKOKO mçëáíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=çìíäÉí=Å~ëáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==U=J=QN
V ^ååÉñ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK==V=J=N
VKN= =mêçÖê~ããÉ=Ñçê=c~Åíçêó=^ÅÅÉéí~åÅÉ=qÉëí=Ec^qF=çÑ=ÑçìêJëíêçâÉ=ã~êáåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉë KK===V=J=P
VKO= =båÖáåÉ=êìååáåÖJáå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===V=J=R
VKP= =bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=çÑ=ãÉÇáìã=ëéÉÉÇ=ÑçìêJëíêçâÉ=ÇáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉëKKKKKKKKKKKKK===V=J=V
VKQ= =aÉÑáåáíáçåë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===V=J=NN
VKR= =lìíéìí KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===V=J=NP
VKS= =póãÄçäë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===V=J=NR
POLQQò =q~ÄäÉ=çÑ=ÅçåíÉåíë=J=R
===
VKT= =båÖáåÉ=éêÉëÉêî~íáçå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===V=J=NV
VKU= =båÖáåÉ=Åçäçìê KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===V=J=ON

VKUKN oî=Åçäçìê=Öêçìé=N=Eëí~åÇ~êÇ=ÅçäçìêF KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==V=J=ON
VKUKO oî=Åçäçìê=Öêçìé=O=EëéÉÅá~ä=êÉèìÉëíF KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==V=J=OP
VKUKP oî=Åçäçìê=Öêçìé=P=EëéÉÅá~ä=ä~ÅèìÉêáåÖFKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==V=J=OR
VKV= =cçêã=Ó=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éêçéìäëáçå=éä~åí=ä~óçìí=Ç~í~KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===V=J=OT
fåÇÉñKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==f
q~ÄäÉ=çÑ=ÅçåíÉåíë=J=S POLQQò
N fåíêçÇìÅíáçå
h~éáíÉäíáíÉä=N=jKÑã
= m~ÖÉ=N=J=N
=m~ÖÉ=N=J=O
h~éáíÉäíáíÉä=N=jKÑã
fåíêçÇìÅíáçå
NKN=båÖáåÉ=ÇÉëÅêáéíáçå=POLQQò=fjl=qáÉê=ff=
NKN båÖáåÉ=ÇÉëÅêáéíáçå=POLQQò=fjl=qáÉê=ff
dÉåÉê~ä çéÜóI=íÜÉ=ÇÉëáÖå=ÇçÉë=åçí=ìëÉ=~=ëÉé~ê~íÉ=ëÉêîç=
ÅáêÅìáí= Ñçê= ~Åíáî~íáåÖ= íÜÉ= áåàÉÅíáçå= î~äîÉK= iÉëë=
táíÜ= íÜÉ= POLQQò= E`çããçå= o~áäFI=
ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ=áë=çåÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÄÉåÉÑáíë=~ë=ïÉää=~ë=ÉñJ
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=áë=ÉãÄ~êâáåÖ=çå=~=åÉï=Éê~=
íêÉãÉäó=èìáÅâ=~åÇ=~ÅÅìê~íÉ=êÉ~Åíáçå=íáãÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=
áå= ãçÇÉêå= ÇáÉëÉä= ÉåÖáåÉ= ÇÉëáÖåK= _~ëÉÇ= çå= íÜÉ=
áåàÉÅíáçå= ëóëíÉãK= qÜÉ= ÉäÉÅíêçåáÅ~ääó= ÅçåíêçääÉÇ=
íÜçìë~åÇÑçäÇ=ïÉääJéêçîÉå=POLQM=ÉåÖáåÉI=íÜÉ=POL
áåàÉÅíáçå=î~äîÉë=~êÉ=çå=íÜÉ=ê~áä=çìíëáÇÉ=íÜÉ=ÅóäáåJ
QQò= ï~ë= ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇ= Ñçê= ìëÉ= ~ë= ~= éêçéìäëáçå=
ÇÉê= ÜÉ~ÇI= êÉëìäíáåÖ= áå= ÖêÉ~íÉê= ëóëíÉã= êÉäá~Äáäáíó=
~åÇ=~ìñáäá~êó=ÉåÖáåÉ=áå=ëÜáéëI=ëí~íáçå~êó=~ééäáÅ~J
~åÇ= îÉêó= É~ëó= ã~áåí~áå~ÄáäáíóK= ^äëçI= áåíÉÖê~íÉÇ=
íáçåë= ~åÇ= Ñçê= çÑÑëÜçêÉ= áåÇìëíêóK= _ó= íÜÉ= ìëÉ= çÑ=
áåíç=íÜÉ=ò=íÉÅÜåçäçÖó=~êÉ=ïÉääJéêçîÉå=ÅçãéçJ
ÉäÉÅíêçåáÅ=áåàÉÅíáçåI=ÑìíìêÉ=Éãáëëáçåë=ëí~åÇ~êÇë=
åÉåíë= ïáíÜ= äçåÖ= ëÉêîáÅÉ= ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉI= ëìÅÜ= ~ë=
Å~å= ÄÉ= ÑìäÑáääÉÇ= ~í= äçï= ÑìÉä= ÅçåëìãéíáçåI= ÜáÖÜ=
ÅçåîÉåíáçå~ä= áåàÉÅíáçå= åçòòäÉëK= táíÜ= íÜÉ= POL
ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=éçïÉê=çìíéìí=~åÇ=ÜáÖÜ=~î~áä~ÄáäáíóK=qÜÉ=
QQò=áí=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=éçëëáÄäÉ=íç=ÅçãÄáåÉ=ÅçåÑäáÅíJ
POLQQò=íÜÉêÉÄó=ëÉíë=íÜÉ=åÉï=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=áå=íÜáë=
áåÖ=ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåí=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåë=äáâÉ=“ÜáÖÜ=éçïÉê=
ÉåÖáåÉ=Åä~ëëK
ÇÉåëáíó=ïáíÜ=äçï=ïÉ~êÒ=~åÇ=“äçï=Éãáëëáçåë=ïáíÜ=
cìÉäë äçï= ïÉ~êÒ= áå= ~= êÉîçäìíáçå~êó= ï~óK= qÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ=
qÜÉ= Åçããçå= ê~áä= áåàÉÅíáçå= ëóëíÉã= çÑ= íÜÉ= POL êÉéêÉëÉåíë= íÜÉ= ä~íÉëí= íÉÅÜåçäçÖó= áå= íÜÉ= ~êÉ~= çÑ=
QQò= ï~ë= ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ= Ñçê= çéÉê~íáçå= ïáíÜ= ÜÉ~îó= ãÉÇáìã= ëéÉÉÇ= çéÉê~íÉÇ=áåÇìëíêá~ä=ëáòÉÇ=ÇáÉëÉä=
ÑìÉä= çáä= EeclF= áå= ~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ= ïáíÜ= ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçå= ÉåÖáåÉëK=båÖáåÉ=íÉÅÜåçäçÖó=íÜ~í=áë=êÉ~Çó=Ñçê=íÜÉ=
afk=fpl=UONT= EîáëÅçëáíáÉë= ìé= íç= TMM=Åpí= ~í= ÑìíìêÉK
RM=ø`F=~åÇ=ÑìÉä=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=ìé=íç=NRM=ø`K=qÜÉ= bäÉÅíêçåáÅë
ÑìÉä=çáä=ëóëíÉã=áë=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=íç=~ääçï=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=íç=
qÜÉ=POLQQò=áë=ÉèìáééÉÇ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ä~íÉëí=ÖÉåÉêJ
ÄÉ=ëí~êíÉÇ=~åÇ=ëíçééÉÇ=ïáíÜ=eclK=péÉÅá~ä=~ííÉåJ
~íáçå= çÑ= éêçîÉå= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= ÉåÖáåÉ=
íáçå=ï~ë=ÇáêÉÅíÉÇ=ÇìêáåÖ=ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåí=çå=íÜÉ=êÉJ
ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí= ëóëíÉãK= cçê= íÜÉ= Ñáêëí= íáãÉI= p~J
äá~ÄäÉ= ÑìåÅíáçå~äáíó= çÑ= ~ää= ÅçãéçåÉåíë= ÇìêáåÖ=
`çpçåÉ=ÅçãÄáåÉë==~ää=ÑìåÅíáçåë=çÑ=ãçÇÉêå=ÉåÖáåÉ=
çéÉê~íáçå=ïáíÜ=~ää=~ééêçîÉÇ=ÑìÉä=èì~äáíáÉëK
ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí= áåíç= çåÉ= ÅçãéäÉíÉ= ëóëíÉãK=
fåàÉÅíáçå qÜêçìÖÜ=áåíÉÖê~íáçå=çå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉI=áí=Ñçêãë=çåÉ=
qÜÉ=é~íÉåíÉÇ=Åçããçå=ê~áä=áåàÉÅíáçå=ëóëíÉã=Ñêçã= ìåáí=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÇêáîÉ=~ëëÉãÄäóK=
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= áë= Ä~ëÉÇ= çå= íÜÉ= ÑçääçïáåÖ= p~`çpçåÉ=çÑÑÉêëW
éêáåÅáéäÉW= eáÖÜ= éêÉëëìêÉ= éìãéë= ÅçãéêÉëë= íÜÉ=
√ fåíÉÖê~íÉÇ=ëÉäÑJÇá~Öåçëáë=ÑìåÅíáçåë
ÑìÉä=íç=íÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=éêÉëëìêÉ=~åÇ=ÇÉäáîÉê=áí=íç=íÜÉ=
áåäáåÉ= ~ÅÅìãìä~íçê= ìåáíë= EÅçããçå= ê~áäFK= ^í= íÜÉ= √ j~ñáãìã=êÉäá~Äáäáíó=~åÇ=~î~áä~Äáäáíó
~ÅÅìãìä~íçê=ìåáíë=~êÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçåë=Ñçê=íÜÉ=áåàÉÅJ
√ páãéäÉ=ìëÉ=~åÇ=Çá~Öåçëáë
íáçå=î~äîÉë=~åÇ=~äëç=íÜÉ=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=Ñçê=ÑìÉä=ÇáëJ
íêáÄìíáçå=~åÇ=áåàÉÅíáçå=ÅçåíêçäK=qÜÉ=Åçããçå=ê~áä= √ nìáÅâ=ÉñÅÜ~åÖÉ=çÑ=ãçÇìäÉë=EéäìÖ=áåF
ëóëíÉã= ~ÅÜáÉîÉë= áíë= ÜáÖÜ= äÉîÉä= çÑ= ÑäÉñáÄáäáíó= Äó= √ qêçìÄäÉJÑêÉÉ=~åÇ=íáãÉJë~îáåÖ=ÅçããáëëáçåáåÖ==
ÅçåëáëíÉåí= ëÉé~ê~íáçå= çÑ= éêÉëëìêÉ= ÖÉåÉê~íáçå=
~åÇ=áåàÉÅíáçå=ÅçåíêçäK p~ÑÉíó=ÅçåÅÉéí
cÉ~íìêÉë=~åÇ=~Çî~åí~ÖÉë qÜÉ= Åçããçå= ê~áä= ëóëíÉã= ÅçãéêáëÉë= ~å= áåíÉääáJ
ÖÉåí=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=ë~ÑÉíó=ÅçåÅÉéíW=
^ë= ~= ã~ííÉê= çÑ= éêáåÅáéäÉI= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=
Ü~ë= âÉéí= íÜÉ= Ä~ëáÅ= ÅçåÅÉéí= çÑ= áíë= Åçããçå= ê~áä= √ ^ää=ÜáÖÜ=éêÉëëìêÉ=éáéÉë=~êÉ=ëÅêÉÉåÉÇ=çê=Ü~îÉ=
MNMNJMOMNjnÅêffKÑã
íÉÅÜåçäçÖó=~ë=ëáãéäÉ=~ë=éçëëáÄäÉ=~åÇ=Ü~ë=áåíÉJ ~=ÇçìÄäÉ=ï~ää=ÇÉëáÖåK=
Öê~íÉÇ= íÉÅÜåáÅ~ääó= éêçîÉå= ÅçãéçåÉåíë= áåíç= íÜÉ= √ cäçï=äáãáíáåÖ=î~äîÉë=~í=É~ÅÜ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=éêÉîÉåí=
ÇÉëáÖåK=cçê=Éñ~ãéäÉI=áå=âÉÉéáåÖ=ïáíÜ=íÜáë=éÜáäçëJ ìåÅçåíêçääÉÇ=áåàÉÅíáçåK=
eJ^g POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=N=J=P

NKN=båÖáåÉ=ÇÉëÅêáéíáçå=POLQQò=fjl=qáÉê=ff=
√ oÉÇìåÇ~åí= ÜáÖÜ= éêÉëëìêÉ= éìãéë= Öì~ê~åíÉÉ= eáÖÜ=éêÉëëìêÉ=ê~íáç=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê

ÅçåíáåìÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉ çéÉê~íáçå=ÉîÉå=áå=íÜÉ=ÉîÉåí=
qÜÉ= ìëÉ= çÑ= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉêë=
çÑ=ÜáÖÜ=éêÉëëìêÉ=éìãé=ã~äÑìåÅíáçåK=
ÉèìáééÉÇ= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= ä~íÉëí= ÜáÖÜ= ÉÑÑáÅáÉåÅó= ÅçãJ
√ qïáå=íóéÉ= éêÉëëìêÉ= ëÉåëçêë= ~åÇ=ëéÉÉÇ= ëÉåJ éêÉëëçê= ïÜÉÉäë= ~ääÉîá~íÉ= íÜÉ= klñJpcl`= íê~ÇÉ=
ëçêë=~ëëìêÉ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ëí~óë=çéÉê~íáçå~ä= çÑÑK=qÜÉ=ÜáÖÜÉê=éêÉëëìêÉ=ê~íáç=áåÅêÉ~ëÉë=íÜÉ=ÉÑÑáJ
ÉîÉå=áå=íÜÉ=ÉîÉåí=çÑ=Ñ~áäìêÉ=çÑ=çåÉ=çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=ÉäJ ÅáÉåÅó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~åÇ=íÜìë=ÅçãéÉåë~íÉë=íÜÉ=
ÉãÉåíëK= få= Å~ëÉ= çÑ= ëáåÖäÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= éä~åíë= íÜÉ= áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=áå=pcl`=åçêã~ääó=~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=ïáíÜ=äçïJ
bäÉÅíêçåáÅ=`çåíêçä=råáíë=Eb`rëF=~êÉ=áå=ÇçìÄäÉ= Éê=klñ=ÉãáëëáçåëK
íóéÉ=~ë=ïÉääK qÜÉ= ÜáÖÜÉê= éêÉëëìêÉ= ê~íáç= ~äëç= áåÅêÉ~ëÉë= íÜÉ=
ëÅçéÉ=Ñçê=jáääÉê=î~äîÉ=íáãáåÖK
klñ=êÉÇìÅíáçå=ãÉ~ëìêÉë=iHsPOLQQò
`çããçå=ê~áä=áåàÉÅíáçå
of=Ó=oÉí~êÇÉÇ=fåàÉÅíáçå
qÜÉ= POLQQ= Åçããçå= ê~áä= áåàÉÅíáçå= ëóëíÉã= ìëÉë=
oÉí~êÇÉÇ= áåàÉÅíáçå= íáãáåÖ= ÇÉä~óë= ÅçãÄìëíáçå= íÜÉ= ä~íÉëí= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= Åçããçå= ê~áä=
ÜÉ~í=êÉäÉ~ëÉ=~åÇ=íÜìë=äçïÉêë=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=ÅÜ~ãJ íÉÅÜåçäçÖó=ïÜáÅÜ=~ääçïë=ÑäÉñáÄäÉ=ëÉííáåÖ=çÑ=áåàÉÅJ
ÄÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=éÉ~âëK íáçå=íáãáåÖI=Çìê~íáçå=~åÇ=éêÉëëìêÉ=Ñçê=É~ÅÜ=ÅóäáåJ
kÉï=éáëíçå=Ñçê=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=ÅçãéêÉëëáçå=ê~íáç ÇÉêK=qÜáë=ÑäÉñáÄáäáíó=~ääçïë=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=Åçåëìãéíáçå=
~åÇ=Éãáëëáçåë=çÑ=íÜÉ=POLQQò=íç=ÄÉ=çéíáãáëÉÇ=
qÜÉ=ìëÉ=çÑ=~=åÉï=éáëíçå=éêçîáÇÉë=~=ÜáÖÜÉê=ÅçãJ ~í=~åó=éçáåí=çå=áíë=çéÉê~íáåÖ=éêçÑáäÉK
éêÉëëáçå= ê~íáç= ~åÇ= ÖáîÉë= ~= Ñ~ëíÉê= êÉÇìÅíáçå= áå=
íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=~ÑíÉê=íÜÉ=áÖåáíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉäI=íÜìë=êÉJ
ÇìÅáåÖ=klñ=Ñçêã~íáçåK=qÜÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=áå=ÅçãéêÉëJ
ëáçå= ê~íáç= ~äëç= ÅçãéÉåë~íÉë= íÜÉ= êÉÇìÅíáçå= áå=
ÑáêáåÖ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÇìÉ=íç=êÉí~êÇÉÇ=áåàÉÅíáçå=~åÇ=
ÜÉåÅÉ=íÜÉ=~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=áå=pcl`K
s~êá~ÄäÉ=s~äîÉ=qáãáåÖ=EssqF
s~êá~ÄäÉ= î~äîÉ= íáãáåÖ= Éå~ÄäÉë= î~êá~íáçåë= áå= íÜÉ=
çéÉåáåÖ= ~åÇ= ÅäçëáåÖ= çÑ= íÜÉ= áåäÉí= ~åÇ= ÉñÜ~ìëí=
î~äîÉëK= fí= Å~å= ÄÉ= ìëÉÇ= íç= ÅçãéÉåë~íÉ= íÜÉ= áåJ
ÅêÉ~ëÉ= áå= pcl`= ~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ= ïáíÜ= äçïÉê= klñ
ÉãáëëáçåëK=
ssq=áë=~å=Éå~ÄäáåÖ=íÉÅÜåçäçÖó=çÑ=î~êá~ÄäÉ=jáääÉê=
î~äîÉ= íáãáåÖK= ^= ëíêçåÖ= jáääÉê= ÉÑÑÉÅí= ìåÇÉê= ÜáÖÜ=
äç~Ç=çéÉê~íáçå=êÉëìäíë=áå=~å=áãéêçîÉãÉåí=áå=íÜÉ=
klñJpcl`=íê~ÇÉJçÑÑK
^í=äçï=äç~Ç=íÜÉ=jáääÉê=î~äîÉ=íáãáåÖë=~êÉ=êÉÇìÅÉÇ=
íç= ~íí~áå= ÜáÖÜÉê= ÅçãÄìëíáçå= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë= ~åÇ=
íÜìë=äçïÉê=ëççí=ÉãáëëáçåëK
jáääÉê=î~äîÉ=íáãáåÖ
qç=êÉÇìÅÉ=íÜÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=éÉ~âë=ïÜáÅÜ=éêçãçíÉ=
íÜÉ= Ñçêã~íáçå= çÑ= klñI= É~êäó= ÅäçëìêÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= áåäÉí=
î~äîÉ=Å~ìëÉë=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=íç=Éñé~åÇ=~åÇ=Åççä=
ÄÉÑçêÉ= ëí~êí= çÑ= ÅçãéêÉëëáçåK= qÜÉ= êÉëìäíáåÖ= êÉJ
MNMNJMOMNjnÅêffKÑã
ÇìÅíáçå=áå=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=êÉÇìÅÉë=klñ
ÉãáëëáçåëK
=m~ÖÉ=N=J=Q POLQQò eJ^g

NKO=j~êáåÉ=éä~åíë=Äó=j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=
NKO j~êáåÉ=éä~åíë=Äó=j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç
NKOKN cçìê=ëíêçâÉ=ÇáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉ=éêçÖê~ããÉ=Ñçê=ã~êáåÉ=~ééäáÅ~íáçåë=ÅçãJ
éäá~åí=ïáíÜ=fjl=qáÉê=ffI=éêçéìäëáçå=~ééäáÅ~íáçå
cáÖìêÉ=NJN j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=ÉåÖáåÉ=éêçÖê~ããÉ
MNMNJMOMNj^KÑã
_J_^ ==m~ÖÉ=N=J=R
NKO=j~êáåÉ=éä~åíë=Äó=j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=
MNMNJMOMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=N=J=S _J_^
NKOKO=qóéáÅ~ä=ã~êáåÉ=éä~åíë=~åÇ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~êê~åÖÉãÉåíë=
NKOKO qóéáÅ~ä=ã~êáåÉ=éä~åíë=~åÇ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~êê~åÖÉãÉåíë
MNMNJMOMNjnÅêKÑã
cáÖìêÉ=NJO `êìáëáåÖ=îÉëëÉä
eJ^d POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=N=J=T

cáÖìêÉ=NJP eÉ~îó=äáÑí=Å~êÖç=îÉëëÉä
=m~ÖÉ=N=J=U POLQQò eJ^d

cáÖìêÉ=NJQ cáëÜáåÖ=îÉëëÉä
eJ^d POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=N=J=V

=m~ÖÉ=N=J=NM POLQQò eJ^d

O båÖáåÉ=~åÇ=çéÉê~íáçå
h~éáíÉäíáíÉä=O=jKÑã
= m~ÖÉ=O=J=N
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=O
h~éáíÉäíáíÉä=O=jKÑã
båÖáåÉ=~åÇ=çéÉê~íáçå
OKNKN=båÖáåÉ=ÇÉëáÖå=
OKN båÖáåÉ=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅ=Ç~í~
OKNKN båÖáåÉ=ÇÉëáÖå
OKNKNKN båÖáåÉ=Åêçëë=ëÉÅíáçå
MOMQJMNMNjnÅêffKÑã
cáÖìêÉ=OJN `êçëë=ëÉÅíáçå=Ó=ÉåÖáåÉ=iPOLQQòX=îáÉï=çå=ÅçìåíÉê=ÅçìéäáåÖ=ëáÇÉ
eJ^g POLQQò =m~ÖÉ=O=J=P

OKNKN=båÖáåÉ=ÇÉëáÖå=
cáÖìêÉ=OJO `êçëë=ëÉÅíáçå=Ó=ÉåÖáåÉ=sPOLQQò
MOMQJMNMNjnÅêffKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=Q POLQQò =eJ^g

OKNKN=båÖáåÉ=ÇÉëáÖå
OKNKNKO båÖáåÉ=ÇÉëáÖå~íáçåëX=aÉëáÖå=é~ê~ãÉíÉêë
båÖáåÉ=iHsPOLQQò
bñ~ãéäÉ=íç=ÇÉÅä~êÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÇÉëáÖå~íáçåë
NUsPOLQQò==
aÉëáÖå=áåÇÉñ
máëíçå=ëíêçâÉ=xÅãz=
`óäáåÇÉê=ÄçêÉ=xÅãz=
sZ=sÉÉ=ÉåÖáåÉI=iZ=áåJäáåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=
`óäáåÇÉê=åìãÄÉê=
=
m~ê~ãÉíÉê ^ÄÄêÉîá~íáçåë råáí

kìãÄÉê=çÑ=ÅóäáåÇÉêë SI=TI=UI=VI=NM
NOI=NQI=NSI=NUI=OM
J
fåJäáåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ i
sÉÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ s
`óäáåÇÉê=ÄçêÉ PO
Åã
máëíçå=ëíêçâÉ QQ
q~ÄäÉ=OJN aÉëáÖå~íáçåë=ÉåÖáåÉ=POLQQò
m~ê~ãÉíÉê s~äìÉ råáí

`óäáåÇÉê=ÄçêÉ POM
ãã
máëíçå=ëíêçâÉ QQM
aáëéä~ÅÉãÉåí=éÉê=ÅóäKW PRKQ ÇãP
`çãéêÉëëáçå=ê~íáç=RSM=âtLÅóäK=ã~êáåÉ=éä~åíë NSKP J
aáëí~åÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ÅóäáåÇÉê=ÅÉåíêÉë i=Z=RPM
ãã
aáëí~åÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ÅóäáåÇÉê=ÅÉåíêÉë s=Z=SPM
sÉÉ=ÉåÖáåÉI=îÉÉ=~åÖäÉ QR ø
`ê~åâëÜ~Ñí=Çá~ãÉíÉê=~í=àçìêå~äI=áåJäáåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ i=Z=OVM=
`ê~åâëÜ~Ñí=Çá~ãÉíÉê=~í=àçìêå~äI=îÉÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ s=Z=POM ãã
`ê~åâëÜ~Ñí=Çá~ãÉíÉê=~í=Åê~åâ=éáå OVM
q~ÄäÉ=OJO aÉëáÖå=é~ê~ãÉíÉêë=ÉåÖáåÉ=POLQQò
MOMQJMNMOjnÅêffKÑã
_J^g POLQQò m~ÖÉ=O=J=R

OKNKN=båÖáåÉ=ÇÉëáÖå
MOMQJMNMOjnÅêffKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=S =POLQQò _J^g

OKNKO=aáãÉåëáçåëI=ïÉáÖÜíëI=áåÅäáå~íáçå=~åÇ=îáÉïë=
OKNKO aáãÉåëáçåëI=ïÉáÖÜíëI=áåÅäáå~íáçå=~åÇ=îáÉïë
båÖáåÉ=iPOLQQò
cáÖìêÉ=OJP j~áå=ÇáãÉåëáçåë=Ó=ÉåÖáåÉ=iPOLQQò
i iN t e tÉáÖÜí=ïáíÜçìí=ÑäóïÜÉÉäNF
båÖáåÉ
ãã í
SiPOLQQò SIPNO RIOSR OINTQ QINSP PVKR
TiPOLQQò SIVOQ RIUTT QQKR
UiPOLQQò TIQRQ SIQMT QVKR
OIPRV QIPSV
ViPOLQQò TIVUQ SIVPT RPKR
NMiPOLQQò UISMP TIRRS RUKM
NF=
fåÅäìÇáåÖ=ÄìáäíJçå=äìÄÉ=çáä=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉêI=ÑìÉä=çáä=ÑáäíÉê=~åÇ=ÉäÉÅíêçåáÅ=ÉèìáéãÉåíK
qÜÉ=ÇáãÉåëáçåë=~åÇ=ïÉáÖÜíë=~êÉ=ÖáîÉå=Ñçê=ÖìáÇ~åÅÉ=çåäóK=cçê=Ñäó=ïÜÉÉä=Ç~í~=ëÉÉ=?`Ü~éíÉê=OKNKNP=oÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=Ñçê=
éçïÉê=ÇêáîÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçå=EÇóå~ãáÅFI=é~ÖÉ=OJUV?K
q~ÄäÉ=OJP j~áå=ÇáãÉåëáçåë=~åÇ=ïÉáÖÜíë=Ó=ÉåÖáåÉ=iPOLQQò
MOMQJMOMNjnÅêffKÑã
_J_^ POLQQò m~ÖÉ=O=J=T

båÖáåÉ=sPOLQQò
cáÖìêÉ=OJQ j~áå=ÇáãÉåëáçåë=~åÇ=ïÉáÖÜíë=sPOLQQò
i iN t e tÉáÖÜí=ïáíÜçìí=ÑäóïÜÉÉäNF
båÖáåÉ
ãã í
NOsPOLQQò TINVR RITVR QIMPV TM
NQsPOLQQò TIVTM SIQOR TV
NSsPOLQQò UISMM TIMRR PINMM UT
QIOSO
NUsPOLQQò VIOPM TISUR VS
OMsPOLQQò VIUSM UIPNR NMQ
NF=fåÅäìÇáåÖ=ÄìáäíJçå=äìÄÉ=çáä=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉêI=ÑìÉä=çáä=ÑáäíÉê=~åÇ=ÉäÉÅíêçåáÅ=ÉèìáéãÉåíK
qÜÉ=ÇáãÉåëáçåë=~åÇ=ïÉáÖÜíë=~êÉ=ÖáîÉå=Ñçê=ÖìáÇ~åÅÉ=çåäóK=cçê=Ñäó=ïÜÉÉä=Ç~í~=ëÉÉ=?`Ü~éíÉê=OKNKNP=oÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=Ñçê=
éçïÉê=ÇêáîÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçå=EÇóå~ãáÅFI=é~ÖÉ=OJUV?K
q~ÄäÉ=OJQ j~áå=ÇáãÉåëáçåë=~åÇ=ïÉáÖÜíë=Ó=ÉåÖáåÉ=sPOLQQò
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=U POLQQò _J_^

båÖáåÉ=áåÅäáå~íáçå
D
D
cáÖìêÉ=OJR ^åÖäÉ=çÑ=áåÅäáå~íáçå
 ^íÜï~êíëÜáéë
 cçêÉ=~åÇ=~Ñí
j~ñK=éÉêãáëëáÄäÉ=~åÖäÉ=çÑ=áåÅäáå~íáçå=xøzNF
^ééäáÅ~íáçå ^íÜï~êíëÜáéë= cçêÉ=~åÇ=~Ñí=
eÉÉä=íç=É~ÅÜ= oçääáåÖ=íç=É~ÅÜ= qêáã=Eëí~íáÅFOF máíÅÜáåÖ

ëáÇÉ=Eëí~íáÅF ëáÇÉ=EÇóå~ãáÅF EÇóå~ãáÅF
i=Y=NMM=ã =i=[=NMM=ã
j~áå=ÉåÖáåÉë NR OOKR R RMMLi TKR
NF=^íÜï~êíëÜáéë=~åÇ=ÑçêÉ=~åÇ=~Ñí=áåÅäáå~íáçåë=ã~ó=çÅÅìê=ëáãìäí~åÉçìëäóK
OF=aÉéÉåÇáåÖ=çå=äÉåÖíÜ=i=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÜáéK
q~ÄäÉ=OJR fåÅäáå~íáçåë=Ó=iHsPOLQQò
kçíÉ>
cçê= ÜáÖÜÉê= êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë= Åçåí~Åí=

j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄçK= ^êê~åÖÉ= ÉåÖáåÉë= ~äï~óë=
äÉåÖíÜïáëÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÜáé>
_J_^ POLQQò m~ÖÉ=O=J=V

=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NM POLQQò _J_^

OKNKP=^ÇÇáíáçå~ä=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÉèìáéãÉåí=Ñçê=î~êáçìë=~ééäáÅ~íáçåë=
OKNKP ^ÇÇáíáçå~ä=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÉèìáéãÉåí=Ñçê=î~êáçìë=~ééäáÅ~íáçåë
=
pÜáé
mêçéÉääÉê pí~íáçå~êó=
aÉîáÅÉLãÉ~ëìêÉ ^ééäáÅ~íáçå ^ìñáäá~êó=
aáÉëÉäJ aáÉëÉäJ ÉåÖáåÉë
ÉåÖáåÉë
ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä
`Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=Ääçï=çÑÑ=Ñçê=
cìää=äç~Ç lêÇÉêJêÉä~íÉÇI=áÑ=íÜÉ=áåí~âÉ=~áê=R=ø=`
ÑáêáåÖ=éêÉëëìêÉ=äáãáí~íáçå
`Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=Ääçï=çÑÑ=Ñçê=ÑáêáåÖ=
iç~Ç=[=~ééêçñK=
éêÉëëìêÉ=äáãáí~íáçå=~åÇ=ÉñÜ~ìëí= lêÇÉêJêÉä~íÉÇI=Ñçê=éä~åíë=ïáíÜ=Å~í~äóëí=ÅçåîÉêíÉê
ORB
Ö~ë=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Åçåíêçä
`Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=ÄóJé~ëë m~êíá~ä=äç~Ç u J J J
qïçJëí~ÖÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê m~êíá~ä=äç~Ç u u u u
`Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=Äó=iq=
m~êíá~ä=äç~Ç J J J J
ëÜìí=çÑÑ
è^q`l=E`Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=íÉãéÉê~J ^îçáÇ~åÅÉ=çÑ=
íìêÉ=ÅçåíêçäF ÅçåÇÉåë~íÉ=áå=
u u u u
íÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=
éáéÉ
gÉí=~ëëáëí=E~ÅÅÉäÉê~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ= j~åçÉìîêáåÖI=
l=EuNFF u u l=EuNFF
íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉêF äç~ÇáåÖ
päçï=íìêå _ÉÑçêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=
l u l=EuOFF l=EuOFF
ëí~êí
láä=ãáëí=ÇÉíÉÅíçê mêçíÉÅíáçå=çÑ=
ÉåÖK=`çãéçJ l l l l
åÉåíë
péä~ëÜ=çáä=ãçåáíçêáåÖ mêçíÉÅíáçå=çÑ=
ÉåÖK=`çãéçJ u u u u
åÉåíë
j~áå=ÄÉ~êáåÖ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= mêçíÉÅíáçå=çÑ=
ãçåáíçêáåÖ ÉåÖK=`çãéçJ u u u u
åÉåíë
^íí~ÅÜÉÇ=eq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=
jÉÇá~=ëìééäó l l l l
éìãé
^íí~ÅÜÉÇ=iq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=
jÉÇá~=ëìééäó l l l l
éìãé
^íí~ÅÜÉÇ=äìÄêáÅ~íáçå=çáä=éìãé jÉÇá~=ëìééäó l l l l
NF= oÉèìáêÉÇ=áÑ=ëéÉÅá~ä=ÇÉã~åÇë=Éñáëí=êÉÖ~êÇáåÖ=Ñ~ëí=~ÅÅÉäÉê~íáçå=~åÇ=Ñ~ëí=äç~Ç=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=ïáíÜçìí=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=ëççí=ÉãáëJ
ëáçåK
OF=oÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=éä~åíë=ïáíÜ=éçïÉê=ã~å~ÖãÉåí=ëóëíÉã=ÇÉã~åÇáåÖ=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ëí~êíK
u=Z=êÉèìáêÉÇI=l=Z=çéíáçå~äI=J=åçí=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇK
q~ÄäÉ=OJS ^ÇÇáíáçå~ä=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÉèìáéãÉåí
NMMNJMNMQjaÅêKÑã
_J_^ POLQQò= ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=NN

OKNKP=^ÇÇáíáçå~ä=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÉèìáéãÉåí=Ñçê=î~êáçìë=~ééäáÅ~íáçåë=
NMMNJMNMQjaÅêKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NO =POLQQò _J_^

OKNKQ=mçïÉêI=çìíéìíëI=ëéÉÉÇë=
OKNKQ mçïÉêI=çìíéìíëI=ëéÉÉÇë
OKNKQKN båÖáåÉ=ê~íáåÖë
mfplI=ëí~åÇ~êÇW=fplJëí~åÇ~êÇJçìíéìí=E~ë=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=áå=afk=fpl=PMQSJNF=Ñçê=Éãáëëáçå=ëí~åÇ~êÇW=fjl=qáÉê=ff
TOM=êéãNF TRM=êéã
båÖáåÉ=íóéÉ ^î~áä~ÄäÉ=íìêåáåÖ ^î~áä~ÄäÉ=íìêåáåÖ
TOM=êéã TRM=êéã
kçK=çÑ=ÅóäáåÇÉêë =ÇáêÉÅíáçåOF =ÇáêÉÅíáçåOF
ât ÜéPF `t ``t= ât ÜéPF `t ``t
SiPOLQQò S PIPSM QIRMR PIPSM QIRMR
TiPOLQQò T PIVOM RIORR PIVOM RIORR
UiPOLQQò U QIQUM SIMMR vÉë vÉë QIQUM SIMMR vÉë vÉë
ViPOLQQò V RIMQM SITRR RIMQM SITRR
NMiPOLQQò NM RISMM TIRMR RISMM TIRMR
NOsPOLQQò NO SITOM VINNM vÉë SITOM VIMNM vÉë
NQsPOLQQò NQ TIUQM NMIRNM vÉë TIUQM NMIRNM vÉë
NSsPOLQQò NS UIVSM NOIMNR vÉë vÉë UIVSM NOIMNR vÉë vÉë
NUsPOLQQò NU NMIMUM NPIRNR vÉë NMIMUM NPIRNR vÉë
OMsPOLQQò OM NNIOMM NRIMNR kç NNIOMM NRIMNR kç
mçïÉê=í~âÉJçÑÑ=çå=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÑêÉÉ=ÉåÇ=ìé=íç=NMM=B=çÑ=ê~íÉÇ=çìíéìíK
NF=péÉÉÇ=TOM=êéã=~î~áä~ÄäÉ=Ñçê=ÖÉåÉê~íçê=ÇêáîÉ=çåäóK
OF=`t=ÅäçÅâïáëÉX=``t=ÅçìåíÉê=ÅäçÅâïáëÉK
PF=NâtZNKPQNÜé
q~ÄäÉ=OJT båÖáåÉ=ê~íáåÖë=Ñçê=Éãáëëáçå=ëí~åÇ~êÇW=fjl=qáÉê=ff
aÉÑáåáíáçå=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ê~íáåÖ
dÉåÉê~ä=ÇÉÑáåáíáçå=çÑ=ÇáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉ=ê~íáåÖ=
E~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ= íç= fpl= NRRRMW= OMMOX= fpl= PMQSJNW=
OMMOF=
oÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçåëW=
fpl=PMQSJNW=OMMOX=fpl=NRRRMW=OMMO
^áê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=qê h=L=ø` OVU=L=OR
^áê=éêÉëëìêÉ=éê âm~ NMM
oÉä~íáîÉ=ÜìãáÇáíó=ê B PM
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= h=L=ø` OVU=L=OR
ìéëíêÉ~ã=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=íÅê
q~ÄäÉ=OJU pí~åÇ~êÇ=êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë
MOMQJMPMNjnÅêffKÑã
_J_^ POLQQò m~ÖÉ=O=J=NP

OKNKQKO ^î~áä~ÄäÉ=çìíéìíë
m^ééäáÅ~íáçåI=fplW=^î~áä~ÄäÉ=çìíéìí=ìåÇÉê=fplJÅçåÇáíáçåë=ÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=çå=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=
=j~ñK=~ääçïÉÇ=ëéÉÉÇ=êÉÇìÅíáçå
^î~áä~ÄäÉ=çìíéìí=áå=éÉêÅÉåí~ÖÉ
L=éÉêÅÉåí~ÖÉ=çÑ=mléÉê~íáåÖ=
=cìÉä=ëíçé=éçïÉê=EÄäçÅâáåÖF
Ñêçã=fplJëí~åÇ~êÇJçìíéìí
léíáçå~ä=éçïÉê=í~âÉJçÑÑ
~í=ã~ñáãìã=íçêèìÉNF
EíêLíÅêLéêZNMMâm~F
qêçéáÅ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë
háåÇ=çÑ=~ééäáÅ~íáçå
=~î~áä~ÄäÉ\
=m=^ééäáÅ~íáçå
kçíÉë
B B B ø` J J
bäÉÅíêáÅáíó=ÖÉåÉê~íáçå
OF=PF
^ìñáäá~êó=ÉåÖáåÉë=áå=ëÜáéë NMM NNM J QRLPU J
j~êáåÉ=ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉë=EïáíÜ=ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=çê=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=ÇêáîÉF
OF=PF
j~áå=ÇêáîÉ=ÖÉåÉê~íçê NMM NNM J QRLPU
j~áå=ÇêáîÉ=ïáíÜ=Åçåíêçää~ÄäÉ=éáíÅÜ=éêçéÉääÉêQF NMM NMM J QRLPU RF J
j~áå=ÇêáîÉ=ïáíÜ=ÑáñÉÇJéáíÅÜ=éêçéÉääÉêQF VM VM NM QRLPU 5) SF
pìÅíáçå=ÇêÉÇÖÉêLéìãéë=EãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=ÇêáîÉF
j~áå=ÇêáîÉ=Ñçê=ëìÅíáçå=ÇêÉÇÖÉêLéìãéë=Ñçê= SF vÉëL=ìé=íç=
VM VM OM QRLPU
ÉåÖáåÉë=SJNMiPOLQQòQF NMM=B
j~áå=ÇêáîÉ=Ñçê=ëìÅíáçå=ÇêÉÇÖÉêLéìãéë=Ñçê= vÉëL=ìé=íç=
ÉåÖáåÉë=NOJNUsPOLQQò NMMBI=
Eåçí=OMsPOLQQòFQF VM VM OM QRLPU SF
çåäó=~í=
åçãáå~ä=
ëéÉÉÇ
NF=j~ñáãìã=íçêèìÉ=ÖáîÉå=Äó=~î~áä~ÄäÉ=çìíéìí=~åÇ=åçãáå~ä=ëéÉÉÇK
OF=^ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=afk=fpl=UROUJN=äç~Ç=[=NMM=B=çÑ=íÜÉ=ê~íÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉ=çìíéìí=áë=éÉêãáëëáÄäÉ=çåäó=Ñçê=~=ëÜçêí=íáãÉ=íç=éêçîáÇÉ=
~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=ÉåÖáåÉ=éçïÉê=Ñçê=ÖçîÉêåáåÖ=éìêéçëÉ=çåäó=EÉKÖK=íê~åëáÉåí=äç~Ç=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=~åÇ=ëìÇÇÉåäó=~ééäáÉÇ=äç~ÇFK=qÜáë=
~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=éçïÉê=ëÜ~ää=åçí=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ëìééäó=çÑ=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ÅçåëìãÉêëK
PF=NOJOMsPOLQQò=J=dÉåpÉíë=ïáíÜ=ÑäÉñáÄäÉ=ÅçìéäáåÖ=çåäóK
QF=låäó=~ééäáÅ~ÄäÉ=ïáíÜ=åçãáå~ä=ëéÉÉÇ=çÑ=TRM=êéãK
RF=^ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=afk=fpl=PMQSJN=j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=Ü~ë=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=~=ã~ñáãìã=Åçåíáåìçìë=ê~íáåÖ=Ñçê=ã~êáåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉë
===äáëíÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=Åçäìãå=m=^ééäáÅ~íáçåK
SF=péÉÅá~ä=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=ã~íÅÜáåÖ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Ó=~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=ÑìÉä=Åçåëìãéíáçå=åÉÅÉëë~êóK
íê= ^áê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=~í=ÅçãéêÉëëçê=áåäÉí=çÑ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉêK
íÅê= `ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉêK
éê= _~êçãÉíêáÅ=éêÉëëìêÉK
q~ÄäÉ=OJV ^î~áä~ÄäÉ=çìíéìíëLêÉä~íÉÇ=êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=iLsPOLQQò=qáÉê=ff=
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NQ POLQQò _J_^

m=léÉê~íáåÖW=^î~áä~ÄäÉ=çìíéìí=ìåÇÉê=äçÅ~ä=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=~åÇ=ÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=çå=~ééäáÅ~íáçå
aÉéÉåÇÉåí=çå=äçÅ~ä=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=çê=ëéÉÅá~ä=~ééäáJ
Å~íáçå= ÇÉã~åÇë= ~= ÑìêíÜÉê= äç~Ç= êÉÇìÅíáçå= çÑ=
m=^ééäáÅ~íáçåI=fpl=ãáÖÜí=ÄÉ=åÉÉÇÉÇK
NK kç=ÇÉJê~íáåÖ=ÇìÉ=íç=~ãÄáÉåí=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=áë=åÉÉÇÉÇ=~ë=äçåÖ=~ë=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=~êÉ=åçí=ÉñJ
ÅÉÉÇÉÇW
ÑçääçïáåÖ=î~äìÉë=~êÉ=ÉñÅÉÉÇÉÇ
oÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=EqêçéáÅF
péÉÅá~ä=Å~äÅìä~íáçå=åÉÉÇÉÇ=áÑ
kç=ÇÉJê~íáåÖ=ìé=íç=ëí~íÉÇ
^áê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=qñ =PNU=h=EQR=ø`F PPP==h=ESM=ø`F

^ãÄáÉåí=éêÉëëìêÉ =NMM=âm~=EN=Ä~êF VM=âm~
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=áåäÉí=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=Eiq=ëí~ÖÉF =PNN=h=EPU=ø`F PNS=h=EQP=ø`F
fåí~âÉ=éêÉëëìêÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÅçãéêÉëëçê  =ÓOM=ãÄ~êNF ÓQM=ãÄ~êNF
bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=Ä~Åâ=éêÉëëìêÉ=~ÑíÉê=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê =PM=ãÄ~êNF SM=ãÄ~êNF
NF=
lîÉêéêÉëëìêÉK
q~ÄäÉ=OJNM aÉJê~íáåÖ=Ó=iáãáíë=çÑ=~ãÄáÉåí=ÅçåÇáíáçåë
OK aÉJê~íáåÖ=ÇìÉ=íç=~ãÄáÉåí=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=~åÇ=åÉÖ~íáîÉ=áåí~âÉ=éêÉëëìêÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÅçãéêÉëëçê=çê=ÉñJ
Ü~ìëí=Ö~ë=Ä~Åâ=éêÉëëìêÉ=~ÑíÉê=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê
318 1 2 311
~ =  ----------------------------   ----------  1 09 – 0 09 with ~  1
 q ñ + r + l  q Åñ
m léÉê~íáåÖ = m ^ééäáÅ~íáçåI=fpl  ~
~ =`çêêÉÅíáçå=Ñ~Åíçê=Ñçê=~ãÄáÉåí=ÅçåÇáíáçåë
qñ ^áê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=xhz=ÄÉáåÖ=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ=Eqñ=Z=OTP=H=íñF
r fåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=åÉÖ~íáîÉ=áåí~âÉ=éêÉëëìêÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÅçãéêÉëëçê=äÉÉÇë=íç=~å=ÇÉJê~íáåÖI=Å~äÅìä~íÉÇ=~ë=
áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=~áê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê
r =  – 20mbar – é îr before compressor [mbar]   0 25h/mbar with U  0
_J_^ POLQQò m~ÖÉ=O=J=NR

l fåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=Ä~Åâ=éêÉëëìêÉ=~ÑíÉê=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=äÉ~Çë=íç=~=ÇÉJê~íáåÖI=Å~äÅìä~íÉÇ=~ë=
áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=~áê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉêW
l =  é bñÜ~ìëí ~ÑíÉê qìêÄáåÉ [mbar] – 30ãÄ~ê   0 25 h/mbar with O  0
qÅñ `ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=áåäÉí=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=Eiq=ëí~ÖÉF=xhz=ÄÉáåÖ=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ
EqÅñ=Z=OTP=H=íÅñF
q qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=áå=hÉäîáå=xhz
í qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=áå=ÇÉÖêÉÉ=`Éäëáìë=xø`z
PK aÉJê~íáåÖ=ÇìÉ=íç=ëéÉÅá~ä=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=çê=ÇÉã~åÇëK=mäÉ~ëÉ=Åçåí~Åí=j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄçI=áÑW
√ äáãáíë= çÑ= ~ãÄáÉåí= ÅçåÇáíáçåë= ãÉåíáçåÉÇ= áå=
?q~ÄäÉ= OJNM= aÉJê~íáåÖ= Ó= iáãáíë= çÑ= ~ãÄáÉåí=
ÅçåÇáíáçåë?=~êÉ=ÉñÅÉÉÇÉÇ
√ ÜáÖÜÉê=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=Ñçê=íÜÉ=Éãáëëáçå=äÉîÉä=ÉñJ
áëí=~ë=ëí~íÉÇ=áå?`Ü~éíÉê=OKNKNNKN=bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=
ÉãáëëáçåI=é~ÖÉ=OJTR?
√ ëéÉÅá~ä=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=éä~åí=Ñçê=ÜÉ~í=êÉJ
ÅçîÉêó=Éñáëí
√ ëéÉÅá~ä=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=çå=ãÉÇá~=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=
çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Éñáëí
√ ~åó= êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë= çÑ= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=
ãÉåíáçåÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= mêçàÉÅí= dìáÇÉ= Å~å= åçí= ÄÉ=
âÉéíK
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NS POLQQò _J_^

OKNKQ=mçïÉêI=çìíéìíëI=ëéÉÉÇë
OKNKQKP péÉÉÇëLã~áå=Ç~í~==
råáí RM=eò SM=eò

`óäáåÇÉê=ê~íáåÖ âtLÅóäK RSM RSM
o~íÉÇ=ëéÉÉÇ êéã TRM TOM
jÉ~å=éáëíçå=ëéÉÉÇ ãLë NNKM NMKS
jÉ~å=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=éêÉëëìêÉ Ä~ê ORKP OSKQ
kìãÄÉê=çÑ=éçäÉ=é~áêë J Q R
içïÉëí=ÉåÖáåÉ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ëéÉÉÇW
√ få=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=êáÖáÇ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå ~ééêçñK=ORM ~ééêçñK=ORM
êéã
√ få=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=êÉëáäáÉåí=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå=ëéÉÉÇ= Ó Ó
ÇÉéÉåÇë=çå=ä~óçìí=çÑ=ãçìåíáåÖ
eáÖÜÉëí=ÉåÖáåÉ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ëéÉÉÇ êéã TTP TTPNF
péÉÉÇ=~ÇàìëíáåÖ=ê~åÖÉ êéã pÉÉ=?`Ü~éíÉê=OKNKQKQ=péÉÉÇ=~ÇàìëíáåÖ=ê~åÖÉI=é~ÖÉ=OJNV?
NF
=qÜáë=ÅçåÅÉëëáçå=ã~ó=éçëëáÄäó=ÄÉ=êÉëíêáÅíÉÇI=ëÉÉ= ?`Ü~éíÉê=OKNKTKS=^î~áä~ÄäÉ=çìíéìíë=ÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=çå=ÑêÉèìÉåÅó=ÇÉîá~J
íáçåëI=é~ÖÉ=OJRO?K
q~ÄäÉ=OJNN =péÉÉÇëLã~áå=Ç~í~
MOMNJMNMRjnÅêffKÑã
aJ^g POLQQò m~ÖÉ=O=J=NT

MOMNJMNMRjnÅêffKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NU POLQQò aJ^g

OKNKQKQ péÉÉÇ=~ÇàìëíáåÖ=ê~åÖÉ
qÜÉ= ÑçääçïáåÖ= ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçå= êÉéêÉëÉåíë= íÜÉ=
ëí~åÇ~êÇ=ëÉííáåÖëK=cçê=ëéÉÅá~ä=~ééäáÅ~íáçåëI=ÇÉJ
îá~íáåÖ=ëÉííáåÖë=ã~ó=ÄÉ=åÉÅÉëë~êóK
j~ñáãìã= j~ñáãìã=
jáåáãìã=
aêáîÉ péÉÉÇ=Çêççé ëéÉÉÇ=~í=Ñìää= ëéÉÉÇ=~í=áÇäÉ=
ëéÉÉÇ
äç~Ç êìååáåÖ
N=ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉ=ïáíÜ=ÅçåíêçäJ
ä~ÄäÉJéáíÅÜ=éêçéÉääÉê=~åÇ=ïáíÜJ M=B NMMB=EHMIRBF NMMB=EHMIRBF SM=B
çìí=mql
N=ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉ=ïáíÜ=ÅçåíêçäJ
ä~ÄäÉJéáíÅÜ=éêçéÉääÉê=~åÇ=ïáíÜ= M=B NMMB=EHMIRBF NMMB=EHMIRBF SM=B
mql
m~ê~ääÉä=çéÉê~íáçå=çÑ=O=ÉåÖáåÉë=
bäÉÅíêçåáÅ=ÖçîÉêåçêë
ÇêáîáåÖ=N=ëÜ~Ñí=ïáíÜLïáíÜçìí=
mqlW
iç~Ç=ëÜ~êáåÖ=îá~=ëéÉÉÇ=Çêççé=
R=B NMMB=EHMIRBF NMRB=EHMIRBF SM=B
çê
j~ëíÉêLëä~îÉ=çéÉê~íáçå M=B NMMB=EHMIRBF NMMB=EHMIRBF SM=B
dÉåpÉíëLaáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=
éä~åíëW
ïáíÜ=äç~Ç=ëÜ~êáåÖ=îá~=ëéÉÉÇ=
Çêççé R=B NMMB=EHMIRBF NMRB=EHMIRBF SM=B
çê
fëçÅÜêçåçìë=çéÉê~íáçå M=B NMMB=EHMIRBF NMMB=EHMIRBF SM=B
cáñÉÇJéáíÅÜ=éêçéÉääÉê=éä~åíë M=B NMMB=EHMIRBF J PM=B
kçíÉ>
cçê=ëáåÖäÉJÉåÖáåÉ=éä~åíë=ïáíÜ=ÑáñÉÇJéáíÅÜ=éêçéÉääÉêI=íÜÉ=ëéÉÉÇ=Çêççé=áë=çÑ=åç=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åÅÉK
låäó=áÑ=ëÉîÉê~ä=ÉåÖáåÉë=ÇêáîÉ=çåÉ=ëÜ~Ñí=ïáíÜ=ÑáñÉÇJéáíÅÜ=éêçéÉääÉêI=íÜÉ=ëéÉÉÇ=Çêççé=áë=êÉäÉî~åí=Ñçê=íÜÉ=äç~Ç=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçåK
få=íÜÉ=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=ÉäÉÅíêçåáÅ=ëéÉÉÇ=ÅçåíêçäI=~=ëéÉÉÇ=Çêççé=çÑ=M=B=áë=~äëç=éçëëáÄäÉ=ÇìêáåÖ=é~ê~ääÉä=çéÉê~íáçåK
q~ÄäÉ=OJNO bäÉÅíêçåáÅ=ÖçîÉêåçêë
MOMNJMNNMjÅêKÑã
eJ^g POLQQòI=RNLSMacI=QULSMò ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=NV

MOMNJMNNMjÅêKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=OM POLQQòI=RNLSMacI=QULSMò= eJ^g

OKNKR=bñéä~å~íçêó=åçíÉë=Ñçê=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ëìééäáÉë==
OKNKR bñéä~å~íçêó=åçíÉë=Ñçê=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ëìééäáÉë
qÉãéÉê~íìêÉë= ~åÇ= éêÉëëìêÉë= ëí~íÉÇ= áå= ÅÜ~éíÉê= =cçääçïáåÖ=ÑÉ~íìêÉë=~êÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=çå=ÉåÖáåÉ=ëáÇÉW
?mä~ååáåÖ= Ç~í~= Ñçê= Éãáëëáçå= ëí~åÇ~êÇ=
√ fåäÉí= î~äîÉ= äìÄêáÅ~íáçå= ïáíÜ= éçëëáÄáäáíó= íç= ÄÉ=
fjl=qáÉê=ff?=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇK
íìêåÉÇ=çÑÑ=~åÇ=çå=ã~åì~ääó
OKNKRKN fåí~âÉ=~áê √ fåàÉÅíáçå=éìãéë=ïáíÜ=ëÉ~äáåÖ=çáä=ëóëíÉã=ïáíÜ=
éçëëáÄáäáíó=íç=ÄÉ=ÅìíJçÑÑ=~åÇ=çå=ã~åì~ääó
qÜÉ=èì~äáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=áåí~âÉ=~áê=~ë=ëí~íÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=êÉäÉJ
î~åí=ÅÜ~éíÉêë=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=ÉåëìêÉÇK cçääçïáåÖ=ÑÉ~íìêÉë=~êÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=çå=éä~åí=ëáÇÉW
√ i~óçìí=çÑ=ÑìÉä=ëóëíÉã=íç=ÄÉ=~Ç~éíÉÇ=Ñçê==äçïJ
OKNKRKO cìÉä îáëÅçëáíó= ÑìÉä= EÅ~é~Åáíó= ~åÇ= ÇÉëáÖå= çÑ= ÑìÉä=
qÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áë=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=Ñçê=çéÉê~íáçå=ïáíÜ=eclI= ëìééäó=~åÇ=ÄççëíÉê=éìãéF
jal=~åÇ=jdl=áå=íÜÉ=èì~äáíáÉë=èìçíÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=êÉäJ √ `ççäÉê=ä~óçìí=áå=ÑìÉä=ëóëíÉã=Ñçê=~=ÑìÉä=çáä=íÉãJ
Éî~åí=ÅÜ~éíÉêëK éÉê~íìêÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=çÑ==QR=ø`
qÜÉ= ÑçääçïáåÖ= åçíÉë= ÅçåÅÉêåáåÖ= íÜáë= ãìëí= ~äJ √ kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ëóëíÉã=ïáíÜ=éçëëáÄáäáíó=íç=ÄÉ=
ï~óë=ÄÉ=çÄëÉêîÉÇW íìêåÉÇ=çÑÑ=~åÇ=çå=ÇìêáåÖ=ÉåÖáåÉ=çéÉê~íáçå
båÖáåÉ= çéÉê~íáçå= ïáíÜ= aj^JÖê~ÇÉ= ÑìÉä= EjdlFI= _çìåÇ~êó=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=Ñçê=çéÉê~íáçåW
îáëÅçëáíó==O=Åëí=~í=QM=ø` √ cìÉä= áå= ~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ= ïáíÜ= fpl= UONTJcJaj^=
~åÇ=~=îáëÅçëáíó=çÑ==O=Åpí=~í=QM=ø`
^F=pÜçêíJíÉêã=çéÉê~íáçåI=ã~ñK=TO=Üçìêë
√ cìÉä=çáä=ÅççäÉê=~Åíáî~íÉÇ=~åÇ=ÑìÉä=çáä=íÉãéÉê~J
få= ëÉîÉê~ä= êÉÖáçåë= áí= áë= éêÉëÅêáÄÉÇ= íç= ìëÉ= ÇáëíáäJ íìêÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ==QR=ø`
ä~íÉë=Ñçê=çéÉê~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉë=ïÜÉå=ÉåíÉêáåÖ=
íÜÉáê=íÉêêáíçêá~ä=ï~íÉêëK √ fåäÉí=î~äîÉ=äìÄêáÅ~íáçå=íìêåÉÇ=çå
båÖáåÉë= íÜ~í= ~êÉ= åçêã~ääó= çéÉê~íÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ÜÉ~îó= √ pÉ~äáåÖ=çáä=çÑ=áåàÉÅíáçå=éìãéë=~Åíáî~íÉÇ

ÑìÉäI=Å~å=~äëç=ÄÉ=çéÉê~íÉÇ==ïáíÜ=j~êáåÉ=d~ë=láä= √ kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ëóëíÉã=ëïáíÅÜÉÇ=çÑÑ
EjdlI=áå=~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ=ïáíÜ=fpl=UONTJcJaj^F=Ñçê=
`çåíáåìçìë= çéÉê~íáçå= ïáíÜ= aj^JÖê~ÇÉ= ÑìÉä=
ëÜçêí=éÉêáçÇëK
EjdlFW
_çìåÇ~êó=ÅçåÇáíáçåëW
√ iìÄÉ= çáä= Ñçê= ÇáÉëÉä= çéÉê~íáçå= E_kNMJ_kNSF=
√ cìÉä= áå= ~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ= ïáíÜ= fpl= UONTJcJaj^= Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ
~åÇ=~=îáëÅçëáíó=çÑ===O=Åpí=~í=QM=ø`
båÖáåÉ= çéÉê~íáçå= ïáíÜ= aj^JÖê~ÇÉ= ÑìÉä= EjdlFI=
√ jdlJçéÉê~íáçå=ã~ñáãìã=TO=Üçìêë=ïáíÜáå=~=
îáëÅçëáíó==O=Åëí=~åÇ==NIR=Åëí=~í=QM=ø`
íïç=ïÉÉâ=éÉêáçÇ=EÅìãìä~íáîÉ=ïáíÜ=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå=
~ë=êÉèìáêÉÇF fÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=çéÉê~íÉÇ=ïáíÜ=j~êáåÉ=d~ë=
láä=EjdlI=áå=~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ=ïáíÜ=fpl=UONTJcJaj^F=
√ cìÉä=çáä=ÅççäÉê=ëïáíÅÜÉÇ=çå=~åÇ=ÑìÉä=çáä=íÉãJ
ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=îáëÅçëáíó= =O=Åëí=~åÇ= =NIR=Åëí=~í=QM=ø`=
éÉê~íìêÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ==QR=ø`
a special layout of the fuel oil system is needed EêÉJ
Ö~êÇäÉëë=çÑ=äçåÖJíÉêã=çê=ëÜçêíJíÉêã=çéÉê~íáçåFK=
_F=içåÖJíÉêã=E[=TOÜF=çê=Åçåíáåìçìë=çéÉê~íáçå
bëéÉÅá~ääó= ÅççäáåÖ= Å~é~Åáíó= íç= ÄÉ= áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ= íç=
cçê= äçåÖJíÉêã= E[=TOÜF= çê= Åçåíáåìçìë= çéÉê~íáçå=
êÉ~ÅÜ=~=~=ÑìÉä=çáä=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=çÑ=
ïáíÜ=aj^JÖê~ÇÉ=ÑìÉä=EjdlFI=îáëÅçëáíó==O=Åëí=~í=
=OR=ø`K
QM=øÌ= ëéÉÅá~ä= ÉåÖáåÉJ= ~åÇ= éä~åíJêÉä~íÉÇ= éä~åJ
NMMNJMNMVj^KÑã
åáåÖ=éêÉêÉèìáëáíÉë==ãìëí=ÄÉ=ëÉí=~åÇ=ëéÉÅá~ä=~ÅJ
íáçåë=~êÉ=åÉÅÉëë~êó=ÇìêáåÖ=çéÉê~íáçåK
^J_^ = m~ÖÉ=O=J=ON
OKNKR=bñéä~å~íçêó=åçíÉë=Ñçê=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ëìééäáÉë==
cçääçïáåÖ=ÑÉ~íìêÉë=~êÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=çå=ÉåÖáåÉ=ëáÇÉW _k= E_kPMF= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ= ìëÉÇK= qÜáë= áë= åÉÉÇÉÇI= áå=
ëéáíÉ=çÑ=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉë=íÜ~í=ÉåÖáåÉë=has been proven
√ fåäÉí= î~äîÉ= äìÄêáÅ~íáçå= ïáíÜ= éçëëáÄáäáíó= íç= ÄÉ=
to be very robust regard to the continuous usage of
íìêåÉÇ=çÑÑ=~åÇ=çå=ã~åì~ääó
the standard lubrication oil (BN40) for this purpose.
√ fåàÉÅíáçå=éìãéë=ïáíÜ=ëéÉÅá~ä=Åç~íáåÖ=EáÑ=~ééäáJ
Å~ÄäÉF OKNKRKP båÖáåÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê
√ fåàÉÅíáçå=éìãéë=ïáíÜ=ëÉ~äáåÖ=çáä=ëóëíÉã=ïáíÜ= qÜÉ=èì~äáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=êÉèìáêÉÇ=
éçëëáÄáäáíó=íç=ÄÉ=ÅìíJçÑÑ=~åÇ=çå=ã~åì~ääó áå=êÉäÉî~åí=ÅÜ~éíÉê=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=ÉåëìêÉÇK
cçääçïáåÖ=ÑÉ~íìêÉë=~êÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=çå=éä~åí=ëáÇÉW
OKNKRKQ iìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä
√ i~óçìí=çÑ=ÑìÉä=ëóëíÉã=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=~Ç~éíÉÇ=Ñçê=
äçïJîáëÅçëáíó=ÑìÉä=EÅ~é~Åáíó=~åÇ=ÇÉëáÖå=çÑ=ÑìÉä= pÉäÉÅíáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ= çáä= ãìëí= ÄÉ= áå= ~ÅJ
ëìééäó=~åÇ=ÄççëíÉê=éìãéF ÅçêÇ~åÅÉ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=êÉäÉî~åí=ÅÜ~éíÉêëK
√ `ççäÉê=ä~óçìí=áå=ÑìÉä=ëóëíÉã=Ñçê=~=ÑìÉä=çáä=íÉãJ qÜÉ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=ãìëí=~äï~óë=ã~íÅÜ=íÜÉ=ïçêëí=
éÉê~íìêÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=çÑ===OR=ø` ÑìÉä=çáä=èì~äáíóK=^=_~ëÉ=kìãÄÉê=E_kF=íÜ~í=áë=íçç=
äçï=áë=ÅêáíáÅ~äK
√ kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ëóëíÉã=ïáíÜ=éçëëáÄáäáíó=íç=ÄÉ=
íìêåÉÇ=çÑÑ=~åÇ=çå=ÇìêáåÖ=ÉåÖáåÉ=çéÉê~íáçå ^=_~ëÉ=kìãÄÉê=íÜ~í=áë=íçç=ÜáÖÜ=áëI=ÜçïÉîÉêI=åçí=
çéíáãìã=EÅçëíëI=ëÉÇáãÉåí~íáçåFI=Äìí=áë=åçí=ÅçåJ
_çìåÇ~êó=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=Ñçê=çéÉê~íáçåW ëáÇÉêÉÇ=ÅêáíáÅ~äK
√ cìÉä= áå= ~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ= ïáíÜ= fpl= UONTJcJaj^= fÑI=~äçåÖëáÇÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=ìëáåÖ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉäI=áí=áë=áåJ
~åÇ=~=îáëÅçëáíó=çÑ==NIR=Åpí=~í=QM=ø` íÉåÇÉÇ=íç=çéÉê~íÉ=Ñçê=~=äçåÖÉê=Åçåíáåìçìë=éÉêáçÇ=
√ cìÉä=çáä=ÅççäÉê=~Åíáî~íÉÇ=~åÇ=ÑìÉä=çáä=íÉãéÉê~J ìëáåÖ=äçïJëìäéÜìê=ÑìÉäI=~=ëÉÅçåÇ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=
íìêÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ==OR=ø` í~åâ= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= éêçîáÇÉÇ= ïÜáÅÜ= áë= íÜÉå= íçééÉÇ=
ìé=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÅçêêÉÅí=_k=áå=É~ÅÜ=Å~ëÉ=áå=çêÇÉê=íç=
√ fåäÉí=î~äîÉ=äìÄêáÅ~íáçå=íìêåÉÇ=çå ~íí~áå=~å=çéíáãìã=ãáñáåÖ=ê~åÖÉK
√ pÉ~äáåÖ=çáä=çÑ=áåàÉÅíáçå=éìãéë=~Åíáî~íÉÇ
√ kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ëóëíÉã=ëïáíÅÜÉÇ=çÑÑ
`çåíáåìçìë= çéÉê~íáçå= ïáíÜ= aj^JÖê~ÇÉ= ÑìÉä=
EjdlFW
√ iìÄÉ= çáä= Ñçê= ÇáÉëÉä= çéÉê~íáçå= E_kNMJ_kNSF=
Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ
léÉê~íáçå=ïáíÜ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=çÑ=~=ëìäéÜìê=ÅçåJ
íÉåí=çÑ=Y=NIR=B
mêÉîáçìë=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉ=ïáíÜ=ëí~íáçå~êó=ÉåÖáåÉë=ìëJ
áåÖ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çÑ=~=ëìäéÜìê=ÅçåíÉåí=çÑ=Y=N=B=çê=
ÉîÉå=MKO=B=ÇçÉë=åçí=ëÜçï=~åó=êÉëíêáÅíáçå=áå=íÜÉ=
ìíáäáë~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=ÑìÉäëI=éêçîáÇÉÇ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ÅçãJ
Äìëíáçå=éêçéÉêíáÉë=~êÉ=åçí=~ÑÑÉÅíÉÇ=åÉÖ~íáîÉäóK
qÜáë=ã~ó=ïÉää=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=áÑ=áå=íÜÉ=ÑìíìêÉ=åÉï=ãÉíÜJ
çÇë=~êÉ=ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇ=íç=éêçÇìÅÉ=äçï=ëìäéÜìêJÅçåJ
í~áåáåÖ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉäëK
NMMNJMNMVj^KÑã
fÑ=áí=áë=áåíÉåÇÉÇ=íç=êìå=Åçåíáåçìëäó=ïáíÜ=äçï=ëìäJ
éÜìêJÅçåí~áåáåÖ= ÜÉ~îó= ÑìÉäI= äìÄÉ= çáä= ïáíÜ= ~= äçï=
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=OO ^J_^
OKNKS=mêçéÉääÉê=çéÉê~íáçåI=ëìÅíáçå=ÇêÉÇÖÉê=Eéìãé=ÇêáîÉF=
OKNKS mêçéÉääÉê=çéÉê~íáçåI=ëìÅíáçå=ÇêÉÇÖÉê=Eéìãé=ÇêáîÉF
OKNKSKN léÉê~íáåÖ=ê~åÖÉ=Ñçê=Åçåíêçää~ÄäÉJéáíÅÜ=éêçéÉääÉê
Engine output [%] Torque, BMEP [%]

110 100
1 Load limit MCR
2 Recommended combinator curve
100 90
3 Zero thrust
90
80
80
70
70
60
60
1 50
50
2
40
40
Range II
Range I 30
30
20
20
3
10 10
0
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Engine speed [%]
cáÖìêÉ=OJS léÉê~íáåÖ=ê~åÖÉ=Ñçê=Åçåíêçää~ÄäÉJéáíÅÜ=éêçéÉääÉê
o~íÉÇ=çìíéìíLçéÉê~íáåÖ=ê~åÖÉ
jò=j~ñáãìã=Åçåíáåìçìë=ê~íáåÖ qÜÉ= ÅçãÄáå~íçê= ÅìêîÉ= ãìëí= âÉÉé= ~= ëìÑÑáÅáÉåí=
Çáëí~åÅÉ= íç= íÜÉ= äç~Ç= äáãáí= ÅìêîÉK= cçê= çîÉêäç~Ç=
o~åÖÉ=fW=léÉê~íáåÖ=ê~åÖÉ=Ñçê=Åçåíáåìçìë=çéÉê~J
éêçíÉÅíáçåI=~=äç~Ç=Åçåíêçä=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇK
íáçåK=
qê~åëãáëëáçå= äçëëÉë= EÉKÖK= Äó= ÖÉ~êÄçñÉë= ~åÇ=
o~åÖÉ=ffW=léÉê~íáåÖ= ê~åÖÉ=ïÜáÅÜ=áë=íÉãéçê~êáäó=
ëÜ~Ñí=éçïÉêF=~åÇ=~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=éçïÉê=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=
~ÇãáëëáÄäÉ= ÉKÖK= ÇìêáåÖ= ~ÅÅÉäÉê~íáçå= ~åÇ= ã~J
EÉKÖK=Äó=mqlF=ãìëí=ÄÉ=í~âÉå=áåíç=~ÅÅçìåíK
åçÉìîêáåÖK
MOMNJMOMNj^JqffKÑã
^J_^ = m~ÖÉ=O=J=OP
OKNKS=mêçéÉääÉê=çéÉê~íáçåI=ëìÅíáçå=ÇêÉÇÖÉê=Eéìãé=ÇêáîÉF=
MOMNJMOMNj^JqffKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=OQ ^J_^
OKNKS=mêçéÉääÉê=çéÉê~íáçåI=ëìÅíáçå=ÇêÉÇÖÉê=Eéìãé=ÇêáîÉF
OKNKSKO dÉåÉê~ä=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=Ñçê=éêçéÉääÉê=éáíÅÜ=Åçåíêçä
máíÅÜ=Åçåíêçä=çÑ=íÜÉ=éêçéÉääÉê=éä~åí aÉÅÉäÉê~íáçåLìåäç~ÇáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ
qÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ëéÉÉÇ=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=êÉÇìÅÉÇ=ä~íÉê=íÜ~å=
cçê=ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=ëéÉÉÇ=ÖçîÉêåçêë íÜÉ=éêçéÉääÉê=éáíÅÜK=pÉÉ=?cáÖìêÉ=OJT= bñ~ãéäÉ= íç=
^ë=~=äç~Ç=áåÇáÅ~íáçå=~=Q=Ó=OM=ã^=ëáÖå~ä=Ñêçã=íÜÉ= áääìëíê~íÉ=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=Ñêçã=çåÉ=äç~Ç=ëíÉé=íç=~åJ
ÉåÖáåÉ…ë=~Çãáëëáçå=íÉäÉíê~åëãáííÉê=áë=ëìééäáÉÇ=íç= çíÜÉê?K
íÜÉ=éêçéÉääÉê=Åçåíêçä=ëóëíÉãK lê= áÑ= ÇÉÅêÉ~ëáåÖ= ÄçíÜ= ëóåÅÜêçåáÅ= íÜÉ= éêçéÉääÉê=
éáíÅÜ=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=Ñ~ëíÉê=íÜ~å=íÜÉ=ëéÉÉÇK=
cçê=ÉäÉÅíêçåáÅ=ëéÉÉÇ=ÖçîÉêåçêë qÜÉ=~êÉ~=~ÄçîÉ=íÜÉ=ÅçãÄáå~íçê=ÅìêîÉ=ëÜçìäÇ=åçí=
^ë=~=äç~Ç=áåÇáÅ~íáçå=~=Q=Ó=OM=ã^=ëáÖå~ä=Ñêçã=íÜÉ= ÄÉ=êÉ~ÅÜÉÇK
ÉåÖáåÉ…ë= ÉäÉÅíêçåáÅ= ÖçîÉêåçê= áë= ëìééäáÉÇ= íç= íÜÉ=
éêçéÉääÉê=Åçåíêçä=ëóëíÉãK
dÉåÉê~ä
^=ÇáëíáåÅíáçå=ÄÉíïÉÉå=Åçåëí~åíJëéÉÉÇ=çéÉê~íáçå=
~åÇ= ÅçãÄáå~íçêJÅìêîÉ= çéÉê~íáçå= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ= ÉåJ
ëìêÉÇK
`çãÄáå~íçêJÅìêîÉ=çéÉê~íáçåW=
qÜÉ=Q=Ó=OM=ã^=ëáÖå~ä=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=~ëJ
ëáÖåãÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=éêçéÉääÉê=éáíÅÜ=íç=íÜÉ=êÉëéÉÅíáîÉ=
ÉåÖáåÉ= ëéÉÉÇK= qÜÉ= çéÉê~íáçå= ÅìêîÉ= çÑ= ÉåÖáåÉ=
ëéÉÉÇ=~åÇ=éêçéÉääÉê=éáíÅÜ=EÑçê=éçïÉê=ê~åÖÉI=ëÉÉ=
?`Ü~éíÉê=OKNKSKN=léÉê~íáåÖ=ê~åÖÉ=Ñçê=Åçåíêçää~J
ÄäÉJéáíÅÜ=éêçéÉääÉêI=é~ÖÉ=OJOP?=çÑ=íÜáë=ÇçÅìãÉåJ
í~íáçåF= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ= çÄëÉêîÉÇ= ~äëç= ÇìêáåÖ=
~ÅÅÉäÉê~íáçåLäç~Ç=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=~åÇ=ìåäç~ÇáåÖK
^ÅÅÉäÉê~íáçåLäç~Ç=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ
qÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ëéÉÉÇ=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=áåJ
ÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=íÜÉ=éêçéÉääÉê=éáíÅÜK=pÉÉ=?cáÖìêÉ=OJT
bñ~ãéäÉ=íç=áääìëíê~íÉ=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=Ñêçã=çåÉ=äç~Ç=
ëíÉé=íç=~åçíÜÉê?K
lê=áÑ=áåÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=ÄçíÜ=ëóåÅÜêçåáÅ=íÜÉ=ëéÉÉÇ=Ü~ë=
íç=ÄÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=Ñ~ëíÉê=íÜ~å=íÜÉ=éêçéÉääÉê=éáíÅÜK=
qÜÉ=~êÉ~=~ÄçîÉ=íÜÉ=ÅçãÄáå~íçê=ÅìêîÉ=ëÜçìäÇ=åçí=
ÄÉ=êÉ~ÅÜÉÇK
MOMNJMOMN~j^KÑã
iJ^g = m~ÖÉ=O=J=OR
Engine output [%]
1 Load limit
2 Recommended combinator curve MCR
3 Zero thrust
Detail:
decreasing load
1st Pitch
1
(load)
2nd Speed
2
Detail:
increasing load
2nd Pitch
(load)
1st Speed
Load steps
3
MOMNJMOMN~j^KÑã
Engine speed [%]

cáÖìêÉ=OJT bñ~ãéäÉ=íç=áääìëíê~íÉ=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=Ñêçã=çåÉ=äç~Ç=ëíÉé=íç=~åçíÜÉê
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=OS iJ^g
táåÇãáääáåÖ=éêçíÉÅíáçå mêçéÉääÉê=éáíÅÜ=êÉÇìÅíáçå=Åçåí~ÅíW
fÑ= ~= ëíçééÉÇ= ÉåÖáåÉ= EÑìÉä= ~Çãáëëáçå= ~í= òÉêçF= áë= qÜáë= Åçåí~Åí= áë=~Åíáî~íÉÇ= ïÜÉå= ÇáëíìêÄ~åÅÉë= áå=
ÄÉáåÖ= íìêåÉÇ= Äó= íÜÉ= éêçéÉääÉêI= íÜáë= áë= Å~ääÉÇ= ÉåÖáåÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=çÅÅìêI=Ñçê=Éñ~ãéäÉ=íçç=ÜáÖÜ=ÉñJ
“ïáåÇãáääáåÖÒK=qÜÉ=éÉêãáëëáÄäÉ=éÉêáçÇ=Ñçê=ïáåÇJ Ü~ìëíJÖ~ë=ãÉ~åJî~äìÉ=ÇÉîá~íáçåK=tÜÉå=íÜÉ=ÅçåJ
ãáääáåÖ=áë=ëÜçêíI=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=ïáåÇãáääáåÖ=Å~å=Å~ìëÉI= í~Åí= áë= ~Åíáî~íÉÇI= íÜÉ= éêçéÉääÉê= Åçåíêçä= ëóëíÉã=
ÇìÉ=íç=éççê=äìÄêáÅ~íáçå=~í=äçï=éêçéÉääÉê=ëéÉÉÇI= Ü~ë=íç=êÉÇìÅÉ=íÜÉ=éêçéÉääÉê=éáíÅÜ=íç=SM=B=çÑ=íÜÉ=
ÉñÅÉëëáîÉ=ïÉ~ê=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ…ë=ÄÉ~êáåÖëK ê~íÉÇ= ÉåÖáåÉ= çìíéìíI= ïáíÜçìí= ÅÜ~åÖÉ= áå= ÉåÖáåÉ=
ëéÉÉÇK
páåÖäÉJëÅêÉï=ëÜáé
aáëíáåÅíáçå= ÄÉíïÉÉå= åçêã~ä= ã~åçÉìîêÉ= ~åÇ=
qÜÉ= éêçéÉääÉê= Åçåíêçä= Ü~ë= íç= ÉåëìêÉ= íÜ~í= íÜÉ= ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó=ã~åçÉìîêÉ
ïáåÇãáääáåÖ=íáãÉ=áë=äÉëë=íÜ~å=QM=ëÉÅK
qÜÉ=éêçéÉääÉê=Åçåíêçä=ëóëíÉã=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=~ÄäÉ=íç=
jìäíáéäÉJëÅêÉï=ëÜáé ÇáëíáåÖìáëÜ= ÄÉíïÉÉå= åçêã~ä= ã~åçÉìîêÉ= ~åÇ=
ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó=ã~åçÉìîêÉ=EáKÉKI=íïç=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=~ÅÅÉäJ
qÜÉ= éêçéÉääÉê= Åçåíêçä= Ü~ë= íç= ÉåëìêÉ= íÜ~í= íÜÉ= Éê~íáçå=ÅìêîÉë=~êÉ=åÉÅÉëë~êóFK
ïáåÇãáääáåÖ=íáãÉ=áë=äÉëë=íÜ~å=QM=ëÉÅK=få=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=
éä~åíë= ïáíÜçìí= ëÜáÑíáåÖ= ÅäìíÅÜI= áí= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ= ÉåJ j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄçDë=ÇáêÉÅíáçåë=ÅçåÅÉêåáåÖ=~ÅJ
ëìêÉÇ=íÜ~í=~=ëíçééÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ïçå…í=ÄÉ=íìêåÉÇ=Äó= ÅÉäÉê~íáçå=íáãÉë=~åÇ=éçïÉê=ê~åÖÉ=Ü~îÉ=íç=ÄÉ=çÄJ
íÜÉ=éêçéÉääÉêK ëÉêîÉÇK
EoÉÖ~êÇáåÖ= ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ= ïçêâ= ~= ëÜ~Ñí= áåíÉêäçÅâ= qÜÉ= éçïÉê= ê~åÖÉ= ~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ= íç= ?`Ü~éíÉê= OKNKS=
Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇ=Ñçê=É~ÅÜ=éêçéÉääÉê=ëÜ~ÑíKF mêçéÉääÉê= çéÉê~íáçåI= ëìÅíáçå= ÇêÉÇÖÉê= Eéìãé=
ÇêáîÉFI= é~ÖÉ= OJOP?= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ~ÅÅÉäÉê~íáçå= íáãÉë=
_áå~êó=ëáÖå~äë=Ñêçã=ÉåÖáåÉ=Åçåíêçä ~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ= íç= ?`Ü~éíÉê= OKNKSKR= ^ÅÅÉäÉê~íáçå=
íáãÉëI=é~ÖÉ=OJPP?=çÑ=íÜáë=ÇçÅìãÉåí~íáçå=~êÉ=íç=
lîÉêäç~Ç=Åçåí~ÅíW ÄÉ=çÄëÉêîÉÇK
qÜÉ=çîÉêäç~Ç=Åçåí~Åí=ïáää=ÄÉ=~Åíáî~íÉÇ=ïÜÉå=íÜÉ=
ÉåÖáåÉ…ë= ÑìÉä= ~Çãáëëáçå= êÉ~ÅÜÉë= íÜÉ= ã~ñáãìã=
éçëáíáçåK=^í=íÜáë=éçëáíáçåI=íÜÉ=Åçåíêçä=ëóëíÉã=Ü~ë=
íç=ëíçé=íÜÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=éêçéÉääÉê=éáíÅÜK=fÑ=íÜáë=
ëáÖå~ä= êÉã~áåë= äçåÖÉê= íÜ~å= íÜÉ= éêÉÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ=
íáãÉ= äáãáíI= íÜÉ= éêçéÉääÉê= éáíÅÜ= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ= ÇÉJ
ÅêÉ~ëÉÇK
léÉê~íáçå=ÅäçëÉ=íç=íÜÉ=äáãáí=ÅìêîÉë=Eçåäó=Ñçê=ÉäÉÅJ
íêçåáÅ=ëéÉÉÇ=ÖçîÉêåçêëFW
qÜáë=Åçåí~Åí=áë=~Åíáî~íÉÇ=ïÜÉå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áë=çéJ
Éê~íÉÇ= ÅäçëÉ= íç= ~= äáãáí= ÅìêîÉ= EíçêèìÉ= äáãáíÉêI=
ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=éêÉëëìêÉ=äáãáíÉêKKKFK=tÜÉå=íÜÉ=Åçåí~Åí=
áë=~Åíáî~íÉÇI=íÜÉ=éêçéÉääÉê=Åçåíêçä=ëóëíÉã=Ü~ë=íç=
âÉÉé=Ñêçã=áåÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=íÜÉ=éêçéÉääÉê=éáíÅÜK=få=Å~ëÉ=
íÜÉ= ëáÖå~ä= êÉã~áåë= äçåÖÉê= íÜ~å= íÜÉ= éêÉÇÉíÉêJ
ãáåÉÇ= íáãÉ= äáãáíI= íÜÉ= éêçéÉääÉê= éáíÅÜ= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ=
ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉÇK
MOMNJMOMN~j^KÑã
iJ^g = m~ÖÉ=O=J=OT
MOMNJMOMN~j^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=OU iJ^g
OKNKSKP léÉê~íáåÖ=ê~åÖÉ=Ñçê=ÑáñÉÇJéáíÅÜ=éêçéÉääÉê
páåÖäÉ=ëÜ~Ñí=îÉëëÉä
Engine output [%] Torque, BMEP [%]
110 100
MCR*
100 90
1 Load limit Range II

90 2 Load limit Range I 80
3 Theoretical propeller curve
80 4 Design of propeller (FP)
70
70
4(FP) 60
3
2
60 1
50
50
Range II
40
40
30
30
Range I 20
20
10 10
106
103,5
0
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Engine speed [%]
G=cçê=ÑìíÜÉê=áåÑçêã~íáçå=~Äçìí=êÉÇìÅÉÇ=çìíéìí=ëÉÉ==ÅÜ~éíÉê=?aáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=çéÉê~íáçå=J=^î~áä~ÄäÉ=çìíéìíë?K
cáÖìêÉ=OJU léÉê~íáåÖ=ê~åÖÉ=Ñçê=ÑáñÉÇJéáíÅÜ=éêçéÉääÉê
√ j~ñáãìã= `çåíáåìçìë= o~íáåÖ= EjòFI= ÑìÉä= √ qÜÉçêÉíáÅ~ä=éêçéÉääÉê=ÅìêîÉW=^ééäáÉë=íç=~=Ñìääó=

ëíçé=éçïÉêF äç~ÇÉÇ= îÉëëÉä= ~ÑíÉê= ~= Ñ~áêäó= äçåÖ= çéÉê~íáåÖ=
íáãÉ= ~åÇ= íç= ~= éçëëáÄäÉ= ïçêâë= íêá~ä= êìå= ïáíÜ=
√ o~åÖÉ= fW= léÉê~íáåÖ= ê~åÖÉ= Ñçê= Åçåíáåìçìë=
òÉêçJíÜêìëí=éêçéÉääÉêK
ëÉêîáÅÉ=ëìÄàÉÅí=íç=~=éêçéÉääÉê=äáÖÜíJêìååáåÖ=çÑ=
NKR=Ó=P=BK= fí= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= ~áãÉÇ= ~í= íÜÉ= äçïÉê= √ cmW=aÉëáÖå=ê~åÖÉ=Ñçê=ÑáñÉÇJéáíÅÜ=éêçéÉääÉêK=^=
î~äìÉK åÉï=éêçéÉääÉê=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=íç=çéÉê~íÉ=áå=
íÜáë=ê~åÖÉK
√ o~åÖÉ=ff=EíçêèìÉ=äáãáíFW==léÉê~íáåÖ=ê~åÖÉ=ïÜáÅÜ=
^ííÉåíáçå>
áë=íÉãéçê~êáäó=~ÇãáëëáÄäÉ=ÉKÖK=ÇìêáåÖ=~ÅÅÉäÉêJ
MOMNJMOMOj^KÑã
~íáçåI=ã~åçÉìîêáåÖK båÖáåÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=áå=~=ëéÉÉÇ=ê~åÖÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=
NMP=B= ~åÇ= NMS=B= áë= éÉêãáëëáÄäÉ= Ñçê= ã~ñáJ
ãìã=N=Üçìê>
_J_^ = m~ÖÉ=O=J=OV
qÜÉ=éêçéÉääÉê=ÇÉëáÖå=ÇÉéÉåÇë=çå=íóéÉ=~åÇ=~ééäáJ
Å~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=îÉëëÉäK=qÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=íÜÉ=ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçå=
çÑ=íÜÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=éêçéìäëáîÉ=éçïÉê=áå=íÜÉ=ëÜáé=áë=~äJ
ï~óë=íÜÉ=ÉñÅäìëáîÉ=êÉëéçåëáÄáäáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ó~êÇK
aÉíÉêãáåáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=éçïÉêW=qÜÉ=ÉåÉêÖó=ÇÉJ
ã~åÇ=çê=íÜÉ=ÉåÉêÖó=äçëëÉë=Ñêçã=~ää=~í=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=
~ÇÇáíáçå~ääó=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=~ÖÖêÉÖ~íÉë=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=ÅçåJ
ëáÇÉêÉÇ=EÉKÖK=ëÜ~Ñí=ÖÉåÉê~íçêëI=ÖÉ~êÄçñÉëFK=qÜ~í=
ãÉ~åëI=~ÑíÉê=ÇÉÇìÅíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉáê=ÉåÉêÖó=ÇÉã~åÇ=
Ñêçã= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= éçïÉê= íÜÉ= êÉã~áåáåÖ= ÉåÖáåÉ=
éçïÉê=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ëìÑÑáÅáÉåí=Ñçê=íÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=éêçéìäJ
ëáçå=éçïÉêK
kçíÉ>=
qóéÉ= íÉëíáåÖ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉë= áë= Å~êêáÉÇ= çìí= ~í=
NNM=B= ê~íÉÇ= çìíéìí= ~åÇ= NMP=B= ê~íÉÇ= ÉåÖáåÉ=
ëéÉÉÇK
MOMNJMOMOj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=PM _J_^
OKNKSKQ léÉê~íáåÖ=ê~åÖÉ=Ñçê=éìãé=ÇêáîÉ
cáÖìêÉ=OJV léÉê~íáåÖ=ê~åÖÉ=Ñçê=éìãé=ÇêáîÉ
MOMNJMSMQj^KÑã
^J_^ = m~ÖÉ=O=J=PN
MOMNJMSMQj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=PO ^J_^
OKNKSKR ^ÅÅÉäÉê~íáçå=íáãÉë
^ÅÅÉäÉê~íáçå=íáãÉë=Ñçê=ÑáñÉÇJéáíÅÜ=~åÇ
Åçåíêçää~ÄäÉ=éáíÅÜJéêçéÉääÉê=éä~åíë
kçíÉë=çå=ÇÉëáÖå
cçê=êÉãçíÉ=ÅçåíêçääÉÇ=éêçéÉääÉê=ÇêáîÉë=Ñçê=ëÜáéë=
ïáíÜ= ìåã~ååÉÇ= çê= ÅÉåíê~ääó= ãçåáíçêÉÇ= ÉåÖáåÉJ
êççã= çéÉê~íáçåI= ~= äç~Ç= éêçÖê~ããÉ= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ=
éêçîáÇÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉëK=táíÜáå=íÜÉ=ëÅçéÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=
êÉãçíÉ=Åçåíêçä=ëóëíÉã=EÑçê=íÜÉ=éáíÅÜ=~ÇàìëíãÉåí=
çÑ= íÜÉ= Åçåíêçää~ÄäÉ= éáíÅÜ= éêçéÉääÉê= çê= êÉîÉêëáåÖ=
~åÇ=äç~Ç=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉFK
qÜáë=éêçÖê~ããÉ=ëÉêîÉë=íç=éêçíÉÅí=íÜÉ=éêÉJÜÉ~íJ
ÉÇ= ÉåÖáåÉEëF= EäìÄÉ= çáä= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= QMø`= ~åÇ=
ÑêÉëÜ=ï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=SM=ø`F=~Ö~áåëí=ÉñÅÉëJ
ëáîÉ= íÜÉêã~ä= ëíêÉëëÉëI= áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ= ïÉ~ê= ~åÇ= ÉñJ
Ü~ìëí=Ö~ë=íìêÄáÇáíóI=ïÜÉå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉë=~êÉ=äç~ÇÉÇ=
Ñçê=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=íáãÉ=Ó=éçëëáÄäó=ìé=íç=íÜÉ=ê~íÉÇ=çìíJ
éìíK
få= Å~ëÉ= çÑ= ~= ã~ååÉÇ= ÉåÖáåÉ= êççãI= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ=
êççã=éÉêëçååÉä=áë=êÉëéçåëáÄäÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ëçÑí=äç~ÇJ
áåÖ=ëÉèìÉåÅÉI=ÄÉÑçêÉ=Åçåíêçä=áë=Ü~åÇÉÇ=çîÉê=íç=
íÜÉ=ÄêáÇÖÉK
qÜÉ=äçïÉê=íáãÉ=äáãáíë=Ñçê=åçêã~ä=~åÇ=ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó=
ã~åçÉìîêÉë=~êÉ=ÖáîÉå=áå=çìê=Çá~Öê~ãë=Ñçê=~ééäáJ
Å~íáçå=~åÇ=ëÜÉÇÇáåÖ=çÑ=äç~ÇK=tÉ=ëíêçåÖäó=êÉÅçãJ
ãÉåÇ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=äáãáíë=Ñçê=åçêã~ä=ã~åçÉìîêáåÖ=ïáää=
ÄÉ= çÄëÉêîÉÇ= ÇìêáåÖ= åçêã~ä= çéÉê~íáçåI= íç=
~ÅÜáÉîÉ=íêçìÄäÉÓÑêÉÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=çå=~=äçåÖJ
íÉêã= Ä~ëáëK= ^å= ~ìíçã~íáÅ= ÅÜ~åÖÉÓçîÉê= íç= ~=
ëÜçêíÉåÉÇ=äç~Ç=éêçÖê~ããÉ=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=ÉãÉêJ
ÖÉåÅó=ã~åçÉìîêÉëK
qÜÉ= Ñáå~ä= ÇÉëáÖå= çÑ= íÜÉ= éêçÖê~ããÉ= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ=
àçáåíäó= ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ= Äó= ~ää= íÜÉ= áåîçäîÉÇ= é~êíáÉëI=
ÅçåëáÇÉêáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÇÉã~åÇë=Ñçê=ã~åçÉìîêáåÖ=~åÇ=
íÜÉ=~Åíì~ä=ëÉêîáÅÉ=Å~é~ÅáíóK
mäÉ~ëÉ=åçíÉ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=íáãÉ=Åçåëí~åíë=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÇóJ
å~ãáÅ= ÄÉÜ~îáçìê= çÑ= íÜÉ= = éêáãÉ= ãçîÉê= ~åÇ= íÜÉ=
îÉëëÉä=~êÉ=áå=íÜÉ=ê~íáç=çÑ=~Äçìí=NWNMMK=fí=Å~å=ÄÉ=
ëÉÉå=Ñêçã=íÜáë=íÜ~í=~å=ÉñíêÉãÉäó=ëÜçêí=äç~Ç=~éJ
éäáÅ~íáçå= íáãÉ= ÖÉåÉê~ääó= Ççå…í= äÉ~Ç= íç= ~å= áãJ
éêçîÉãÉåí= áå= ëÜáé…ë= ã~åçÉìîêáåÖ= ÄÉÜ~îáçìê=
EÉñÅÉéí=íìÖë=~åÇ=ëã~ääI=Ñ~ëí=îÉëëÉäëFK
MOMNJMOMQj^KÑã
eJ^g = m~ÖÉ=O=J=PP
MOMNJMOMQj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=PQ eJ^g
MOMNJMOMRjcKÑã
iJ^g
cáÖìêÉ=OJNM
ASTERN AHEAD
FULL ASTERN STOP FULL AHEAD

STOP to FULL AHEAD
to STOP to FULL ASTERN to STOP
100
90
Emergency Manoeuvre
80
båÖáåÉë=POLQMI=POLQQò=~åÇ=QMLRQ
70
60
Normal Manoeuvre
50
40
Engine rating [%]

30
20
10
=POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQ
0
1 0 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2
Time in minutes Time in minutes
Time [min] with preheated engine (lube oil temperature minimum 40°C, cooling water temperature minimum 60°C)
Engine speed should generally rise more quickly than pitch when loading and fall more slowly when unloading the engine.
`çåíêçä=äÉîÉê=ëÉííáåÖLéêçéÉääÉê=éáíÅÜ=Ó=ÉåÖáåÉë==POLQMI=POLQQò=~åÇ=QMLRQ
m~ÖÉ=O=J=PR
MOMNJMOMRjcKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=PS POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQ iJ^g

OKNKT=aáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=çéÉê~íáçå==
OKNKT aáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=çéÉê~íáçå
OKNKTKN pí~êíáåÖ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=~åÇ=äç~Ç=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=Ñçê=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éä~åíë
få=ãìäíáéäÉJÉåÖáåÉ=éä~åíë=ïáíÜ=dÉåpÉíJçéÉê~íáçå= oÉèìáêÉãÉåíë= çå= ÉåÖáåÉ= ~åÇ= éä~åí= áåëí~ää~íáçå=
~åÇ= äç~Ç= êÉÖìä~íáçå= Äó= ~= éçïÉê= ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí= Ñçê=?_ä~ÅâJpí~êí?=Å~é~Äáäáíó
ëóëíÉãI=íÜÉ=~î~áä~Äáäáíó=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉë=åçí=áå=çéÉê~J
båÖáåÉ
íáçå=áë=~å=áãéçêí~åí=~ëéÉÅíK=
√ ^íí~ÅÜÉÇ=äìÄÉ=çáä=éìãé
qÜÉ= ÑçääçïáåÖ= Ç~í~= ~åÇ= ÅçåÇáíáçåë= ~êÉ= çÑ= êÉäÉJ
î~åÅÉW √ ^íí~ÅÜÉÇ= eq= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê= éìãé= êÉÅçãJ
ãÉåÇÉÇ
√ båÖáåÉ=ëí~êíJìé=íáãÉ=ìåíáä=ëóåÅÜêçåáò~íáçå
√ ^íí~ÅÜÉÇ= iq= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê= éìãé= êÉÅçãJ
√ _ä~ÅâJëí~êí= Å~é~Äáäáíó= EïáíÜ= êÉëíêáÅíáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ=
ãÉåÇÉÇ
éä~åíF
√ ^íí~ÅÜÉÇ=ÑìÉä=çáä=ëìééäó=éìãé=êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=
√ iç~Ç=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=íáãÉë
EáÑ=~ééäáÅ~ÄäÉF
oÉèìáêÉãÉåíë= çå= ÉåÖáåÉ= ~åÇ= éä~åí= áåëí~ää~íáçå=
Ñçê=?pí~åÇJÄó=léÉê~íáçå?=Å~é~Äáäáíó mä~åí
√ mêÉäìÄêáÅ~íáçå=éìãé=ïáíÜ=äçï=éêÉëëìêÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=
båÖáåÉ
ÉåÖáåÉ=EMKP=Ä~ê=Y=é=çáä=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Y=MKS=Ä~êF
√ ^íí~ÅÜÉÇ=äìÄÉ=çáä=éìãé
kçíÉ>=
mä~åí láä= éêÉëëìêÉ= [=MKP=Ä~ê= íç= ÄÉ= ÉåëìêÉÇ= ~äëç= Ñçê=
äìÄÉ=çáä=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ìé=íç=UM=ø`K
√ mêÉäìÄêáÅ~íáçå=éìãé=ïáíÜ=äçï=éêÉëëìêÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=
ÉåÖáåÉ=
√ bèìáéãÉåí= íç= ÉåëìêÉ= ÑìÉä= çáä= éêÉëëìêÉ= çÑ=
EMKP=Ä~ê=Y=é=láä=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Y=MKS=Ä~êF
[=MKS=Ä~ê=Ñçê=ÉåÖáåÉë=ïáíÜ=ÅçåîÉåíáçå~ä=áåàÉÅJ
kçíÉ>= íáçå=ëóëíÉã=~åÇ=[=PKM=Ä~ê=Ñçê=òJpóëíÉã
láä= éêÉëëìêÉ= [=MKP=Ä~ê= íç= ÄÉ= ÉåëìêÉÇ= ~äëç= Ñçê= kçíÉ>=
äìÄÉ=çáä=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ìé=íç=UM=ø`K
bKÖK=~áê=ÇêáîÉå=ÑìÉä=çáä=ëìééäó=í~åâ=çê=ÑìÉä=çáä=ëÉêîJ
áÅÉ=í~åâ=~í=ëìÑÑáÅáÉåí=ÜÉáÖÜí=çê=éêÉëëìêáòÉÇ=ÑìÉä=çáä=
√ mêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=eq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉã
í~åâI=áÑ=åç=ÑìÉä=çáä=ëìééäó=éìãé=íç=ÉåÖáåÉ=áë=~íJ
ESM=Ó=VM=ø`F
í~ÅÜÉÇK
√ mêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=äìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëíÉã=E[=QM=ø`F
√ mçïÉê=ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí=ëóëíÉã=ïáíÜ=ëìéÉêîáëáçå=
çÑ=ëí~åÇJÄó=íáãÉë=ÉåÖáåÉë
MOMNJMPMSj^KÑã
`J^g = m~ÖÉ=O=J=PT
båÖáåÉ=ëí~êíáåÖ= ^ÑíÉê=Ää~ÅâJçìí=çê=ÇÉ~Ç=ëÜáé ^ÑíÉê=ëí~åÇJëíáää

cêçã=ëí~åÇJÄó==ãçÇÉ
ÅçåÇáíáçåë E?_ä~Åâ=pí~êí?F E?kçêã~ä=pí~êí?F
pí~êí=ìé=íáãÉ=ìåíáä=äç~Ç=
Y=N=ãáåìíÉ Y=N=ãáåìíÉ [=O=ãáåìíÉë
~ééäáÅ~íáçå
dÉåÉê~ä=åçíÉë båÖáåÉ=ëí~êíJìé=çåäó=ïáíÜáå= j~ñáãìã=ëí~åÇJÄó=íáãÉ
√ N=Ü=~ÑíÉê=ëíçé=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ=íÜ~í=Ü~ë= T=Ç~óë
ÄÉÉå=áå=çéÉê~íáçå pìéÉêîáëÉÇ=Äó=éçïÉê=ã~å~ÖÉJ
√ NÜ=~ÑíÉê=ÉåÇ=çÑ=ëí~åÇJÄó=ãçÇÉK ãÉåí=ëóëíÉã=éä~åíK
Ecçê=äçåÖÉê=ëí~åÇJÄó=éÉêáçÇë=áå=
kçíÉ> ëéÉÅá~ä=Å~ëÉë=Åçåí~Åí= J
få=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=?aÉ~Ç=pÜáé?=ÅçåÇáíáçå= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄçKF
~=ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉ=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=éìí= pí~åÇJÄó=ãçÇÉ=çåäó=éçëëáÄäÉ=
Ä~Åâ=íç=ëÉêîáÅÉ=ïáíÜáå=ã~ñK= ~ÑíÉê=ÉåÖáåÉ=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=ëí~êíÉÇ=
PM=ãáåK=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=f^`p=ro= ïáíÜ=åçêã~ä=ëí~êíáåÖ=éêçÅÉÇìêÉ=
jSNK ~åÇ=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=áå=çéÉê~íáçåK
oÉèìáêÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë
pí~êíJÄäçÅâáåÖ=~ÅíáîÉ= kç kç kç
pí~êíJÄäçÅâáåÖ=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ=äÉ~Çë=íç=
ïáíÜÇê~ï=çÑ=ëí~åÇJÄó=çéÉê~íáçåK
päçï=íìêå kç kç vÉë
mêÉÜÉ~íÉÇ=~åÇ=éêáãÉÇ kçI=áÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ï~ë=éêÉîáçìëäó=áå=
çéÉê~íáçå=çê=ëí~åÇJÄó=~ë=éÉê=
ÖÉåÉê~ä=åçíÉë=~ÄçîÉK= vÉë vÉë
cçê=çíÜÉê=ÉåÖáåÉë=ëÉÉ=êÉèìáêÉJ
ãÉåíë=áå=çíÜÉê=ÅçäìãåëK
oÉèìáêÉÇ=ëóëíÉã=ÅçåÇáíáçåë
iìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëíÉã
mêÉäìÄêáÅ~íáçå=éÉêáçÇ kçI=áÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ï~ë=éêÉîáçìëäó=áå=
çéÉê~íáçå=çê=ëí~åÇJÄó=~ë=éÉê=
ÖÉåÉê~ä=åçíÉë=~ÄçîÉK= mÉêã~åÉåí mÉêã~åÉåí
cçê=çíÜÉê=ÉåÖáåÉë=ëÉÉ=êÉèìáêÉJ
ãÉåíë=áå=çíÜÉê=ÅçäìãåëK
mêÉäìÄêáÅ~íáçå=éêÉëJ é=láä=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Y=MKP=Ä~ê= MKP=Ä~ê=Y=é=láä=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Y=MKS=Ä~ê MKP=Ä~ê=Y=é=láä=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=
ëìêÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ éÉêãáëëáÄäÉ YMKS=Ä~ê
mêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=íÉãéÉê~J
iÉëë=íÜ~å=QM=ø`=éÉêãáëëáÄäÉ [=QM=ø` [=QM=ø`
íìêÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ
eq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê
mêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=íÉãéÉê~J
iÉëë=íÜ~å=SM=ø`=éÉêãáëëáÄäÉ SM=Ó=VM=ø` SM=Ó=VM=ø`
íìêÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ
MOMNJMPMSj^KÑã
íç=ÄÉ=ÅçåíáåìÉÇ
q~ÄäÉ=OJNP oÉèìáêÉÇ=ëí~êíáåÖ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=Ñçê=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éä~åíë
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=PU `J^g
båÖáåÉ=ëí~êíáåÖ= ^ÑíÉê=Ää~ÅâJçìí=çê=ÇÉ~Ç=ëÜáé ^ÑíÉê=ëí~åÇJëíáää

cêçã=ëí~åÇJÄó==ãçÇÉ
ÅçåÇáíáçåë E?_ä~Åâ=pí~êí?F E?kçêã~ä=pí~êí?F
oÉèìáêÉÇ=ëóëíÉã=ÅçåÇáíáçåë
cìÉä=ëóëíÉã
cçê=jal=çéÉê~íáçå fÑ=ÑìÉä=çáä=ëìééäó=éìãé=áë=åçí= pìééäó=éìãéë=áå=çéÉê~íáçå=çê=ïáíÜ=ëí~êíáåÖ=Åçãã~åÇ=íç=
~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉW ÉåÖáåÉ
cçê=ecl=çéÉê~íáçå ^áê=ÇêáîÉå=ÑìÉä=çáä=ëìééäó=éìãé=çê= pìééäó=~åÇ=ÄççëíÉê=éìãéë=áå=çéÉê~íáçåI=ÑìÉä=éêÉÜÉ~íÉÇ=íç=
ÑìÉä=çáäë=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ=~í=ëìÑÑáÅáÉåí= çéÉê~íáåÖ=îáëÅçëáíóK
ÜÉáÖÜí=çê=éêÉëëìêáòÉÇ=ÑìÉä=çáä=í~åâ= Efå=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=éÉêã~ãÉåí=ëí~åÇJÄó=çê=ÇìêáåÖ=çéÉê~íáçå=çÑ=~å=
êÉèìáêÉÇK acJÉåÖáåÉ=áå=Ö~ë=ãçÇÉ=~=éÉêáçÇáÅ~ä=ÉñÅÜ~åÖÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅáêÅìJ
ä~íáåÖ=ecl=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=ÉåëìêÉÇ=íç=~îçáÇ=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉäK=
qÜáë=Å~å=ÄÉ=ÇçåÉ=Äó=êÉäÉ~ëáåÖ=~=ÅÉêí~áå=~ãçìåí=çÑ=ÅáêÅìä~íJ
áåÖ=ecl=áåíç=íÜÉ=Ç~ó=í~åâ=~åÇ=ëìÄëíáíìíáåÖ=áí=ïáíÜ=?ÑêÉëÜ?=
ÑìÉä=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=í~åâKF==
q~ÄäÉ=OJNP oÉèìáêÉÇ=ëí~êíáåÖ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=Ñçê=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éä~åíë
cáÖìêÉ=OJNN pí~êí=ìé=íáãÉë=ìåíáä=äç~Ç=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=Ñçê=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=ã~êáåÉ=éä~åíë=Ñêçã=ëí~åÇJÄó=ãçÇÉ
båÖáåÉë=áå=ëí~åÇJÄó=ãçÇÉ=Å~å=ÄÉ=ëí~êíÉÇ=ïáíÜ=åçêã~ä=ëí~êíáåÖ=éêçÅÉÇìêÉ=~í=~åó=íáãÉK
MOMNJMPMSj^KÑã
`J^g = m~ÖÉ=O=J=PV
==
cáÖìêÉ=OJNO pí~êí=ìé=íáãÉë=ìåíáä=äç~Ç=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=Ñçê=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=ã~êáåÉ=éä~åíë=áå=åçêã~ä=ëí~êíáåÖ=ãçÇÉ=Eåçí=áå=ëí~åÇJ
Äó==ãçÇÉF
MOMNJMPMSj^KÑã
cáÖìêÉ=OJNP iç~Ç=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=Ñçê=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=ã~êáåÉ=éä~åíë
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=QM `J^g
OKNKT=aáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=çéÉê~íáçå
OKNKTKO bãÉêÖÉåÅó=çéÉê~íáçå
få=íÜÉ=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=ÜáÖÜäó=ëìéÉêÅÜ~êÖÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉëI=äç~Ç=
~ééäáÅ~íáçå=áë=äáãáíÉÇK==qÜáë=áë=ÇìÉ=íç=íÜÉ=Ñ~Åí=íÜ~í=
íÜÉ= ÅÜ~êÖÉJ~áê= éêÉëëìêÉ= ÄìáäÇJìé= áë= ÇÉä~óÉÇ= Äó=
íÜÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=êìåJìéK==_ÉëáÇÉëI=~=ëäçï=äç~Ç=
~ééäáÅ~íáçå=éêçãçíÉë=ìåáÑçêã=ÜÉ~íáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåJ
ÖáåÉK
qÜÉ=ÅìêîÉ=?fkpq^kq=ilâfkd?=áå=?cáÖìêÉ=OJNP
iç~Ç= ~ééäáÅ~íáçå= Ñçê= ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ= ã~êáåÉ=
éä~åíë?=ëÜçìäÇ=çåäó=ÄÉ=~ééäáÉÇ=áå=ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó=çéJ
Éê~íáçåK= cçê= íÜáë= éìêéçëÉI= íÜÉ= éçïÉê= ã~å~ÖÉJ
ãÉåí= ëóëíÉã= ëÜçìäÇ= Ü~îÉ= ~å= çïå= ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó=
çéÉê~íáçå= éêçÖê~ã= Ñçê= èìáÅâÉëí= éçëëáÄäÉ= äç~Ç=
~ééäáÅ~íáçåK= få= åçêã~ä= çéÉê~íáçåI= äç~Ç= ~ééäáÅ~J
íáçå=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ= ÉÑÑÉÅíÉÇ= ~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=ÅìêîÉ=
?klojî=ilâfkd?=áå=?cáÖìêÉ=OJNP= iç~Ç= ~éJ
éäáÅ~íáçå=Ñçê=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=ã~êáåÉ=éä~åíë?K
^ää= èìÉëíáçåë= êÉÖ~êÇáåÖ= íÜÉ= Çóå~ãáÅ= ÄÉÜ~îáçìê=
ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=Åä~êáÑáÉÇ=áå=ÅäçëÉ=ÅççéÉê~íáçå=ÄÉíïÉÉå=
íÜÉ=ÅìëíçãÉê=~åÇ=j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=~í=~å=É~êJ
äó=éêçàÉÅí=ëí~ÖÉK
MOMNJMPMNjnÅêffKÑã
eJ^g POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=QN

MOMNJMPMNjnÅêffKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=QO POLQQò eJ^g

OKNKTKP içï=äç~Ç=çéÉê~íáçå
aÉÑáåáíáçå äç~Ç=çéÉê~íáçå=Eçå=íÜÉ=äÉÑíFI=Çìê~íáçå=çÑ=“êÉäáÉîáåÖ=
çéÉê~íáçå“=Eçå=íÜÉ=êáÖÜíF?I=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ãìëíI=~ÑíÉê=
dÉåÉê~ääó=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=äç~Ç=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=~êÉ=ÇáÑJ
~= éÜ~ëÉ= çÑ= é~êí= äç~Ç= çéÉê~íáçåI= ÉáíÜÉê= ÄÉ=
ÑÉêÉåíá~íÉÇW
ëïáíÅÜÉÇ=çîÉê=íç=aáÉëÉä=çéÉê~íáçå=çê=ÄÉ=çéÉê~íJ
√ lîÉê=äç~Ç=EÑçê=êÉÖìä~íáçåFW= ÉÇ=~í=ÜáÖÜ=äç~Ç=E[=TM=B=çÑ=Ñìää=äç~Ç=çìíéìíF=Ñçê=~=
[=NMM=B=çÑ=Ñìää=äç~Ç=çìíéìí ÅÉêí~áå=éÉêáçÇ=çÑ=íáãÉ=áå=çêÇÉê=íç=êÉÇìÅÉ=íÜÉ=ÇÉJ
√ cìää=äç~ÇW= NMM=B=çÑ=Ñìää=äç~Ç=çìíéìí éçëáíë= áå= íÜÉ= ÅóäáåÇÉê= ~åÇ= ÉñÜ~ìëí= Ö~ë= íìêÄçJ
ÅÜ~êÖÉê=~Ö~áåK
√ m~êí=äç~ÇW Y=NMM=B=çÑ=Ñìää=äç~Ç=çìíéìí
få=Å~ëÉ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áë=íç=ÄÉ=çéÉê~íÉÇ=~í=äçï=äç~Ç=
√ içï=äç~ÇW Y=OR=B=çÑ=Ñìää=äç~Ç=çìíéìí Ñçê=~=éÉêáçÇ=ÉñÅÉÉÇáåÖ=íÜ~í=ëÜçïå=áå= ?cáÖìêÉ=OJ
NQ=qáãÉ=äáãáíë=Ñçê=äçï=äç~Ç=çéÉê~íáçå=Eçå=íÜÉ=äÉÑíFI=
`çêêÉä~íáçåë Çìê~íáçå=çÑ=“êÉäáÉîáåÖ=çéÉê~íáçå“=Eçå=íÜÉ=êáÖÜíF?I=
qÜÉ= áÇÉ~ä= çéÉê~íáåÖ= ÅçåÇáíáçåë= Ñçê= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ëïáíÅÜÉÇ=çîÉê=íç=ÇáÉëÉä=çáä=çéJ
éêÉî~áä= ìåÇÉê=ÉîÉå=äç~ÇáåÖ=~í=SM=B=íç=VM=B=çÑ= Éê~íáçå=ÄÉÑçêÉÜ~åÇK
íÜÉ=Ñìää=äç~Ç=çìíéìíK=båÖáåÉ=Åçåíêçä=~åÇ=ê~íáåÖ=çÑ= _É= ~ï~êÉI= íÜ~í= ~ÑíÉê= RMM=Ü= Üçìêë= Åçåíáåçìë=
~ää=ëóëíÉãë=~êÉ=Ä~ëÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=Ñìää=äç~Ç=çìíéìíK ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=çéÉê~íáçå=~í=é~êí=äç~Çë=áå=íÜÉ=ê~åÖÉ=
få=íÜÉ=áÇäáåÖ=ãçÇÉ=çê=ÇìêáåÖ=äçï=äç~Ç=ÉåÖáåÉ=çéJ OM=B= íç= OR=B= çÑ= íÜÉ= Ñìää= ÉåÖáåÉ= çìíéìí= ~= åÉï=
Éê~íáçåI=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=áå=íÜÉ=ÅóäáåÇÉêë=áë=åçí=áÇÉ~äK= êìååáåÖ=áå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áë=åÉÉÇÉÇ=EëÉÉ=?`Ü~éíÉê=
aÉéçëáíë=ã~ó=Ñçêã=áå=íÜÉ=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=ÅÜ~ãÄÉêI= VKO=båÖáåÉ=êìååáåÖJáåI=é~ÖÉ=VJR?FK=cçê=ÅçåíáåìJ
ïÜáÅÜ=êÉëìäí=áå=~=ÜáÖÜÉê=ëççí=Éãáëëáçå=~åÇ=~å=áåJ çìë=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=çéÉê~íáçå=~í=é~êí=äç~Çë=áå=íÜÉ=
ÅêÉ~ëÉ=çÑ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=Åçåí~ãáå~íáçåK ê~åÖÉ=Y=OR=B=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ñìää=ÉåÖáåÉ=çìíéìíI=ÅççêÇáJ
å~íáçå= ïáíÜ= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= áë= ~ÄëçäìíÉäó=
jçêÉçîÉêI=áå=äçï=äç~Ç=çéÉê~íáçå=~åÇ=ÇìêáåÖ=ã~J åÉÅÉëë~êóK
åçÉìîêáåÖ=çÑ=ëÜáéëI=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~J
íìêÉë=Å~ååçí=ÄÉ=êÉÖìä~íÉÇ=çéíáã~ääó=ÜáÖÜ=Ñçê=~ää= léÉê~íáçå=çå=ÇáÉëÉä=ÑìÉä
äç~Ç=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=ïÜáÅÜI=ÜçïÉîÉêI=áë=çÑ=é~êíáÅìä~ê=
áãéçêí~åÅÉ=ÇìêáåÖ=çéÉê~íáçå=çå=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáäK cçê=äçï=äç~Ç=çéÉê~íáçå=çå=ÇáÉëÉä=ÑìÉä=çáäI=íÜÉ=ÑçäJ
äçïáåÖ=êìäÉë=~ééäóW
_ÉííÉê=ÅçåÇáíáçåë √ ^= Åçåíáåìçìë= çéÉê~íáçå= ÄÉäçï= OM=B= çÑ= Ñìää=
léíáãáò~íáçå= çÑ= äçï= äç~Ç= çéÉê~íáçå= áë= çÄí~áåÉÇ= äç~Ç=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=~îçáÇÉÇI=áÑ=éçëëáÄäÉK=
Äó=ÅìíçÑÑ=çÑ=íÜÉ=iq=ëí~ÖÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê= kçíÉ>
çê=éÉêÑìëáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=iq=ëí~ÖÉ=ïáíÜ=eq=ï~íÉê=áÑ=eq=
çê=iq=ëïáíÅÜáåÖ=áë=~î~áä~ÄäÉ=íç=íÜ~í=ÉåÖáåÉ=íóéÉK= pÜçìäÇ= íÜáë= ÄÉ= ~ÄëçäìíÉäó= åÉÅÉëë~êóI=
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ= ÅçåëìäíÉÇ= Ñçê=
cçê=`çããçå=o~áä=ÉåÖáåÉë=ãçëíäó=íÜáë=áë=åçí=åÉÅJ ëéÉÅá~ä=~êê~åÖÉãÉåíë=EÉKÖK=íÜÉ=ìëÉ=çÑ=é~êí=äç~Ç=
Éëë~êó= ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ= çéíáãáòÉÇ= ÅçãÄìëíáçå= áë= êÉ~äJ áåàÉÅíáçå=åçòòäÉëFK
áòÉÇ=Äó=~å=ÉäÉÅíêçåáÅ~ääó=ÅçåíêçääÉÇ=ÑìÉä=áåàÉÅíáçå=
ëóëíÉãK √ ^= åçJäç~Ç= çéÉê~íáçåI= ÉëéÉÅá~ääó= ~í= åçãáå~ä=
ëéÉÉÇ=EÖÉåÉê~íçê=çéÉê~íáçåF=áë=çåäó=éÉêãáííÉÇ=
eqW=eáÖÜ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ Ñçê=~=ã~ñáãìã=éÉêáçÇ=çÑ=NKKKO=ÜçìêëK
iqW=içï=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ
kç=äáãáí~íáçåë=~êÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=äç~Çë=~ÄçîÉ=OM=B=
léÉê~íáçå=çå=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä çÑ= Ñìää= äç~ÇI= ~ë= äçåÖ= ~ë= íÜÉ= ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ= çéÉê~íáåÖ=
Ç~í~=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ïáää=åçí=ÄÉ=ÉñÅÉÉÇÉÇK
_ÉÅ~ìëÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ~ÑçêÉãÉåíáçåÉÇ= êÉ~ëçåëI= äçï=
MOMNJMNMQj^KÑã
äç~Ç= çéÉê~íáçå= Y=OR=B= çÑ= Ñìää= äç~Ç= çìíéìí= çå=

ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=áë=ëìÄàÉÅíÉÇ=íç=ÅÉêí~áå=äáãáí~íáçåëK=
^ÅÅçêÇáåÖ= íç= ?cáÖìêÉ= OJNQ= qáãÉ= äáãáíë= Ñçê= äçï=
_J_^ = m~ÖÉ=O=J=QP
P [%] Time limits for low-load operation Duration of "relieving operation"

MGO.MDO,HFO-operation
> 70% of full-load output
t [h]
cáÖìêÉ=OJNQ qáãÉ=äáãáíë=Ñçê=äçï=äç~Ç=çéÉê~íáçå=Eçå=íÜÉ=äÉÑíFI=Çìê~íáçå=çÑ=“êÉäáÉîáåÖ=çéÉê~íáçå“=Eçå=íÜÉ=êáÖÜíF
m cìää=äç~Ç=çìíéìí=xBz í léÉê~íáåÖ=éÉêáçÇ=xÜz
bñéä~å~íáçåë bñ~ãéäÉ
kÉï= êìååáåÖ= áå= åÉÉÇÉÇ= ~ÑíÉê= [=RMM= Üçìêë= äçï= iáåÉ=~=EíáãÉ=äáãáíë=Ñçê=äçï=äç~Ç=çéÉê~íáçåFW
äç~Ç= çéÉê~íáçå= EëÉÉ= ?`Ü~éíÉê= VKO= båÖáåÉ= êìåJ
^í= NM=B= çÑ= Ñìää= äç~Ç= çìíéìíI= ecl= çéÉê~íáçå= áë=
åáåÖJáåI=é~ÖÉ=VJR?FK=
éÉêãáëëáÄäÉ=Ñçê==ã~ñáãìã=NV=ÜçìêëI=jdlLjal=
kçíÉ> çéÉê~íáçå= Ñçê= ã~ñáãìã= QM=ÜçìêëI= íÜ~å= çìéìí=
Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇK
^ÅÅÉäÉê~íáçå=íáãÉ=Ñêçã=éêÉëÉåí=çìíéìí=íç=TM==B=
çÑ=Ñìää=äç~Ç=çìíéìí=åçí=äÉëë=íÜ~å=NR=ãáåìíÉëK iáåÉ=Ä=EÇìê~íáçå=çÑ=êÉäáÉîáåÖ=çéÉê~íáçåFW
léÉê~íÉ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Ñçê=~ééêçñK=NKO=Üçìêë=~í=åçí=
äÉëë=íÜ~å=TM=B=çÑ=Ñìää=äç~Ç=çìíéìí=íç=Äìêå=~ï~ó=
íÜÉ=ÇÉéçëáíë=íÜ~í=Ü~îÉ=ÑçêãÉÇK=
MOMNJMNMQj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=QQ _J_^
OKNKTKQ iç~Ç=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=Ñçê=ëÜáé=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ëóëíÉãë
få=íÜÉ=~ÖÉ=çÑ=ÜáÖÜäó=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉÇ=ÇáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉëI= êÉëéÉÅíáîÉ=Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=ëçÅáÉíó=~ë=ïÉää=~ë=ïáíÜ=
ÄìáäÇáåÖ=êìäÉë=çÑ=Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=ëçÅáÉíáÉë=êÉÖ~êÇJ íÜÉ=ëÜáéó~êÇ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=çïåÉêK=qÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=íÜÉ=f^`p=
áåÖ= äç~Ç= ~ééäáÅ~íáçå= EÉKÖK= M=B=Z[ 50 B=Z[= êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= Éëí~ÄäáëÜÉÇ= ~ë=
NMM=BF= Å~ååçí= ÄÉ= ÅçãéäáÉÇ= ïáíÜI= åÉáíÜÉê= Äó= ?j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=ëí~åÇ~êÇ?
ëéÉÅá~ä=ãÉ~ëìêÉëK=eçïÉîÉê=íÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=çÑ=
cçê=~ééäáÅ~íáçåë=Ñêçã=M=B=íç=NMM=B=Åçåíáåìçìë=
íÜÉ= fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä= ^ëëçÅá~íáçå= çÑ= `ä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=
ê~íáåÖI= ~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ= íç= f^`p= ~åÇ= fpl= UROUJRI= the
pçÅáÉíáÉë=Ef^`pF=~åÇ=fpl=UROUJR=~êÉ=êÉ~äáëíáÅK=få=
following diagram is applied:
íÜÉ= Å~ëÉ= çÑ= ëÜáé…ë= ÉåÖáåÉë= íÜÉ= ~ééäáÅ~íáçå= çÑ=
f^`p= êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ= Åä~êáÑáÉÇ= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ=
cáÖìêÉ=OJNR iç~Ç=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=áå=ëíÉéë=~ë=éÉê=f^`p=~åÇ=fpl=UROUJR
MOMNJMPMNj^KÑã
iJ^g = m~ÖÉ=O=J=QR
^ÅÅçêÇáåÖ= íç= íÜÉ= éêÉîáçìë= Çá~Öê~ã= íÜÉ= ã~ñáJ

ãìã= ~ääçï~ÄäÉ= äç~Ç= ~ééäáÅ~íáçå= ëíÉéë= ~êÉ= ÇÉJ
ÑáåÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=í~ÄäÉ=ÄÉäçïK=EOQKU=Ä~ê=ãÉ~å=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=
éêÉëëìêÉ=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ=~ë=~=ãÉ~å=î~äìÉ=
Ñçê=íÜÉ=äáëíÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉ=íóéÉëKF
kçíÉ>=
eáÖÜÉê=äç~Ç=ëíÉéë=íÜ~å=äáëíÉÇ=áå=ÖÉåÉê~ä=~êÉ=åçí=
~ääçïÉÇ>
båÖáåÉ ÄãÉé=xÄ~êz Nëí=ëíÉé OåÇ=ëíÉé PêÇ=ëíÉé QíÜ=ëíÉé

sOULPPa OSKS
POLQM OQKV=KKK=ORKV
POLQQò ORKP=KKK=OSKQ
QMLRQ OPKO=KKK=OQKU PP=B OP=B NU=B OS=B
QULSM_
ORKU=KKK=OSKR
=QULSMò
RULSQ OPKO
q~ÄäÉ=OJNQ j~ñáãìã=~ääçï~ÄäÉ=äç~Ç=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=ëíÉéë=EeáÖÜÉê=äç~Ç=ëíÉéë=íÜ~å=äáëíÉÇ=~êÉ=åçí=éçëëáÄäÉ=~ë=~=ëí~åÇ~êÇFK
oÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=ëçÅáÉíáÉëW
jáåáãìã= êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë= ÅçåÅÉêåáåÖ= Çóå~ãáÅ=
ëéÉÉÇ= ÇêçéI= êÉã~áåáåÖ= ëéÉÉÇ= î~êá~íáçå= ~åÇ= êÉJ
ÅçîÉêó= íáãÉ= ÇìêáåÖ= äç~Ç= ~ééäáÅ~íáçå= ~êÉ= äáëíÉÇ=
ÄÉäçïK
oÉÅçîÉêó=íáãÉ=ìåíáä=
oÉã~áåáåÖ=ëéÉÉÇ=
aóå~ãáÅ=ëéÉÉÇ=Çêçé=áå= êÉ~ÅÜáåÖ=íÜÉ=íçäÉê~åÅÉ=
`ä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=pçÅáÉíó î~êá~íáçå=áå=B=çÑ=íÜÉ=
B=çÑ=íÜÉ=åçãáå~ä=ëéÉÉÇ Ä~åÇ=N=B=çÑ=åçãáå~ä=
åçãáå~ä=ëéÉÉÇ
ëéÉÉÇ
dÉêã~åáëÅÜÉê=iäçóÇ
R=ëÉÅK
ofk^
iäçóÇ…ë=oÉÖáëíÉê =R=ëÉÅKI=ã~ñ=U=ëÉÅK
^ãÉêáÅ~å=_ìêÉ~ì=çÑ=pÜáééáåÖ NM=B R=B
_ìêÉ~ì=sÉêáí~ë
R=ëÉÅK
aÉí=kçêëâÉ=sÉêáí~ë
fpl=UROUÓR
q~ÄäÉ=OJNR jáåáãìã=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=çÑ=íÜÉ==Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=ëçÅáÉíáÉë=éäìë=fpl=êìäÉ
få=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=~=äç~Ç=Çêçé=çÑ=NMM=B=åçãáå~ä=ÉåÖáåÉ=
éçïÉêI=íÜÉ=Çóå~ãáÅ~ä=ëéÉÉÇ=î~êá~íáçå=ãìëí=åçí=
ÉñÅÉÉÇ=NM=B=çÑ=íÜÉ=åçãáå~ä=ëéÉÉÇ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=êÉJ
ã~áåáåÖ=ëéÉÉÇ=î~êá~íáçå=ãìëí=åçí=ëìêé~ëë=R=B=
çÑ=íÜÉ=åçãáå~ä=ëéÉÉÇK
MOMNJMPMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=QS iJ^g
oÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=Ñçê=éä~åí=ÇÉëáÖåW
√ =qÜÉ=äç~Ç=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=ÄÉÜ~îáçìê=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÅçåJ
ëáÇÉêÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ëóëíÉã=ÇÉëáÖå=çÑ=íÜÉ=
éä~åíK
√ qÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=çéÉê~íáçå=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ë~ÑÉ=áå=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=
Öê~Çì~íÉÇ=äç~Ç=~ééäáÅ~íáçåK
√ qÜÉ= äç~Ç= ~ééäáÅ~íáçå= ÅçåÇáíáçåë= EbJÄ~ä~åÅÉF=
ãìëí= ÄÉ= ~ééêçîÉÇ= ÇìêáåÖ= íÜÉ= éä~ååáåÖ= ~åÇ=
Éñ~ãáå~íáçå=éÜ~ëÉK
√ qÜÉ= éçëëáÄäÉ= Ñ~áäìêÉ= çÑ= çåÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= ãìëí= ÄÉ=
ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ=Ó=éäÉ~ëÉ= ëÉÉ= ?`Ü~éíÉê= OKNKTKR=
aáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ= çéÉê~íáçå= çÑ= îÉëëÉäë= Ó= Ñ~áäìêÉ=
çÑ=çåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉI=é~ÖÉ=OJQV?
nìÉëíáçåë= ÅçåÅÉêåáåÖ= íÜÉ= Çóå~ãáÅ= çéÉê~íáçå~ä=
ÄÉÜ~îáçìê=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉLë=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=Åä~êáÑáÉÇ=ïáíÜ=
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=~åÇ=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=~=é~êí=çÑ=íÜÉ=
Åçåíê~ÅíK
MOMNJMPMNj^KÑã
iJ^g = m~ÖÉ=O=J=QT
MOMNJMPMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=QU iJ^g
OKNKTKR aáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=çéÉê~íáçå=çÑ=îÉëëÉäë=Ó=Ñ~áäìêÉ=çÑ=çåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ
aáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=çéÉê~íáçå=çÑ=îÉëëÉäë=áë=ÇÉÑáåÉÇ=~ë= oÉÖ~êÇáåÖ=íÜÉ=çéíáãìã=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ê~åÖÉ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=
é~ê~ääÉä=çéÉê~íáçå=çÑ=dÉåpÉíë=ÑçêãáåÖ=~=ÅäçëÉÇ= éÉêãáëëáÄäÉ=é~êí=äç~ÇëI=íÜÉ=áåÑçêã~íáçå=éêçîáÇÉÇ=
ëóëíÉãK áå= ?`Ü~éíÉê= OKNKTKP= içï= äç~Ç= çéÉê~íáçåI= é~ÖÉ=
OJQP?=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ=çÄëÉêîÉÇK
få=íÜÉ=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ëóëíÉã=ÇÉëáÖå=çÑ=íÜÉ=éä~åí=íÜÉ=
éçëëáÄäÉ=Ñ~áäìêÉ=çÑ=çåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=ÅçåëáÇJ
ÉêÉÇ=áå=çêÇÉê=íç=~îçáÇ=çîÉêäç~ÇáåÖ=~åÇ=ìåÇÉê=ÑêÉJ iç~Ç=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=áå=Å~ëÉ=çåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Ñ~áäë
èìÉåÅó=çÑ=íÜÉ=êÉã~áåáåÖ=ÉåÖáåÉë=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=êáëâ=çÑ= få= Å~ëÉ= çåÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= Ñ~áäëI= áíë= çìíéìí= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ=
~å=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=Ää~ÅâçìíK ã~ÇÉ=ìé=Ñçê=Äó=íÜÉ=êÉã~áåáåÖ=ÉåÖáåÉë=áå=íÜÉ=ëóëJ
qÜÉêÉÑçêÉ= ïÉ= êÉÅçããÉåÇ= íç= áåëí~ää= ~= éçïÉê= íÉã=~åÇLçê=íÜÉ=äç~Ç=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=Äó=êÉJ
ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí=ëóëíÉãK=qÜáë=ÉåëìêÉë=ìåáåíÉêêìéíJ ÇìÅáåÖ= íÜÉ= éêçéìäëáîÉ= çìíéìí= ~åÇLçê= Äó=
ÉÇ=çéÉê~íáçå=áå=íÜÉ=ã~ñáãìã=çìíéìí=ê~åÖÉ=~åÇ= ëïáíÅÜáåÖ=çÑÑ=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ÅçåëìãÉêëK
áå= Å~ëÉ= çåÉ= ìåáí= Ñ~áäë= íÜÉ= éçïÉê= ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí= qÜÉ=áããÉÇá~íÉ=äç~Ç=íê~åëÑÉê=íç=çåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÇçÉë=
ëóëíÉã=êÉÇìÅÉë=íÜÉ=éêçéìäëáîÉ=çìíéìí=çê=ëïáíÅÜJ åçí= ~äï~óë= ÅçêêÉëéçåÇ= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= äç~Ç= êÉëÉêîÉë=
Éë=çÑÑ=äÉëë=áãéçêí~åí=ÉåÉêÖó=ÅçåëìãÉêë=áå=çêÇÉê= íÜ~í=íÜÉ=é~êíáÅìä~ê=ÉåÖáåÉ=ëíáää=Ü~ë=~î~áä~ÄäÉ=áå=íÜÉ=
íç=~îçáÇ=ìåÇÉê=ÑêÉèìÉåÅóK= êÉëéÉÅíáîÉ= ãçãÉåíK= qÜ~í= ÇÉéÉåÇë= çå= áíë= Ä~ëÉ=
^ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=áí…ë=íÜÉ=êÉJ äç~ÇK=
ëéçåëáÄáäáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÜáé…ë=çéÉê~íçê=íç=ëÉí=éêáçêáíáÉë= qÜÉ= éÉêãáëëáÄäÉ= äç~Ç= ~ééäáÅ~íáçåë= Ñçê= ëìÅÜ= ~=
~åÇ=íç=ÇÉÅáÇÉ=ïÜáÅÜ=ÉåÉêÖó=ÅçåëìãÉê=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ= Å~ëÉ=Å~å=ÄÉ=ÇÉêáîÉÇ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ= ?cáÖìêÉ=
ëïáíÅÜÉÇ=çÑÑK= OJNS=iç~Ç=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=ÇÉéÉåÇáåÖ=çå=Ä~ëÉ=äç~ÇK
qÜÉ= Ä~ëÉ= äç~Ç= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= ÅÜççëÉå= ~ë= ÜáÖÜ= ~ë=
éçëëáÄäÉ=íç=~ÅÜáÉîÉ=~å=çéíáãìã=ÉåÖáåÉ=çéÉê~J
íáçå=~åÇ=äçïÉëí=ëççí=ÉãáëëáçåëK
cáÖìêÉ=OJNS iç~Ç=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=ÇÉéÉåÇáåÖ=çå=Ä~ëÉ=äç~Ç
MOMNJMPMUj^KÑã
^J_^ = m~ÖÉ=O=J=QV
qÜÉ=ã~ñáãìã=ÉåÖáåÉ=äç~Ç=éÉê=ÉåÖáåÉ=áå=~=ãìäíáJ
ÉåÖáåÉ=éä~åíI=ÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=çå=íÜÉ=íçí~ä=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=
çéÉê~íáåÖ=ÉåÖáåÉëI=ïÜáÅÜ=ÇçÉëå…í=äÉ~Ç=íç=~=íçí~ä=
çìíéìí=êÉÇìÅíáçå=áå=Å~ëÉ=çåÉ=dÉåpÉí=Ñ~áäëI=Å~å=
ÄÉ=ÇÉêáîÉÇ= Ñêçã= íÜÉ= ?q~ÄäÉ=OJNS=iç~Ç=~ééäáÅ~J
íáçå=áå=Å~ëÉ=çåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Ñ~áäëK
kçK=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉë=êìååáåÖJáå=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã P Q R S T U V NM
ríáäáë~íáçå=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉëÛ=Å~é~Åáíó=ÇìêáåÖ=ëóëJ
RM TR UM UP US UTKR UV VM
íÉã=çéÉê~íáçå=áå=EBF=çÑ=mã~ñ=
q~ÄäÉ=OJNS iç~Ç=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=áå=Å~ëÉ=çåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Ñ~áäë
bñ~ãéäÉ
qÜÉ=áëçä~íÉÇ=åÉíïçêâ=Åçåëáëíë=çÑ=Q=ÉåÖáåÉë=ïáíÜ=
NOINTM=ât=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=çìíéìí=É~ÅÜK
qç=~ÅÜáÉîÉ= ~å= ìåáÑçêã= äç~Ç= ëÜ~êáåÖ= ~ää= ÉåÖáåÉë=

ãìëí=Ü~îÉ=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=ëéÉÉÇ=ÇêççéK==
=
qÜÉ= éçëëáÄäÉ= çìíéìí= çÑ= íÜÉ= ãìäíáJÉåÖáåÉ= éä~åí=
çéÉê~íáåÖ=~í=NMM=B=äç~Ç=áëW=
mã~ñ=Z=Q=G=NOINTM=âtZ=QUISUM=ât=Z=NMM=B
fÑ=íÜÉ=éêÉëÉåí=ëóëíÉã=äç~Ç=áë=mM=Z=PVIMMMI=É~ÅÜ=
ÉåÖáåÉ=êìåë=ïáíÜW=
NMM=B=G=mM=L=mã~ñ=Z=NMM=G=PVIMMM=L=QUISUM=Z=UM=B=iç~Ç
få= Å~ëÉ= çåÉ= ìåáí= ëìÇÇÉåäó= Ñ~áäëI= ~å= áããÉÇá~íÉ=

íê~åëÑÉê= çÑ= OM=B= ÉåÖáåÉ= çìíéìí= áë= éçëëáÄäÉ= ~ÅJ
ÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=Çá~Öê~ãI=áKÉK=Ñêçã=UM=B=íçNMM=B=
ÉåÖáåÉ=çìíéìíK
NMM=B=ÉåÖáåÉ=çìíéìí=çÑ=íÜÉ=êÉã~áåáåÖ
P=ÉåÖáåÉë=áë=Å~äÅìä~íÉÇ=~ë=ÑçääçïëW=
mN=Z=P=G=NOINTM=ât==PSIRMM=ât
`çåëÉèìÉåíäóI=~å=áããÉÇá~íÉ=äç~Ç=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉ=Ñêçã=
PVIMMM=ât=íç=PSIRMM=ât=áë=åÉÅÉëë~êóI==ÉKÖK=ÉäÉÅJ
íêáÅ~ä=ÅçåëìãÉêë=çÑ=~=íçí~ä=~ãçìåí=çÑ=OIRMM=ât=
Ü~îÉ=íç=ÄÉ=ëïáíÅÜÉÇ=çÑÑK
MOMNJMPMUj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=RM ^J_^
MOMNJMPMUj^KÑã
^J_^ = m~ÖÉ=O=J=RN
OKNKTKS ^î~áä~ÄäÉ=çìíéìíë=ÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=çå=ÑêÉèìÉåÅó=ÇÉîá~íáçåë
dÉåÉê~ä iáãáíáåÖ=é~ê~ãÉíÉêë
dÉåÉê~íçê=ëÉíëI=ïÜáÅÜ=~êÉ=áåíÉÖê~íÉÇ=áå=~å=ÉäÉÅJ j~ñK=íçêèìÉ=Ó=få=Å~ëÉ=íÜÉ=ÑêÉèìÉåÅó=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉëI=
íêáÅáíó= ëìééäó= ëóëíÉãI= ~êÉ= ëìÄàÉÅíÉÇ= íç= íÜÉ= ÑêÉJ íÜÉ=~î~áä~ÄäÉ=çìíéìí=áë=äáãáíÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=ã~ñáãìã=
èìÉåÅó=ÑäìÅíì~íáçåë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ã~áåëK=aÉéÉåÇáåÖ=çå= éÉêãáëëáÄäÉ=íçêèìÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÖÉåÉê~íáåÖ=ëÉíK
íÜÉ=ëÉîÉêáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑêÉèìÉåÅó=ÑäìÅíì~íáçåëI=çìíéìí=
j~ñK=ëéÉÉÇ=Ñçê=Åçåíáåìçìë=ê~íáåÖ=Ó=^å=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=
~åÇ=çéÉê~íáçå=êÉëéÉÅíáîÉäó=Ü~îÉ=íç=ÄÉ=êÉëíêáÅíÉÇK
áå=ÑêÉèìÉåÅóI=êÉëìäíáåÖ=áå=~=ëéÉÉÇ=íÜ~í=áë=ÜáÖÜÉê=
íÜ~å=íÜÉ=ã~ñáãìã=ëéÉÉÇ=~ÇãáëëáÄäÉ=Ñçê=ÅçåíáåJ
cêÉèìÉåÅó=~ÇàìëíãÉåí=ê~åÖÉ
ìçìë= çéÉê~íáçåI= áë= çåäó= éÉêãáëëáÄäÉ= Ñçê= ~= ëÜçêí=
^ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=afk=fpl=UROUJRW=NVVTJNNI=çéÉê~íJ éÉêáçÇ=çÑ=íáãÉI=áKÉK=Ñçê=äÉëë=íÜ~å=O=ãáåìíÉëK
áåÖ=äáãáíë=çÑ= [=OKR=B=~êÉ=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=äçïÉê=
cçê= ÉåÖáåÉJëéÉÅáÑáÅ= áåÑçêã~íáçå= ëÉÉ= ÅÜ~éíÉê
~åÇ=ìééÉê=ÑêÉèìÉåÅó=~ÇàìëíãÉåí=ê~åÖÉK
?mçïÉêI=çìíéìíëI=ëéÉÉÇë?=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=ÉåÖáåÉK
léÉê~íáåÖ=ê~åÖÉ
lîÉêäç~Ç
aÉéÉåÇáåÖ=çå=íÜÉ=éêÉî~áäáåÖ=äçÅ~ä=~ãÄáÉåí=ÅçåJ
^ÅÅçêÇáåÖ= íç= afk= fpl= UROUJN= äç~Ç= [=NMM=B= çÑ=
ÇáíáçåëI= ~= ÅÉêí~áå= ã~ñáãìã= Åçåíáåìçìë= ê~íáåÖ=
íÜÉ=ê~íÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉ=çìíéìí=áë=éÉêãáëëáÄäÉ=çåäó=Ñçê=~=
ïáää=ÄÉ=~î~áä~ÄäÉK
ëÜçêí=íáãÉ=íç=éêçîáÇÉ=~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=ÉåÖáåÉ=éçïÉê=Ñçê=
få=íÜÉ=çìíéìíLëéÉÉÇ=~åÇ=ÑêÉèìÉåÅó=Çá~Öê~ãëI=~= ÖçîÉêåáåÖ=éìêéçëÉ=çåäó=EÉKÖK=íê~åëáÉåí=äç~Ç=ÅçåJ
ê~åÖÉ= Ü~ë= ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~ääó= ÄÉÉå= ã~êâÉÇ= ïáíÜ= “kç= Çáíáçåë= ~åÇ= ëìÇÇÉåäó= ~ééäáÉÇ= äç~ÇFK= qÜáë= ~ÇÇáJ
Åçåíáåìçìë=çéÉê~íáçå=~ääçïÉÇ=áå=íÜáë=~êÉ~ÒK=léJ íáçå~ä=éçïÉê=ëÜ~ää=åçí=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ëìééäó=çÑ=
Éê~íáçå= áå= íÜáë= ê~åÖÉ= áë= çåäó= éÉêãáëëáÄäÉ= Ñçê= ~= ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ÅçåëìãÉêëK
ëÜçêí=éÉêáçÇ=çÑ=íáãÉI=áKÉK=Ñçê=äÉëë=íÜ~å=O=ãáåìíÉëK=
få=ëéÉÅá~ä=Å~ëÉëI=~=Åçåíáåìçìë=ê~íáåÖ=áë=éÉêãáëJ
ëáÄäÉ= áÑ= íÜÉ= ëí~åÇ~êÇ= ÑêÉèìÉåÅó= áë= ÉñÅÉÉÇÉÇ= Äó=
ãçêÉ=íÜ~å=P=BK=
cáÖìêÉ=OJNT ^î~áä~ÄäÉ=çìíéìí=~í=NMMB=äç~Ç
MOMNJMPMOj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=RO _J_^
OKNKTKT iç~Ç=êÉÇìÅíáçå
pìÇÇÉå=äç~Ç=íÜêçï=çÑÑ
cçê=íÜÉ=ëìÇÇÉå=äç~Ç=íÜêçï=çÑÑ=Ñêçã=NMM=B=íç=M=B=
mkçãáå~ä=ëÉîÉê~ä=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~J
íáçå=ëçÅáÉíáÉë=êÉÖ~êÇáåÖ=íÜÉ=Çóå~ãáÅ=~åÇ=éÉêã~J
åÉåí= ëéÉÉÇ= ÅÜ~åÖÉ= Ü~îÉ= íç= ÄÉ= ÑìäÑáääÉÇK= pÉÉ=
?`Ü~éíÉê= OKNKT= aáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ= çéÉê~íáçåI= é~ÖÉ=
OJPT?
^=ëìÇÇÉå=äç~Ç=íÜêçï=çÑÑ=êÉéêÉëÉåíë=~=ê~íÜÉê=ÉñJ
ÅÉéíáçå~ä= ëáíì~íáçå= ÉKÖK= çéÉåáåÖ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÇáÉëÉäJ
ÉäÉÅíêáÅ= éä~åí…ë= ÖÉåÉê~íçê= ëïáíÅÜ= ÇìêáåÖ= ÜáÖÜ=
äç~ÇK
^ÑíÉê= ~= ëìÇÇÉå= äç~Ç= íÜêçï= çÑÑ= áí= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ= ÉåJ
ëìêÉÇ= íÜ~í= ëóëíÉã= ÅáêÅìáíë= êÉã~áå= áå= çéÉê~íáçå=
Ñçê=~=ãáåáãìã=çÑ=NR=ãáåK=íç=Çáëëáé~íÉ=íÜÉ=êÉëáÇJ
ì~ä=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÜÉ~íK
oÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=äç~Ç=êÉÇìÅíáçåLëíçééáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÉåJ
ÖáåÉ
√ råäç~ÇáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ
_~ëáÅ~ääó= íÜÉê= ~êÉ= åç= êÉÖìä~íáçåë= êÉÖ~êÇáåÖ= íÜáë=
áëëìÉK=eçïÉîÉêI=~= ãáåáãìã=çÑ=N=ãáåK=áë=êÉÅçãJ
ãÉåÇÉÇ= Ñçê= ìåäç~ÇáåÖ= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= Ñêçã=
NMM=B=mkçãáå~ä=íç=~ééêçñK=OR=B=mkçãáå~ä
√ båÖáåÉ=ëíçé
cêçã= OR=B=mkçãáå~ä= íç= M=B=mkçãáå~ä= Åçåíáåìçìë=
ìåäç~ÇáåÖ=áë=éçëëáÄäÉ=íáää=ÉåÖáåÉ=ëíçéK
√ oìåJÇçïå=ÅççäáåÖ
få=çêÇÉê=íç=Çáëëáé~íÉ=íÜÉ=êÉëáÇì~ä=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÜÉ~íI=
íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=ÅáêÅìáíë=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=âÉéí=áå=çéÉê~J
íáçå=Ñçê=~=ãáåáãìã=çÑ=NR=ãáåK
MOMNJMNMPj^KÑã
eJ^g = m~ÖÉ=O=J=RP
MOMNJMNMPj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=RQ eJ^g
OKNKTKU dÉåÉê~íçê=Ó=êÉîÉêëÉ=éçïÉê=éêçíÉÅíáçå
aÉã~åÇ=Ñçê=êÉîÉêëÉ=éçïÉê=éêçíÉÅíáçå
dÉåÉê~íçêë= çÑ= ~å= ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä= éçïÉê= çìíéìí= ^ÇàìëíáåÖ=íÜÉ=êÉîÉêëÉ=éçïÉê=éêçíÉÅíáçå=êÉä~ó
[=RM=âs^= êìååáåÖJáå= é~ê~ääÉä= çéÉê~íáçå= Ü~îÉ= íç=
^ÇàìëíáåÖ=î~äìÉ=Ñçê=êÉîÉêëÉ=éçïÉê=éêçíÉÅíáçå=êÉJ
ÄÉ= ÉèìáééÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ~= êÉîÉêëÉ= éçïÉê= éêçíÉÅíáçå=
ä~óW=ã~ñáãìã=P=B=mkçãáå~ä
EêÉèìáêÉãÉåí=çÑ=Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=ëçÅáÉíáÉëFK
lå= îÉëëÉäë= ïáíÜ= ÉäÉÅíêáÅ= íê~Åíáçå= ãçíçê= ~åÇ=
aÉÑáåáíáçå=çÑ=êÉîÉêëÉ=éçïÉê ?`ê~ëÜ= píçé?= êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë= EëÜáÑíáåÖ= íÜÉ= ã~J
åçÉìîêáåÖ= äÉîÉê= Ñêçã= Ñçêï~êÇ= íç= Ñìää= êÉîÉêëÉFI=
fÑ=~=ÖÉåÉê~íçêI=ïÜáÅÜ=áë=ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ=íç=~=ÅçãÄìëJ
ëéÉÅá~ä= ~êê~åÖÉãÉåíë= Ñçê= íÜÉ= ~ÇàìëíãÉåí= î~äìÉ=
íáçå= ÉåÖáåÉI= áë= åç= äçåÖÉê= ÇêáîÉå= Äó= íÜáë= ÉåÖáåÉ=
çÑ= íÜÉ= êÉîÉêëÉ= éçïÉê= êÉä~ó= Ü~îÉ= íç= ÄÉ= ã~ÇÉI=
Äìí= áë= ëìééäáÉÇ= ïáíÜ= éêçéìäëáîÉ= éçïÉê= Äó= íÜÉ=
ïÜáÅÜ= ~êÉ= çåäó= î~äáÇ= áå= íÜÉ= ÉîÉåí= çÑ= ~= ?`ê~ëÜ=
ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ=åÉí=~åÇ=áëI=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉI=ïçêâáåÖ=~ë=~å=
píçé?=ã~åçÉìîêÉK
ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ãçíçêI=íÜáë=áë=Å~ääÉÇ=êÉîÉêëÉ=éçïÉêK
qáãÉ=ä~Öë
bñ~ãéäÉë=Ñçê=éçëëáÄäÉ=êÉîÉêëÉ=éçïÉê
cçê= ~Åíáî~íáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= êÉîÉêëÉ= éçïÉê= éêçíÉÅíáçå=
√ qÜÉ=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÇçÉë=åç=äçåÖÉê=ÇêáîÉ=
êÉä~óI=íáãÉ=ä~Öë=çÑ=~ééêçñáã~íÉäó=R=íç=NM=ëÉÅçåÇë=
íÜÉ= ÖÉåÉê~íçêI= ïÜáÅÜ= áë= ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ= íç= íÜÉ=
Ü~îÉ=íç=ÄÉ=ÑáñÉÇK
ã~áåëI=ÉKÖKI=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=çÑ=ä~Åâ=çÑ=ÑìÉäK
√ píçééáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=ÉåÖáåÉ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ= j~ñáãìã=íáãÉ=Ñçê=êÉîÉêëÉ=éçïÉê
ÖÉåÉê~íçêI=ïÜáÅÜ=áë=ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ã~áåëK
√ fÑ= ~= êÉîÉêëÉ= éçïÉê= ÜáÖÜÉê= íÜ~å= íÜÉ= ~ÇàìëíÉÇ=
√ lå= ëÜáéë= ïáíÜ= ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä= íê~Åíáçå= ãçíçêI= íÜÉ= î~äìÉ= Ñçê= íÜÉ= êÉîÉêëÉ= éçïÉê= éêçíÉÅíáçå= êÉä~ó=
éêçéÉääÉê=ÇêáîÉë=íÜÉ=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=íê~Åíáçå=ãçíçêI= çÅÅìêëI=íÜÉ=ÖÉåÉê~íçê=ëïáíÅÜ=Ü~ë=íç=çéÉå=áãJ
íÜÉ=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=íê~Åíáçå=ãçíçê=ÇêáîÉë=íÜÉ=ÖÉåÉêJ ãÉÇá~íÉäó=~ÑíÉê=íÜÉ=íáãÉ=ä~Ö=Éä~éëÉÇK
~íçêI=íÜÉ=ÖÉåÉê~íçê=ÇêáîÉë=íÜÉ=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=ÉåJ
√ oÉîÉêëÉ=éçïÉê=ÄÉäçï=íÜÉ=~ÇàìëíÉÇ=î~äìÉ=Ñçê=
ÖáåÉK
íÜÉ=êÉîÉêëÉ=éçïÉê=éêçíÉÅíáçå=êÉä~ó=Ñçê=éÉêáçÇë=
√ pìÇÇÉå=ÑêÉèìÉåÅó=áåÅêÉ~ëÉI=ÉKÖK=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=çÑ= ÉñÅÉÉÇáåÖ=PM=ëÉÅçåÇë=áë=åçí=éÉêãáííÉÇK
~=äç~Ç=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉ=áå=~å=áëçä~íÉÇ=åÉí=JJ[=áÑ=íÜÉ=
ÅçãÄìëíáçå= ÉåÖáåÉ= áë= çéÉê~íÉÇ= ~í= äçï= äç~Ç=
EÉKÖK=àìëí=~ÑíÉê=ëóåÅÜêçåáëáåÖF
MOMNJMPNMj^KÑã
gJ^f = m~ÖÉ=O=J=RR
MOMNJMPNMj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=RS gJ^f
OKNKTKV b~êíÜáåÖ=çÑ=ÇáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉë=~åÇ=ÄÉ~êáåÖ=áåëìä~íáçå=çå=ÖÉåÉê~íçêë
dÉåÉê~ä ÄÉ=~ÅÅçãéäáëÜÉÇ=~åó=çíÜÉê=ï~óI=~í=äÉ~ëí=éêçîáJ
ëáçå~ä=É~êíÜáåÖ=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíÉÇ=êáÖÜí=~í=íÜÉ=ÄÉJ
qÜÉ= ìëÉ= çÑ= ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä= ÉèìáéãÉåí= çå= ÇáÉëÉä= ÉåJ
ÖáååáåÖKF=
ÖáåÉë=êÉèìáêÉë=éêÉÅ~ìíáçåë=íç=ÄÉ=í~âÉå=Ñçê=éêçJ
íÉÅíáçå= ~Ö~áåëí= ëÜçÅâ= ÅìêêÉåí= ~åÇ= Ñçê=
jÉ~ëìêÉë=íç=ÄÉ=í~âÉå=çå=íÜÉ=ÖÉåÉê~íçê
ÉèìáéçíÉåíá~ä=ÄçåÇáåÖK=qÜÉëÉ=åçí=çåäó=ëÉêîÉ=~ë=
ëÜçÅâ=éêçíÉÅíáçå=Äìí=~äëç=Ñçê=ÑìåÅíáçå~ä=éêçíÉÅJ _ÉÅ~ìëÉ=çÑ=ëäáÖÜí=ã~ÖåÉíáÅ=ìåÄ~ä~åÅÉë=~åÇ=êáåÖ=
íáçå=çÑ=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ=~åÇ=ÉäÉÅíêçåáÅ=ÇÉîáÅÉë=Ebj`=éêçJ ÉñÅáí~íáçåëI= ëÜ~Ñí= îçäí~ÖÉëI= áKÉK= îçäí~ÖÉë= ÄÉJ
íÉÅíáçåI= ÇÉîáÅÉ= éêçíÉÅíáçå= áå= Å~ëÉ= çÑ= ïÉäÇáåÖI= íïÉÉå=íÜÉ=íïç=ëÜ~Ñí=ÉåÇëI=~êÉ=ÖÉåÉê~íÉÇ=áå=ÉäÉÅJ
ÉíÅKFK íêáÅ~ä= ã~ÅÜáåÉëK= få= íÜÉ= Å~ëÉ= çÑ= ÅçåëáÇÉê~ÄäÉ=
î~äìÉë=EÉKÖK=[=MKP=sFI=íÜÉêÉ=áë=íÜÉ=êáëâ=íÜ~í=ÄÉ~êáåÖ=
Ç~ã~ÖÉ=çÅÅìêë=ÇìÉ=íç=ÅìêêÉåí=íê~åëÑÉêëK=cçê=íÜáë=
êÉ~ëçåI=~í=äÉ~ëí=íÜÉ=ÄÉ~êáåÖ=íÜ~í=áë=åçí=äçÅ~íÉÇ=çå=
íÜÉ=ÇêáîÉ=ÉåÇ=áë=áåëìä~íÉÇ=çå=ÖÉåÉê~íçêë=~ééêçñK=
[=N=jtK=cçê=îÉêáÑáÅ~íáçåI=íÜÉ=îçäí~ÖÉ=~î~áä~ÄäÉ=~í=
íÜÉ= ëÜ~Ñí= EëÜ~Ñí= îçäí~ÖÉF= áë= ãÉ~ëìêÉÇ= ïÜáäÉ= íÜÉ=
ÖÉåÉê~íçê=áë=êìååáåÖ=~åÇ=ÉñÅáíÉÇK=táíÜ=éêçéÉê=áåJ
ëìä~íáçåI=~=îçäí~ÖÉ=Å~å=ÄÉ=ãÉ~ëìêÉÇK=få=çêÇÉê=íç=
éêçíÉÅí= íÜÉ= éêáãÉ= ãçîÉê= ~åÇ= íç= ÇáîÉêí= ÉäÉÅíêçJ
ëí~íáÅ=ÅÜ~êÖáåÖI=~å=É~êíÜáåÖ=ÄêìëÜ=áë=çÑíÉå=ÑáííÉÇ=
çå=íÜÉ=ÅçìéäáåÖ=ëáÇÉK=
lÄëÉêî~íáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= êÉèìáêÉÇ= ãÉ~ëìêÉë= áë= íÜÉ=
ÖÉåÉê~íçê=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêÛë=êÉëéçåëáÄáäáíóK
`çåëÉèìÉåÅÉë=çÑ=áå~ÇÉèì~íÉ=ÄÉ~êáåÖ=
áåëìä~íáçå=çå=íÜÉ=ÖÉåÉê~íçêI=~åÇ=áåëìä~íáçå=ÅÜÉÅâ
få= Å~ëÉ= íÜÉ= ÄÉ~êáåÖ= áåëìä~íáçå= áë= áå~ÇÉèì~íÉI=
ÉKÖKI=áÑ=íÜÉ=ÄÉ~êáåÖ=áåëìä~íáçå=ï~ë=ëÜçêíJÅáêÅìáí=Äó=
~= ãÉ~ëìêáåÖ= äÉ~Ç= EmqNMMI= îáÄê~íáçå= ëÉåëçêFI=
äÉ~â~ÖÉ=ÅìêêÉåíë=ã~ó=çÅÅìêI=ïÜáÅÜ=êÉëìäí=áå=íÜÉ=
ÇÉëíêìÅíáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÄÉ~êáåÖëK= låÉ= éçëëáÄáäáíó= íç=
ÅÜÉÅâ=íÜÉ=áåëìä~íáçå=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ã~ÅÜáåÉ=~í=ëí~åÇJ
ëíáää= Eéêáçê= íç= ÅçìéäáåÖ= íÜÉ= ÖÉåÉê~íçê= íç= íÜÉ= ÉåJ
ÖáåÉX=íÜáëI=ÜçïÉîÉêI=áë=çåäó=éçëëáÄäÉ=áå=íÜÉ=Å~ëÉ=
çÑ=ëáåÖäÉJÄÉ~êáåÖ=ÖÉåÉê~íçêëF=ïçìäÇ=ÄÉ=íç=ê~áëÉ=
cáÖìêÉ=OJNU b~êíÜáåÖ=ÅçååÉÅíáçå=çå=ÉåÖáåÉ íÜÉ= ÖÉåÉê~íçê= êçíçê= Eáåëìä~íÉÇI= áå= íÜÉ= Åê~åÉF= çå=
íÜÉ=ÅçìéäáåÖ=ëáÇÉI=~åÇ=íç=ãÉ~ëìêÉ=íÜÉ=áåëìä~íáçå=
Äó= ãÉ~åë= çÑ= íÜÉ= jÉÖÖÉê= íÉëí= ~Ö~áåëí= É~êíÜ= Eáå=
íÜáë=ÅçååÉÅíáçåI=íÜÉ=ã~ñK=îçäí~ÖÉ=éÉêãáííÉÇ=Äó=
b~êíÜáåÖ=ÅçååÉÅíáçåë=çå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ íÜÉ=ÖÉåÉê~íçê=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉê=áë=íç=ÄÉ=çÄëÉêîÉÇ>FK=
qÜêÉ~ÇÉÇ=ÄçêÉë=jNOI=OM=ãã=ÇÉÉéI=ã~êâÉÇ=ïáíÜ= fÑ= íÜÉ= ëÜ~Ñí= îçäí~ÖÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÖÉåÉê~íçê= ~í= ê~íÉÇ=
íÜÉ=É~êíÜáåÖ=ëóãÄçä=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=éêçîáÇÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ= ëéÉÉÇ=~åÇ=ê~íÉÇ=îçäí~ÖÉ=áë=âåçïå=EÉKÖK=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=
ÉåÖáåÉ=Ñççí=çå=ÄçíÜ=ÉåÇë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉëK= íÉëí=êÉÅçêÇ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÖÉåÉê~íçê=~ÅÅÉéí~åÅÉ=íÉëíFI=áí=
áë= ~äëç= éçëëáÄäÉ= íç= Å~êêó= çìí= ~= Åçãé~ê~íáîÉ=
MOMNJMNNNj^KÑã
fí=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=ÉåëìêÉÇ=íÜ~í=É~êíÜáåÖ=áë=Å~êêáÉÇ=çìí= ãÉ~ëìêÉãÉåíK
áããÉÇá~íÉäó=~ÑíÉê= ÉåÖáåÉ=ëÉíJìé>=EfÑ= íÜáë=Å~ååçí=
gJ^f = m~ÖÉ=O=J=RT
fÑ=íÜÉ=ãÉ~ëìêÉÇ=ëÜ~Ñí=îçäí~ÖÉ=áë=äçïÉê=íÜ~å=íÜÉ=
êÉëìäí=çÑ=íÜÉ=“É~êäáÉê=ãÉ~ëìêÉãÉåíÒ=EíÉëí=êÉÅçêÇFI=
íÜÉ=ÖÉåÉê~íçê=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉê=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ÅçåëìäíJ
ÉÇK
b~êíÜáåÖ=ÅçåÇìÅíçê
qÜÉ=åçãáå~ä=Åêçëë=ëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=É~êíÜáåÖ=ÅçåJ
ÇìÅíçê=EÉèìáéçíÉåíá~ä=ÄçåÇáåÖ=ÅçåÇìÅíçêF=Ü~ë=íç=
ÄÉ=ëÉäÉÅíÉÇ=áå=~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ=ïáíÜ=afk=sab=MNMMI=
é~êí=RQM=Eìé=íç=NMMM=sF=çê=afk=sab=MNQN=Eáå=ÉñJ
ÅÉëë=çÑ=N=hsFK
dÉåÉê~ääóI=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=~ééäáÉëW
qÜÉ=éêçíÉÅíáîÉ=ÅçåÇìÅíçê=íç=ÄÉ=~ëëáÖåÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=
ä~êÖÉëí=ã~áå=ÅçåÇìÅíçê=áë=íç=ÄÉ=í~âÉå=~ë=~=Ä~ëáë=
Ñçê=ëáòáåÖ=íÜÉ=Åêçëë=ëÉÅíáçåë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉèìáéçíÉåíá~ä=
ÄçåÇáåÖ=ÅçåÇìÅíçêëK
cäÉñáÄäÉ=ÅçåÇìÅíçêë=Ü~îÉ=íç=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÅçåJ
åÉÅíáçå=çÑ=êÉëáäáÉåíäó=ãçìåíÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉëK=
bñÉÅìíáçå=çÑ=É~êíÜáåÖ
lå=îÉëëÉäëI=É~êíÜáåÖ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÇçåÉ=Äó=íÜÉ=ëÜáéJ
ó~êÇ=ÇìêáåÖ=~ëëÉãÄäó=çå=Äç~êÇK=
b~êíÜáåÖ= ëíêáéë= ~êÉ= åçí= áåÅäìÇÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ=
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=ëÅçéÉ=çÑ=ëìééäóK
^ÇÇáíáçå~ä= áåÑçêã~íáçå= êÉÖ~êÇáåÖ= íÜÉ= ìëÉ= çÑ=

ïÉäÇáåÖ=ÉèìáéãÉåí
få=çêÇÉê=íç=éêÉîÉåí=Ç~ã~ÖÉ=çå=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ÅçãéçJ
åÉåíëI= áí= áë= áãéÉê~íáîÉ= íç= É~êíÜ= ïÉäÇáåÖ= ÉèìáéJ
ãÉåí=ÅäçëÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ïÉäÇáåÖ=~êÉ~I=áKÉKI=íÜÉ=Çáëí~åÅÉ=
ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=ïÉäÇáåÖ=ÉäÉÅíêçÇÉ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=É~êíÜáåÖ=
ÅçååÉÅíáçå=ëÜçìäÇ=åçí=ÉñÅÉÉÇ=NM=ãK
MOMNJMNNNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=RU gJ^f
OKNKU=båÖáåÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=ìåÇÉê=~êÅíáÅ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=
OKNKU båÖáåÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=ìåÇÉê=~êÅíáÅ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë
^êÅíáÅ=ÅçåÇáíáçå=áë=ÇÉÑáåÉÇ=~ëW J cìÉä=áåàÉÅíáçå=î~äîÉ
^áê= áåí~âÉ= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= ÄÉäçï= kçòòäÉ= ÅççäáåÖ= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ= ëïáíÅÜÉÇ= çÑÑ= íç=
HR=ø` ~îçáÇ= Åçêêçëáçå= Å~ìëÉÇ= Äó= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=
ÄÉäçï=íÜÉ=ÇÉï=éçáåíK
fÑ=ÉåÖáåÉë=çéÉê~íÉ=ìåÇÉê=~êÅíáÅ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=EáåíÉêJ
ãáííÉåíäó=çê=éÉêã~åÉåíäóFI=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÉèìáéãÉåí= J fåäÉí=î~äîÉ=äìÄêáÅ~íáçå
~åÇ= éä~åí= áåëí~ää~íáçå= Ü~îÉ= íç= ãÉÉí= ëéÉÅá~ä= ÇÉJ
e~ë=íç=ÄÉ=~Åíáî~íÉÇ=íç=~îçáÇ=~å=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=
ëáÖå=ÑÉ~íìêÉë=~åÇ=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíëK=qÜÉó=ÇÉéÉåÇ=çå=
ïÉ~ê=çÑ=íÜÉ=áåäÉí=î~äîÉëK
íÜÉ=éçëëáÄäÉ=ãáåáãìã=~áê=áåí~âÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=
íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉK båÖáåÉ=ÉèìáéãÉåí
qç=ÄÉ=Åä~ëëáÑáÉÇLÇÉÑáåÉÇ=Äó=ÅìëíçãÉêW
p~`çpLp~`çpçåÉ
√ `~íÉÖçêó=^
√ p~`çp=ÉèìáéãÉåí=áë=ëìáí~ÄäÉ=íç=ÄÉ=ëíçêÉÇ=~í=
jáåáãìã=~áê=áåí~âÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ
ãáåáãìã=~ãÄáÉåí=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=çÑ=ÓNR=ø`K
ÓNR=ø`
√ få=Å~ëÉ=íÜÉëÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=Å~ååçí=ÄÉ=ãÉíI=éêçJ
√ `~íÉÖçêó=_
íÉÅíáîÉ=ãÉ~ëìêÉë=~Ö~áåëí=Åäáã~íáÅ=áåÑäìÉåÅÉë=
jáåáãìã=~áê=áåí~âÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ Ü~îÉ=íç=ÄÉ=í~âÉå=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ÉäÉÅíêçåáÅ=
ÓPR=ø` ÅçãéçåÉåíëW=
√ `~íÉÖçêó=` J bap=a~í~Äçñ=^m`SOM
jáåáãìã=~áê=áåí~âÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ J qcqJíçìÅÜëÅêÉÉå=Çáëéä~ó
ÄÉäçï=ÓPR=ø`
J bãÉêÖÉåÅó=ëïáíÅÜ=ãçÇìäÉ=_aRVPT
√ péÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=ÑìÉä=íç=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ
qÜÉëÉ=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=Ü~îÉ=íç=ÄÉ=ëíçêÉÇ=~í=éä~ÅJ
péÉÅá~ä=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÇÉëáÖå=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë ÉëI=ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=áë=~ÄçîÉ=ÓNR=ø`K
√ `Ü~êÖÉ= ~áê= ÄäçïJçÑÑ= ~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ= íç= Å~íÉÖçêáÉë= √ ^=ãáåáãìã=çéÉê~íáåÖ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ==HR=ø`=

Î=_=çê=` Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ= ÉåëìêÉÇK= qÜÉ= ìëÉ= çÑ= ~å= çéíáçå~ä=
ÉäÉÅíêáÅ=ÜÉ~íáåÖ=áë=êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇK
√ fÑ=~êÅíáÅ=ÑìÉä=çáä=EïáíÜ=îÉêó=äçï=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=éêçéJ
ÉêíáÉëF= áë= ìëÉÇI= íÜÉ= ÑçääçïáåÖ= ~Åíáçåë= ~êÉ= êÉJ mä~åí=áåëí~ää~íáçå
èìáêÉÇW
J cìÉä=áåàÉÅíáçå=éìãéW fåí~âÉ=~áê=ÅçåÇáíáçåáåÖ
[ içï=îáëÅçëáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=Å~å=Å~ìëÉ=~å= √ ^áê=áåí~âÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~åÇ=éçïÉê=ÜçìëÉLÉåJ
áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=äÉ~â~ÖÉ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=Å~å= ÖáåÉ=êççã=îÉåíáä~íáçå=Ü~îÉ=íç=ÄÉ=íïç=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=
éçëëáÄäó=éÉåÉíê~íÉK=qÜ~í=áë=ïÜó=ëÉ~äáåÖ= ëóëíÉãë=íç=ÉåëìêÉ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=éçïÉê=ÜçìëÉLÉåJ
çáä=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=~åÇ=~Åíáî~íÉÇK ÖáåÉ=êççã=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=áë=åçí=íçç=äçï=Å~ìëÉÇ=
Äó=íÜÉ=~ãÄáÉåí=~áê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉK
[ qç=í~âÉ=Å~êÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=äçï=äìÄêáÅáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=
ÑìÉäI=íÜÉ=ã~ñáãìã=~ääçï~ÄäÉ=ÑìÉä=íÉãJ √ fí=áë=åÉÅÉëë~êó=íç=ÉåëìêÉ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=
éÉê~íìêÉë=Ü~îÉ=íç=ÄÉ=âÉéíK ÅççäÉê=Å~ååçí=ÑêÉÉòÉ=ïÜÉå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áë=çìí=
çÑ=çéÉê~íáçå=E~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÅçäÇ=~áê=áë=~í=íÜÉ=~áê=áåäÉí=
ëáÇÉFK
MOMNJMVMN^^KÑã=
`J_^ ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=RV
OKNKU=båÖáåÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=ìåÇÉê=~êÅíáÅ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë==
√ d~ë=ÉåÖáåÉëW [ ^ÇÇáíáçå~ääó= íÜÉ= ÅÜ~êÖÉ= ~áê= ÄÉÑçêÉ= íÜÉ=

ÅóäáåÇÉê=áë=éêÉÜÉ~íÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=eq=ÅáêÅìáí=
J ^å= ~áê= áåí~âÉ= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= HR=ø`= Ü~ë= íç=
çÑ= íÜÉ= ÅÜ~êÖÉ= ~áê= ÅççäÉê= Eiq= ÅáêÅìáí=
ÄÉ=ÉåëìêÉÇ=Äó=éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖK
ÅäçëÉÇFK
J få= ~ÇÇáíáçåI= íÜÉ= ã~ñáãìã= ~ãÄáÉåí= íÉãJ
éÉê~íìêÉ= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ= ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ= ëáåÅÉ= íÜÉ= jáåáãìã=éçïÉê=ÜçìëÉLÉåÖáåÉ=êççã=íÉãéÉê~J
ÉåÖáåÉ=Åçåíêçä=Å~å=çåäó=ÅçãéÉåë~íÉ=~=äáãJ íìêÉ
áíÉÇ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ê~åÖÉ=E~ééêçñK=OM=hFK
√ sÉåíáä~íáçå=çÑ=éçïÉê=ÜçìëÉLÉåÖáåÉ=êççã
bñ~ãéäÉW qÜÉ=~áê=çÑ=íÜÉ=éçïÉê=ÜçìëÉLÉåÖáåÉ=êççã=îÉåJ
íáä~íáçå= ãìëí= åçí= ÄÉ= íçç= ÅçäÇ= EéêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ= áë=
j~ñáãìã=~ãÄáÉåí=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ KK HPR=ø`
åÉÅÉëë~êóF=íç=~îçáÇ=íÜÉ=ÑêÉÉòáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=äáèìáÇë=
qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÅçãéÉåë~íáçå áå=íÜÉ=éçïÉê=ÜçìëÉLÉåÖáåÉ=êççã=ëóëíÉãëK
Äó=ÉåÖáåÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OM=h
√ jáåáãìã= éçïÉêÜçìëÉLÉåÖáåÉ= êççã= íÉãéÉêJ
[ ^å= ~áê= áåí~âÉ= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= çÑ= =HNR=ø`= ~íìêÉ=Ñçê=ÇÉëáÖå=HR=ø`
EPR=ø`= Ó= OM=h=Z=NR=ø`F= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ= ÉåJ
√ `ççä~åí=~åÇ=äìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëíÉãë
ëìêÉÇ=Äó=éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖK
J eq=~åÇ=äìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëíÉã=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=éêÉÜÉ~íJ
√ aì~ä=ÑìÉä=ÉåÖáåÉë
ÉÇ=~ë=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=áå=ÅÜ~éíÉê=“pí~êíáåÖ=ÅçåÇáJ
J `~íÉÖçêó=Î=_ íáçåëÒ= çÑ= íÜÉ= éêçàÉÅí= ÖìáÇÉ= Ñçê= É~ÅÜ=
kç= ~ÇÇáíáçå~ä= ~Åíáçåë= ~êÉ= åÉÅÉëë~êóK= qÜÉ= áåÇáîáÇì~ä=ÉåÖáåÉK
ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÄÉÑçêÉ=íÜÉ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=áë=éêÉÜÉ~íÉÇ= J aÉëáÖå= êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë= Ñçê= íÜÉ= éêÉÜÉ~íÉê= çÑ=
Äó=íÜÉ=eq=ÅáêÅìáí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê= eq=ëóëíÉãëW
Eiq=ÅáêÅìáí=ÅäçëÉÇFK
[ `~íÉÖçêó=^
J `~íÉÖçêó=` pí~åÇ~êÇ=éêÉÜÉ~íÉêK
[ ^å=~áê=áåí~âÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ==ÓPR=ø`=Ü~ë= [ `~íÉÖçêó=_
íç=ÄÉ=ÉåëìêÉÇ=Äó=éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖK
RM=B= áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ= Å~é~Åáíó= çÑ= íÜÉ= éêÉJ
[ ^ÇÇáíáçå~ääó= íÜÉ= ÅÜ~êÖÉ= ~áê= ÄÉÑçêÉ= íÜÉ= ÜÉ~íÉêK
ÅóäáåÇÉê=áë=éêÉÜÉ~íÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=eq=ÅáêÅìáí=
[ `~íÉÖçêó=`
çÑ= íÜÉ= ÅÜ~êÖÉ= ~áê= ÅççäÉê= Eiq= ÅáêÅìáí=
ÅäçëÉÇFK NMM=B= áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ= Å~é~Åáíó= çÑ= íÜÉ= éêÉJ
ÜÉ~íÉêK
[ få=ëéÉÅá~ä=Å~ëÉë=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~åÖÉJçîÉê=éçáåí=
Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=Ñêçã=ÇáÉëÉä=çéÉê~íáçå=íç= J fÑ= ~= ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå= çÑ= ~åíáJÑêÉÉòáåÖ= ~ÖÉåíë=
acJjçÇÉ=EÖ~ë=ãçÇÉF=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=ëÜáÑíÉÇ= çÑ=[=RM=B=áå=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉãë=áë=
íç=~=ÜáÖÜÉê=äç~ÇK åÉÉÇÉÇI= éäÉ~ëÉ= Åçåí~Åí=
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=Ñçê=~ééêçî~äK
√ aáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉë
J cçê= áåÑçêã~íáçå= êÉÖ~êÇáåÖ= ÉåÖáåÉ= ÅççäáåÖ=
J `~íÉÖçêó=Î=_ ï~íÉê= éäÉ~ëÉ= ëÉÉ= ?`Ü~éíÉê= P= nì~äáíó= êÉJ
kç= ~ÇÇáíáçå~ä= ~Åíáçåë= ~êÉ= åÉÅÉëë~êóK= qÜÉ= èìáêÉãÉåíë= çÑ= çéÉê~íáåÖ= ëìééäáÉëI= é~ÖÉ=
ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÄÉÑçêÉ=íÜÉ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=áë=éêÉÜÉ~íÉÇ= PJN?K
Äó=íÜÉ=eq=ÅáêÅìáí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=
Eiq=ÅáêÅìáí=ÅäçëÉÇFK √ fåëìä~íáçå
J `~íÉÖçêó=` qÜÉ=ÇÉëáÖå=çÑ=íÜÉ=áåëìä~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=éáéáåÖ=
ëóëíÉãë=~åÇ=çíÜÉê=éä~åí=é~êíë=Eí~åâëI=ÜÉ~í=
MOMNJMVMN^^KÑã=
[ ^å=~áê=áåí~âÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ==ÓPR=ø`=Ü~ë= ÉñÅÜ~åÖÉê= ÉíÅKF= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ= ãçÇáÑáÉÇ= ~åÇ=

íç=ÄÉ=ÉåëìêÉÇ=Äó=éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖK ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ= Ñçê= íÜÉ= ëéÉÅá~ä= êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë= çÑ=
~êÅíáÅ=ÅçåÇáíáçåëK
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=SM =`J_^
=
MOMQJMQMNjnÅêffKÑã
^J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=SN

OKNKV=cìÉä=çáä=ÅçåëìãéíáçåX=äìÄÉ=çáä=Åçåëìãéíáçå=
OKNKVKO iìÄÉ=çáä=Åçåëìãéíáçå
båÖáåÉ=POLQQò
RSM=âtLÅóäKX=TOMLTRM=êéã=
qçí~ä=äìÄÉ=çáä=Åçåëìãéíáçå=xâÖLÜzNF
kçK=çÑ=ÅóäáåÇÉêë Si Ti Ui Vi NMi NOs NQs NSs NUs OMs
péÉÉÇ=TOMLTRM=êéã NKT OKM OKO OKR OKU PKQ PKV QKR RKM RKS
NF=qçäÉê~åÅÉ=Ñçê=ï~êê~åíó=HOM=BK
q~ÄäÉ=OJON qçí~ä=äìÄÉ=çáä=Åçåëìãéíáçå=iHsPOLQQò
péÉÅáÑáÅ=äìÄÉ=çáä=Åçåëìãéíáçå= K=K=K=K=MKR=ÖLâtÜ
kçíÉ>
^ë=~=ã~ííÉê=çÑ=éêáåÅáéäÉI=íÜÉ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=ÅçåJ
ëìãéíáçå=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ëí~íÉÇ=~ë=íçí~ä=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=
Åçåëìãéíáçå= êÉä~íÉÇ= íç= íÜÉ= í~Äìä~íÉÇ= fpl= Ñìää=
äç~Ç=çìíéìí=EëÉÉ=?`Ü~éíÉê=OKNKQ=mçïÉêI=çìíéìíëI=
ëéÉÉÇëI=é~ÖÉ=OJNP?FK
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=SO POLQQò ^J_^

OKNKVKP `~äÅìä~íáçå=çÑ=ÑìÉä=Åçåëìãéíáçå=~í=ëáíÉ
få=~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ=ïáíÜ=fpl=PMQSJNWOMMOI=Åä~ìëÉ=NMI=
áíÉã=NMKQ=íÜÉ=~Ç~éí~íáçå=çÑ=ÑìÉä=Åçåëìãéíáçå=áë=
Ä~ëÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=Ñçêãìä~W
 = 1 + 0.0006   í ñ – í ê  + 0.0007   í Åñ – í Åê  + 0.07   é ê – é ñ 
kçíÉW=≈==N
Ä
Äñ = Äê   Ä
ê
= ----ñ
===
≈= cìÉä=Åçåëìãéíáçå=Ñ~Åíçê
Äê= péÉÅáÑáÅ=ÑìÉä=Åçåëìãéíáçå=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=Åçåíê~Åíì~ä=êÉÑJ
ÉêÉåÅÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=~åÇLçê=fpl=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ÅçåJ
Çáíáçåë=xÖLâtÜz
Äñ= péÉÅáÑáÅ= ÑìÉä= Åçåëìãéíáçå= ÇìêáåÖ= íÉëí= êìåë= ~åÇLçê= ~í=
ëáíÉ=xÖLâtÜz
íê= ^ãÄáÉåí=~áê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=Åçåíê~Åíì~ä=êÉÑÉêJ
ÉåÅÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=~åÇLçê=fpl=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ÅçåÇáJ
íáçåë=xø`z
íñ= ^ãÄáÉåí=~áê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÇìêáåÖ=íÉëí=êìåë=~åÇLçê=~í=ëáíÉ=
xø`z
íÅê= `Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=ÅçåJ
íê~Åíì~ä=êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=~åÇLçê=fpl=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=êÉÑÉêJ
ÉåÅÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=xø`z
íÅñ= `Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÇìêáåÖ=íÉëí=êìåë=
~åÇLçê=~í=ëáíÉ=xø`z
éê= ^ãÄáÉåí=çîÉê~ää=éêÉëëìêÉ=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=Åçåíê~Åíì~ä=êÉÑJ
ÉêÉåÅÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=~åÇLçê=fpl=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ÅçåJ
Çáíáçåë=xÄ~êz
éñ= ^ãÄáÉåí=çîÉê~ää=éêÉëëìêÉ=ÇìêáåÖ=íÉëí=êìåë=~åÇLçê=~í=ëáíÉ=
EëáíÉ= ~äíáíìÇÉ= ~åÇLçê= ëìÄëíáíìíÉ= ~äíáíìÇÉ= áå= Å~ëÉ= çÑ=
ã~íÅÜÉÇ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉêF=xÄ~êz
bñ~ãéäÉ
cçêãìä~=Ñçê=fpl=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=~ë=Åçåíê~Åíì~ä=ÅçåJ
ÇáíáçåëW
 = 1 + 0.0006   í ñ – 25  + 0.0007   í Åñ – 25  + 0.07   1.0 – é ñ 
qÜÉ=Å~äÅìä~íÉÇ=ÑìÉä=Åçåëìãéíáçå=~í=ëáíÉ=áë=íç=ÄÉ=
êçìåÇÉÇ=ìé=íç=íÜÉ=åÉñí=áåíÉÖÉêK
^J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=SP

OKNKVKQ ^ÖáåÖ
Aging curve - 32/44 CR

2,00
early maintenance every 12000 or 30000 operating hrs

1,75 late maintenance every 15000 or 40000 operating hrs
Increase of fuel oil consumption [%]
1,50
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Operating hours [ x 1000 h]
cáÖìêÉ=OJNV fåÑäìÉåÅÉ=Ñêçã=íçí~ä=ÉåÖáåÉ=êìååáåÖ=íáãÉ=~åÇ=ëÉêîáÅÉ=áåíÉêî~äë=çå=ÑìÉä=çáä=Åçåëìãéíáçå
qÜÉ=ÑìÉä=çáä=Åçåëìãéíáçå=ïáää=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=çîÉê=íÜÉ=
êìååáåÖ= íáãÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉK= mêçéÉê= ëÉêîáÅÉ= Å~å=
êÉÇìÅÉ=çê=Éäáãáå~íÉ=íÜáë=áåÅêÉ~ëÉK=aÉéÉåÇÉåÅáÉë=
Å~å=ÄÉ=ëÉÉå=áå=?cáÖìêÉ=OJNV=fåÑäìÉåÅÉ=Ñêçã=íçí~ä=
ÉåÖáåÉ=êìååáåÖ=íáãÉ=~åÇ=ëÉêîáÅÉ=áåíÉêî~äë=çå=ÑìÉä=
çáä=Åçåëìãéíáçå?K
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=SQ POLQQò ^J_^

OKNKNM=mä~ååáåÖ=Ç~í~=Ñçê=Éãáëëáçå=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=fjl=qáÉê=ff=
OKNKNMKN kçãáå~ä=î~äìÉë=Ñçê=ÅççäÉê=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçå=Ó==
iPOLQQò=Ñçê=Éãáëëáçå=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=fjl=qáÉê=ff
RSM=âtLÅóäKX=TOMLTRM=êéã=
oÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçåëW=qêçéáÅ
^áê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ QR
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=íÉãéK=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=Eiq= ø`
PU
ëí~ÖÉF=
^áê=éêÉëëìêÉ= Ä~ê =N
oÉä~íáîÉ=ÜìãáÇáíó= B RM
kìãÄÉê=çÑ=ÅóäáåÇÉêë J Si Ti Ui Vi NMi
båÖáåÉ=çìíéìí ât PIPSM PIVOM QIQUM RIMQM RISMM
NF
eÉ~í=íç=ÄÉ=Çáëëáé~íÉÇ
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=E`KtKF=ÅóäáåÇÉê QQV ROP RVU STP TQU
`Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉêX=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=eq VRP NINPM NIORP NIQPR NIRRU
`Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉêX=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=iq QUP RTR SRT TRM UPO
OF
ât
iìÄÉ=çáä=EiKlKF=ÅççäÉê=H=ëÉé~ê~íçê QPM RMO RTQ SQR TNT
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÑìÉä=åçòòäÉë NP NR NT OM OO
eÉ~í=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÉåÖáåÉ NOO NQO NSP NUP OMQ
cäçï=ê~íÉëPF
eq=ÅáêÅìáí=E`KtK=ÅóäáåÇÉê=H=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=eqF QO QV RS SP TM
iq=ÅáêÅìáí=EiKlK=ÅççäÉê=H=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=iqF SS TT UU VV NNM
ãPLÜ
iìÄÉ=çáä=EQ=Ä~ê=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉF NMM NNM NOM NPM NQM
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÑìÉä=åçòòäÉë NKM NKO NKQ NKS NKU
mìãéë
~F=cêÉÉJëí~åÇáåÖQF=
eq=ÅáêÅìáí=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=EQKP==Ä~êF QO QV RS SP TM
iq=ÅáêÅìáí=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=EPKM==Ä~êF aÉéÉåÇáåÖ=çå=éä~åí=ÇÉëáÖå
iìÄÉ=çáä=EUKM==Ä~êF= NMMHò NNMHò NOMHò NPMHò NQMHò
ã³LÜ
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÑìÉä=åçòòäÉë=EPKM==Ä~êF NKM NKO NKQ NKS NKU
cìÉä=ëìééäó=ENMKM==Ä~êF NKP NKR NKT OKM OKO
cìÉä=ÄççëíÉê=ENMKM==Ä~êF 2.5 OKV PKP PKU QKO
ÄF=^íí~ÅÜÉÇ
iìÄÉ=çáä=EUKM=Ä~êF=Åçåëí~åí=ëéÉÉÇ NOM NOM NQN NQN NSO
ã³LÜ
iìÄÉ=çáä=EUKM=Ä~êF=î~êá~ÄäÉ=ëéÉÉÇ NOM NQN NSO NSO NVN
NF=qçäÉê~åÅÉW=HNM=B=Ñçê=ê~íáåÖ=ÅççäÉêëI=ÓNR=B=Ñçê=ÜÉ~í=êÉÅçîÉêóK
kçíÉ>
OF==fåÅäìÇáåÖ=ëÉé~ê~íçê=ÜÉ~í=EPM==âgLâtÜFK J=Å~é~ÅáíáÉë=çÑ=prelubric~íáçåLpostlubric~íáçå=éìãéë
PF==_~ëáÅ=î~äìÉë=Ñçê=ä~óçìí=ÇÉëáÖå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅççäÉêëK =ëÉÉ=?`Ü~éíÉê=SKOKO=mêÉäìÄêáÅ~íáçå=L=éçëíäìÄêáÅ~íáçåI=
QF=qçäÉê~åÅÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=éìãéë=ÇÉäáîÉêó=Å~é~ÅáíáÉë=ãìëí=ÄÉ é~ÖÉ=SJOV?=~åÇ=
MOMQJMRMNjnÅêffKÑã
J=Å~é~ÅáíáÉë=Ñçê=éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖLéçëíÅççäáåÖ=éìãéë=ëÉÉ=
ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêK
?`Ü~éíÉê=SKPKNKO=eq=`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÅáêÅìáíI=é~ÖÉ=SJQP?K
ò=Z=cäìëÜáåÖ=çáä=çÑ=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉêK
q~ÄäÉ=OJOO kçãáå~ä=î~äìÉë=Ñçê=ÅççäÉê=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçå=iPOLQQò=
`J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=SR

OKNKNMKO qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Ä~ëáëI=åçãáå~ä=~áê=~åÇ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=Ç~í~=Ó=
iPOLQQò=Ñçê=Éãáëëáçå=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=fjl=qáÉê=ff
RSM=âtLÅóäKX=TOMLTRM=êéã
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=íÉãéK=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê= ø`
PU
ÅççäÉê=Eiq=ëí~ÖÉF
^áê=éêÉëëìêÉ= Ä~ê N
kìãÄÉê=çÑ=ÅóäáåÇÉêë Si Ti Ui Vi NMi
båÖáåÉ=çìíéìí ât PIPSM PIVOM QIQUM RIMQM RISMM
qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Ä~ëáë
eq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÉåÖáåÉ=çìíäÉí VM
iq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=~áê=ÅççäÉê=áåäÉí PU=ø`=EpÉíéçáåí=PO=ø`FNF
ø`
iìÄÉ=çáä=ÉåÖáåÉ=áåäÉí SR
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=áåäÉí=åçòòäÉë SM
^áê=Ç~í~
qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=~í=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=
ø` RR RQ RR RQ RR
ÅççäÉê=çìíäÉí
^áê=Ñäçï=ê~íÉ ãPLÜ OMITRM OQINMM OTISMM PNINMM PQIRMM
íLÜ OOKT OSKR PMKO PQKM PTKU
`Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=éêÉëëìêÉ=E~ÄëçäìíÉF Ä~ê QKQM
^áê=êÉèìáêÉÇ=íç=Çáëëáé~íÉ=ÜÉ~í=ê~Çá~íáçå=
ã³LÜ QMIUTM QTISMM RQISMM SNIPMM SUIPMM
EÉåÖáåÉF=EíO=Ó=íN=Z=NM==ø`F
bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=Ç~í~OF
sçäìãÉ=Ñäçï=EíÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=
ãPLÜ QQISRM ROINOM RVISMM STINMM TQIRRM
çìíäÉíF
j~ëë=Ñäçï íLÜ OPKP OTKO PNKN PRKM PUKV
qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=~í=íìêÄáåÉ=çìíäÉí ø` PQM
eÉ~í=ÅçåíÉåí=ENVM=ø`F ât NIMQO NIONT NIPVN NIRSQ NITPU
mÉêãáëëáÄäÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=Ä~Åâ=éêÉëëìêÉ=
ãÄ~ê Y=PM
~ÑíÉê=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê
NF=cçê=ÇÉëáÖå=ëÉÉ=?`Ü~éíÉê=SKPKN=`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉãI=é~ÖÉ=SJQN?K
OF=qçäÉê~åÅÉW=èì~åíáíó=HLÓR=BI=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=HLÓOM=ø`K
q~ÄäÉ=OJOP ^áê=~åÇ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=Ç~í~=Ó=ÉåÖáåÉ=iPOLQQò
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=SS POLQQò `J_^

OKNKNMKP kçãáå~ä=î~äìÉë=Ñçê=ÅççäÉê=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçå=Ó==
sPOLQQò=Ñçê=Éãáëëáçå=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=fjl=qáÉê=ff
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=íÉãéK=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê= ø`
PU
Eiq=ëí~ÖÉF
kìãÄÉê=çÑ=ÅóäáåÇÉêë J NO NQ NS NU OM
båÖáåÉ=çìíéìí ât SITOM TIUQM UIVSM NMIMUM NNIOMM
eÉ~í=íç=ÄÉ=Çáëëáé~íÉÇNF
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=E`KtKF=ÅóäáåÇÉê UVT NIMQT NINVT NIPQS NIQVS
`Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉêX=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=eq= NIVTM OIPON OIRUO OIVPS PINUV
`Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉêX=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=iq VMP NIMUR NIOPS NIQOR NIRUM
ât
iìÄÉ=çáä=EiKlKFÅççäÉê=H=ëÉé~ê~íçêOF URM VVO NINPQ NIOTS NIQNT
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÑìÉä=åçòòäÉë OS PM PR PV QQ
eÉ~í=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÉåÖáåÉ OQQ OUR POS PSS QMT
cäçï=ê~íÉëPF
eq=ÅáêÅìáí=E`KtK=ÅóäáåÇÉê=H=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=
UQ VU NNO NOS NQM
eqF
iq=ÅáêÅìáí=EiKlK=ÅççäÉê=H=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=iqF ãPLÜ NPO NRQ NTS NVU OOM
iìÄÉ=çáä=ER=Ä~ê=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉF NSM NUM OMM OOM OQM
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÑìÉä=åçòòäÉë OKM OKQ OKU PKO PKO
mìãéë
~F=cêÉÉJëí~åÇáåÖQF=
eq=ÅáêÅìáí=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=EQKP=Ä~êF UQ VU NNO NOS NQM
iq=ÅáêÅìáí=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=EPKM=Ä~êF aÉéÉåÇáåÖ=çå=éä~åí=ÇÉëáÖå
iìÄÉ=çáä=EUKM=Ä~êF= NSMHò NUMHò OMMHò OOMHò OQMHò
ã³LÜ
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÑìÉä=åçòòäÉë=EPKM=Ä~êF OKM OKQ OKU PKO PKS
cìÉä=ëìééäó=ENMKM=Ä~êF 2.6 3.1 3.5 4.0 4.4
cìÉä=ÄççëíÉê=ENMKM=Ä~êF 5.0 5.9 6.7 7.6 8.4
ÄF=^íí~ÅÜÉÇ
iìÄÉ=çáä=EUKM=Ä~êF=Åçåëí~åí=ëéÉÉÇ NSO NVN NVN OOS OQM
ã³LÜ
iìÄÉ=çáä=EUKM=Ä~êF=î~êá~ÄäÉ=ëéÉÉÇ 191 191 226 226 240
NF=qçäÉê~åÅÉW=HNM=B=Ñçê=ê~íáåÖ=ÅççäÉêëI=
kçíÉ>W
ÓNR=B=Ñçê=ÜÉ~í=êÉÅçîÉêóK J=Å~é~ÅáíáÉë=çÑ=prelubric~íáçåLpostlubric~íáçå=éìãéë=
OF=fåÅäìÇáåÖ=ëÉé~ê~íçê=ÜÉ~í=EPM=âgLâtÜFK =ëÉÉ=?`Ü~éíÉê=SKOKO=mêÉäìÄêáÅ~íáçå=L=éçëíäìÄêáÅ~íáçåI=é~ÖÉ=
PF=_~ëáÅ=î~äìÉë=Ñçê=ä~óçìí=ÇÉëáÖå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅççäÉêëK SJOV?=~åÇ=
QF=qçäÉêÉåÅÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=éìãéë=ÇÉäáîÉêó=Å~é~ÅáíáÉë=ãìëí=ÄÉJ J=Å~é~ÅáíáÉë=Ñçê=éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖLéçëíÅççäáåÖ=éìãéë
= ëÉÉ= ?`Ü~éíÉê= SKPKNKO= eq= `ççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê= ÅáêÅìáíI= é~ÖÉ=
ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=éìãé=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêK
SJQP?K
ò=Z=ÑäìëÜáåÖ=çáä=çÑ=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉêK
q~ÄäÉ=OJOQ kçãáå~ä=î~äìÉë=Ñçê=ÅççäÉê=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçå==Ó=ÉåÖáåÉ=sPOLQQò
`J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=ST

OKNKNMKQ qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Ä~ëáëI=åçãáå~ä=~áê=~åÇ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=Ç~í~=Ó==
sPOLQQò=Ñçê=Éãáëëáçå=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=fjl=qáÉê=ff
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=íÉãéK=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê= ø`
ÅççäÉê= PU
Eiq=ëí~ÖÉF=
kìãÄÉê=çÑ=ÅóäáåÇÉêë J NO NQ NS NU OM
båÖáåÉ=çìíéìí ât SITOM TIUQM UIVSM NMIMUM NNIOMM
qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Ä~ëáë
eq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÉåÖáåÉ=çìíäÉí VM
iq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=~áê=ÅççäÉê=áåäÉí PU=ø`=EpÉíéçáåí=PO=ø`FNF
ø`
iìÄÉ=çáä=áåäÉí=ÉåÖáåÉ= SR
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=áåäÉí=åçòòäÉë SM
^áê=Ç~í~
qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=~í=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=
ø` RR RQ RR RQ RR
ÅççäÉê=çìíäÉí
^áê=Ñäçï=ê~íÉ ãPLÜ QNIQRM QUIPMM RRIOMM SOINMM SVIMMM
íLÜ QRKQ ROKV SMKR SUKM TRKS
`Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=éêÉëëìêÉ=E~ÄëçäìíÉF Ä~ê QKQ
^áê=êÉèìáêÉÇ=íç=Çáëëáé~íÉ=ÜÉ~í=ê~Çá~íáçå=
ã³LÜ UNITMM VRIRMM NMVIOMM NOOISMM NPSIPMM
EÉåÖáåÉF=EíO=Ó=íN=Z=NM=ø`F
bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=Ç~í~OF
sçäìãÉ=Ñäçï=EíÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=
ãPLÜ UVIPMM NMQIOMM NNVIOMM NPQINMM NQUIVMM
çìíäÉíF
j~ëë=Ñäçï íLÜ QSKS RQKQ SOKO TMKM TTKT
qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=~í=íìêÄáåÉ=çìíäÉí ø` PPV
eÉ~í=ÅçåíÉåí=ENVM=ø`F ât OIMTS OIQOO OITST PINNP PIQRV
mÉêãáëëáÄäÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=Ä~Åâ=éêÉëëìêÉ=
ãÄ~ê Y=PM
~ÑíÉê=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê
NF=cçê=ÇÉëáÖå=ëÉÉ=?`Ü~éíÉê=SKPKN=`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉãI=é~ÖÉ=SJQN?K
OF=qçäÉê~åÅÉW=èì~åíáíó=HLÓR=BI=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=HLÓOM=ø`K
q~ÄäÉ=OJOR ^áê=~åÇ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=Ç~í~==Ó=ÉåÖáåÉ=sPOLQQò
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=SU POLQQò `J_^

OKNKNMKR iç~Ç=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=î~äìÉë=~í=íêçéáÅ~ä=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=Ó==
iLsPOLQQò=Ñçê=Éãáëëáçåë=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=fjl=qáÉê=ff=
ø`
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=íÉãéK=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=Eiq=ëí~ÖÉF= PU
båÖáåÉ=çìíéìí B NMM UR TR RM
âtLÅóäK RSM QTS QOM OUM
péÉÉÇ êéã TOMLTRM
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÅóäáåÇÉê QUN QUT ROM SMQ
`Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉêX=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=eqOF NIMOR VTU VPV RRP
OF
`Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉêX=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=iq RMU ROR RPR QTM
PF
âgLâtÜ
iìÄÉ=çáä=ÅççäÉê=H=ëÉé~ê~íçê QRS QUU RPM TMV
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÑìÉä=åçòòäÉë NQ J
eÉ~í=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÉåÖáåÉ NPN NPR NPV NSR
^áê=Ç~í~
qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê
~ÑíÉê=ÅçãéêÉëëçê ø` ORM OPM ONS NRV
~í=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=çìíäÉí RR RP RN QR
^áê=Ñäçï=ê~íÉ âÖLâtÜ SKTR TKON TKRR TKRP
`Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=éêÉëëìêÉ=E~ÄëçäìíÉF bar QKQN PKVU PKSS OKQQ
bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=Ç~í~QF
j~ëë=Ñäçï âÖLâtÜ SKVQ TKQN TKTR TKTQ
qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=~í=íìêÄáåÉ=çìíäÉí ø` PPV PPN PPO PSO
eÉ~í=ÅçåíÉåí=ENVM==ø`F âgLâtÜ NINNO NINOR NINUQ NIQPO
mÉêãáëëáÄäÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=Ä~Åâ=éêÉëëìêÉ=~ÑíÉê=
ãÄ~ê Y=PM J
íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=Eã~ñáãìãF
qçäÉê~åÅÉë=êÉÑÉê=íç=NMM=B=äç~ÇK
OF=qÜÉ=î~äìÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=é~êíáÅìä~ê=ÅóäáåÇÉê=åìãÄÉêë=Å~å=ÇáÑÑÉê=ÇÉéÉåÇáåÖ=çå=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåK=
qÜÉëÉ=ÑáÖìêÉë=~êÉ=Å~äÅìä~íÉÇ=Ñçê=OMsPOLQQòK
PF=fåÅäìÇáåÖ=ëÉé~ê~íçê=ÜÉ~í=EPM=hgLâtÜFK
QF=qçäÉê~åÅÉëW=èì~åíáíó=œR=BI=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=œOM==ø`K
q~ÄäÉ=OJOS iç~Ç=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=î~äìÉë=~í=íêçéáÅ~ä=ÅçåÇáíáçåë==Ó=ÉåÖáåÉ=iLsPOLQQò
`J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=SV

OKNKNMKS iç~Ç=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=î~äìÉë=~í=fplJÅçåÇáíáçåë=Ó=
iLsPOLQQò=Ñçê=Éãáëëáçå=ëí~åÇ~êÇ==fjl=qáÉê=ff
oÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçåëW=fpl
^áê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ OR
ø`
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=íÉãéK=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=Eiq=ëí~ÖÉF= OR
^áê=éêÉëëìêÉ= Ä~ê =N
oÉä~íáîÉ=ÜìãáÇáíó= B PM
båÖáåÉ=çìíéìí B NMM UR TR RM
âtLÅóäK RSM QTS QOM OUM
péÉÉÇ êéã TOMLTRM
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÅóäáåÇÉê QOT QPO QSO RPS
`Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉêX=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=eqOF UVS UQN TVT QNP
`Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉêX=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=iqOF QPV QRN QRU QOP
PF
âgLâtÜ
iìÄÉ=çáä=ÅççäÉê=H=ëÉé~ê~íçê QPN QSN RMN STM
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÑìÉä=åçòòäÉë NQ J
eÉ~í=ê~Çá~íáçå=ÉåÖáåÉ NTMM NTR NUM ONR
^áê=Ç~í~
qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê
~ÑíÉê=ÅçãéêÉëëçê ø` OOS OMT NVQ NPV
~í=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=çìíäÉí QP QN QM PS
^áê=Ñäçï=ê~íÉ âÖLâtÜ TKMS TKRR TKVM TKUU
`Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=éêÉëëìêÉ=E~ÄëçäìíÉF bar QKRT QKNO PKTV OKRP
bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=Ç~í~QF
j~ëë=Ñäçï âÖLâtÜ TKOR TKTQ UKNM UKMU
qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=~í=íìêÄáåÉ=çìíäÉí ø` PMV PMO PMP PPO
eÉ~í=ÅçåíÉåí=ENVM=ø`F âgLâtÜ VOV VPM VUM NIOOS
mÉêãáëëáÄäÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=Ä~Åâ=éêÉëëìêÉ=~ÑíÉê=íìêÄçJ
ãÄ~ê Y=PM J
ÅÜ~êÖÉê=Eã~ñáãìãF
qçäÉê~åÅÉë=êÉÑÉê=íç=NMM=B=äç~ÇK
OF=qÜÉ=î~äìÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=é~êíáÅìä~ê=ÅóäáåÇÉê=åìãÄÉêë=Å~å=ÇáÑÑÉê=ÇÉéÉåÇáåÖ=çå=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåK=
qÜÉëÉ=ÑáÖìêÉë=~êÉ=Å~äÅìä~íÉÇ=Ñçê=OMsPOLQQòK
PF=fåÅäìÇáåÖ=ëÉé~ê~íçê=ÜÉ~í=EPM=âgLâtÜFK
QF=qçäÉê~åÅÉëW=èì~åíáíó=œR=BI=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=œOM=ø`K
q~ÄäÉ=OJOT iç~Ç=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=î~äìÉë=~í=fplJÅçåÇáíáçåë=Ó=ÉåÖáåÉ=iLs=POLQQò
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=TM POLQQò `J_^

OKNKNMKT cáääáåÖ=îçäìãÉë=~åÇ=Ñäçï=êÉëáëí~åÅÉë==
t~íÉê=~åÇ=çáä=îçäìãÉ=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ
kçK=çÑ=ÅóäáåÇÉêë S T U V NM NO NQ NS NU OM
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=
OQM OTM PMM PPM PSM QUM RQM SMM SSM TOM
~ééêçñK äë
iìÄÉ=çáä Çêó=çáä=ëìãé
q~ÄäÉ=OJOU t~íÉê=~åÇ=çáä=îçäìãÉ=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ
fåëí~ää~J
pÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâë íáçå jáåáãìã=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=Å~é~Åáíó
ÜÉáÖÜíNF
ã ã³
kçK=çÑ=ÅóäáåÇÉêë S T U V NM NO NQ NS NU OM
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÅóäJ
S=KKK=V MKR MKT
áåÇÉê
iìÄÉ=çáä
áå=ÇçìÄäÉ=ÄçííçãOF= J PKM PKR QKM QKR RKM SKM TKM UKM VKM NM
áå=ÇçìÄäÉ=ÄçííçãPF= J RKM SKM SKR TKR UKM VKR NNKM NOKM NPKR NQKR
oìåJÇçïå=äìÄêáÅ~J
ãáåK=NQ OKM OKR OKR PKM PKM PKR QKM QKM QKR QKR
íáçå=Ñçê=ÉåÖáåÉQF
NF=fåëí~ää~íáçå=ÜÉáÖÜí=êÉÑÉêë=íç=í~åâ=Äçííçã=~åÇ=Åê~åâëÜ~Ñí=ÅÉåíêÉ=äáåÉK
OF=j~êáåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉë=ïáíÜ=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=äìÄÉ=çáä=éìãéK
PF=j~êáåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉë=ïáíÜ=ÑêÉÉJëí~åÇáåÖ=äìÄÉ=çáä=éìãéX=Å~é~Åáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=êìåJÇçïå=äìÄÉ=çáä=í~åâ=áåÅäìÇÉÇK
QF=oÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=ã~êáåÉ=ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉ=ïáíÜ=ÑêÉÉJëí~åÇáåÖ=äìÄÉ=çáä=éìãé=çåäóI=íç=ÉåëìêÉ=äìÄêáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áÑ=ÑêÉÉJëí~åÇáåÖ=
äìÄÉ=çáä=éìãé=Ñ~áäë=EÉKÖK=áå=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=~=Ää~ÅâJçìíK=kçí=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=ã~êáåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ïáíÜ=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=äìÄÉ=çáä=éìãé)K
q~ÄäÉ=OJOV pÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâë=Å~é~Åáíó
=
cäçï=êÉëáëí~åÅÉ Ä~ê
`Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=Eeq=ëí~ÖÉF MKPR=éÉê=ÅççäÉê
`Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=Eiq=ëí~ÖÉF MKQM=éÉê=ÅççäÉê
`óäáåÇÉê=Eeq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉêF NKM
cìÉä=åçòòäÉë=Eeq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉêF NKR
q~ÄäÉ=OJPM cäçï=êÉëáëí~åÅÉ
`J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=TN

OKNKNMKU léÉê~íáåÖLëÉêîáÅÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=~åÇ=éêÉëëìêÉë
léÉê~íáåÖ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉëG=
^áê ^áê=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÅçãéêÉëëçê =R=øÌ=ã~ñK=QR=ø`NF

`Ü~êÖÉ=^áê `Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÅóäáåÇÉê QRKKKRU=øÒF
`ççä~åí båÖáåÉ=Åççä~åí=~ÑíÉê=ÉåÖáåÉ VMPFI=ã~ñK=VR=ø`
båÖáåÉ=Åççä~åí=éêÉÜÉ~íÉê=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ëí~êí SM=ø`
`ççä~åí=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=iq=ëí~ÖÉ PF
PO I=äç~Ç=êÉÇìÅíáçå Pø`
`ççä~åí=åçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ RRKKKSM=ø`
iìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä iìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉLÄÉÑçêÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉêR' PF%ä~êãL7íçé
=Mø`
iìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=éêÉÜÉ~íÉê=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ëí~êí QM=ø`
cìÉä cìÉä=EjdlX=fplJcJaj^F=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ ã~ñK==ø`
cìÉä=EjalX=fplJcJaj_Laj`F=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ ã~ñK=SM=ø`
cìÉä=EeclX=fplJcJojF=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ aÉéÉåÇáåÖ=çå=íóéÉ=çJ,*3=
íIQTIVEXYVIVIUYMVIHXS=
VIEGLMRNIGXMSRZMWGSWMX]=çÑ=
NO=Ó=NQ=Å7íQE\'QF
mêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=Eecl=áå=Ç~ó=í~åâF TR=ø`
G=s~äáÇ=Ñçê=åçãáå~ä=çìíéìí=~åÇ=åçãáå~ä=ëéÉÉÇK
NF=få=~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ=ïáíÜ=éçïÉê=ÇÉÑáåáíáçåK=^=êÉÇìÅíáçå=áå=éçïÉê=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=~í=ÜáÖÜÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉëLäçïÉê=éêÉëëìêÉëK
OF=^áã=Ñçê=~=ÜáÖÜÉê=î~äìÉ=áå=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=çÑ=ÜáÖÜ=~áê=ÜìãáÇáíó=EÅçåÇÉåëÉÇ=ï~íÉê=éêçÇìÅíáçåFK
PF=oÉÖìä~íÉÇ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉK
QF=aÉéÉåÇÉåí=ìéçå=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=îáëÅçëáíó=~åÇ=áåàÉÅíáçå=îáëÅçëáíó=áå=é~ê~Öê~éÜ=?léÉê~íáåÖ=ãÉÇá~I=é~ÖÉ=VJR?K
q~ÄäÉ=OJPN léÉê~íáåÖ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=TO POLQQò `J_^

léÉê~íáåÖ=éêÉëëìêÉë=EÉñÅÉëë=éêÉëëìêÉëFG=
fåí~âÉ=^áê ^áê=ÄÉÑçêÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=EåÉÖ~íáîÉ=éêÉëëìêÉF ã~ñK=ÓOM=ãÄ~ê

pí~êíáåÖ=~áêL`çåíêçä=~áê pí~êíáåÖ=~áê ãáåK=~ééêçñK=NRI=ã~ñK=PM=Ä~ê
máäçí=~áê UI=ãáåK=RKR=Ä~ê
`óäáåÇÉê kçãáå~ä=áÖåáíáçå=éêÉëëìêÉI=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=ÅÜ~ãÄÉê=Ä~ê
p~ÑÉíó=î~äîÉ=EçéÉåáåÖ=éêÉëëìêÉFM=HT=Ä~ê
`ê~åâÅ~ëÉ `ê~åâÅ~ëÉ=éêÉëëìêÉ ã~ñK=5=ãÄ~ê
`ê~åâÅ~ëÉ=éêÉëëìêÉ=EïáíÜ=ëìÅíáçåF:~ÅììãQE\=ÓOKR=ãÄ~ê
p~ÑÉíó=î~äîÉ=EçéÉåáåÖ=éêÉëëìê R0=ãÄ~ê
bñÜ~ìëí bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=Ä~Åâ=éêÉëëìêÉ=~ÑíÉê=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê kÉï=ëí~íÉ=ã~ñK=PM=ãÄ~ê
pÉêîáÅÉ=ãçÇÉ=ã~ñK=RM=ãÄ~ê
bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=Ä~Åâ=éêÉëëìêÉ=~ÑíÉê=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=áå=Å~ëÉ=çÑ= kÉï=ëí~íÉ=ã~ñK=QM=ãÄ~ê
Å~í~äóëí pÉêîáÅÉ=ãçÇÉ=ã~ñK=SM=ãÄ~ê
`ççä~åí båÖáåÉ=Åççä~åí=~åÇ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=eq PKKKQ=Ä~ê
kçòòäÉ=Åççä~åí PKKKR=Ä~ê
`Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=iq OKKKQ=Ä~ê
kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÑìÉä=î~äîÉë
çéÉå=ëóëíÉã OKKKP=Ä~ê
ÅäçëÉÇ=ëóëíÉã PKKKR=Ä~ê
iìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä iìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ Q.KKR=Ä~r
iìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=ÄÉÑçêÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê NK3KKKNKT=Ä~ê
cìÉä cìÉä=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÜáÖÜ=éêÉëëìêÉ=éìãéë 11KKKN2=Ä~ê
cìÉä=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÜáÖÜ=éêÉëëìêÉ=éìãéë=áå=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=Ää~Åâ=çìí ãáåK=P=Ä~ê
aáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä=éêÉëëìêÉ=EÉåÖáåÉ=ÑÉÉÇLÉåÖáåÉ=êÉíìêåF R=Ä~ê
j~ñáãìã=éêÉëëìêÉ=î~êá~íáçå=áå=Ñêçåí=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ= œMKR=Ä~ê
cìÉä=áåàÉÅíáçå=î~äîÉ=EléÉåáåÖ=éêÉëëìêÉF 440=HNM=Ä~ê
cìÉä=áåàÉÅíáçå=î~äîÉ=EléÉåáåÖ=éêÉëëìêÉ=Ñçê=åÉï=ëéêáåÖëF 46M bar
p~ÑÉíó=î~äîÉLéêÉëëìêÉ=äáãáíáåÖ=î~äîÉ=áå=ò=ëóëíÉã=EléÉåáåÖ=
NIURM=HNMM=Ä~ê
éêÉëëìêÉF
pÜìíçÑÑ=î~äîÉ=EléÉåáåÖ=éêÉëëìêÉF NMM=œP=Ä~ê
G=s~äáÇ=Ñçê=åçãáå~ä=çìíéìí=~åÇ=åçãáå~ä=ëéÉÉÇK
kçíÉ>
s~êá~íáçåë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ã~åÇ~íçêó=î~äìÉë=Å~å=Å~ìëÉ=ê~íáåÖ=êÉÇìÅíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ê~íÜÉê=~ÑÑÉÅí=íÜÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=
åÉÖ~íáîÉK
q~ÄäÉ=OJPO léÉê~íáåÖ=éêÉëëìêÉë=EÉñÅÉëë=éêÉëëìêÉëF
bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=Ä~Åâ=éêÉëëìêÉ
^å= áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ= ÉñÜ~ìëí= Ö~ë= Ä~Åâ= éêÉëëìêÉ= ~ãÄáÉåí=~áê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Ñçê=ÉîÉêó=NM=ãÄ~ê=çÑ=íÜÉ=
E[=PM=ãÄ~êF= ê~áëÉë= íÜÉ= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= äÉîÉä= çÑ= íÜÉ= áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=Ä~Åâ=éêÉëëìêÉ=~ÑíÉê=íìêJ
ÉåÖáåÉ=~åÇ=ïáää=ÄÉ=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ=ïÜÉå=Å~äÅìä~íáåÖ= ÄáåÉK
~=êÉèìáêÉÇ=ÇÉê~íáåÖ=Äó=~ÇÇáåÖ=OKR=h=íç=íÜÉ
`J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=TP

=m~ÖÉ=O=J=TQ POLQQò `J_^

OKNKNN=bãáëëáçåë=
OKNKNN bãáëëáçåë
OKNKNNKN bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=Éãáëëáçå
fjl=qáÉê=ffW=ÉåÖáåÉ=áå=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=îÉêëáçåNF
j~ñáãìã=~ääçïÉÇ=Éãáëëáçå=î~äìÉ=klñ=fjl=qáÉê=ff
o~íÉÇ=çìíéìí âtLÅóäK RSM RSM

o~íÉÇ=ëéÉÉÇ êéã TOM TRM
klñOF=PF=QF=
ÖLâtÜ VKSURF VKRVRF
fjl=qáÉê=ff=ÅóÅäÉ=aOLbOLbP
NF
=j~êáåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉë=~êÉ=Öì~ê~åíÉÉÇ=íç=ãÉÉí=íÜÉ=êÉîáëÉÇ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåîÉåíáçå=Ñçê=íÜÉ=mêÉîÉåíáçå=çÑ=mçääìíáçå=Ñêçã=pÜáéëI=
?oÉîáëÉÇ=jômli=^ååÉñ=sf=EoÉÖìä~íáçåë=Ñçê=íÜÉ=mêÉîÉåíáçå=çÑ=^áê=mçääìíáçå=Ñêçã=pÜáéëFI=oÉÖìä~íáçå=NPKQ=EqáÉê=ffF?=~ë=
~ÇçéíÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êáíáãÉ=lêÖ~åáò~íáçå=EfjlFK
OF=`óÅäÉ=î~äìÉë=~ë=éÉê=fpl=UNTUJQW=OMMTI=çéÉê~íáåÖ=çå=fpl=UONT=aj=Öê~ÇÉ=ÑìÉä=Eã~êáåÉ=Çáëíáää~íÉ=ÑìÉäW=jdl=çê=jalFK
PF=`~äÅìä~íÉÇ=~ë=kl
OK
aOW=qÉëí=ÅóÅäÉ=Ñçê=?Åçåëí~åíJëéÉÉÇ=~ìñáäá~êó=ÉåÖáåÉ=~ééäáÅ~íáçå?K
bOW=qÉëí=ÅóÅäÉ=Ñçê=?Åçåëí~åíJëéÉÉÇ=ã~áå=éêçéìäëáçå=~ééäáÅ~íáçå?=áåÅäìÇáåÖ=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=ÇêáîÉ=~åÇ=~ää
======Åçåíêçää~ÄäÉJéáíÅÜ=éêçéÉääÉê=áåëí~ää~íáçåëFK
bPW=qÉëí=ÅóÅäÉ=Ñçê=?éêçéÉääÉêJä~ïJçéÉê~íÉÇ=ã~áå=~åÇ=éêçéÉääÉêJä~ï=çéÉê~íÉÇ=~ìñáäá~êó=ÉåÖáåÉÒ=~ééäáÅ~íáçåK
QF=`çåíáåÖÉåí=íç=~=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑK=ã~ñK=POø`=~í=ORø`=ëÉ~=ï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉK
RF=j~ñáãìã=~ääçïÉÇ=kl
ñ=Éãáëëáçåë=Ñçê=ã~êáåÉ=ÇáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉë=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=fjl=qáÉê=ffW=
===NPM=å==OMMM=QQ=G=åÓMKOP=ÖLâtÜ=Eå=Z=ê~íÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ëéÉÉÇ=áå=êéãFK
kçíÉ>
qÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ…ë=ÅÉêíáÑáÅ~íáçå=Ñçê=Åçãéäá~åÅÉ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=klñ=äáãáíë=ïáää=ÄÉ=Å~êêáÉÇ=çìí=ÇìêáåÖ=Ñ~Åíçêó=~ÅÅÉéí~åÅÉ=íÉëíI=c^q=~ë=~=
ëáåÖäÉ=çê=~=Öêçìé=ÅÉêíáÑáÅ~íáçåK
q~ÄäÉ=OJPP j~ñáãìã=~ääçï~ÄäÉ=Éãáëëáçå=î~äìÉ=klñ=Ó=ÉåÖáåÉ=iHsPOLQQò
MOMQJMSMOjnÅêffKÑã
aJ_^ POLQQò m~ÖÉ=O=J=TR

OKNKNN=bãáëëáçåë=
MOMQJMSMOjnÅêffKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=TS POLQQò aJ_^

OKNKNN=bãáëëáçåë
OKNKNNKO qçêëáçå~ä=îáÄê~íáçåë
a~í~=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=íçêëáçå~ä=îáÄê~íáçå= ÅÉëëáîÉ=äç~ÇF
Å~äÅìä~íáçå
√ léÉê~íáçå~ä=ëéÉÉÇ=ê~åÖÉ
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=Å~äÅìä~íÉë=íÜÉ=íçêëáçå~ä=îáJ
√ háåÇ=çÑ=ãçìåíáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=EÅ~å=áåÑäìÉåÅÉ=
Äê~íáçåë= ÄÉÜ~îáçìê= Ñçê= É~ÅÜ= áåÇáîáÇì~ä= ÉåÖáåÉ=
íÜÉ=ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑäÉñáÄäÉ=ÅçìéäáåÖF=
éä~åí= çÑ= íÜÉáê= ëìééäó= íç= ÇÉíÉêãáåÉ= íÜÉ= äçÅ~íáçå=
~åÇ= ëÉîÉêáíó= çÑ= êÉëçå~åÅÉ= éçáåíëK= fÑ= åÉÅÉëë~êóI= cäÉñáÄäÉ=ÅçìéäáåÖ
~ééêçéêá~íÉ=ãÉ~ëìêÉë=ïáää=ÄÉ=í~âÉå=íç=~îçáÇ=ÉñJ
ÅÉëëáîÉ= ëíêÉëëÉë= ÇìÉ= íç= íçêëáçå~ä= îáÄê~íáçåK= √ j~âÉI=ëáòÉ=~åÇ=íóéÉ
qÜÉëÉ=áåîÉëíáÖ~íáçåë=ÅçîÉê=íÜÉ=áÇÉ~ä=åçêã~ä=çéJ √ o~íÉÇ=íçêèìÉ=EkãF
Éê~íáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= E~ää= ÅóäáåÇÉêë= ~êÉ= ÑáêáåÖ=
Éèì~ääóF=~ë=ïÉää=~ë=íÜÉ=ëáãìä~íÉÇ=ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó=çéJ √ mçëëáÄäÉ=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=Ñ~Åíçê
Éê~íáçå= EãáëÑáêáåÖ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÅóäáåÇÉê= ÉñÉêíáåÖ= íÜÉ= √ j~ñáãìã=ëéÉÉÇ=EêéãF
ÖêÉ~íÉëí= áåÑäìÉåÅÉ=çå=îáÄê~íáçåëI= ~ÅíáåÖ=~Ö~áåëí=
ÅçãéêÉëëáçåFK= _ÉëáÇÉë= íÜÉ= å~íìê~ä= ÑêÉèìÉåÅáÉë= √ mÉêãáëëáÄäÉ= ã~ñáãìã= íçêèìÉ= Ñçê= é~ëëáåÖ=
~åÇ=íÜÉ=ãçÇÉë=~äëç=íÜÉ=Çóå~ãáÅ=êÉëéçåÅÉ=ïáää= íÜêçìÖÜ=êÉëçå~åÅÉ=EkãF
ÄÉ= Å~äÅìä~íÉÇI= åçêã~ääó= ìåÇÉê= ÅçåëáÇÉê~íáçå= çÑ= √ mÉêãáëëáÄäÉ= ëÜçÅâ= íçêèìÉ= Ñçê= ëÜçêíJíÉêã=
íÜÉ= Nëí= íç= OQíÜ= Ü~êãçåáÅ= çÑ= íÜÉ= Ö~ë= ~åÇ= ã~ëë= äç~Çë=EkãF
ÑçêÅÉë= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉK= _ÉóçåÇ= íÜ~í= ~äëç= ÑìêíÜÉê=
ÉñÅáíáåÖ=ëçìêÅÉë=ëìÅÜ=~ë=éêçéÉääÉêI=éìãéë=ÉíÅK= √ mÉêã~åÉåíäó= éÉêãáëëáÄäÉ= ~äíÉêå~íáåÖ= íçêèìÉ=
Å~å=ÄÉ=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ=áÑ=íÜÉ=êÉëéÉÅíáîÉ=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêJ EkãF=áåÅäìÇáåÖ=áåÑäìÉåÅáåÖ=Ñ~Åíçêë=EÑêÉèìÉåÅóI=
Éê=áë=~ÄäÉ=íç=ã~âÉ=íÜÉ=ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ=Ç~í~=~î~áäJ íÉãéÉê~íìêÉI=ãÉ~å=íçêèìÉF
~ÄäÉ=íç=j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄçK √ mÉêã~åÉåíäó= éÉêãáëëáÄäÉ= éçïÉê= äçëë= EtF= áåJ
fÑ=åÉÅÉëë~êóI=~=íçêëáçå~ä=îáÄê~íáçå=Å~äÅìä~íáçå=ïáää= ÅäìÇáåÖ= áåÑäìÉåÅáåÖ= Ñ~Åíçêë= EÑêÉèìÉåÅóI= íÉãJ
ÄÉ=ïçêâÉÇ=çìí=ïÜáÅÜ=Å~å=ÄÉ=ëìÄãáííÉÇ=Ñçê=~éJ éÉê~íìêÉF=
éêçî~ä= íç= ~= Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå= ëçÅáÉíó= çê= ~= äÉÖ~ä= ~ìJ √ aóå~ãáÅ= íçêëáçå~ä= ëíáÑÑåÉëë= EkãLê~ÇF= áåÅäìÇJ
íÜçêáíóK áåÖ=áåÑäìÉåÅáåÖ=Ñ~Åíçêë=Eäç~ÇI=ÑêÉèìÉåÅóI=íÉãJ
qç= Å~êêó= çìí= íÜÉ= íçêëáçå~ä= îáÄê~íáçå= Å~äÅìä~íáçå= éÉê~íìêÉFI=áÑ=~ééäáÅ~ÄäÉ
ÑçääçïáåÖ= é~êíáÅìä~êë= ~åÇLçê= ÇçÅìãÉåíë= ~êÉ= êÉJ √ oÉä~íáîÉ= Ç~ãéáåÖ= EF= áåÅäìÇáåÖ= áåÑäìÉåÅáåÖ=
èìáêÉÇK Ñ~Åíçêë=Eäç~ÇI=ÑêÉèìÉåÅóI=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉFI=áÑ=~éJ
dÉåÉê~ä éäáÅ~ÄäÉ
√ qóéÉ=çÑ=éêçéìäëáçå=EdÉåpÉíI=ÇáÉëÉäJãÉÅÜ~åJ √ jçãÉåí= çÑ= áåÉêíá~= EâÖã²F= Ñçê= ~ää= é~êíë= çÑ= íÜÉ=
áÅI=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅF ÅçìéäáåÖ
√ ^êê~åÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ïÜçäÉ=éêçéìäëáçå=ëóëíÉã= √ aóå~ãáÅ=ëíáÑÑåÉëë=áå=ê~Çá~äI=~ñá~ä=~åÇ=~åÖìä~ê=
áåÅäìÇáåÖ=~ää=ÉåÖáåÉJÇêáîÉå=ÉèìáéãÉåí ÇáêÉÅíáçå
√ aÉÑáåáíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ãçÇÉë √ mÉêãáëëáÄäÉ= êÉä~íáîÉ= ãçíáçåë= áå= ê~Çá~äI= ~ñá~ä=

~åÇ=~åÖìä~ê=ÇáêÉÅíáçåI=éÉêã~åÉåí=~åÇ=ã~ñáJ
√ j~ñáãìã=éçïÉê=Åçåëìãéíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=áåÇáîáÇJ ãìã
ì~ä=ïçêâáåÖ=ã~ÅÜáåÉë
√ j~ñáãìã= éÉêãáëëáÄäÉ= íçêèìÉ= ïÜáÅÜ= Å~å= ÄÉ=
båÖáåÉ íê~åëÑÉêêÉÇ= íÜêçìÖÜ= ~= ÖÉíJóçìJÜçãÉJÇÉîáÅÉL
√ o~íÉÇ=çìíéìíI=ê~íÉÇ=ëéÉÉÇ íçêèìÉ=äáãáíÉê=áÑ=ÑçêÉëÉÉå=
MOMNJMNNOj^KÑã
√ háåÇ= çÑ= ÉåÖáåÉ= äç~Ç= EÑáñÉÇJéáíÅÜ= éêçéÉääÉêI=

Åçåíêçää~ÄäÉJéáíÅÜ= éêçéÉääÉêI= ÅçãÄáå~íçê=
ÅìêîÉI= çéÉê~íáçå= ïáíÜ= êÉÇìÅÉÇ= ëéÉÉÇ= ~í= ÉñJ
gJ^f = m~ÖÉ=O=J=TT
`äìíÅÜ=ÅçìéäáåÖ mêçéÉääÉê
√ j~âÉI=ëáòÉ=~åÇ=íóéÉ √ háåÇ=çÑ=éêçéÉääÉê=EÑáñÉÇJéáíÅÜ=çê=Åçåíêçää~ÄäÉJ
éáíÅÜ=éêçéÉääÉê)
√ o~íÉÇ=íçêèìÉ=EkãF
√ jçãÉåí=çÑ=áåÉêíá~=áå=~áê=EâÖã²F=
√ mÉêãáëëáÄäÉ=ã~ñáãìã=íçêèìÉ=EkãF
√ jçãÉåí=çÑ=áåÉêíá~=áå=ï~íÉê=EâÖã²FX=Ñçê=ÅçåíêçäJ
√ mÉêã~åÉåíäó= éÉêãáëëáÄäÉ= ~äíÉêå~íáåÖ= íçêèìÉ=
ä~ÄäÉJéáíÅÜ=éêçéÉääÉêë=~äëç=áå=ÇÉéÉåÇÉåÅÉ=çå=
EkãF=áåÅäìÇáåÖ=áåÑäìÉåÅáåÖ=Ñ~Åíçêë=EÑêÉèìÉåÅóI=
éáíÅÜX= Ñçê= íïáåJÉåÖáåÉ= éä~åíë= ëÉé~ê~íÉäó= Ñçê=
íÉãéÉê~íìêÉI=ãÉ~å=íçêèìÉF
ëáåÖäÉJ=~åÇ=íïáåJÉåÖáåÉ=çéÉê~íáçå
√ aóå~ãáÅ=íçêëáçå~ä=ëíáÑÑåÉëë=EkãLê~ÇF
√ oÉä~íáçå=ÄÉíïÉÉå=äç~Ç=~åÇ=éáíÅÜ=
√ a~ãéáåÖ=Ñ~Åíçê
√ kìãÄÉê=çÑ=Ää~ÇÉë
√ jçãÉåíë= çÑ= áåÉêíá~= Ñçê= íÜÉ= çéÉê~íáçå= ÅçåÇáJ
√ aá~ãÉíÉê=EããF
íáçåëI=ÅäìíÅÜÉÇ=~åÇ=ÇÉÅäìíÅÜÉÇ
√ mçëëáÄäÉ=íçêëáçå~ä=ÉñÅáí~íáçå=áå=B=çÑ=íÜÉ=ê~íÉÇ=
√ `çìêëÉ=çÑ=íçêèìÉ=îÉêëìë=íáãÉ=ÇìêáåÖ=ÅäìíÅÜáåÖ=
íçêèìÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=Nëí=~åÇ=íÜÉ=OåÇ=Ää~ÇÉJé~ëë=ÑêÉJ
áå
èìÉåÅó
√ mÉêãáëëáÄäÉ=ëäáé=íáãÉ=EëF
mìãé
√ päáé=íçêèìÉ=EkãF
√ háåÇ=çÑ=éìãé=EÉKÖK=ÇêÉÇÖáåÖ=éìãéF
√ j~ñáãìã= éÉêãáëëáÄäÉ= ÉåÖ~ÖÉãÉåí= ëéÉÉÇ=
EêéãF √ aê~ïáåÖ= çÑ= íÜÉ= éìãé= ëÜ~Ñí= ïáíÜ= ~ää= äÉåÖíÜë=
~åÇ=Çá~ãÉíÉêë
dÉ~êÄçñ
√ ^äíÉêå~íáîÉäóI=íçêëáçå~ä=ëíáÑÑåÉëë=EkãLê~ÇF
√ j~âÉ=~åÇ=íóéÉ
√ jçãÉåí=çÑ=áåÉêíá~=áå=~áê=EâÖã²F
√ qçêëáçå~ä= ãìäíá= ã~ëë= ëóëíÉã= áåÅäìÇáåÖ= íÜÉ=
√ jçãÉåí= çÑ= áåÉêíá~= áå= çéÉê~íáçå= EâÖã²F= ìåÇÉê=
ãçãÉåíë=çÑ=áåÉêíá~=~åÇ=íÜÉ=íçêëáçå~ä=ëíáÑÑåÉëëI=
ÅçåëáÇÉê~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅçåîÉóÉÇ=ãÉÇáìã
éêÉÑÉê~Ääó=êÉä~íÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=áåÇáîáÇì~ä=ëéÉÉÇX=áå=
Å~ëÉ=çÑ=êÉä~íÉÇ=ÑáÖìêÉëI=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=êÉJ √ kìãÄÉê=çÑ=Ää~ÇÉë
ä~íáçå=ëéÉÉÇ=áë=åÉÉÇÉÇ
√ mçëëáÄäÉ=íçêëáçå~ä=ÉñÅáí~íáçå=áå=B=çÑ=íÜÉ=ê~íÉÇ=
√ dÉ~ê=ê~íáçë=EåìãÄÉê=çÑ=íÉÉíÜI=ëéÉÉÇëF íçêèìÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=Nëí=~åÇ=íÜÉ=OåÇ=Ää~ÇÉJé~ëë=ÑêÉJ
èìÉåÅó
√ mçëëáÄäÉ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=EÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=ÖÉ~ê=
ê~íáçëI=ÅäìíÅÜ=ÅçìéäáåÖëF √ mçïÉê=Åçåëìãéíáçå=ÅìêîÉ
√ mÉêãáëëáÄäÉ= ~äíÉêå~íáåÖ= íçêèìÉë= áå= íÜÉ= ÖÉ~ê=
^äíÉêå~íçê=Ñçê=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éä~åíë
ãÉëÜÉë=
√ aê~ïáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=~äíÉêå~íçê=ëÜ~Ñí=ïáíÜ=~ää=äÉåÖíÜë=
pÜ~Ñí=äáåÉ ~åÇ=Çá~ãÉíÉêë
√ aê~ïáåÖ= áåÅäìÇáåÖ= ~ää= áåÑçêã~íáçå= ~Äçìí= √ ^íÉêå~íáîÉäóI=íçêëáçå~ä=ëíáÑÑåÉëë=EkãLê~ÇF
äÉåÖíÜ=~åÇ=Çá~ãÉíÉê=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÜ~Ñí=ëÉÅíáçåë=~ë=
√ jçãÉåí=çÑ=áåÉêíá~=çÑ=íÜÉ=é~êíë=ãçìåíÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=
ïÉää=~ë=íÜÉ=ã~íÉêá~ä
ëÜ~Ñí=EâÖã²F
√ ^äíÉêå~íáîÉäó=íçêëáçå~ä=ëíáÑÑåÉëë=EkãLê~ÇF
√ bäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=çìíéìí=Eâs^F=áåÅäìÇáåÖ=éçïÉê=Ñ~Åíçê=
Åçëà=~åÇ=ÉÑÑáÅáÉåÅó
MOMNJMNNOj^KÑã
√ lê=ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=çìíéìí=EâtF
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=TU gJ^f
√ `çãéäÉñ=ëóåÅÜêçåáòáåÖ=ÅçÉÑÑáÅáÉåíë=Ñçê=áÇäáåÖ=
~åÇ= Ñìää= äç~Ç= áå= ÇÉéÉåÇÉåÅÉ= çå= ÑêÉèìÉåÅóI=
êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=íçêèìÉ
√ fëä~åÇ=çê=é~ê~ääÉä=ãçÇÉ
√ iç~Ç=éêçÑáäÉ=EÉKÖK=äç~Ç=ëíÉéëF
√ cêÉèìÉåÅó=ÑäìÅíì~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=åÉí
^äíÉêå~íçê= Ñçê= ÇáÉëÉäJãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä= é~êíë= EÉKÖK=

mqlLmqeF
√ aê~ïáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=~äíÉêå~íçê=ëÜ~Ñí=ïáíÜ=~ää=äÉåÖíÜë=
~åÇ=Çá~ãÉíÉêë
√ qçêëáçå~ä=ëíáÑÑåÉëëI=áÑ=~î~áä~ÄäÉ
√ jçãÉåíë= çÑ= áåÉêíá~= çÑ= íÜÉ= é~êíë= ãçìåíÉÇ= íç=
íÜÉ=ëÜ~Ñí=EâÖã²F
√ bäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=çìíéìí=Eâs^F=áåÅäìÇáåÖ=éçïÉê=Ñ~Åíçê=
Åçëà=~åÇ=ÉÑÑáÅáÉåÅó
√ lê=ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=çìíéìí=EâtF
√ `çãéäÉñ=ëóåÅÜêçåáòáåÖ=ÅçÉÑÑáÅáÉåíë=Ñçê=áÇäáåÖ=
~åÇ=Ñìää=äç~Ç=áå=ÇÉéÉåÇÉåÅÉ=çå=ÑêÉèìÉåÅóI=áåJ
ÅäìÇáåÖ=íÜÉ=êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=íçêèìÉ
pÉÅçåÇ~êó=éçïÉê=í~âÉJçÑÑ=
√ háåÇ=çÑ=ïçêâáåÖ=ã~ÅÜáåÉ
√ háåÇ=çÑ=ÇêáîÉ
√ léÉê~íáçå~ä=ãçÇÉI=çéÉê~íáçå=ëéÉÉÇ=ê~åÖÉ
√ mçïÉê=Åçåëìãéíáçå
√ aê~ïáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÜ~Ñíë=ïáíÜ=~ää=äÉåÖíÜë=~åÇ=ÇáJ
~ãÉíÉêë
√ ^íÉêå~íáîÉäóI=íçêëáçå~ä=ëíáÑÑåÉëë=EkãLê~ÇF
√ jçãÉåíë=çÑ=áåÉêíá~=EâÖã²F
√ mçëëáÄäÉ= íçêëáçå~ä= ÉñÅáí~íáçå= áå= ëáòÉ= ~åÇ= ÑêÉJ
èìÉåÅó=áå=ÇÉéÉåÇÉåÅÉ=çå=äç~Ç=~åÇ=ëéÉÉÇ
MOMNJMNNOj^KÑã
gJ^f = m~ÖÉ=O=J=TV
MOMNJMNNOj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=UM gJ^f
OKNKNNKP båÖáåÉ=åçáëÉLáåí~âÉ=åçáëÉLÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=åçáëÉ
lìíéìí=RSM=âtLÅóäKI=ëéÉÉÇ=Z=TOMLTRM=êéã
båÖáåÉ=åçáëÉ=iPOLQQò
pçìåÇ=éêÉëëìêÉ=äÉîÉä=ié 
ã~ñW =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K ~ééêçñK=NMV=Ç_E^F 
ãáåW =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K ~ééêçñK=NMQ=Ç_E^F
√ jÉ~ëìêáåÖ=éçáåíë √ lÅí~îÉ=äÉîÉä=Çá~Öê~ã
^= íçí~ä= çÑ= NV= ãÉ~ëìêáåÖ= éçáåíë= ~í= Nã= Çáëí~åÅÉ= få=íÜÉ=çÅí~îÉ=äÉîÉä=Çá~Öê~ã=ÄÉäçï=íÜÉ=ãáåáãìã=
Ñêçã= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= ëìêÑ~ÅÉ= ÇáëíêáÄìíÉÇ= ÉîÉåäó= ~åÇ= ã~ñáãìã= çÅí~îÉ= äÉîÉäë= çÑ= ~ää= ãÉ~ëìêáåÖ=
~êçìåÇ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=fpl=STVUK=qÜÉ= éçáåíë=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=äáåâÉÇ=Äó=Öê~éÜëK=qÜÉ=Ç~í~=ïáää=
åçáëÉ=~í=íÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=çìíäÉí=áë=åçí=áåÅäìÇÉÇK ÅÜ~åÖÉI=ÇÉéÉåÇáåÖ=çå=íÜÉ=~ÅçìëíáÅ~ä=éêçéÉêíáÉë=
çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåîáêçåãÉåíK
110
105
100
sound pressure level Lp [dB]
95
ref: 20 µPa
min
90
max
85
80
75
70
16 31,5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 sum A
min 71 81 89 91 93 95 95 95 92 86 104
max 91 97 101 100 103 105 103 102 100 103 109
1/1 octave band frequency [Hz]
cáÖìêÉ=OJOM lÅí~îÉ=äÉîÉä=Çá~Öê~ã=iPOLQQò=Ó=ëçìåÇ=éêÉëëìêÉ=äÉîÉä=ié=Ó=~áê=ÄçêåÉ=åçáëÉ
MOMQJMSMNjnÅêffKÑã
^J_^ POLQQò m~ÖÉ=O=J=UN

fåí~âÉ=åçáëÉ=iPOLQQò
pçìåÇ=éçïÉê=äÉîÉä=iïW===========~ééêçñK==NQP=Ç_E^F
√ lÅí~îÉ=äÉîÉä=Çá~Öê~ã
qÜÉ=ëçìåÇ=éçïÉê=äÉîÉä=iï=çÑ=íÜÉ=ìåëáäÉåÅÉÇ=
áåí~âÉ= åçáëÉ= áå= íÜÉ= áåí~âÉ= éáéÉ= áë= ~ééêçñK=
NQP=Ç_E^F=~í=ê~íÉÇ=çìíéìíK=qÜÉ=NLN=çÅí~îÉ=äÉîJ
Éä=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëçìåÇ=éçïÉê=áë=ëÜçïå=áå=íÜÉ=Çá~Öê~ã=
ÄÉäçïK
qÜáë=Ç~í~=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=~åÇ=î~äáÇ=çåäó=Ñçê=ÇìÅíÉÇ=~áê=
áåí~âÉ=ëóëíÉãëK=qÜÉ=Ç~í~=áë=åçí=î~äáÇ=áÑ=íÜÉ=ëí~åÇJ
~êÇ= ~áê= ÑáäíÉê= ëáäÉåÅÉê= áë= ~íí~ÅÜÉÇ= íç= íÜÉ= íìêÄçJ
ÅÜ~êÖÉêK
145
140
135
sound power level Lw [dB]
130
ref: 10exp -12 W
125
Lw
120
115
110
105
100
16 31,5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 sum A
Lw 117 120 119 121 123 126 127 127 141 136 143
cáÖìêÉ=OJON lÅí~îÉ=äÉîÉä=Çá~Öê~ã=iPOLQQò=Ó=ëçìåÇ=éçïÉê=äÉîÉä=iï=Ó=ìåëáäÉåÅÉÇ=áåí~âÉ=åçáëÉ
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=UO POLQQò ^J_^

bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=åçáëÉ=iPOLQQò
pçìåÇ=éçïÉê=äÉîÉä=itW===========~ééêçñK==NQR=Ç_E^F
ÉñÜ~ìëí=åçáëÉ=áå=íÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=éáéÉ=áë=~ééêçñK=
NQR=Ç_E^F=~í=ê~íÉÇ=çìíéìíK=qÜÉ=NLN=çÅí~îÉ=äÉîJ K
ÄÉäçïK
165
160
155
150
ref: 10exp -12 W
145 Lw
140
135
130
125
16 31,5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 sum A
Lw 132 156 160 152 145 143 138 134 130 125 145
cáÖìêÉ=OJOO lÅí~îÉ=äÉîÉä=Çá~Öê~ã=iPOLQQò=Ó=ëçìåÇ=éçïÉê=äÉîÉä=iï=Ó=ìåëáäÉåÅÉÇ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=åçáëÉ
^J_^ POLQQò m~ÖÉ=O=J=UP

lìíéìí=RSM=âtLÅóäKI=ëéÉÉÇ=Z=TOMLTRM=êéã
båÖáåÉ=åçáëÉ=sPOLQQò 

pçìåÇ=éêÉëëìêÉ=äÉîÉä=ié
ã~ñW =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= ~ééêçñKNMU=Ç_E^F
ãáåW =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= ~ééêçñK==NM4=Ç_E^F
√ lÅí~îÉ=äÉîÉä=Çá~Öê~ã
√ jÉ~ëìêáåÖ=éçáåíë
få=íÜÉ=çÅí~îÉ=äÉîÉä=Çá~Öê~ã=ÄÉäçï=íÜÉ=ãáåáãìã=
^=íçí~ä=çÑ=NV=ãÉ~ëìêáåÖ=éçáåíë=~í=N=ã=Çáëí~åÅÉ= ~åÇ= ã~ñáãìã= çÅí~îÉ= äÉîÉäë= çÑ= ~ää= ãÉ~ëìêáåÖ=
Ñêçã= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= ëìêÑ~ÅÉ= ÇáëíêáÄìíÉÇ= ÉîÉåäó= éçáåíë=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=äáåâÉÇ=Äó=Öê~éÜëK=qÜÉ=Ç~í~=ïáää=
~êçìåÇ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=fpl=STVUK=qÜÉ= ÅÜ~åÖÉI=ÇÉéÉåÇáåÖ=çå=íÜÉ=~ÅçìëíáÅ~ä=éêçéÉêíáÉë=
åçáëÉ=~í=íÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=çìíäÉí=áë=åçí=áåÅäìÇÉÇK çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåîáêçåãÉåíK
110
105
100
sound pressure level Lp [dB]
95
ref: 20 µPa
min
90
max
85
80
75
70
16 31,5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 sum A
min 73 83 90 94 93 93 92 92 90 82 104
max 91 103 103 104 101 103 104 100 104 97 108
cáÖìêÉ=OJOP lÅí~îÉ=äÉîÉä=Çá~Öê~ã=sPOLQQò=Ó=ëçìåÇ=éêÉëëìêÉ=äÉîÉä=ié=Ó=~áê=ÄçêåÉ=åçáëÉ
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=UQ POLQQò ^J_^

fåí~âÉ=åçáëÉ=sPOLQQò
pçìåÇ=éçïÉê=äÉîÉä=iïW= =K= ~ééêçñK==NPV=Ç_E^F
áåí~âÉ= åçáëÉ= áå= íÜÉ= áåí~âÉ= éáéÉ= áë= ~ééêçñK=
NPV=Ç_E^F=~í=ê~íÉÇ=çìíéìíK=qÜÉ=NLNçÅí~îÉ=äÉîJ
ÄÉäçïK
qÜáë=Ç~í~=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=~åÇ=î~äáÇ=çåäó=Ñçê=ÇìÅíÉÇ=~áê=
áåí~âÉ=ëóëíÉãëK=qÜÉ=Ç~í~=áë=åçí=î~äáÇ=áÑ=íÜÉ=ëí~åÇJ
~êÇ= ~áê= ÑáäíÉê= ëáäÉåÅÉê= áë= ~íí~ÅÜÉÇ= íç= íÜÉ= íìêÄçJ
ÅÜ~êÖÉêK
145
140
135
130
ref: 10exp -12 W
125
Lw
120
115
110
105
100
16 31,5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 sum A
Lw 115 120 117 112 110 116 115 120 137 130 139
cáÖìêÉ=OJOQ lÅí~îÉ=äÉîÉä=Çá~Öê~ã=sPOLQQò=Ó=ëçìåÇ=éçïÉê=äÉîÉä=iï=Ó=ìåëáäÉåÅÉÇ=áåí~âÉ=åçáëÉ
^J_^ POLQQò m~ÖÉ=O=J=UR

bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=åçáëÉ=sPOLQQò
pçìåÇ=éçïÉê=äÉîÉä=iïW K=K= ~ééêçñK==NQO=Ç_E^F
ÉñÜ~ìëí=åçáëÉ=áå=íÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=éáéÉ=áë=~ééêçñK=
NQO=Ç_E^F=~í=ê~íÉÇ=çìíéìíK=qÜÉ=NLN=çÅí~îÉ=äÉîJ
ÄÉäçïK
160
155
150
ref: 10exp -12 W
145
Lw
140
135
130
125
16 31,5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 sum A
Lw 139 150 152 149 138 136 135 134 132 131 142
cáÖìêÉ=OJOR lÅí~îÉ=äÉîÉä=Çá~Öê~ã=sPOLQQò=Ó=ëçìåÇ=éçïÉê=äÉîÉä=iï=Ó=ìåëáäÉåÅÉÇ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=åçáëÉ
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=US POLQQò ^J_^

OKNKNO=oÉèìáêÉãÉåí=Ñçê=éçïÉê=ÇêáîÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçå=Eëí~íáÅF=
OKNKNO oÉèìáêÉãÉåí=Ñçê=éçïÉê=ÇêáîÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçå=Eëí~íáÅF
iáãáí=î~äìÉë=çÑ=ã~ëëÉë=íç=ÄÉ=ÅçìéäÉÇ=~ÑíÉê=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ
bî~äì~íáçå=çÑ=éÉêãáëëáÄäÉ=íÜÉçêÉíáÅ~ä=ÄÉ~êáåÖ=äç~Çë
båÖáåÉ=POLQQò
cáÖìêÉ=OJOS `~ëÉ=^W=çîÉêÜìåÖ=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí cáÖìêÉ=OJOT `~ëÉ=_W=êáÖáÇ=ÅçìéäáåÖ
jã~ñ=Z=c=G=~=Z=cP=G=ñP=H=cQ=G=ñQ= cN=Z=EcP=G=ñO=H=cR=G=ñNFLä
cN=Z=íÜÉçêÉíáÅ~ä=ÄÉ~êáåÖ=ÑçêÅÉ=~í=íÜÉ=ÉñíÉêå~ä=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÄÉ~êáåÖ
cO=Z=íÜÉçêÉíáÅ~ä=ÄÉ~êáåÖ=ÑçêÅÉ=~í=íÜÉ=ÖÉåÉê~íçê=ÄÉ~êáåÖ
cP=Z=ÑäóïÜÉÉä=ïÉáÖÜí
cQ=Z=ÅçìéäáåÖ=ïÉáÖÜí=~ÅíáåÖ=çå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉI=áåÅäìÇáåÖ=êÉëÉí=ÑçêÅÉë
cR=Z=êçíçê=ïÉáÖÜí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÖÉåÉê~íçê
~=Z=Çáëí~åÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ÉåÇ=çÑ=ÅçìéäáåÖ=Ñä~åÖÉ=~åÇ=ÅÉåíêÉ=çÑ=çìíÉê=Åê~åâëÜ~Ñí=ÄÉ~êáåÖ
ä=Z=Çáëí~åÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ÅÉåíêÉ=çÑ=çìíÉê=Åê~åâëÜ~Ñí=ÄÉ~êáåÖ=~åÇ=ÖÉåÉê~íçê=ÄÉ~êáåÖ
`~ëÉ=^ `~ëÉ=_=
aáëí~åÅÉ=~
båÖáåÉ jã~ñ=Z=c=G=~ cN=ã~ñ
ãã âkã âk
NF
iPOLQQò PPR NT SR
NF
sPOLQQò PPR =PM J=
NF=fåÅäìëáîÉ=çÑ=ÅçìéäÉë=êÉëìäíáåÖ=Ñêçã=êÉëíçêáåÖ=ÑçêÅÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅçìéäáåÖK
q~ÄäÉ=OJPQ bñ~ãéäÉ=Å~äÅìä~íáçå=Å~ëÉ=^=~åÇ=_
aáëí~åÅÉ= ÄÉíïÉÉå= ÉåÖáåÉ= ëÉ~íáåÖ= ëìêÑ~ÅÉ= ~åÇ= kçíÉ>

Åê~åâëÜ~Ñí=ÅÉåíêÉ=äáåÉW
`Ü~åÖÉë= ã~ó= ÄÉ= åÉÅÉëë~êó= ~ë= ~= êÉëìäí= çÑ= íÜÉ=
√ iPOLQQòW=RPM=ãã íçêëáçå~ä=îáÄê~íáçå=Å~äÅìä~íáçå=çê=ëéÉÅá~ä=ëÉêîáÅÉ=
ÅçåÇáíáçåëK
MOMQJMTMNjnÅêffKÑã
√ sPOLQQòW=RUM=ãã
_J^g POLQQò m~ÖÉ=O=J=UT

OKNKNO=oÉèìáêÉãÉåí=Ñçê=éçïÉê=ÇêáîÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçå=Eëí~íáÅF=
dÉåÉê~ä=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=åçíÉ>
j~ëëÉë= ïÜáÅÜ= ~êÉ= ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ= ÇçïåëíêÉ~ã= çÑ=
íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áå=íÜÉ=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=~å=çîÉêÜìåÖ=çê=êáÖáÇäó=
ÅçìéäÉÇI=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí=êÉëìäí=áå=~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=Åê~åâJ
ëÜ~Ñí= ÄÉåÇáåÖ= ëíêÉëëI= ïÜáÅÜ= áë= ãáêêçêÉÇ= áå= ~=
ãÉ~ëìêÉÇ=ïÉÄ=ÇÉÑäÉÅíáçå=ÇìêáåÖ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áåëí~ää~J
íáçåK=
mêçîáÇÉÇ= íÜÉ= äáãáí= î~äìÉë= Ñçê= íÜÉ= ã~ëëÉë= íç= ÄÉ=
ÅçìéäÉÇ=ÇçïåëíêÉ~ã=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=EéÉêãáëëáÄäÉ=
î~äìÉë=Ñçê=jã~ñ=~åÇ=cNã~ñF=~êÉ=ÅçãéäáÉÇ=ïáíÜI=
íÜÉ= éÉêãáííÉÇ= ïÉÄ= ÇÉÑäÉÅíáçåë= ïáää= åçí= ÄÉ= ÉñJ
ÅÉÉÇÉÇ=ÇìêáåÖ=~ëëÉãÄäóK
lÄëÉêîáåÖ= íÜÉëÉ= î~äìÉë= ÉåëìêÉë= ~= ëìÑÑáÅáÉåíäó=
äçåÖ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=íáãÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=~=êÉ~äáÖåãÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=
Åê~åâëÜ~Ñí=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=Å~êêáÉÇ=çìíK
MOMQJMTMNjnÅêffKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=UU POLQQò _J^g

OKNKNP=oÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=Ñçê=éçïÉê=ÇêáîÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçå=EÇóå~ãáÅF=
OKNKNP oÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=Ñçê=éçïÉê=ÇêáîÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçå=EÇóå~ãáÅF
OKNKNPKN jçãÉåíë=çÑ=áåÉêíá~I=ÑäóïÜÉÉäë
båÖáåÉ=POLQQò
mêçéÉääÉê=çéÉê~íáçå
j~êáåÉ=ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉë
båÖáåÉ mä~åí
kÉÉÇÉÇ= oÉèìáêÉÇ=
jçãÉåí=çÑ= ãáåáãìã= ãáåáãìã=
j~ñáãìã= jçãÉåí=çÑ=
áåÉêíá~= j~ëë=çÑ=ÑäóJ íçí~ä= ~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=
båÖáåÉ Åçåíáåçìë= áåÉêíá~
ÉåÖáåÉ=H= ïÜÉÉä ãçãÉåí=çÑ= ãçãÉåí=çÑ=
ê~íáåÖ ÑóäïÜÉÉä áåÉêíá~NF
Ç~ãéÉê áåÉêíá~=~ÑíÉê=
ÑäóïÜÉÉäOF
J xâtz xâÖãOz xâÖãOz xâÖz xâÖãOz xâÖãOz
å=Z=TOM=êéã
SiPOLQQò PIPSM RNV TQM
TiPOLQQò PIVOM SUU UTM
UiPOLQQò QIQUM TSP SNO NITNU VVM J
ViPOLQQò RIMQM SUU NINNM
NMiPOLQQò RISMM TQS NIOQM
NOsPOLQQò SITOM NIPNN NIQUM
NQsPOLQQò TIUQM NIQRP NITPM
NSsPOLQQò UIVSM NIRVR TPT NIVNP NIVUM J
NUsPOLQQò NMIMUM NITPT OIOOM
OMsPOLQQò NNIOMM NITPV OIQTM
å=Z=TRM=êéã
SiPOLQQò PIPSM RNV SVM
TiPOLQQò PIVOM SUU UMM
UiPOLQQò QIQUM TSP SNO NITNU VNM J
ViPOLQQò RIMQM SUU NIMPM
NMiPOLQQò RISMM TQS NINQM
NOsPOLQQò SITOM NIPNN NIPTM
NQsPOLQQò TIUQM NIQRP NIRVM
NSsPOLQQò UIVSM NIRVR TPT NIVNP NIUOM J
NUsPOLQQò NMIMUM NITPT OIMRM
OMsPOLQQò NNIOMM NITPV OIOTM
NF=
kÉÉÇÉÇ=ãáåáãìã=ãçãÉåí=çÑ=áåÉêíá~=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉI=ÑäóïÜÉÉä=~åÇ=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí=~ÑíÉê=ÑäóïÜÉÉä=áå=íçí~äK
OF=
oÉèìáêÉÇ=~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=ãçãÉåí=çÑ=áåÉêíá~=~ÑíÉê=ÑäóïÜÉÉä=íç=~ÅÜáÉîÉ=íÜÉ=åÉÉÇÉÇ=ãáåáãìã=íçí~ä=ãçãÉåí=çÑ=áåÉêíá~K
q~ÄäÉ=OJPR jçãÉåíë=çÑ=áåÉêíá~LÑäóïÜÉÉäë=Ñçê=ã~êáåÉ=ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉë=POLQQò
MOMQJMUMNjnÅêffKÑã
cçê= ÑäóïÜÉÉäë= ÇáãÉåëáçåë= ëÉÉ= ?`Ü~éíÉê= OKNKNQ=

mçïÉê=íê~åëãáëëáçåI=é~ÖÉ=OJVT?K
^J_^ POLQQò m~ÖÉ=O=J=UV

OKNKNP=oÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=Ñçê=éçïÉê=ÇêáîÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçå=EÇóå~ãáÅF=
båÖáåÉ=POLQQò
`çåëí~åí=ëéÉÉÇ
j~êáåÉ=ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉ
båÖáåÉ mä~åí
kÉÉÇÉÇ= oÉèìáêÉÇ=
jçãÉåí= ãáåáãìã= ãáåáãìã=
j~ñáãìã= jçãÉåí= ~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=
çÑ=áåÉêíá~ j~ëë=çÑ= `óÅäáÅ= íçí~ä=
båÖáåÉ Åçåíáåçìë= çÑ=áåÉêíá~ ãçãÉåí=
ÉåÖáåÉ=H= ÑäóïÜÉÉä áêêÉÖìä~êáíó ãçãÉåí=
ê~íáåÖ ÑäóïÜÉÉä çÑ=áåÉêíá~NF çÑ=áåÉêíá~=
Ç~ãéÉê
~ÑíÉê=
ÑäóïÜÉÉäOF
J xâtz xâÖãOz xâÖãOz xâÖz J xâÖãOz xâÖãOz
å=Z=TOM=êéã
SiPOLQQò PIPSM RNV PSS NISVM OTQ
TiPOLQQò PIVOM SUU ONU NIVUM PVR
UiPOLQQò QIQUM TSP UVT OIRNR POM OIOSM SMM
ViPOLQQò RIMQM SUU QNP OIRQM VRR
NMiPOLQQò RISMM NQS RRR OIUOM NINTT
NOsPOLQQò SITOM NIPNN UNS PIPUM VOO
NQsPOLQQò TIUQM NIQRP VOV PIVRM NIPRM
NSsPOLQQò UIVSM NIRRR NINQT PIMMO PIQPQ QIRNM NITSU
NUsPOLQQò NMIMUM NITPT NIVRR RIMTM OINUS
OMsPOLQQò NNIOMM NITPV NIQSS RISPM OITQQ
å=Z=TRM=êéã
SiPOLQQò PIPSM RNV QPR NIRSM NQQ
TiPOLQQò PIVOM SUU OOR NIUOM OPR
UiPOLQQò QIQUM TSP UVT OIRNR PPO OIMUM QOM
ViPOLQQò RIMQM SUU QOQ OIPQM TRR
NMiPOLQQò RISMM TQS RSU OISMM VRT
NOsPOLQQò SITOM NIPNN VNM PINOM SSO
NQsPOLQQò TIUQM NIQRP VQT PISQM NIMQM
NSsPOLQQò UIVSM NIRVR NINQT PIMMO PIPNU QINSM NIQNU
NUsPOLQQò NMIMUM NITPT NIVTR QISTM NITUV
OMsPOLQQò NNIOMM NITPV NIQVS RINVM OIPMQ
NF=
kÉÉÇÉÇ=ãáåáãìã=ãçãÉåí=çÑ=áåÉêíá~=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉI=ÑäóïÜÉÉä=~åÇ=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí=~ÑíÉê=ÑäóïÜÉÉä=áå=íçí~äK
OF=oÉèìáêÉÇ=~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=ãçãÉåí=çÑ=áåÉêíá~=~ÑíÉê=ÑäóïÜÉÉä=íç=~ÅÜáÉîÉ=íÜÉ=åÉÉÇÉÇ=ãáåáãìã=íçí~ä=ãçãÉåí=çÑ=áåÉêíá~K
q~ÄäÉ=OJPS jçãÉåíë=çÑ=áåÉêíá~LÑäóïÜÉÉäë=Ñçê=ÇáÉëÉäÓÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éä~åíë=ÉåÖáåÉë=POLQQò
cçê= ÑäóïÜÉÉäë= ÇáãÉåëáçåë= ëÉÉ= ?`Ü~éíÉê= OKNKNQ=

MOMQJMUMNjnÅêffKÑã
mçïÉê=íê~åëãáëëáçåI=é~ÖÉ=OJVT?K
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=VM POLQQò ^J_^

OKNKNP=oÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=Ñçê=éçïÉê=ÇêáîÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçå=EÇóå~ãáÅF
OKNKNPKO _~ä~åÅáåÖ=çÑ=ã~ëëÉë
båÖáåÉ=iPOLQQò=
oçí~íáåÖ=Åê~åâ=Ä~ä~åÅÉKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NMM=B lëÅáää~íáåÖ=ã~ëë=éÉê=ÅóäáåÇÉê =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=KNVR=âÖ

pí~íáÅ=êÉÇìÅÉÇ=êçí~íáåÖ=ã~ëë=éÉê= `çååÉÅíáåÖ=êçÇ=ê~íáç=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=KMKONV
Åê~åâ=áåÅäìÇáåÖ=ÅçìåíÉêïÉáÖÜíë=~åÇ
aáëí~åÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ÅóäáåÇÉê=
êçí~íáåÖ=éçêíáçå=çÑ=ÅçååÉÅíáåÖ=êçÇ =K=K=K= MKUN=âÖ
ÅÉåíêÉäáåÉë K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= RPM=ãã
EÑçê=~=Åê~åâ=ê~Çáìë=ê=Z=OOM=ããF
oÉëáÇì~ä=ÉñíÉêå~ä=ÅçìéäÉë
båÖáåÉ cáêáåÖ=çêÇÉê
jêçí=xâkãz=H=jçëÅ=Nëí=çêÇÉê=xâkãz jçëÅ=OåÇ=çêÇÉê=xâkãz
båÖáåÉ=ëéÉÉÇ=xêéãz TRM
îÉêíáÅ~ä Üçêáòçåí~ä
SiPOLQQò A M 0
TiPOLQQò A 18.7 18.7 30.9
UiPOLQQò B 0 0
ViPOLQQò B 8.9 8.9 48.4
NMiPOLQQò - 0 0
båÖáåÉ=ëéÉÉÇ=EêéãF TOM
îÉêíáÅ~ä Üçêáòçåí~ä
Si32/44ò A M M
Ti32/44ò A 17.3 17.3 OUKR
Ui32/44ò B 0 M
Vi32/44ò B UKO UKO QQKS
NMiPOLQQò - M M
q~ÄäÉ=OJPT oÉëáÇì~ä=ÉñíÉêå~ä=ÅçìéäÉë=Ó=ÉåÖáåÉ=iPOLQQò
cçê=ÉåÖáåÉë=çÑ=íóéÉ=POLQQò=íÜÉ=ÉñíÉêå~ä=ã~ëë=ÑçêÅÉë=~êÉ=Éèì~ä=íç=òÉêçK
jêçí=áë=Éäáãáå~íÉÇ=Äó=ãÉ~åë=çÑ=Ä~ä~åÅáåÖ=ïÉáÖÜíë=çå=êÉëáäáÉåíäó=ãçìåíÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉëK=
cáêáåÖ=çêÇÉêW=ÅçìåíÉÇ=Ñêçã=ÅçìéäáåÖ=ëáÇÉ=
kçK=çÑ=
cáêáåÖ=çêÇÉê `äçÅâïáëÉ=êçí~íáçå `çìåíÉê=ÅäçÅâïáëÉ=êçí~íáçå
ÅóäáåÇÉêë
S ^ NJPJRJSJQJO NJOJQJSJRJP
T ^ NJOJQJSJTJRJP NJPJRJTJSJQJO
U _ NJQJTJSJUJRJOJP NJPJOJRJUJSJTJQ
V _ NJSJPJOJUJTJQJVJR NJRJVJQJTJUJOJPJS
NM J NJQJPJOJSJNMJTJUJVJR NJRJVJUJTJNMJSJOJPJQ
q~ÄäÉ=OJPU cáêáåÖ=çêÇÉê=Ó=ÉåÖáåÉ==iPOLQQò
MOMQJMUMOjnÅêffKÑã
^J_^ POLQQò m~ÖÉ=O=J=VN

_~ä~åÅáåÖ=çÑ=ã~ëëÉë=
oçí~íáåÖ=Åê~åâ=Ä~ä~åÅáåÖ=NOÓOMsKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VM=B lëÅáää~íáåÖ=ã~ëë=éÉê=ÅóäáåÇÉê =K=K=K=K=K=K NVRKR==âÖ

pí~íáÅ=êÉÇìÅÉÇ=êçí~íáåÖ=ã~ëë=éÉê=Åê~åâ=áåÅäìÇáåÖ= `çååÉÅíáåÖ=êçÇ=ê~íáç=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=KMKONV
ÅçìåíÉêïÉáÖÜíë=~åÇ=êçí~íáåÖ=éçêíáçå=çÑ=ÅçååÉÅíJ
aáëí~åÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ÅóäK=ÅÉåíêÉäáåÉë K=K=K= SPM=ãã
áåÖ=êçÇ=EÑçê=~=Åê~åâ=ê~Çáìë=ê=Z=OOM=ããF
NOÓOMs==Z=SU=âÖ=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= sÉÉ=~åÖäÉ K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=KQR==ø
cáêáåÖ= oÉëáÇì~ä=ÉñíÉêå~ä=ÅçìéäÉë
båÖáåÉ
çêÇÉê jêçí=EâkãF=H=jçëÅ=Nëí=çêÇÉê=EâkãF jçëÅ=OåÇ=çêÇÉê=EâkãF
båÖáåÉ=ëéÉÉÇ=EêéãF TRM
îÉêíáÅ~ä Üçêáòçåí~ä îÉêíáÅ~ä Üçêáòçåí~ä
12V32/44CR A M 0
14V32/44CR A 31.6 31.6 48.1 19.9
16V32/44CR B 0 0
18V32/44CR A 22.9 22.9 26.2 10.9
20V32/44CR 0 0
båÖáåÉ=ëéÉÉÇ=EêéãF TOM
12V32/44CR A M 0
14V32/44CR A 29.1 29.1 44.3 18.4
16V32/44CR B 0 0
18V32/44CR A 21.1 21.1 24.1 10.0
20V32/44CR 0 0
q~ÄäÉ=OJPV oÉëáÇì~ä=ÉñíÉêå~ä=ÅçìéäÉë=Ó=ÉåÖáåÉ=sPOLQQò
cçê=ÉåÖáåÉë=çÑ=íóéÉ=POLQQò=íÜÉ=ÉñíÉêå~ä=ã~ëë=ÑçêÅÉë=~êÉ=Éèì~ä=íç=òÉêçK
jêçí=áë=Éäáãáå~íÉÇ=Äó=ãÉ~åë=çÑ=Ä~ä~åÅáåÖ=ïÉáÖÜíë=çå=êÉëáäáÉåíäó=ãçìåíÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉëK=
cáêáåÖ=çêÇÉêW=ÅçìåíÉÇ=Ñêçã=ÅçìéäáåÖ=ëáÇÉ
kçK=çÑ=
cáêáåÖ=çêÇÉê `äçÅâïáëÉ=êçí~íáçå `çìåíÉê=ÅäçÅâïáëÉ=êçí~íáçå
ÅóäáåÇÉêë
^NJ_NJ^PJ_PJ^RJ_RJ^SJ_SJ^QJ_QJÔJ ^NJ_OJÔJ_QJ^QJ_SJ^SJ_RJ^RJ_PJ^PJ
NO ^
_O _N
^NJ_NJÔJ_OJ^QJ_QJ^SJ_SJ^TJ_TJ^RJ ^NJ_PJ^PJ_RJ^RJ_TJ^TJ_SJ^SJ_QJ^QJ
NQ ^
_RJ^PJ_P _OJÔJ_N
^NJ_NJ^QJ_QJ^TJ_TJ^SJ_SJÛJ_UJ^RJ ^NJ_PJ^PJ_OJÔJ_RJ^RJ_UJÛJ_SJ^SJ
NS _
_RJÔJ_OJ^PJ_P _TJ^TJ_QJ^QJ_N
^NJ_NJ^PJ_PJ^RJ_RJ^TJ_TJ^VJ_VJÛJ ^NJ_OJÔJ_QJ^QJ_SJ^SJ_UJÛJ_VJ^VJ
NU ^
_UJ^SJ_SJ^QJ_QJÔJ_O _TJ^TJ_RJ^RJ_PJ^PJ_N
^NJ_NJ^QJ_QJÔJ_OJÛJ_UJ^SJ_SJ^NMJ ^NJ_RJ^RJ_PJ^PJ_VJ^VJ_TJ^TJ_NMJ
OM _
MOMQJMUMOjnÅêffKÑã
_NMJ=^T_TJ^VJ_VJ^PJ_PJ^RJ_R ^NMJ_SJ^SJ_UJÛJ_OJÔJ_QJ^QJ_N
q~ÄäÉ=OJQM cáêáåÖ=çêÇÉê=Ó=ÉåÖáåÉ==sPOLQQò
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=VO POLQQò ^J_^

OKNKNPKP pí~íáÅ=íçêèìÉ=ÑäìÅíì~íáçå=
dÉåÉê~ä
qÜÉ=ëí~íáÅ=íçêèìÉ=ÑäìÅíì~íáçå=áë=íÜÉ=ëìãã~íáçå=Ó=
í~âáåÖ=áåíç=~ÅÅçìåí=íÜÉ=ÅçêêÉÅí=éÜ~ëÉÓ~åÖäÉë=Ó=
çÑ= íÜÉ= íçêèìÉë= ~ÅíáåÖ= ~í= ~ää= Åê~åâë= ~êçìåÇ= íÜÉ=
Åê~åâëÜ~Ñí= ~ñáëK= qÜÉëÉ= íçêèìÉë= ~êÉ= ÅêÉ~íÉÇ= Äó=
íÜÉ=Ö~ë=~åÇ=ã~ëë=ÑçêÅÉë=~ÅíáåÖ=~í=íÜÉ=Åê~åâéáåëI=
ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= Åê~åâ= ê~Çáìë= ÄÉáåÖ= ìëÉÇ= ~ë= íÜÉ= äÉîÉê=
EëÉÉ=Éñ~ãéäÉë=çå=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=é~ÖÉëFK=^å=~ÄëçJ
äìíÉäó= êáÖáÇ= Åê~åâëÜ~Ñí= áë= ~ëëìãÉÇK= qÜÉ= î~äìÉë=
qã~ñ=~åÇ=qãáå=äáëíÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=í~ÄäÉë=çå=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïJ
áåÖ=é~ÖÉë=êÉéêÉëÉåí=~=ãÉ~ëìêÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=êÉ~Åíáçå=
ÑçêÅÉë=çÅÅìêêáåÖ=~í=íÜÉ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=
EëÉÉ=íÜÉ=ÑáÖìêÉ=ÄÉäçïFK=qÜÉ=ëí~íáÅ=î~äìÉë=äáëíÉÇ=áå=
íÜÉ=í~ÄäÉ=ìåÇÉêÖç=áå=É~ÅÜ=áåÇáîáÇì~ä=Å~ëÉ=~=ÇóJ
å~ãáÅ= ã~ÖåáÑáÅ~íáçå= ïÜáÅÜ= áë= ÇÉéÉåÇÉåí= ìéçå=
íÜÉ=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå=EÇÉëáÖå=~åÇ=
ã~íÉêá~ä= íÜáÅâåÉëëÉë= áå= ï~ó= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÑçìåÇ~íáçåI=
íóéÉ=çÑ=ÅÜçÅâáåÖFK
qÜÉ= êÉ~Åíáçå= ÑçêÅÉë= ÖÉåÉê~íÉÇ= Äó= íÜÉ= íçêèìÉ=
ÑäìÅíì~íáçå= ~êÉ= íÜÉ= ãçëí= áãéçêí~åí= ÉñÅáí~íáçåë=
íê~åëãáííÉÇ=áåíç=íÜÉ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå=áå=íÜÉ=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=~=
êáÖáÇäó=çê=ëÉãáJêÉëáäáÉåíäó=ãçìåíÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉK=qÜÉáê=
ÑêÉèìÉåÅó=áë=ÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=ìéçå=ëéÉÉÇ=~åÇ=ÅóäáåJ cáÖìêÉ=OJOU pí~íáÅ=íçêèìÉ=ÑäìÅíì~íáçå
ÇÉê=åìãÄÉêI=~åÇ=áë=~äëç=äáëíÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=í~ÄäÉK
få=çêÇÉê=íç=~îçáÇ=äçÅ~ä=îáÄê~íáçå=ÉñÅáí~íáçåë=áå=íÜÉ=
îÉëëÉäI=áí=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÉåëìêÉÇ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=å~íìê~ä=ÑêÉJ q ã~ñ – q ãáå
c a  i  ò = ------------------------------
èìÉåÅáÉë=çÑ=áãéçêí~åí=é~êí=ëíêìÅíìêÉë=EÉKÖK=é~åJ 2
ÉäëI=ÄìäâÜÉ~ÇëI=í~åâ=ï~ääë=~åÇ=ÇÉÅâëI=ÉèìáéãÉåí=
~åÇ= áíë= ÑçìåÇ~íáçåI= éáéÉ= ëóëíÉãëF= Ü~îÉ= ~= ëìÑÑáJ ò==kìãÄÉê=çÑ=ÅóäáåÇÉêë
ÅáÉåí= ë~ÑÉíó= ã~êÖáå= EáÑ= éçëëáÄäÉ= PM=BF= áå= êÉä~J i==aáëí~åÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå=Äçäíë
íáçå=íç=íÜáë=ã~áå=ÉñÅáí~íáçå=ÑêÉèìÉåÅóK
MOMQJMVMNjnÅêffKÑã
bJ^g POLQQò m~ÖÉ=O=J=VP

pí~íáÅ=íçêèìÉ=ÑäìÅíì~íáçå=~åÇ=ÉñÅáíáåÖ=ÑêÉèìÉåÅáÉë
j~áå=ÉñÅáíáåÖ=ÅçãéçåÉåíë
lìíéìí péÉÉÇ qå qã~ñ qãáå cêÉJ
båÖáåÉ lêÇÉê q
èìÉåÅóNF
ât êéã âkã âkã âkã J eò âkã
SiPOLQQò PKM PSKM QVKN
PIPSM QQKS NNOKR ÓNOKO
SKM TOKM OVKP
TiPOLQQò PKR QOKM NMNKO
PIVOM ROKM NSNKU ÓPTKQ
TKM UQKM OMKP
UiPOLQQò QKM QUKM UVKN
QIQUM TOM RVKQ NRQKU ÓNVKT
UKM VSKM NOKS
ViPOLQQò QKR RQKM USKQ
RIMQM SSKU NRTKQ ÓVKP
VKM NMUKM SKV
NMiPOLQQò RKM SMKM TVKN
RISMM TQKP NRSKM QKP
NMKM NOMKM PKQ
SiPOLQQò PKM PTKR QMKT
PIPSM QOKU NMOKU ÓUKO
SKM TRKM OVKN
TiPOLQQò PKR QPKTR VTKS
PIVOM QVKV NRSKP ÓPSKP
TKM UTKR OMKS
UiPOLQQò QKM RMKM URKT
QIQUM TRM RTKM NQUKV ÓNUKV
UKM NMMKM NPKP
ViPOLQQò QKR RSKOR UQKM
RIMQM SQKO NRNKV ÓVKT
VKM NNOKR TKU
NMiPOLQQò RKM SOKR TTKQ
RISMM TQKP NRMKR PKP
NMKM NORKM QKP
NF
=bñÅáíáåÖ=ÑêÉèìÉåÅó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ã~áå=Ü~êãçåáÅ=ÅçãéçåÉåíëK
q~ÄäÉ=OJQN pí~íáÅ=íçêèìÉ=ÑäìÅíì~íáçå=~åÇ=ÉñÅáíáåÖ=ÑêÉèìÉåÅó=Ó=ÉåÖáåÉ=iPOLQQò
cáÖìêÉ=OJOV bñ~ãéäÉ=íç=ÇÉÅä~êÉ=~ÄÄêÉîá~íáçåë=Ó=ÉåÖáåÉ=iPOLQQò
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=VQ POLQQò bJ^g

pí~íáÅ=íçêèìÉ=ÑäìÅíì~íáçå=~åÇ=ÉñÅáíáåÖ=ÑêÉèìÉåÅáÉë
j~áå=ÉñÅáíáåÖ=ÅçãéçåÉåíë
lìíéìí péÉÉÇ qå qã~ñ qãáå cêÉJ
båÖáåÉ lêÇÉê q
èìÉåÅóNF
ât êéã âkã âkã âkã êéã eò âkã
PKM= PSKM= PSKR=
NOsPOLQQò SITOM UVKN NRTKV OUKS
SKM TOKM PUKO
PKR= QOKM= PUKN=
NQsPOLQQò TIUQM NMQKM NSPKU PUKV
TKM UQKM PPKT
QKM= QUKM= M=
NSsPOLQQò UIVSM TOM NNUKU NQMKR VTKO
UKM VSKM ONKT
QKR= RQKM= POKM=
NUsPOLQQò NMIMUM NPPKT NSQKM VOKR
VKM NMUKM NMKR
RKM= SMKM= RTKM=
OMsPOLQQò NNIOMM NQUKR OMNKR UTKR
NMKM NOMKM QKM
PKM= PTKR= PMKQ=
NOsPOLQQò SITOM URKS NRMKO PNKN
SKM TRKM PUKQ
PKR= QPKTR= PTKM=
NQsPOLQQò TIUQM VVKU NSMKM PRKO
TKM UTKRM PQKV
QKM= RMKM= M=
NSsPOLQQò UIVSM TRM NNQKN NPTKU VMKR
UKM NMMKM OPKT
QKR= RSKOR= PNKP=
NUsPOLQQò NMIMUM NOUKP NRVKU USKM
VKM NNOKRM NOKS
RKM= SOKR= RSKO=
OMsPOLQQò NNIOMM NQOKS NVQKN UVKP
NMKM NORKM RKP
NF
=bñÅáíáåÖ=ÑêÉèìÉåÅó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ã~áå=Ü~êãçåáÅ=ÅçãéçåÉåíëK
q~ÄäÉ=OJQO pí~íáÅ=íçêèìÉ=ÑäìÅíì~íáçå=~åÇ=ÉñÅáíáåÖ=ÑêÉèìÉåÅó=Ó=ÉåÖáåÉ=sPOLQQò
cáÖìêÉ=OJPM bñ~ãéäÉ=íç=ÇÉÅä~êÉ=~ÄÄêÉîá~íáçå=Ó=ÉåÖáåÉ=sPOLQQò
bJ^g POLQQò m~ÖÉ=O=J=VR

=m~ÖÉ=O=J=VS POLQQò bJ^g

OKNKNQ=mçïÉê=íê~åëãáëëáçå=
OKNKNQ mçïÉê=íê~åëãáëëáçå
OKNKNQKN cäóïÜÉÉä==~êê~åÖÉãÉåí
cäóïÜÉÉä=ïáíÜ=ÑäÉñáÄäÉ=ÅçìéäáåÖ
cáÖìêÉ=OJPN cäóïÜÉÉä=ïáíÜ=ÑäÉñáÄäÉ=ÅçìéäáåÖ
^NF ÔF bNF bOF cãáå cã~ñ kçK=çÑ= kçK=çÑ=

=båÖáåÉ= íÜêçìÖÜ= ÑáííÉÇ=
ãã Äçäíë Äçäíë
SiPOLQQò NU
TiPOLQQò 22
aáãÉåëáçåë=ïáää=êÉëìäí=Ñêçã=Åä~êáÑáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=ÇÉí~áäë=çÑ=éêçéìäJ
UiPOLQQò J
ëáçå=ÇêáîÉ
ViPOLQQò OQ
NMiPOLQQò
NF=táíÜçìí=íçêëáçå~ä=äáãáí=ÇÉîáÅÉK
OF=táíÜ=íçêëáçå~ä=äáãáí=ÇÉîáÅÉK
MOMOJNMMNjnKÑã
q~ÄäÉ=OJQP aáãÉåëáçå=Ó=éçïÉê=íê~åëãáëëáçå
gJ^g POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=VT

rëÉ=Ñçê=éêçàÉÅí=éìêéçëÉë=çåäó> í~áäë=çÑ=ÇêáîÉ=~åÇ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=êÉëìäí=çÑ=íÜÉ=íçêëáçå~ä=
îáÄê~íáçå=Å~äÅìä~íáçåK=
cáå~ä= ÇáãÉåëáçåë= çÑ= ÑäóïÜÉÉä= ~åÇ= ÑäÉñáÄäÉ= ÅçìJ
éäáåÖ=ïáää=êÉëìäí=Ñêçã=Åä~êáÑáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=ÇÉJ cäóïÜÉÉä=Çá~ãÉíÉê=ãìëí=åçí=ÄÉ=ÅÜ~åÖÉÇ>
cáÖìêÉ=OJPO cäóïÜÉÉä=ïáíÜ=ÑäÉñáÄäÉ=ÅçìéäáåÖ=Ó=sJÉåÖáåÉ
^NF ÔF bNF bOF cãáå cã~ñ kçK=çÑ= kçK=çÑ=

=båÖáåÉ= íÜêçìÖÜ= ÑáííÉÇ=
ãã Äçäíë Äçäíë
NOsPOLQQò OQ J
NQsPOLQQò 18 O
aáãÉåëáçåë=ïáää=êÉëìäí=Ñêçã=Åä~êáÑáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=ÇÉí~áäë=çÑ=éêçéìäJ
NSsPOLQQò OS -
ëáçå=ÇêáîÉ
NUsPOLQQò 26 -
OMsPOLQQò 24 2
NF=táíÜçìí=íçêëáçå~ä=äáãáí=ÇÉîáÅÉK
OF=táíÜ=íçêëáçå~ä=äáãáí=ÇÉîáÅÉK
q~ÄäÉ=OJQQ aáãÉåëáçå=Ó=éçïÉê=íê~åëãáëëáçårëÉ=Ñçê=éêçàÉÅí=éìêéçëÉë=çåäó>
MOMOJNMMNjnKÑã
cáå~ä= ÇáãÉåëáçåë= çÑ= ÑäóïÜÉÉä= ~åÇ= ÑäÉñáÄäÉ= ÅçìJ í~áäë=çÑ=ÇêáîÉ=~åÇ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=êÉëìäí=çÑ=íÜÉ=íçêëáçå~ä=

éäáåÖ=ïáää=êÉëìäí=Ñêçã=Åä~êáÑáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=ÇÉJ îáÄê~íáçå=Å~äÅìä~íáçåK=
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=VU POLQQò gJ^g

cäóïÜÉÉä=Çá~ãÉíÉê=ãìëí=åçí=ÄÉ=ÅÜ~åÖÉÇ>
^êê~åÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=ÑäóïÜÉÉäI=ÅçìéäáåÖ=~åÇ=ÖÉ~êÄçñ==
Figure 2-33 Example: arrangement of flywheel, coupling and gearbox
^êê~åÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=ÑäóïÜÉÉäI=ÅçìéäáåÖ=~åÇ=ÖÉåÉê~íçê==
MOMOJNMMNjnKÑã
cáÖìêÉ=OJPQ bñ~ãéäÉW=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=ÑäóïÜÉÉäI=ÅçìéäáåÖ=~åÇ=ÖÉåÉê~íçê
gJ^g POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=VV

MOMOJNMMNjnKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NMM POLQQò gJ^g

OKNKNR=^êê~åÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=éìãéë=
OKNKNR ^êê~åÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=éìãéë
Figure 2-35 Attached pumps L32/44CR
kçíÉ>=
qÜÉ= Ñáå~ä= ~êê~åÖÉãÉåí= çÑ= íÜÉ= iKlK= ~åÇ= ÅççäáåÖ=
ï~íÉê=éìãéë=ïáää=ÄÉ=ã~ÇÉ=ÇìÉ=íç=íÜÉ=áåèìáêó=çê=
çêÇÉêK
MOMQJNOMNjnÅêffKÑã
_J^g POLQQò m~ÖÉ=O=J=NMN

OKNKNR=^êê~åÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=éìãéë=
Figure 2-36 Attached pumps V32/44CR
kçíÉ>=
qÜÉ= Ñáå~ä= ~êê~åÖÉãÉåí= çÑ= íÜÉ= iKlK= ~åÇ= ÅççäáåÖ=
ï~íÉê=éìãéë=ïáää=ÄÉ=ã~ÇÉ=ÇìÉ=íç=íÜÉ=áåèìáêó=çê=
çêÇÉêK
MOMQJNOMNjnÅêffKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NMO POLQQò _J^g

OKNKNS=cçìåÇ~íáçå=
OKNKNS cçìåÇ~íáçå
OKNKNSKN dÉåÉê~ä=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=Ñçê=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå
mä~íÉ=íÜáÅâåÉëëÉë
qÜÉ=ëí~íÉÇ=ã~íÉêá~ä=ÇáãÉåëáçåë=~êÉ=êÉÅçããÉåJ
Ç~íáçåëI=íÜáÅâåÉëëÉë=ëã~ääÉê=íÜ~å=íÜÉëÉ=ëÜçìäÇ=
åçí=ÄÉ=~ääçïÉÇK
qçé=éä~íÉë
_ÉÑçêÉ=çê=~ÑíÉê=Ü~îáåÖ=ÄÉÉå=ïÉäÇÉÇ=áå=éä~ÅÉI=íÜÉ=
ÄÉ~êáåÖ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉë=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ã~ÅÜáåÉÇ=~åÇ=ÑêÉÉÇ=
Ñêçã=êçääáåÖ=ëÅ~äÉK=pìêÑ~ÅÉ=ÑáåáëÜ=ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ=
íç=o~=PKO=éÉ~âJíçJî~ääÉó=êçìÖÜåÉëë=áå=íÜÉ=~êÉ~=çÑ=
íÜÉ=ÅÜçÅâëK
qÜÉ=íÜáÅâåÉëë=ÖáîÉå=áë=íÜÉ=ÑáåáëÜÉÇ=ëáòÉ=~ÑíÉê=ã~J
ÅÜáåáåÖK
açïåï~êÇ=áåÅäáå~íáçå=çìíï~êÇëI=åçí=ÉñÅÉÉÇáåÖ=
MKT=BK
mêáçê=íç=ÑáííáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÅÜçÅâëI=ÅäÉ~å=íÜÉ=ÄÉ~êáåÖ=ëìêJ
Ñ~ÅÉë=Ñêçã=Çáêí=~åÇ=êìëí=íÜ~í=ã~ó=Ü~îÉ=ÑçêãÉÇW=
^ÑíÉê= íÜÉ= ÇêáääáåÖ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÑçìåÇ~íáçå= Äçäí= ÜçäÉëI=
ëéçíÑ~ÅÉ= íÜÉ= äçïÉê= Åçåí~Åí= Ñ~ÅÉ= åçêã~ä= íç= íÜÉ=
Äçäí=ÜçäÉK
cçìåÇ~íáçå=ÖáêÇÉêë
qÜÉ= Çáëí~åÅÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= áååÉê= ÖáêÇÉêë= ãìëí= ÄÉ= çÄJ
ëÉêîÉÇK=tÉ=êÉÅçããÉåÇ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=Çáëí~åÅÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=
çìíÉê=ÖáêÇÉêë=Eçåäó=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=ä~êÖÉê=íóéÉëF=~äëç=
ÄÉ=çÄëÉêîÉÇK
qÜÉ=ÖáêÇÉêë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=~äáÖåÉÇ=Éñ~Åíäó=~ÄçîÉ=~åÇ=
ìåÇÉêåÉ~íÜ=íÜÉ=í~åâ=íçéK
cäççê=éä~íÉë
kç=ã~åÜçäÉë=~êÉ=éÉêãáííÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=Ñäççê=éä~íÉë=áå=
íÜÉ=~êÉ~=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÄçñJëÜ~éÉÇ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçåK=tÉäÇáåÖ=
áë=íç=ÄÉ=Å~êêáÉÇ=çìí=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=ã~åÜçäÉë=áå=íÜÉ=
çìíÉê=ÖáêÇÉêëK
qçé=éä~íÉ=ëìééçêíáåÖ
mêçîáÇÉ=ëìééçêí=áå=íÜÉ=~êÉ~=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ñê~ãÉë=Ñêçã=
íÜÉ=åÉ~êÉëí=ÖáêÇÉê=ÄÉäçïK
MOMQJNPMNjaKÑã
gJ^f POLQQòI=QULSMòI=RNLSMac= m~ÖÉ=O=J=NMP

MOMQJNPMNjaKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NMQ POLQQòI=QULSMòI=RNLSMac= gJ^f

OKNKNS=cçìåÇ~íáçå
OKNKNSKO oáÖáÇ=ëÉ~íáåÖ
oÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=ÅçåÑáÖìê~íáçå=çÑ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå
MOMOJNPMOjnÅêffKÑã
cáÖìêÉ=OJPT oÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=ÅçåÑáÖìê~íáçå=çÑ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå=iPOLQQò
`J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=NMR

==
cáÖìêÉ=OJPU oÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=ÅçåÑáÖìê~íáçå=çÑ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå=iPOLQQò=Ó=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=Äçäíë
kìãÄÉê=çÑ=Äçäíë
kçK=çÑ=ÅóäáåÇÉêë S T U V NM
cáííÉÇ=Äçäíë O O O O O
råÇÉêÅìí=Äçäíë NS NU OM OO OQ
g~Åâ=Äçäíë NS NU OM OO OQ
q~ÄäÉ=OJQR iÉÖÉåÇ=íç=êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=ÅçåÑáÖìê~íáçå=çÑ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå=iPOLQQò=Ó=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=Äçäíë
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NMS POLQQò `J_^

=^êê~åÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå=Äçäíë=ÜçäÉë===
cáÖìêÉ=OJPV ^êê~åÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå=Äçäíë=iPOLQQò
qïç= ÑáííÉÇ= Äçäíë= ãìëí= ÄÉ= éêçîáÇÉÇ= ÉáíÜÉê= çå= √ táíÜ=ÉåÖáåÉ=êçí~íáåÖ=çå=ÅçìåíÉê=ÅäçÅâëáÇÉ=çå=

ëí~åÇ~êÇ=çê=éçêí=ëáÇÉ=çåäóI=áKÉK=áå=É~ÅÜ=Å~ëÉ=äççâJ ëí~êíÄç~êÇ=ëáÇÉ
áåÖ=íçï~êÇë=ÑäóïÜÉÉäK
kìãÄÉê= ~åÇ= éçëáíáçåáåÖ= çÑ= ëíçééÉêë= ~êÉ= íç= ÄÉ=
√ táíÜ=ÉåÖáåÉ=êçí~íáåÖ=çå=éçêí=ëáÇÉ éêçîáÇÉÇ=áå=~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=éáÅíìêÉ=~ÄçîÉK
`J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=NMT

cáÖìêÉ=OJQM oÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=ÅçåÑáÖìê~íáçå=çÑ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå=sPOLQQò
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NMU POLQQò `J_^

oÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=ÅçåÑáÖìê~íáçå=çÑ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå=Ó=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=Äçäíë
cáÖìêÉ=OJQN oÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=ÅçåÑáÖìê~íáçå=çÑ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå=sPOLQQò=Ó=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=Äçäíë
kìãÄÉê=çÑ=Äçäíë
kçK=çÑ=ÅóäáåÇÉêë NO NQ NS NU OM
cáííÉÇ=Äçäíë O O O O O
råÇÉêÅìí=Äçäíë PM PQ PU QO QS
g~Åâ=Äçäíë NS NU OM OO OQ
q~ÄäÉ=OJQS iÉÖÉåÇ=íç=êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=ÅçåÑáÖìê~íáçå=çÑ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå=sPOLQQò=Ó=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=Äçäíë
`J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=NMV

^êê~åÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå=Äçäíë
cáÖìêÉ=OJQO ^êê~åÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå=Äçäíë=sPOLQQò
qïç= ÑáííÉÇ= Äçäíë= ãìëí= ÄÉ= éêçîáÇÉÇ= ÉáíÜÉê= çå= √ táíÜ=ÉåÖáåÉ=êçí~íáåÖ=çå=ÅçìåíÉê=ÅäçÅâëáÇÉ=çå=

ëí~åÇ~êÇ=çê=éçêí=ëáÇÉ=çåäóI=áKÉK=áå=É~ÅÜ=Å~ëÉ= ëí~êíÄç~êÇ=ëáÇÉ
äççâáåÖ=íçï~êÇë=ÑäóïÜÉÉäK
kìãÄÉê= ~åÇ= éçëáíáçåáåÖ= çÑ= ëíçééÉêë= ~êÉ= íç= ÄÉ=
√ táíÜ=ÉåÖáåÉ=êçí~íáåÖ=çå=éçêí=ëáÇÉ éêçîáÇÉÇ=áå=~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=éáÅíìêÉ=~ÄçîÉK
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NNM POLQQò `J_^

OKNKNSKP `ÜçÅâáåÖ=ïáíÜ=ëóåíÜÉíáÅ=êÉëáå
båÖáåÉ=POLQQò
jçëí= Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå= ëçÅáÉíáÉë= éÉêãáí= íÜÉ= ìëÉ= çÑ=

íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ëóåíÜÉíáÅ=êÉëáåë=Ñçê=ÅÜçÅâáåÖ=aáÉJ
ëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉëW
√ `ÜçÅâÑ~ëí=lê~åÖÉ=
EmÜáä~ÇÉäéÜá~=oÉëáåë=`çêéK=rKpK^F
√ béçÅ~ëí=PS=
EeK^K=péêáåÖÉêI=háÉäF=
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= ~ÅÅÉéíë= ÉåÖáåÉë= ÄÉáåÖ=
ÅÜçÅâÉÇ=ïáíÜ=ëóåíÜÉíáÅ=êÉëáå=éêçîáÇÉÇ
√ éêçÅÉëëáåÖ= áë= ÇçåÉ= Äó= ~ìíÜçêáòÉÇ= ~ÖÉåíë= çÑ=
íÜÉ=~ÄçîÉ=Åçãé~åáÉë
√ íÜÉ=Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=ëçÅáÉíó=êÉëéçåëáÄäÉ=Ü~ë=~éJ
éêçîÉÇ= íÜÉ= ëóåíÜÉíáÅ= êÉëáå= íç= ÄÉ= ìëÉÇ= Ñçê= ~=
ìåáí= éêÉëëìêÉ= EÉåÖáåÉ= ïÉáÖÜí= H= ÑçìåÇ~íáçå=
Äçäí= éêÉäç~ÇáåÖF= çÑ= QRM=kLÅãO= ~åÇ= ~= ÅÜçÅâ=
íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=~í=äÉ~ëí=UM=ø`K
qÜÉ=äç~ÇÉÇ=~êÉ~=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅÜçÅâë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÇáãÉåJ
ëáçåÉÇ= áå= ~= ï~óI= íÜ~í= íÜÉ= éêÉëëìêÉ= ÉÑÑÉÅíÉÇ= Äó=
íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉë=ÇÉ~Ç=ïÉáÖÜí=ÇçÉë=åçí=ÉñÅÉÉÇ
TM=kLÅãO= EêÉèìáêÉãÉåí= çÑ= ëçãÉ= Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=
ëçÅáÉíáÉëFK
qÜÉ=éêÉJíÉåëáçåáåÖ=ÑçêÅÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå=Äçäíë=
ï~ë=ÅÜçëÉå=ëç=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=éÉêãáëëáÄäÉ=íçí~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=
~êÉ~= äç~Ç= çÑ= QRM=kLÅãO= áë= åçí= ÉñÅÉÉÇÉÇK= qÜáë=
ïáää= ÉåëìêÉ= íÜ~í= íÜÉ= Üçêáòçåí~ä= íÜêìëí= êÉëìäíáåÖ=
Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ã~ëë=ÑçêÅÉë=áë=ë~ÑÉäó=íê~åëãáííÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=
ÅÜçÅâëK
qÜÉ= ëÜáéó~êÇ= áë= êÉëéçåëáÄäÉ= Ñçê= íÜÉ= ÉñÉÅìíáçå=
~åÇ=ãìëí=~äëç=Öê~åí=íÜÉ=ï~êê~åíóK
qáÖÜíÉåáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå=Äçäíë=çåäó=éÉêãáëëáJ
ÄäÉ= ïáíÜ= ÜóÇê~ìäáÅ= íÉåëáçåáåÖ=ÇÉîáÅÉK= qÜÉ= éçáåí=
çÑ= ~ééäáÅ~íáçå=çÑ= ÑçêÅÉ= áë= íÜÉ= ÉåÇ= çÑ=íÜÉ= íÜêÉ~Ç=
ïáíÜ=~=äÉåÖíÜ=çÑ=UR=ããK=kìíë=ÇÉÑáåáíÉäó=ãìëí=åçí=
ÄÉ= íáÖÜíÉåÉÇ= ïáíÜ= Üççâ= ëé~ååÉê= ~åÇ= Ü~ããÉêI=
ÉîÉå=Ñçê=ä~íÉê=áåëéÉÅíáçåëK
MOMQJNPMPjnÅêffKÑã
aJ_^ =POLQQò m~ÖÉ=O=J=NNN

qáÖÜíÉåáåÖ=çÑ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå=Äçäíë
cáÖìêÉ=OJQP eóÇê~ìäáÅ=íÉåëáçå=ÇÉîáÅÉ
eóÇê~ìäáÅ=íÉåëáçå=ÇÉîáÅÉ
qççä=åìãÄÉê MMVKPQS
J MPMKOMR
MPMKORU
máëíçå=~êÉ~ Åã=² QMKQSÅã²
j~ñáãìã=éìãé=éêÉëëìêÉ Ä~ê NIMMM
q~ÄäÉ=OJQT eóÇê~ìäáÅ=íÉåëáçå=ÇÉîáÅÉ
qÜÉ= íÉåëáçåáåÖ= íççä= ïáíÜ= íÉåëáçåáåÖ= åìí= ~åÇ=
éêÉëëìêÉ= ëäÉÉîÉ= ~êÉ= áåÅäìÇÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= ëí~åÇ~êÇ=
ëÅçéÉ=çÑ=ëìééäó=çÑ=íççäë=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ
mêÉíÉåëáçåáåÖ=ÑçêÅÉ iPOLQQò
mêÉJíÉåëáçåáåÖ=ÑçêÅÉê âk OSN
mìãé=éêÉëëìêÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ Ä~ê TTR
pÉííáåÖ=~ääçï~åÅÉ B OM
`~äÅìä~íÉÇ=ëÅêÉï=ÉäçåÖ~íáçå ãã MKRQ
ríáäáò~íáçå=çÑ=óáÉäÇ=éçáåí B SN
q~ÄäÉ=OJQU mêÉíÉåëáçåáåÖ=ÑçêÅÉ
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NNO POLQQò aJ_^

cáÖìêÉ=OJQQ `ÜçÅâáåÖ=ïáíÜ=ëóåíÜÉíáÅ=êÉëáå=iPOLQQò
aJ_^ =POLQQò m~ÖÉ=O=J=NNP

cáÖìêÉ=OJQR `ÜçÅâáåÖ=ïáíÜ=ëóåíÜÉíáÅ=êÉëáå=sPOLQQò
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NNQ POLQQò aJ_^

OKNKNSKQ oÉëáäáÉåí=ëÉ~íáåÖ==
dÉåÉê~ä tÜÉêÉ=êÉëáäáÉåí=ãçìåíáåÖ=áë=~ééäáÉÇI=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïJ
áåÖ=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=í~âÉå=áåíç=ÅçåëáÇÉê~íáçå=ïÜÉå=ÇÉJ
qÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉë=Å~ìëÉ=Çóå~ãáÅ=ÉÑÑÉÅíë=çå=íÜÉ=ÑçìåJ
ëáÖåáåÖ=~=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éä~åíW
Ç~íáçåK= qÜÉëÉ= ÉÑÑÉÅíë= ~êÉ= ~ííêáÄìíÉÇ= íç= íÜÉ= éìäJ
ë~íáåÖ= êÉ~Åíáçå= ÑçêÅÉë= ÇìÉ= íç= íÜÉ= áêêÉÖìä~ê= NK _ÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=êÉëáäáÉåíäó=ãçìåíÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~åÇ=
íçêèìÉI=~ÇÇáíáçå~ääó=áå=ÉåÖáåÉë=ïáíÜ=ÅÉêí~áå=ÅóäáåJ íÜÉ=êáÖáÇäó=ãçìåíÉÇ=ÖÉ~êÄçñ=çê=ÖÉåÉê~íçêI=~=
ÇÉê=åìãÄÉêë=íÜÉëÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíë=~êÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=Äó=ìåJ ÑäÉñáÄäÉ=ÅçìéäáåÖ=ïáíÜ=ãáåáãìã=~ñá~ä=~åÇ=ê~J
Ä~ä~åÅÉÇ=ÑçêÅÉë=~åÇ=ÅçìéäÉë=ÄêçìÖÜí=~Äçìí=Äó= Çá~ä=Éä~ëíáÅ=ÑçêÅÉë=~åÇ=ä~êÖÉ=~ñá~ä=~åÇ=ê~Çá~ä=
êçí~íáåÖ=çê=êÉÅáéêçÅ~íáåÖ=ã~ëëÉë=ïÜáÅÜ=ÅçåëáÇJ Çáëéä~ÅÉãÉåí=Å~é~ÅáíáÉë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇK
ÉêáåÖ=íÜÉáê=îÉÅíçê=ëìãJÇç=åçí=Éèì~íÉ=íç=òÉêçK OK qÜÉ=éáéÉë=íç=~åÇ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=çÑ=
qÜÉ=ÇáêÉÅí=êÉëáäáÉåí=ëìééçêí=ã~âÉë=áí=éçëëáÄäÉ=íç= ÜáÖÜäó=ÑäÉñáÄäÉ=íóéÉK
âÉÉé=íÜÉ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå=éê~ÅíáÅ~ääó=ÑêÉÉ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ÇóJ PK få=çêÇÉê=íç=~ÅÜáÉîÉ=~=ÖççÇ=ëíêìÅíìêÉJÄçêåÉJ
å~ãáÅ=ÑçêÅÉëI=ïÜáÅÜ=~êÉ=ÖÉåÉê~íÉÇ=Äó=ÉîÉêó=êÉJ ëçìåÇ=áëçä~íáçåI=íÜÉ=äçïÉê=Äê~ÅâÉíë=ìëÉÇ=íç=
ÅáéêçÅ~íáåÖ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~åÇ=ã~ó=Ü~îÉ=Ü~êãÑìä=ÉÑÑÉÅíë= ÅçååÉÅí= íÜÉ= ëìééçêíáåÖ= ÉäÉãÉåíë= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ=
çå= íÜÉ= ÉåîáêçåãÉåí= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉë= ìåÇÉê= ~ÇJ ëÜáéDë= ÑçìåÇ~íáçå= ~êÉ= íç= ÄÉ= ÑáííÉÇ= ~í= ëìÑÑáJ
îÉêëÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçåëK ÅáÉåíäó=êáÖáÇ=éçáåíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçåK==fåÑäìJ
ÉåÅÉë= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÑçìåÇ~íáçåDë= ëíáÑÑåÉëë= çå= íÜÉ=
qÜÉêÉÑçêÉ= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= çÑÑÉêë= íÜÉ= êÉëáäJ
å~íìê~ä= ÑêÉèìÉåÅáÉë= çÑ= íÜÉ= êÉëáäáÉåí= ëìééçêí=
áÉåí=ãçìåíáåÖ=íç=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=íÜÉ=ÅçãÑçêíK
ïáää=åçí=ÄÉ=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇK
`çåáÅ~ä=ãçìåíáåÖ=ëóëíÉã= QK qÜÉ=ó~êÇ=ãìëí=ëéÉÅáÑó=ïáíÜ=ïÜáÅÜ=áåÅäáå~íáçå=
êÉä~íÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=éä~åÉ=âÉÉä=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ïáää=ÄÉ=
qÜÉ=ÅçåáÅ~ä=ãçìåíáåÖ=ëóëíÉã=áë=~=ëéÉÅá~ä=ÇÉëáÖå= áåëí~ääÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= ëÜáéK= tÜÉå= Å~äÅìä~íáåÖ= íÜÉ=
Ñçê=ãÉêÅÜ~åí=ëÜáéëK êÉëáäáÉåí= ãçìåíáåÖ= ëóëíÉãI= áí= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ=
qÜÉ=ãçìåíáåÖ=ëóëíÉã=áë=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëÉÇ=Äó=å~íìê~ä= ÅÜÉÅâÉÇ=ïÜÉíÜÉê=íÜÉ=ÇÉëáêÉÇ=áåÅäáå~íáçå=Å~å=
ÑêÉèìÉåÅáÉë= çÑ= íÜÉ= êÉëáäáÉåíäó= ëìééçêíÉÇ= ÉåÖáåÉ= ÄÉ=êÉ~äáëÉÇ=ïáíÜçìí=ëéÉÅá~ä=ãÉ~ëìêÉëK=^ÇÇáJ
ÄÉáåÖ=äçïÉê=íÜ~å=~ééêçñK=NU=eòI=ëç=íÜ~í=íÜÉó=~êÉ= íáçå~ä= ãÉ~ëìêÉë= ~äï~óë= êÉëìäí= áå= ~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=
ÄÉäçï= íÜçëÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= éìäë~íáåÖ= ÇáëíìêÄáåÖ= î~êá~J ÅçëíëK
ÄäÉëK
qÜÉ= ~ééêçéêá~íÉ= ÇÉëáÖå= çÑ= íÜÉ= êÉëáäáÉåí= ëìééçêí=
ïáää=ÄÉ=ëÉäÉÅíÉÇ=áå=~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÇÉã~åÇë=
çÑ= íÜÉ= ÅìëíçãÉêI= áKÉK= áí= ïáää= ÄÉ= ~ÇàìëíÉÇ= íç= íÜÉ=
ëéÉÅá~ä=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=çÑ=É~ÅÜ=éä~åíK
qÜÉ=ëìééçêíáåÖ=ÉäÉãÉåíë=ïáää=ÄÉ=ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ=ÇáJ
êÉÅíäó=íç=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÑÉÉí=Äó=ëéÉÅá~ä=Äê~ÅâÉíëK=qÜÉ=
åìãÄÉêI=êìÄÄÉê=Ü~êÇåÉëë=~åÇ=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=
ëìééçêíáåÖ=ÉäÉãÉåíë=ÇÉéÉåÇ=çå
√ íÜÉ=ïÉáÖÜí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ
√ íÜÉ=ÅÉåíêÉ=çÑ=Öê~îáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ
√ íÜÉ=ÇÉëáêÉÇ=å~íìê~ä=ÑêÉèìÉåÅáÉë
MOMSJNPMQjnKÑã
gJ^g POLQMI=POLQQ ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=NNR

MOMSJNPMQjnKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NNS POLQMI=POLQQ gJ^g

OKNKNSKR oÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=ÅçåÑáÖìê~íáçå=çÑ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå
båÖáåÉ=ãçìåíáåÖ
cáÖìêÉ=OJQS oÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=ÅçåÑáÖìê~íáçå=çÑ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå=iPOLQQò=Ó=êÉëáäáÉåí=ëÉ~íáåÖ
MOMQJNPMSjnÅêffKÑã
`J_^ POLQQò m~ÖÉ=O=J=NNT

båÖáåÉ=ãçìåíáåÖ
=
cáÖìêÉ=OJQT oÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=ÅçåÑáÖìê~íáçå=çÑ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå=iPOLQQò=Ó=êÉëáäáÉåí=ëÉ~íáåÖ
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NNU POLQQò `J_^

båÖáåÉ=jçìåíáåÖ
cáÖìêÉ=OJQU oÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=ÅçåÑáÖìê~íáçå=çÑ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå=iPOLQQò=Ó=êÉëáäáÉåí=ëÉ~íáåÖ
`J_^ POLQQò m~ÖÉ=O=J=NNV

båÖáåÉ=jçìåíáåÖ
cáÖìêÉ=OJQV oÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=ÅçåÑáÖìê~íáçå=çÑ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå=áåJäáåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=iPOLQQò=Ó=êÉëáäáÉåí=ëÉ~íáåÖ
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NOM POLQQò `J_^

cáÖìêÉ=OJRM oÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=ÅçåÑáÖìê~íáçå=çÑ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå :'6=Ó=êÉëáäáÉåí=ëÉ~íáåÖ

`J_^ POLQQò m~ÖÉ=O=J=NON

båÖáåÉ=ãçìåíáåÖ=- ìëáåÖ=ÅçåáÅ~ä=ãçìåíáåÖë
cáÖìêÉ=OJRN oÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=ÅçåÑáÖìê~íáçå=çÑ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå 0'6=Ó=êÉëáäáÉåí=ëÉ~íáåÖ

=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NOO POLQQò `J_^

cáÖìêÉ=OJRO oÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=ÅçåÑáÖìê~íáçå=çÑ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå :'6=Ó=êÉëáäáÉåí=ëÉ~íáåÖ

`J_^ POLQQò m~ÖÉ=O=J=NOP

cáÖìêÉ=OJRP oÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=ÅçåÑáÖìê~íáçå=çÑ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçå= :'6=Ó=êÉëáäáÉåí=ëÉ~íáåÖ

=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NOQ POLQQò `J_^

OKOKN=p~`çpçåÉ=ëóëíÉã=çîÉêîáÉï=
OKO båÖáåÉ=~ìíçã~íáçå====
OKOKN p~`çpçåÉ=ëóëíÉã=çîÉêîáÉï
cáÖìêÉ=OJRQ p~`çpçåÉ=ëóëíÉã=çîÉêîáÉï
N `çåíêçä=råáí
O fåàÉÅíáçå=råáí=EÑçê=òJÉåÖáåÉëF
P póëíÉã=_ìë
Q içÅ~ä=léÉê~íáåÖ=m~åÉä
R fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=`~ÄáåÉí
S oÉãçíÉ=léÉê~íáåÖ=m~åÉä=Eléíáçå~äF
MOMPJMNMNjnÅêKÑã
bJ^g POLQQò= ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=NOR

qÜÉ= ãçåáíçêáåÖ= ~åÇ= ë~ÑÉíó= ëóëíÉã= p~`çpçåÉ= p~`çpçåÉ=fåàÉÅíáçå=ìåáí

ëÉêîÉë=Ñçê=ÅçãéäÉíÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=çéÉê~íáçåI=~ä~êãáåÖ=
qÜÉ=áåàÉÅíáçå=ìåáí=áë=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÅìëÜJ
~åÇ= ÅçåíêçäK= ^ää= ëÉåëçêë=~åÇ= çéÉê~íáåÖ= ÇÉîáÅÉë=
áçåÉÇ= ~Ö~áåëí= ~åó= îáÄê~íáçåK= aÉéÉåÇáåÖ= çå= íÜÉ=
~êÉ=ïáêÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉJ~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=ìåáíëK=qÜÉ=ïáêÉ=
ìë~ÖÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉI=áí=áåÅäìÇÉë=çåÉ=çê=íïç=áÇÉåJ
ÅçååÉÅíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=éä~åí=áë=ÇçåÉ=Äó=ãÉ~åë=çÑ=~å=
íáÅ~äI=ÜáÖÜäó=áåíÉÖê~íÉÇ=fåàÉÅíáçå=jçÇìäÉëK
fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=`~ÄáåÉíK
qÜÉ=fåàÉÅíáçå=jçÇìäÉ=áë=ìëÉÇ=Ñçê=ëéÉÉÇ=Åçåíêçä=
aìêáåÖ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áåëí~ää~íáçåI=çåäó=íÜÉ=Äìë=ÅçååÉÅJ
~åÇ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=~Åíì~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=áåàÉÅíáçå=î~äîÉëK=cçê=
íáçåë= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= éçïÉê= ëìééäó= ~åÇ= ë~ÑÉíó= êÉä~íÉÇ=
ÉåÖáåÉë=ëìééäáÉÇ=ïáíÜ=íïç=ãçÇìäÉëI=íÜÉ=ëÉÅçåÇ=
Å~ÄäÉë= ÄÉíïÉÉå= íÜÉ= Åçåíêçä= ìåáí= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= áåíÉêJ
çåÉ=ëÉêîÉë=~ë=Ä~Åâìé=~åÇ=í~âÉë=çîÉê=íÜÉ=ëéÉÉÇ=
Ñ~ÅÉL~ìñáäá~êó=Å~ÄáåÉí=~êÉ= íç=ÄÉ=ä~áÇI= ~ë= ïÉää= ~ë=
Åçåíêçä= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= Åçåíêçä= çÑ= íÜÉ= áåàÉÅíáçå= î~äîÉë=
ÅçååÉÅíáçåë= íç= ÉñíÉêå~ä= ãçÇìäÉë= ~åÇ= é~êíë= çå=
ïáíÜçìí=áåíÉêêìéíáçå=áå=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=~å=Éêêçê=áå=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=
ëáíÉK
ãçÇìäÉK
qÜÉ= p~`çpçåÉ= ÇÉëáÖå= áë= Ä~ëÉÇ= çå= ÜáÖÜ= êÉäá~ÄäÉ=
~åÇ=~ééêçîÉÇ=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=~ë=ïÉää=~ë=ãçÇìäÉë=
ëéÉÅá~ääó= ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ= Ñçê= áåëí~ää~íáçå= çå= ãÉÇáìã=
ëéÉÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉë=K=qÜÉ=ìëÉÇ=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=~êÉ=Ü~êJ
ãçåáëÉÇ=íç=~å==ÜçãçÖÉåçìëäó=ëóëíÉãK
qÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=Ü~ë=~äêÉ~Çó=ÄÉÉå=íÉëíÉÇ=~åÇ=é~ê~ãJ
ÉíÉêáëÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=Ñ~ÅíçêóK
p~`çpçåÉ=`çåíêçä=ìåáí
qÜÉ=Åçåíêçä=ìåáí=áë=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÅìëÜJ
áçåÉÇ=~Ö~áåëí=~åó=îáÄê~íáçåK=fí=áåÅäìÇÉë=íïç=áÇÉåJ
íáÅ~äI=ÜáÖÜäó=áåíÉÖê~íÉÇ=`çåíêçä=jçÇìäÉëW=çåÉ=Ñçê=
ë~ÑÉíó= ÑìåÅíáçåë= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= çíÜÉê= çåÉ= Ñçê= ÉåÖáåÉ=
Åçåíêçä=~åÇ=~ä~êãáåÖK
qÜÉ=ãçÇìäÉë=ïçêâ=áåÇÉéÉåÇÉåíäó=çÑ=É~ÅÜ=çíÜÉê= cáÖìêÉ=OJRS p~`çpçåÉ=fåàÉÅíáçå=ìåáí
~åÇ=ÅçääÉÅí=ÉåÖáåÉ=ãÉ~ëìêáåÖ=Ç~í~=Äó=ãÉ~åë=çÑ=
ëÉé~ê~íÉ=ëÉåëçêëK
cáÖìêÉ=OJRR p~`çpçåÉ=`çåíêçä=ìåáí
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NOS POLQQò bJ^g

p~`çpçåÉ=póëíÉã=_ìë
qÜÉ=p~`çpçåÉ=ëóëíÉã=Äìë=ÅçååÉÅíë=~ää=ëóëíÉã= p~`çpçåÉ=áë=ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=éä~åí=Äó=íÜÉ=d~íÉJ
ãçÇìäÉëK=qÜáë=êÉÇìåÇ~åí=ÑáÉäÇ=Äìë=ëóëíÉã=éêçJ ï~ó=jçÇìäÉK=qÜáë=ãçÇìäÉ=áë=ÉèìáééÉÇ=ïáíÜ=ÇÉJ
îáÇÉë= íÜÉ= Ä~ëáë= çÑ= Ç~í~= ÉñÅÜ~åÖÉ= ÄÉíïÉÉå= íÜÉ= ÅÉåíê~ä= áåéìí= ~åÇ= çìíéìí= ÅÜ~ååÉäë= = ~ë= ïÉää= ~ë=
ãçÇìäÉë=~åÇ=~ääçïë=íÜÉ=í~âÉçîÉê=çÑ=êÉÇìåÇ~åí= ïáíÜ= ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí= áåíÉêÑ~ÅÉë= Ñçê= ÅçååÉÅíáçå= íç= íÜÉ=
ãÉ~ëìêáåÖ=î~äìÉë=Ñêçã=çíÜÉê=ãçÇìäÉë=áå=Å~ëÉ=çÑ= éä~åíLëÜáé= ~ìíçã~íáçåI= íÜÉ= oÉãçíÉ= léÉê~íáåÖ=
~=ëÉåëçê=Ñ~áäìêÉK m~åÉä=~åÇ=íÜÉ=çåäáåÉ=ëÉêîáÅÉK
cáÖìêÉ=OJRT p~`çpçåÉ=póëíÉã=_ìë
bJ^g POLQQò= ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=NOT

içÅ~ä=léÉê~íáåÖ=m~åÉä fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=`~ÄáåÉí
qÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áë=ÉèìáééÉÇ=ïáíÜ=~=içÅ~ä=léÉê~íáåÖ= qÜÉ= fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ= `~ÄáåÉí= áë= íÜÉ= áåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ= ÄÉíïÉÉå=
m~åÉä=ÅìëÜáçåÉÇ=~Ö~áåëí=~åó=îáÄê~íáçåK=qÜáë=é~åJ íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÉäÉÅíêçåáÅë=~åÇ=íÜÉ=éä~åí=ÅçåíêçäK=fí=áë=
Éä=áë=ÉèìáééÉÇ=ïáíÜ=çåÉ=çê=íïç=qcq=Çáëéä~óë=Ñçê= íÜÉ= ÅÉåíê~ä= ÅçååÉÅíáåÖ= éçáåí= Ñçê= ÉäÉÅíêáÅ= éçïÉê=
îáëì~äáë~íáçå=çÑ=~ää=ÉåÖáåÉDë=çéÉê~íáåÖ=~åÇ=ãÉ~ëJ ëìééäó= íç= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= Ñêçã= íÜÉ= éä~åíLîÉëëÉäë=
ìêáåÖ=Ç~í~K=^í=íÜÉ=içÅ~ä=léÉê~íáåÖ=m~åÉäI=íÜÉ=ÉåJ éçïÉê=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçåK
ÖáåÉ=Å~å=ÄÉ=Ñìääó=çéÉê~íÉÇK=^ÇÇáíáçå~ä=Ü~êÇïáêÉÇ=
_ÉëáÇÉëI=áí=ÅçååÉÅíë=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Åçåíêçä=ëóëíÉã=
ëïáíÅÜÉë=~êÉ=~î~áä~ÄäÉ=Ñçê=êÉäÉî~åí=ÑìåÅíáçåëK
ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= éçïÉê= ã~å~ÖÉãÉåíI= íÜÉ= éêçéìäëáçå=
mêçéìäëáçå=ÉåÖáåÉë=~êÉ=ÉèìáééÉÇ=ïáíÜ=~=Ä~Åâìé= Åçåíêçä=ëóëíÉã=~åÇ=çíÜÉê=éÉêáéÜÉêó=é~êíëK
Çáëéä~ó=~ë=ëÜçïå=çå=íçé=çÑ=íÜÉ=äçÅ~ä=é~åÉäK
qÜÉ=ëìééäó=çÑ=íÜÉ=p~`çpçåÉ=ëìÄëóëíÉãë=áë=ÇçåÉ=
Äó=íÜÉ=fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=`~ÄáåÉíK
qÜÉ= fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ= `~ÄáåÉí= ~äëç= áåÅäìÇÉë= íÜÉ= ëí~êíÉê=
Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉJ~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=äìÄÉ=çáä=éìãéI=
íÜÉ=î~äîÉ=ëÉ~í=äìÄÉ=çáä=éìãé=~åÇ=íÜÉ=íÉãéÉê~J
íìêÉ=Åçåíêçä=î~äîÉëK=
cáÖìêÉ=OJRU içÅ~ä=léÉê~íáåÖ=m~åÉä
cáÖìêÉ=OJRV fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=`~ÄáåÉí
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NOU POLQQò bJ^g

oÉãçíÉ=léÉê~íáåÖ=m~åÉä=Eçéíáçå~äF
qÜÉ=oÉãçíÉ=léÉê~íáåÖ=m~åÉä=ëÉêîÉë=Ñçê=ÉåÖáåÉ=
çéÉê~íáçå=Ñêçã=~=Åçåíêçä=êççãK=qÜÉ=oÉãçíÉ=léJ
Éê~íáåÖ=m~åÉä=Ü~ë=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=ÑìåÅíáçå~äáíó=~ë=íÜÉ=
içÅ~ä=léÉê~íáåÖ=m~åÉäK
cêçã= íÜáë= çéÉê~íáåÖ= ÇÉîáÅÉ= áí= áë= éçëëáÄäÉ= íç=
íê~åëÑÉê=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=ÑìåÅíáçåë=íç=~=ëìJ
éÉêáçê=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ëóëíÉã=Eéêçéìäëáçå=Åçåíêçä=ëóëJ
íÉãI=éçïÉê=ã~å~ÖÉãÉåíFK
få= éä~åíë= ïáíÜ= áåíÉÖê~íÉÇ= ~ìíçã~íáçå= ëóëíÉãëI=
íÜáë=é~åÉä=Å~å=ÄÉ=êÉéä~ÅÉÇ=Äó=f^pK
qÜÉ=é~åÉä=Å~å=ÄÉ=ÇÉäáîÉêÉÇ=~ë=äççëÉ=ëìééäó=Ñçê=
áåëí~ää~íáçå=áå=íÜÉ=Åçåíêçä=êççã=ÇÉëâ=çê=áåíÉÖê~íJ
ÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=Ñêçåí=Çççê=çÑ=íÜÉ=fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=`~ÄáåÉíK
cáÖìêÉ=OJSM oÉãçíÉ=léÉê~íáåÖ=m~åÉä=Eçéíáçå~äF
bJ^g POLQQò= ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=NOV

=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NPM POLQQò bJ^g

OKOKO=mçïÉê=pìééäó=~åÇ=aáëíêáÄìíáçå=
OKOKO mçïÉê=pìééäó=~åÇ=aáëíêáÄìíáçå
qÜÉ=éä~åí=Ü~ë=íç=éêçîáÇÉ=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éçïÉê=Ñçê=íÜÉ= cçê=ëìééäó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉäÉÅíêçåáÅ=Ä~Åâìé=ÑìÉä=~Åíì~íçê=
~ìíçã~íáçå= ~åÇ= ãçåáíçêáåÖ= ëóëíÉãK= få= ÖÉåÉê~ä= ~å=ìåáåíÉêêìéíÉÇ=OPM=s=^`=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå=ãìëí=ÄÉ=
~å= ìåáåíÉêêìéíÉÇ= OQ=s= a`= éçïÉê= ëìééäó= áë= êÉJ éêçîáÇÉÇK
èìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=p~`çpçåÉK
cáÖìêÉ=OJN pìééäó=Çá~Öê~ãã
MOMPJMNMOjnÅêKÑã
_J^g POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=NPN

OKOKO=mçïÉê=pìééäó=~åÇ=aáëíêáÄìíáçå=
oÉèìáêÉÇ=éçïÉê=ëìééäáÉë
sçäí~ÖÉ `çåëìãÉê kçíÉë

^ää=p~`çpçåÉ=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=áå=íÜÉ=fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=
OQ=s=a` p~`çpçåÉ
`~ÄáåÉí=~åÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉK
qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Åçåíêçä=î~äîÉëI=Å~ÄáåÉí=áääìãáå~J
OPM=s=RMLSM=eò p~`çpçåÉ=fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=Å~ÄáåÉí
íáçåI=ëçÅâÉíI=~åíáÅçåÇÉåë~íáçå=ÜÉ~íÉê
mçïÉê=ëìééäó=Ñçê=ÅçåëìãÉêë=çå=ÉåÖáåÉ=EÉKÖK=
QQM=s=RMLSM=eò `çåëìãÉêë=çå=ÉåÖáåÉ
ÅóäáåÇÉê=äìÄêáÅ~íçêK
q~ÄäÉ=OJN oÉèìáêÉÇ==éçïÉê=ëìééäáÉë
MOMPJMNMOjnÅêKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NPO POLQQò _J^g

OKOKP=léÉê~íáçå=
OKOKP léÉê~íáçå
`çåíêçä=pí~íáçå=`Ü~åÖÉçîÉê
qÜÉ= çéÉê~íáçå= ~åÇ= Åçåíêçä= Å~å= ÄÉ= ÇçåÉ= Ñêçã= ~ìíçã~íáÅ= ëóëíÉãK= ^= Ü~åÇëÜ~âÉ= áë= íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=
ÄçíÜ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=é~åÉäëK=pÉäÉÅíáçå=~åÇ=~Åíáî~íáçå= åÉÅÉëë~êóK=cçê=~ééäáÅ~íáçåë=ïáíÜ=áåíÉÖê~íÉÇ=~ìJ
çÑ= íÜÉ= Åçåíêçä= ëí~íáçåë= áë= éçëëáÄäÉ= ~í= íÜÉ= içÅ~ä= íçã~íáçå=ëóëíÉãë=Ef^pF=~äëç=íÜÉ=ÑìåÅíáçå~äáíó=çÑ=
léÉê~íáåÖ= m~åÉäK= qÜÉ= çéÉê~íáåÖ= êáÖÜíë= Å~å= ÄÉ= íÜÉ=oÉãçíÉ=léÉê~íáåÖ=m~åÉä=Å~å=ÄÉ=í~âÉå=çîÉê=
Ü~åÇÉÇ=çîÉê=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=oÉãçíÉ=léÉê~íáåÖ=m~åÉä= Äó=íÜÉ=f^pK
íç=~åçíÜÉê=oÉãçíÉ=léÉê~íáåÖ=m~åÉä=çê=íç=~å=ÉñJ
íÉêå~ä=
cáÖìêÉ=OJO `çåíêçä=ëí~íáçå=ÅÜ~åÖÉçîÉê
lå=íÜÉ=ëÅêÉÉå=Çáëéä~óëI=~ää=íÜÉ=ãÉ~ëìêáåÖ=éçáåíë= léÉê~íáåÖ=ãçÇÉë
~ÅèìáêÉÇ=Äó=ãÉ~åë=çÑ=p~`çpçåÉ=Å~å=ÄÉ=ëÜçïå=áå=
cçê=ÖÉåÉê~íçê=~ééäáÅ~íáçåëW
ÅäÉ~êäó=~êê~åÖÉÇ=Çê~ïáåÖë=~åÇ=ÑáÖìêÉëK=fí=áë=åçí=
åÉÅÉëë~êó=íç=áåëí~ää=~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=ëéÉÉÇ=áåÇáÅ~íçêë= √ aêççé= ERJéÉêÅÉåí= ëéÉÉÇ= áåÅêÉ~ëÉ= ÄÉíïÉÉå=
ëÉé~ê~íÉäóK åçãáå~ä=äç~Ç=~åÇ=åç=äç~ÇF
cçê=éêçéìäëáçå=ÉåÖáåÉëW
péÉÉÇ=ëÉííáåÖ
√ fëçÅÜêçåçìë
få= Å~ëÉ= çÑ= çéÉê~íáåÖ= ïáíÜ= çåÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= p~`çpçåÉ=
é~åÉäëI=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ëéÉÉÇ=ëÉííáåÖ=áë=Å~êêáÉÇ=çìí= √ j~ëíÉêJpä~îÉ= çéÉê~íáçå= Ñçê= çéÉê~íáçå= çÑ= íïç=
ã~åì~ääó=Äó=~=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉLáåÅêÉ~ëÉ=ëïáíÅÜ=ÄìííçåK= ÉåÖáåÉë=çå=çåÉ=ÖÉ~ê=Äçñ
fÑ=íÜÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=áë=ÅçåíêçääÉÇ=Äó=~å=ÉñíÉêå~ä=ëóëJ qÜÉ= çéÉê~íáåÖ= ãçÇÉ= áë= éêÉJëÉäÉÅíÉÇ= îá~= íÜÉ=
íÉãI= íÜÉ= ëéÉÉÇ= ëÉííáåÖ= Å~å= ÄÉ= ÇçåÉ= ÉáíÜÉê= Äó= p~`çpçåÉ=áåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=~åÇ=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=ÇÉÑáåÉÇ=ÇìêáåÖ=
ãÉ~åë=çÑ=Äáå~êó=Åçåí~Åíë=EÉKÖK=Ñçê=ëóåÅÜêçåáë~J íÜÉ=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=éÉêáçÇK
íáçåF=çê=Äó=~å=~ÅíáîÉ=Q=Ó=OM=ã^=~å~äçÖìÉ=ëáÖå~ä=
~äíÉêå~íáîÉäóK=qÜÉ=ëáÖå~ä=íóéÉ=Ñçê=íÜáë=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ÇÉJ aÉí~áäë= êÉÖ~êÇáåÖ= ëéÉÅá~ä= çéÉê~íáåÖ= ãçÇÉë= çå=
ÑáåÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=éêçàÉÅí=éä~ååáåÖ=éÉêáçÇK êÉèìÉëíK
MOMPJMNMPjnÅêKÑã
`J^f =POLQQò= ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=NPP

OKOKP=léÉê~íáçå=
MOMPJMNMPjnÅêKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NPQ POLQQò `J^f

OKOKQ=cìåÅíáçå~äáíó=
OKOKQ cìåÅíáçå~äáíó
p~ÑÉíó=ÑìåÅíáçåë bãÉêÖÉåÅó=ëíçé
qÜÉ=ë~ÑÉíó=ëóëíÉã=ãçåáíçêë=~ää=çéÉê~íáåÖ=Ç~í~=çÑ= bãÉêÖÉåÅó=ëíçé=áë=~å=ÉåÖáåÉ=ëÜìíÇçïå=áåáíá~íÉÇ=
íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~åÇ=áåáíá~íÉë=íÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=~ÅíáçåëI=áKÉK= Äó=~å=çéÉê~íçêë=ã~åì~ä=~Åíáçå=äáâÉ=éêÉëëáåÖ=~å=
äç~Ç=êÉÇìÅíáçå=çê=ÉåÖáåÉ=ëÜìíJÇçïåI=áå=Å~ëÉ=íÜÉ= ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó=ëíçé=ÄìííçåK
äáãáí=î~äìÉë=~êÉ=ÉñÅÉÉÇÉÇK==qÜÉ=ë~ÑÉíó=ëóëíÉã=áë=
ëéäáí= áå= `çåíêçä= jçÇìäÉ= ~åÇ= d~íÉï~ó= jçÇìäÉK= lîÉêêáÇÉ
qÜÉ=`çåíêçä=jçÇìäÉ=ëìéÉêîáëÉë=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉI=íÜÉ=
aìêáåÖ= çéÉê~íáçåI= ë~ÑÉíó= ~Åíáçåë= Å~å= ÄÉ= ëìéJ
d~íÉï~ó=jçÇìäÉ=Éñ~ãáåÉë=~ää=ÑìåÅíáçåë=êÉäÉî~åí=
éêÉëëÉÇ= Äó= íÜÉ= çîÉêêáÇÉ= ÑìåÅíáçå= Ñçê= íÜÉ= ãçëí=
Ñçê=ëÉÅìêáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ=éä~åí=ÅçãéçåÉåíëK
é~ê~ãÉíÉêëK= qÜÉ= çîÉêêáÇÉ= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ= ~Åíáî~íÉÇ=
qÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=áë=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=ëç=~ë=íç=ÉåëìêÉ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ= éêÉîÉåíáîÉäóK=qÜÉ=ëÅçéÉ=çÑ=é~ê~ãÉíÉêë=éêÉé~êÉÇ=
ÑìåÅíáçåë= ~êÉ= ~ÅÜáÉîÉÇ= áå= ~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= Ñçê=çîÉêêáÇÉ=~êÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=~åÇ=ÇÉéÉåÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ÅÜçJ
Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=ëçÅáÉíáÉëD=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=Ñçê=ã~êáåÉ= ëÉå=Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=ëçÅáÉíóK=qÜÉ=~î~áä~Äáäáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=
ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉëK çîÉêêáÇÉ=ÑìåÅíáçå=ÇÉéÉåÇë=çå=íÜÉ=~ééäáÅ~íáçåK
qÜÉ=ë~ÑÉíó=ëóëíÉã=ÇáêÉÅíäó=áåÑäìÉåÅÉë=íÜÉ=ÉãÉêJ
^ä~êãáåÖ
ÖÉåÅó=ëÜìíJÇçïå=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ëéÉÉÇ=ÅçåíêçäK
qÜÉ= ~ä~êã= ÑìåÅíáçå= çÑ= p~`çpçåÉ= ëìéÉêîáëÉë= ~ää=
få=~ÇÇáíáçå=íç=íÜÉ=éêçîáëáçåë=ã~ÇÉ=íç=éÉêãáí=íÜÉ=
åÉÅÉëë~êó=é~ê~ãÉíÉêë=~åÇ=ÖÉåÉê~íÉë=~ä~êãë=íç=
áåíÉêå~ä= áåáíá~íáçå= çÑ= ÇÉã~åÇëI= Äáå~êó= ~åÇ= ~å~J
áåÇáÅ~íÉ=ÇáëÅêÉé~åÅáÉë=ïÜÉå=êÉèìáêÉÇK=qÜÉ=~ä~êã=
äçÖìÉ=ÅÜ~ååÉäë=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=éêçîáÇÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=áåáíáJ
ÑìåÅíáçåë= ~êÉ= äáâÉïáëÉ= ëéäáí= áå= `çåíêçä= jçÇìäÉ=
~íáçå=çÑ=ë~ÑÉíó=ÑìåÅíáçåë=Äó=ÉñíÉêå~ä=ëóëíÉãëK
~åÇ= d~íÉï~ó= jçÇìäÉK= få= íÜÉ= d~íÉï~ó= jçÇìäÉ=
íÜÉ= ëìéÉêîáëáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ= ÉñíÉêå~ä= ëóëJ
iç~Ç=êÉÇìÅíáçå
íÉãë=çÅÅìêëK=qÜÉ=~ä~êã=ÑìåÅíáçåë=~êÉ=éêçÅÉëëÉÇ=
^=äç~Ç=êÉÇìÅíáçå=áë=êÉ~äáëÉÇ=Äó=~å=êÉÇìÅíáçå=êÉJ áå=~å=~êÉ~=ÅçãéäÉíÉäó=áåÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ë~ÑÉíó=
èìÉëí= çÑ= íÜÉ= ëéÉÉÇJÖçîÉêåçê= éçïÉêJëÉíJéçáåí= ëóëíÉã=~êÉ~=áå=íÜÉ=d~íÉï~ó=jçÇìäÉK
î~äìÉK= = iç~Ç= êÉÇìÅíáçåë= ~êÉ= çåäó= áãéäÉãÉåíÉÇ=
~ÑíÉê= éêÉÅÉÇáåÖ= ~ä~êã= áåáíá~íáçå= Äó= íÜÉ= ëìÄëóëJ pÉäÑJãçåáíçêáåÖ
íÉã= ÉåÖáåÉ= ÅçåíêçäL~ä~êã= ëóëíÉãI= ~åÇ= ~êÉ= ÉÑJ p~`çpçåÉ=Å~êêáÉë=çìí=áåÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=ëÉäÑJãçåáíçêJ
ÑÉÅíÉÇ=ïáíÜ=~=íáãÉ=ä~ÖK áåÖ=ÑìåÅíáçåëK=qÜìëI=Ñçê=Éñ~ãéäÉ=íÜÉ=ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ=
ëÉåëçêë=~êÉ=ÅÜÉÅâÉÇ=Åçåëí~åíäó=çå=ÑìåÅíáçå=~åÇ=
^ìíç=ëÜìíÇçïå ïáêÉ= ÄêÉ~âK= få=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=~= Ñ~ìäí= p~`çpçåÉ= êÉéçêíë=
^ìíç=ëÜìíÇçïå=áë=~å=ÉåÖáåÉ=ëÜìíÇçïå=áåáíá~íÉÇ= íÜÉ= çÅÅìêêÉÇ= ã~äÑìåÅíáçåë= áå= ëáåÖäÉ= ëóëíÉã=
Äó=~åó=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ëìéÉêîáëáçå=çÑ=ÉáíÜÉê=ÉåÖáåÉ=áåJ ÅçãéçåÉåíë=îá~=ëóëíÉã=~ä~êãëK=
íÉêå~ä=é~ê~ãÉíÉêë=çê=~ÄçîÉ=ãÉåíáçåÉÇ=ÉñíÉêå~ä=
Åçåíêçä=ëóëíÉãëK=fÑ=~å=ÉåÖáåÉ=ëÜìíÇçïå=áë=íêáÖJ péÉÉÇ=Åçåíêçä
ÖÉêÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=ë~ÑÉíó=ëóëíÉãI=íÜÉ=ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó=ëíçé= qÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ëéÉÉÇ=Åçåíêçä=áë=êÉ~äáòÉÇ=Äó=ëçÑíï~êÉ=
ëáÖå~ä=Ü~ë=~å=áããÉÇá~íÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çå=íÜÉ=ÉãÉêÖÉåJ ÑìåÅíáçåë= çÑ= íÜÉ=`çåíêçä= jçÇìäÉ=~åÇ= íÜÉ= fåàÉÅJ
Åó=ëÜìíJÇçïå=ÇÉîáÅÉI=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ëéÉÉÇ=ÅçåíêçäK=^í= íáçå=jçÇìäÉëK=båÖáåÉ=ëéÉÉÇ=~åÇ=Åê~åâëÜ~Ñí=íìêå=
íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=íáãÉ=íÜÉ=ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó=ëíçé=áë=íêáÖÖÉêÉÇI= ~åÖäÉ= áåÇáÅ~íáçå= áë= Å~êêáÉÇ= çìí= Äó= ãÉ~åë= çÑ= êÉJ
p~`çpçåÉ=áëëìÉë=~=ëáÖå~ä=êÉëìäíáåÖ=áå=íÜÉ=ÖÉåÉêJ ÇìåÇ~åí=éáÅâ=ìéë=~í=íÜÉ=Å~ãëÜ~ÑíK
~íçê=ëïáíÅÜ=íç=ÄÉ=çéÉåÉÇK
MOMPJMNMQjnÅêKÑã
fJ^f POLQQò= ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=NPR

iç~Ç=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå=Ó=ãìäíá=ÉåÖáåÉ=~åÇ=ã~ëíÉê= `çåíêçä=
ëä~îÉ=éä~åíë
p~`çpçåÉ= Åçåíêçäë= ~ää= ÉåÖáåÉJáåíÉêå~ä= ÑìåÅíáçåë=
táíÜ=ÉäÉÅíêçåáÅ=ÖçîÉêåçêëI=íÜÉ=äç~Ç=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå= ~ë=ïÉää=~ë=ÉñíÉêå~ä=ÅçãéçåÉåíëI=Ñçê=Éñ~ãéäÉW
áë= Å~êêáÉÇ= = Äó= ëéÉÉÇ= ÇêççéI= áëçÅÜêçåçìëäó= Äó=
äç~ÇëÜ~êáåÖ=äáåÉë=çê=ã~ëíÉêLëä~îÉ=çéÉê~íáçåK pí~êíLëíçé=ëÉèìÉåÅÉë
J aÉã~åÇë= êÉÖ~êÇáåÖ= äìÄÉ= çáä= ~åÇ= ÅççäáåÖ=
pÜìíJÇçïå
ï~íÉê=éìãéëK=
táíÜ=ÉäÉÅíêçåáÅ=ÖçîÉêåçêëI=íÜÉ=ëÜìíJÇçïå=áë=ÉÑJ
J jçåáíçêáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=éêÉäìÄêáÅ~íáçå=~åÇ=éçëíJ
ÑÉÅíÉÇ=Äó=~å=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=Åçåí~ÅíK
ÅççäáåÖ=éÉêáçÇK
iç~Ç=äáãáí=ÅìêîÉë J jçåáíçêáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ÅÅÉäÉê~íáçå=éÉêáçÇK
√ pí~êí=ÑìÉä=äáãáíÉê
cìÉä=ÅÜ~åÖÉçîÉê
√ `Ü~êÖÉJ~áê=éêÉëëìêÉ=ÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=ÑìÉä=äáãáíÉê
J `çåíêçä= çÑ= íÜÉ=ëïáíÅÜJçîÉê= Ñêçã= çåÉ=íóéÉ=
√ qçêèìÉ=äáãáíÉê çÑ=ÑìÉä=íç=~åçíÜÉêK
√ gìãéJê~íÉ=äáãáíÉê J cìÉä=áåàÉÅíáçå=Ñäçï=áë=ÉÑÑÉÅíÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=ëéÉÉÇ=
ÖçîÉêåçêK
kçíÉ>
få=íÜÉ=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=Åçåíêçää~ÄäÉJéáíÅÜ=éêçéÉääÉê=ìåáíë= `çåíêçä=ëí~íáçå=ëïáíÅÜJçîÉê
ïáíÜ= ÅçãÄáå~íçê= ãçÇÉI= íÜÉ= ÅçãÄáå~íçê= ÅìêîÉë=
ãìëí=ÄÉ=ëÉåí=íç=j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=áå=íÜÉ=ÇÉJ pïáíÅÜJçîÉê= Ñêçã= äçÅ~ä= çéÉê~íáçå= áå= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ=
ëáÖå=ëí~ÖÉ=Ñçê=~ëëÉëëãÉåíK= fÑ=äç~Ç= Åçåíêçä= ëóëJ êççã=íç=êÉãçíÉ=Åçåíêçä=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Åçåíêçä=
íÉãë=çÑ=íÜÉ=`KmK=éêçéÉääÉê=ëìééäáÉê=~êÉ=ìëÉÇI=íÜÉ= êççãK
äç~Ç= Åçåíêçä= ÅìêîÉ= áë= íç= ÄÉ= ëÉåí= íç=
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=áå=çêÇÉê=íç=ÅÜÉÅâ=ïÜÉíÜÉê=áí= bñíÉêå~ä=ÑìåÅíáçåëW
áë=ÄÉäçï=íÜÉ=äç~Ç=äáãáí=ÅìêîÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉK J bäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=éìãé=
lîÉêëéÉÉÇ=éêçíÉÅíáçå J bäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ÇêáîÉå=eq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=éìãé
qÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ëéÉÉÇ=áë=ãçåáíçêÉÇ=áå=ÄçíÜ=`çåíêçä= J bäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ÇêáîÉå=iq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=éìãé
jçÇìäÉë= áåÇÉéÉåÇÉåíäóK= få= Å~ëÉ= çÑ= çîÉêëéÉÉÇ= J kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ãçÇìäÉ
É~ÅÜ=`çåíêçä=jçÇìäÉ=~Åíì~íÉë=íÜÉ=ëÜìíÇçïå=ÇÉJ
îáÅÉ=Äó=~=ëÉé~ê~íÉ=Ü~êÇï~êÉ=ÅÜ~ååÉäK J eq=éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=ìåáí
J `äìíÅÜÉë
pÜìíÇçïå
qÜÉ=ëÅçéÉ=çÑ=Åçåíêçä=ÑìåÅíáçåë=ÇÉéÉåÇë=çå=éä~åí=
qÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= ëÜìíÇçïåI= áåáíá~íÉÇ= Äó= ë~ÑÉíó= ÑìåÅJ ÅçåÑáÖìê~íáçå= ~åÇ= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ÅççêÇáå~íÉÇ= ÇìêáåÖ=
íáçåë= ~åÇ= ã~åì~ä= ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó= ëíçéëI= áë= Å~êêáÉÇ= íÜÉ=éêçàÉÅí=ÉåÖáåÉÉêáåÖ=éÜ~ëÉK
çìí= îá~= ëçäÉåçáÇ= î~äîÉë= ~åÇ= ~= éåÉìã~íáÅ= ÑìÉä=
ëÜìí=çÑÑ=Ñçê=Åçããçå=ê~áä=éáäçí=ÑìÉäI=íÜÉ=ÄäçÅâ=~åÇ= pí~êíÉêë
ÄäÉÉÇ= Ö~ë= î~äîÉë= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ÅçåîÉåíáçå~ä= àÉêâ=
cçê= ÉåÖáåÉ= ~íí~ÅÜÉÇ= éìãéë= ~åÇ= ãçíçêë= íÜÉ=
éìãéëK
ëí~êíÉêë= ~êÉ= áåëí~ääÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= ~ìñáäá~êó= Å~ÄáåÉíK=
pí~êíÉêë=Ñçê=ÉñíÉêå~ä=éìãéë=~åÇ=ÅçåëìãÉêë=~êÉ=
åçí=áåÅäìÇÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=p~`çpçåÉ=ëÅçéÉ=çÑ=ëìééäó=áå=
ÖÉåÉê~äK
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NPS POLQQò fJ^f

jÉÇá~=qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=`çåíêçä
s~êáçìë= ãÉÇá~= Ñäçïë= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ÅçåíêçääÉÇ= íç= ÉåJ
ëìêÉ=íêçìÄäÉJÑêÉÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=çéÉê~íáçåK
qÜÉ= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= ÅçåíêçääÉêë= ~êÉ= ~î~áä~ÄäÉ= ~ë=
ëçÑíï~êÉ= ÑìåÅíáçåë= áåëáÇÉ= íÜÉ= d~íÉï~ó= jçÇìäÉ=
çÑ= p~`çpçåÉK= qÜÉ= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= ÅçåíêçääÉêë= ~êÉ=
çéÉê~íÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=Çáëéä~óë=~í=íÜÉ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=é~åÉäë=
~ë=Ñ~ê=~ë=áí=áë=åÉÅÉëë~êóK=cêçã=íÜÉ=fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=`~ÄJ
áåÉí=íÜÉ=êÉä~óë=~Åíì~íÉ=íÜÉ=Åçåíêçä=î~äîÉëK
J qÜÉ= ÅóäáåÇÉê=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=EeqF=íÉãéÉê~J
íìêÉ= Åçåíêçä= áë= ÉèìáééÉÇ= ïáíÜ= éÉêÑçêãJ
~åÅÉJêÉä~íÉÇ=ÑÉÉÇ=Ñçêï~êÇ=ÅçåíêçäI=áå=çêÇÉê=
íç= Öì~ê~åíÉÉ= íÜÉ= ÄÉëí= Åçåíêçä= ~ÅÅìê~Åó=
éçëëáÄäÉ=EéäÉ~ëÉ=êÉÑÉê=~äëç= ?`Ü~éíÉê=SKPKN=
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉãI=é~ÖÉ=SJQN?FK
J qÜÉ= äçï= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= EiqF= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê=
íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Åçåíêçä=áë=éêÉé~êÉÇ=~å~äçÖìÉ=
íç=íÜÉ=eq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÅçåJ
íêçä=~åÇ=Å~å=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=áÑ=íÜÉ=iq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=
ëóëíÉã= áë= ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ= ~ë= áåÇáîáÇì~ä= ÅççäáåÖ=
ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉã=éÉê=É~ÅÜ=ÉåÖáåÉK
få=Å~ëÉ=íÜ~í=ëÉîÉê~ä=ÉåÖáåÉë=~êÉ=çéÉê~íÉÇ=
ïáíÜ=~=ÅçãÄáåÉÇ=iq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉãI=
áí=áë=åÉÅÉëë~êó=íç=ìëÉ=~=ÉñíÉêå~ä=íÉãéÉê~J
íìêÉ=ÅçåíêçääÉêK
qÜáë=ÉñíÉêå~ä=ÅçåíêçääÉê=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ãçìåíÉÇ=
~í=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Åçåíêçä=êççã=ÇÉëâ=~åÇ=áë=íç=
ÄÉ=ïáêÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Åçåíêçä=î~äîÉ=
EéäÉ~ëÉ= êÉÑÉê= ~äëç= ?`Ü~éíÉê= SKPKN= `ççäáåÖ=
ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉãI=é~ÖÉ=SJQN?FK
J qÜÉ= ÅÜ~êÖÉJ~áê= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= Åçåíêçä= áë=
áÇÉåíáÅ~ääó=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=~ë=íÜÉ=eq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~J
íÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÅçåíêçäK
qÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=èì~åíáíó=áå=íÜÉ=iq=é~êí=çÑ=
íÜÉ= ÅÜ~êÖÉJ~áê= ÅççäÉê= áë= êÉÖìä~íÉÇ= Äó= íÜÉ=
ÅÜ~êÖÉ= ~áê= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= Åçåíêçä= î~äîÉ=
EéäÉ~ëÉ= êÉÑÉê= ~äëç= ?`Ü~éíÉê= SKPKN= `ççäáåÖ=
ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉãI=é~ÖÉ=SJQN?FK
J qÜÉ= ÇÉëáÖå= çÑ= íÜÉ= äìÄÉ= çáä= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=
Åçåíêçä= ÇÉéÉåÇë= çå=íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= íóéÉK=fí=áë=
ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ= ÉáíÜÉê= ~ë= ~= íÜÉêãçëí~íáÅ= î~äîÉ=
Eï~ñJÅ~êíêáÇÖÉ= íóéÉF= çê= ~å= ÉäÉÅíêáÅ= ÇêáîÉå=
Åçåíêçä= î~äîÉ= ïáíÜ= ÉäÉÅíêçåáÅ= Åçåíêçä= ~å~J
äçÖìÉ=íç=íÜÉ=eq=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÅçåíêçääÉê=ïáää=
ÄÉ=ìëÉÇK=mäÉ~ëÉ=êÉÑÉê=~äëç= ?`Ü~éíÉê=SKOKN=
iìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëíÉã=ÇÉëÅêáéíáçåI=é~ÖÉ=SJNR?FK
fJ^f POLQQò= ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=NPT

=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NPU POLQQò fJ^f

OKOKR=fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉë=
OKOKR fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉë
a~í~=_ìë=fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=Ej~ÅÜáåÉêó=^ä~êã=póëíÉãF ^ää=ãÉ~ëìêáåÖ=î~äìÉë=~ÅèìáêÉÇ=Äó=p~`çpçåÉ=~êÉ=
~î~áä~ÄäÉ=Ñçê=íê~åëÑÉêK
dÉåÉê~íçê=`çåíêçä
e~êÇïáêÉÇ=áåíÉêÑ~ÅÉI=ìëÉÇ=Ñçê=Éñ~ãéäÉ=Ñçê=ëóåJ
ÅÜêçåáë~íáçåI=äç~Ç=áåÇáÅ~íáçåI=ÉíÅK
mçïÉê=j~å~ÖÉãÉåí
e~êÇïáêÉÇ=áåíÉêÑ~ÅÉI=Ñçê=êÉãçíÉ=ëí~êíLëíçéI=äç~Ç=
ëÉííáåÖI=ÉíÅK=
mêçéìäëáçå=`çåíêçä=póëíÉã
pí~åÇ~êÇáòÉÇ= Ü~êÇïáêÉÇ= áåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ= áåÅäìÇáåÖ= ~ää=
ëáÖå~äë= Ñçê= Åçåíêçä= ~åÇ= ë~ÑÉíó= ~Åíáçåë= ÄÉíïÉÉå=
p~`çpçåÉ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=éêçéìäëáçå=Åçåíêçä=ëóëíÉãK
líÜÉêë
få= ~ÇÇáíáçåI= áåíÉêÑ~ÅÉë= íç= ~ìñáäá~êó= ëóëíÉãë= ~êÉ=
~î~áä~ÄäÉI=ëìÅÜ=~ë=íçW
J åçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ãçÇìäÉ
J eq=éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=ìåáí
J bäÉÅíêáÅ=ÇêáîÉå=éìãéë=Ñçê=äìÄÉ=çáäI=eq==~åÇ=
iq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê
cáÖìêÉ=OJP fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=`~ÄáåÉí J ÅäìíÅÜÉë
J ÖÉ~êÄçñ
qÜáë=áåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=ëÉêîÉë=Ñçê=Ç~í~=ÉñÅÜ~åÖÉ=íç=ëÜáé=
J éêçéìäëáçå=Åçåíêçä=ëóëíÉã
~ä~êã= ëóëíÉãëI= áåíÉÖê~íÉÇ= ~ìíçã~íáçå= ëóëíÉãë=
Ef^pF=çê=ëìéÉêáçê=éçïÉê=éä~åí=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ëóëíÉãëK lå=êÉèìÉëí=~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=Ü~êÇ=ïáêÉÇ=áåíÉêÑ~ÅÉë=Å~å=
ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇ=Ñçê=ëéÉÅá~ä=~ééäáÅ~íáçåëK
qÜÉ=áåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=áë=~Åíì~íÉÇ=ïáíÜ=jla_rp=éêçíçJ
Åçä=~åÇ=áë=~î~áä~ÄäÉ=~ëW
`~ÄäÉë=Ó=pÅçéÉ=çÑ=ëìééäó
J bíÜÉêåÉí=áåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=Ejla_rp=çîÉê=q`mF=çê=
qÜÉ= Äìë= Å~ÄäÉë= ÄÉíïÉÉå= ÉåÖáåÉ= ~åÇ= áåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=
~ë
~êÉ=ëÅçéÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=ëìééäóK
J ëÉêá~ä= áåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ= Ejla_rp= oqrF= opQOOL
qÜÉ=Åçåíêçä=Å~ÄäÉë=~åÇ=éçïÉê=Å~ÄäÉë=~êÉ=åçí=áåJ
opQURI=pí~åÇ~êÇ=R=ïáêÉ=ïáíÜ=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=áëçJ
ÅäìÇÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ëÅçéÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=
ä~íáçå=EÅ~ÄäÉ=äÉåÖíÜ==NMM=ãFK
ëìééäóK=qÜáë=Å~ÄäáåÖ=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=Å~êêáÉÇ=çìí=Äó=íÜÉ=
låäó=áÑ=íÜÉ=bíÜÉêåÉí=áåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=áë=ìëÉÇI=íÜÉ=íê~åëÑÉê= ÅìëíçãÉêK
çÑ= Ç~í~= Å~å= ÄÉ= Ü~åÇäÉÇ= ïáíÜ= íáãÉëí~ãéë= Ñêçã=
p~`çpçåÉK
MOMPJMNMRjnÅêKÑã
qÜÉ= ëí~íìë= ãÉëë~ÖÉëI= ~ä~êãë= ~åÇ= ë~ÑÉíó= ~ÅJ

íáçåëI=ïÜáÅÜ=~êÉ=ÖÉåÉê~íÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉãI=Å~å=ÄÉ=
íê~åëÑÉêêÉÇK
fJ^f POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=NPV

OKOKR=fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉë=
MOMPJMNMRjnÅêKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NQM POLQQò fJ^f

OKOKS=qÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=a~í~=
OKOKS qÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=a~í~
fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=`~ÄáåÉí √ sáÄê~íáçåë=Y=MKT=ÖK
aÉëáÖåW oÉãçíÉ=léÉê~íáåÖ=m~åÉä=Eçéíáçå~äF
√ cäççêJëí~åÇáåÖ=Å~ÄáåÉí
aÉëáÖåW
√ `~ÄäÉ= ÉåíêáÉë= Ñêçã= ÄÉäçï= íÜêçìÖÜ= Å~ÄáåÉí=
√ m~åÉä= Ñçê= Åçåíêçä= ÇÉëâ= áåëí~ää~íáçå= ïáíÜ= P=ã=
Ä~ëÉ
Å~ÄäÉ= íç= íÉêãáå~ä= Ä~ê= Ñçê= áåëí~ää~íáçå= áåëáÇÉ=
√ ^ÅÅÉëëáÄäÉ=Äó=Ñêçåí=Çççêë Åçåíêçä=ÇÉëâ
√ aççêë=ïáíÜ=äçÅâë √ cêçåí=ÅçäçêW=ïÜáíÉ=~äìãáåáìã=EoîVMMSF
√ léÉåáåÖ=~åÖäÉW=VMø √ tÉáÖÜíW=NR=âÖ
√ j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=pí~åÇ~êÇ=Åçäçê=äáÖÜí=ÖêÉó= √ aáãÉåëáçåëW=PTM=ñ=QUM=ñ=NRM=ããG
EoîTMPRF G=ïáÇíÜ=ñ=ÜÉáÖÜí=ñ=ÇÉéíÜ=EáåÅäìÇáåÖ=Ä~ëÉF
√ tÉáÖÜíW=~ééêçñK=PMM=âÖ √ aÉÖêÉÉ=çÑ=éêçíÉÅíáçåW=fmOPK
√ aáãÉåëáçåëW=NOMM=ñ=ONMM=ñ=QMM=ããG
G=ïáÇíÜ=ñ=ÜÉáÖÜí=ñ=ÇÉéíÜ=EáåÅäìÇáåÖ=Ä~ëÉF båîáêçåãÉåí~ä=`çåÇáíáçåëW
√ aÉÖêÉÉ=çÑ=éêçíÉÅíáçåW=fmRQK √ ^ãÄáÉåí=~áê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉW=M=ø`=íç=HRR=ø`
√ oÉä~íáîÉ=ÜìãáÇáíóW=Y=VS=B
båîáêçåãÉåí~ä=`çåÇáíáçåëW
√ sáÄê~íáçåëW=Y=MKT=ÖK
√ ^ãÄáÉåí=~áê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉW=M=ø`=íç=HRR=ø`
√ oÉä~íáîÉ=ÜìãáÇáíóW=Y=VS=B
bäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=çïå=Åçåëìãéíáçå
pìééäó=ëóëíÉã
cìëÉL
`çåëìãÉê må= rÄ c pí~êíÉê= kçíÉë
mÜ~ëÉ
Eâs^F EsF EeòF Äó=
ó~êÇ
p~`çpçåÉ mçïÉê=ëìééäó=Ñêçã=ëÜáé=Ä~íJ
MKU OQ a` HLÓ QM^ íÉêó=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå=Eíïç=äáåÉ=
êÉÇìåÇ~åí=éçïÉê=ëìééäóF
p~`çpçåÉ=fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=`~ÄáåÉí QMM=Ó mçïÉê=ëìééäó=Ñçê=ÅçåëìãÉêë=
MKQR RMLSM P S^
QQM çå=ÉåÖáåÉ
p~`çpçåÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ `~ÄáåÉí=áääìãáå~íáçåI=ëçÅâÉíI=
=ÅçåíêçääÉêë ~åíáÅçåÇÉåë~íáçå=ÜÉ~íÉê=
GíÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÅçåíêçääÉê=áåÅäK=
MKMTG OPM RMLSM O NM^
êÉÖìä~íáåÖ=î~äîÉ=ÇêáîÉI=Ñçê=
É~ÅÜ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Åçåíêçä=ëóëJ
íÉã
MOMPJMNMSjnÅêKÑã
q~ÄäÉ=OJO bäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=çïå=Åçåëìãéíáçå
`J^f POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=NQN

OKOKS=qÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=a~í~=
MOMPJMNMSjnÅêKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NQO POLQQò `J^f

OKOKT=fåëí~ää~íáçå=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=
OKOKT fåëí~ää~íáçå=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë
içÅ~íáçå ^ää= Å~ÄäáåÖ= ÄÉíïÉÉå= íÜÉ= fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ= `~ÄáåÉí= ~åÇ=
íÜÉ=ÅçåíêçääÉÇ=ÇÉîáÅÉ=áë=ëÅçéÉ=çÑ=ó~êÇ=ëìééäóK
qÜÉ=fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=`~ÄáåÉí=áë=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=Ñçê=áåëí~ää~íáçå=
áå=åçåJÜ~ò~êÇçìë=~êÉ~ëK qÜÉ=Å~ÄáåÉíë=áë=ÉèìáééÉÇ=ïáíÜ=ëéêáåÖ=äç~ÇÉÇ=íÉêJ
ãáå~ä= Åä~ãéëK= ^ää= ïáêáåÖ= íç= ÉñíÉêå~ä= ëóëíÉãë=
qÜÉ=ã~ñáãìã=Å~ÄäÉ=äÉåÖíÜ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=
ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= Å~êêáÉÇ= çìí= ïáíÜçìí= ÅçåÇìÅíçê=
~åÇ=íÜÉ=fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=`~ÄáåÉí=áë=SM=ãÉíÉêëK
ëäÉÉîÉëK
qÜÉ=Å~ÄáåÉí=ãìëí=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=~í=~=äçÅ~íáçå=ëìáíJ
qÜÉ= êÉÇìåÇ~åí= `^k= Å~ÄäÉë= ~êÉ=
~ÄäÉ=Ñçê=ëÉêîáÅÉ=áåëéÉÅíáçåK
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=ëÅçéÉ=çÑ=ëìééäóK=fÑ=íÜÉ=ÅìëJ
aç=åçí=áåëí~ää=íÜÉ=Å~ÄáåÉí=ÅäçëÉ=íç=ÜÉ~íJÖÉåÉê~íJ íçãÉê= éêçîáÇÉë= íÜÉëÉ= Å~ÄäÉëI= íÜÉ= Å~ÄäÉ= ãìëí=
áåÖ=ÇÉîáÅÉëK Ü~îÉ=~=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅ=áãéÉÇ~åÅÉ=çÑ=NOMK
få=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=áåëí~ää~íáçå=~í=ï~ääëI=íÜÉ=Çáëí~åÅÉ=ÄÉJ
j~ñáãìã=Å~ÄäÉ=äÉåÖíÜ
íïÉÉå= Å~ÄáåÉí= ~åÇ= ï~ää= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ= ~í= äÉ~ëí=
NMM=ãã=áå=çêÇÉê=íç=~ääçï=~áê=ÅçåîÉÅíáçåK
`çååÉÅíáçå= ã~ñK=Å~ÄäÉ=äÉåÖíÜ
oÉÖ~êÇáåÖ=íÜÉ=áåëí~ää~íáçå=áå=ÉåÖáåÉ=êççãëI=íÜÉ= `~ÄäÉë=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ÉåÖáåÉ=~åÇ=
Å~ÄáåÉí=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ëìééäáÉÇ=ïáíÜ=ÑêÉëÜ=~áê=Äó=íÜÉ= SM=ã
fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=`~ÄáåÉí
ÉåÖáåÉ= êççã= îÉåíáä~íáçå= íÜêçìÖÜ= ~= ÇÉÇáÅ~íÉÇ= jla_rp=Å~ÄäÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=fåíÉêJ
îÉåíáä~íáçå=~áê=éáéÉ=åÉ~ê=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉK Ñ~ÅÉ=`~ÄáåÉí=~åÇ=ëÜáé=~ä~êã= NMM=ã
ëóëíÉã
kçíÉ>
`~ÄäÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=`~ÄáJ
fÑ= íÜÉ= êÉëíêáÅíáçåë= Ñçê= ~ãÄáÉåí= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= Å~å= NMM=ã
åÉí=~åÇ=oÉãçíÉ=léÉê~íáåÖ=m~åÉä
åçí=ÄÉ=âÉéíI=íÜÉ=Å~ÄáåÉí=ãìëí=ÄÉ=çêÇÉêÉÇ=ïáíÜ=~å=
q~ÄäÉ=OJP j~ñáãìã=Å~ÄäÉ=äÉåÖíÜ
çéíáçå~ä=~áê=ÅçåÇáíáçå=ëóëíÉãK
fåëí~ää~íáçå=tçêâë
^ãÄáÉåí=~áê=ÅçåÇáíáçåë aìêáåÖ= íÜÉ= áåëí~ää~íáçå= éÉêáçÇ= íÜÉ= ó~êÇ= Ü~ë= íç=

éêçíÉÅí=íÜÉ=Å~ÄáåÉí=~Ö~áåëí=ï~íÉêI=Çìëí=~åÇ=ÑáêÉK=
cçê=êÉëíêáÅíáçåë=çÑ=~ãÄáÉåí=ÅçåÇáíáçåëI=éäÉ~ëÉ=êÉJ fí=áë=åçí=~ääçïÉÇ=íç=Çç=~åó=ïÉäÇáåÖ=åÉ~ê=íÜÉ=Å~ÄJ
ÑÉê= íç= íÜÉ= ?`Ü~éíÉê= OKOKS= qÉÅÜåáÅ~ä= a~í~I= é~ÖÉ= áåÉíëK=qÜÉ=Å~ÄáåÉíë=Ü~îÉ=íç=ÄÉ=ÑáñÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=Ñäççê=
OJNQN?K Äó=ëÅêÉïëK
`~ÄäáåÖ fÑ=áí=áë=áåÉîáí~ÄäÉ=íç=Çç=ïÉäÇáåÖ=åÉ~ê=íÜÉ=Å~ÄáåÉíI=
íÜÉ= Å~ÄáåÉí= ~åÇ= é~åÉäë= Ü~îÉ= íç= ÄÉ= éêçíÉÅíÉÇ=
qÜÉ=áåíÉêÅçååÉÅíáçå=Å~ÄäÉë=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ= ~Ö~áåëí= ÜÉ~íI= ÉäÉÅíêáÅ= ÅìêêÉåí= ~åÇ= ÉäÉÅíêçã~ÖJ
~åÇ= íÜÉ= fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ= `~ÄáåÉí= Ü~îÉ= íç= ÄÉ= áåëí~ääÉÇ= åÉíáÅ= áåÑäìÉåÅÉëK= qç= Öì~ê~åíÉÉ= éêçíÉÅíáçå=
~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=êìäÉë=çÑ=ÉäÉÅíêçã~ÖåÉíáÅ=ÅçãJ ~Ö~áåëí= ÅìêêÉåíI= ~ää= çÑ= íÜÉ= Å~ÄäáåÖ= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ÇáëJ
é~íáÄáäáíóK=`çåíêçä=Å~ÄäÉë=~åÇ=éçïÉê=Å~ÄäÉë=Ü~îÉ= ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=~ÑÑÉÅíÉÇ=ÅçãéçåÉåíëK
íç=ÄÉ=êçìíÉÇ=áå=ëÉé~ê~íÉ=Å~ÄäÉ=ÇìÅíëK
qÜÉ=áåëí~ää~íáçå=çÑ=~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=áåëáÇÉ=
qÜÉ= Å~ÄäÉë= Ñçê= íÜÉ= ÅçååÉÅíáçå= çÑ= ëÉåëçêë= ~åÇ= íÜÉ=Å~ÄáåÉíë=áë=çåäó=~ääçïÉÇ=~ÑíÉê=~ééêçî~ä=Äó=íÜÉ=
~Åíì~íçêë=ïÜáÅÜ=~êÉ=åçí=ãçìåíÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ= êÉëéçåëáÄäÉ= éêçàÉÅí= ã~å~ÖÉê= çÑ=
~êÉ= åçí= áåÅäìÇÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= ëÅçéÉ= çÑ= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=çåäóK
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= ëìééäóK= pÜáÉäÇÉÇ= Å~ÄäÉë=
ãìëí= ÄÉ= ìëÉÇ= Ñçê= íÜÉ= Å~ÄäáåÖ= çÑ= ëÉåëçêëK= cçê=
ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä= åçáëÉ= éêçíÉÅíáçåI= ~å= ÉäÉÅíêáÅ= ÖêçìåÇ=
MOMPJMNMTjnÅêKÑã
ÅçååÉÅíáçå= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ã~ÇÉ= Ñêçã= íÜÉ= Å~ÄáåÉí= íç=

íÜÉ==Üìää=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÜáéK
`J^f =POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=NQP

OKOKT=fåëí~ää~íáçå=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=
MOMPJMNMTjnÅêKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NQQ =POLQQò `J^f

OKOKU=båÖáåÉJäçÅ~íÉÇ=ãÉ~ëìêáåÖ=~åÇ=Åçåíêçä=ÇÉîáÅÉë=
OKOKU båÖáåÉJäçÅ~íÉÇ=ãÉ~ëìêáåÖ=~åÇ=Åçåíêçä=ÇÉîáÅÉë=
bñ~ãéä~êó=äáëí=Ñçê=éêçàÉÅí=éä~ååáåÖ
båÖáåÉ=íóéÉW====OMsPOLQQò=qáÉê=ff
kçK jÉ~ëìêáåÖ= aÉëÅêáéíáçå cìåÅíáçå jÉ~ëìêáåÖ= içÅ~íáçå `çåJ aÉéÉåÇJ

mçáåí o~åÖÉ åÉÅíÉÇ=íç áåÖ=çå=
çéíáçå
ëéÉÉÇ=éáÅâìéë
NK NpbNMMQ^L ëéÉÉÇ=éáÅâìé= áåÇáÅ~íáçåI=ëìéÉêJ íìêÄçJ `çåíêçä=

_GF íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê= îáëáçå J ÅÜ~êÖÉê jçÇìäÉ=L J
ëéÉÉÇ ë~ÑÉíó
OK NpbNMMR ëéÉÉÇ=éáÅâìé= Å~ãëÜ~Ñí=ëéÉÉÇ= M=Ó=VMM=êéã= Å~ãëÜ~Ñí= `çåíêçä=

ÉåÖáåÉ=ëéÉÉÇ ~åÇ=éçëáíáçå=áåéìí= M=Ó=NIUMM=eò ÇêáîÉ= jçÇìäÉ=L J
Ñçê=ò ïÜÉÉä ~ä~êã
PK OpbNMMR ëéÉÉÇ=éáÅâìé= Å~ãëÜ~Ñí=ëéÉÉÇ= M=Ó=VMM=êéãL= Å~ãëÜ~Ñí= `çåíêçä=

ÉåÖáåÉ=ëéÉÉÇ ~åÇ=éçëáíáçå=áåéìí= M=Ó=NIUMM=eò ÇêáîÉ= jçÇìäÉ=L J
Ñçê=ò ïÜÉÉä ë~ÑÉíó
ëí~êí=~åÇ=ëíçé=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ
QK NppsNMNN ëçäÉåçáÇ=î~äîÉ= ~Åíì~íÉÇ=ÇìêáåÖ= ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

ÉåÖáåÉ=ëí~êí ÉåÖáåÉ=ëí~êí=~åÇ= J jçÇìäÉ=L J
ëäçïíìêå ~ä~êã
RK NppsNMTR ëçäÉåçáÇ=î~äîÉ= ~Åíì~íÉÇ=ÇìêáåÖ= ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

ÉåÖáåÉ=ëí~êí ÉåÖáåÉ=ëí~êí=~åÇ= J jçÇìäÉ=L J
ëäçïíìêå ~ä~êã
SK NelwNMNO éìëÜ=Äìííçå= ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó=ëíçé= içÅ~ä= Ö~íÉï~ó=

äçÅ~ä=ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó= Ñêçã=äçÅ~ä=Åçåíêçä= J léÉê~íáåÖ= ãçÇìäÉ J
ëíçé ëí~íáçå m~åÉä
TK NpwsNMNO ëçäÉåçáÇ=î~äîÉ= ã~åì~ä=~åÇ=~ìíçJ ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

ÉåÖáåÉ=ëÜìíJ ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó=ëÜìíJ J jçÇìäÉ=L J
Ççïå Ççïå ë~ÑÉíó
UK NmpNMNO éêÉëëìêÉ=ëïáíÅÜ= ÑÉÉÇÄ~Åâ=ÉãÉêJ M=Ó=NM=Ä~ê ÉãÉêJ `çåíêçä=

ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó=ëíçé= ÖÉåÅó=ëíçéI=ëí~êíJ ÖÉåÅó= jçÇìäÉ=L=
~áê ÄäçÅâáåÖ=~ÅíáîÉ ëíçé=~áê= ë~ÑÉíó J
éáéÉ=çå=
ÉåÖáåÉ
s~êá~ÄäÉ=s~äîÉ=qáãáåÖ
VK NbjNMOQ^ ÉäÉÅíêáÅ=ãçíçê= s~êá~ÄäÉ=s~äîÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ ssq=Å~ÄáJ

L_GF ssq=ëÉííáåÖ=êçï= qáãáåÖ =J åÉí J
^
GF=^JëÉåëçêëW=~ää=ÉåÖáåÉëX=_JëÉåëçêëW=sJÉåÖáåÉë=çåäóK
MOMPJMNMUjnÅêffKÑã
q~ÄäÉ=OJQ iáëí=Ñçê=ÉåÖáåÉJäçÅ~íÉÇ=ãÉ~ëìêáåÖ=~åÇ=Åçåíêçä=ÇÉîáÅÉë
gJ^g POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=NQR


çéíáçå
NMK NdlpNMOQ äáãáí=ëïáíÅÜ=ssq= ÑÉÉÇÄ~Åâ=ssq= ÉåÖáåÉ ssq=Å~ÄáJ

^L_GF é~êí=äç~Ç=éçëáJ é~êí=äç~Ç=éçëáíáçå= =J åÉí J
íáçå=êçï=^ êÉ~ÅÜÉÇ
NNK OdlpNMOQ äáãáí=ëïáíÅÜ=ssq= ÑÉÉÇÄ~Åâ=ssq=Ñìää= ÉåÖáåÉ ssq=Å~ÄáJ

^L_GF Ñìää=äç~Ç=éçëáíáçå= äç~Ç=éçëáíáçå= =J åÉí J
êçï=^ êÉ~ÅÜÉÇ
NOK PdlpNMOQ äáãáí=ëïáíÅÜ=ssq= ÑÉÉÇÄ~Åâ=ssq= ÉåÖáåÉ ssq=Å~ÄáJ

^L_GF é~êí=äç~Ç=éçëáJ é~êí=äç~Ç=éçëáíáçå= =J åÉí J
íáçå=êçï=^ êÉ~ÅÜÉÇ
NPK QdlpNMOQ äáãáí=ëïáíÅÜ=ssq= ÑÉÉÇÄ~Åâ=ssq=Ñìää= ÉåÖáåÉ ssq=Å~ÄáJ

^L_GF Ñìää=äç~Ç=éçëáíáçå= äç~Ç=éçëáíáçå= =J åÉí J
êçï=^ êÉ~ÅÜÉÇ
ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=Äóé~ëë
NQK NupsNMPM ëçäÉåçáÇ=î~äîÉ= Ääçï=Äó=ïÜáäÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä= ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=

ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê= é~êíäç~Ç=çê=äçï= J jçÇìäÉ=L Äóé~ëë
Äóé~ëë=Ñä~é ëéÉÉÇ ~ä~êã
ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÄäçïJçÑÑ
NRK NupsNMPN ëçäÉåçáÇ=î~äîÉ== ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=Ääçï=çÑÑ= ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä= ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=

^L_GF ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=Ääçï= ~í=äçï=ëìÅíáçå=~áê= J jçÇìäÉ=L Ääçï=çÑÑ
çÑÑ=Ñä~é=^L_ íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ ~ä~êã
ã~áå=ÄÉ~êáåÖë
NSK ñqbNMSQ ÇçìÄäÉ=íÉãé= áåÇáÅ~íáçåI=~ä~êãI= M=Ó=NOM=ø` ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä= ã~áå=ÄÉ~êJ

ëÉåëçêëI=ã~áå= ÉåÖáåÉ=éêçíÉÅíáçå jçÇìäÉë áåÖ=íÉãé=
ÄÉ~êáåÖë ãçåáíçêáåÖ
íìêåáåÖ=ÖÉ~ê
NTK NdlpNMTM äáãáí=ëïáíÅÜ=íìêåJ áåÇáÅ~íáçå=~åÇ= ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

áåÖ=ÖÉ~ê= ëí~êí=ÄäçÅâáåÖ J jçÇìäÉ=L J
ÉåÖ~ÖÉÇ ~ä~êã
àÉí=~ëëáëí
NUK NppsNMUM ëçäÉåçáÇ=î~äîÉ= íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê= ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä= àÉí=~ëëáëí

Ñçê=àÉí=~ëëáëí ~ÅÅÉäÉê~íáçå=Äó=àÉí= J jçÇìäÉ=L
~ëëáëí ~ä~êã
äìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëíÉã
NVK NmqONTM éêÉëëìêÉ=íê~åëJ ~ä~êã=~í=äçï=äìÄÉ= M=Ó=NM=Ä~ê ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

ãáííÉêI=äìÄÉ=çáä= çáä=éêÉëëìêÉ jçÇìäÉ=L
J
éêÉëëìêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ= ~ä~êã
áåäÉí
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NQS POLQQò gJ^g


çéíáçå
OMK OmqONTM éêÉëëìêÉ=íê~åëJ ~ìíç=ëÜìíÇçïå=~í= M=Ó=NM=Ä~ê içÅ~ä= `çåíêçä=

ãáííÉêI=äìÄÉ=çáä= äçï=éêÉëëìêÉ léÉê~íáåÖ= jçÇìäÉ=L
J
éêÉëëìêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ= m~åÉä ë~ÑÉíó
áåäÉí
ONK NqbONTM ÇçìÄäÉ=íÉãé= ~ä~êã=~í=ÜáÖÜ= M=Ó=NOM=ø` ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

ëÉåëçêI=äìÄÉ=çáä= íÉãé jçÇìäÉë
J
íÉãé=ÉåÖáåÉ=
áåäÉí
OOK NbjOQTM ÉäÉÅíêáÅ=ãçíçê= ÅóäáåÇÉê=äìÄêáÅ~J ÉåÖáåÉ fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=

ÅóäáåÇÉê=äìÄêáÅ~J íáçå J `~ÄáåÉí J
íáçå
OPK NcbOQTM^L äáãáí=ëïáíÅÜ=ÅóäJ ÑìåÅíáçå=Åçåíêçä=çÑ= MKN=Ó=N=eò ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

_GF áåÇÉêë=äìÄêáÅ~íçê= ÅóäáåÇÉê=äìÄêáÅ~J jçÇìäÉ=L J
äáåÉ=^L_ íçê=äáåÉ=^ ~ä~êã
OQK NmqORTM^L éêÉëëìêÉ=íê~åëJ ~ä~êã=~í=äçï=äìÄÉ= M=Ó=S=Ä~ê ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

_GF ãáííÉêI=äìÄÉ=çáä= çáä=éêÉëëìêÉ jçÇìäÉ=L
J
éêÉëëìêÉ=íìêÄçJ ~ä~êã
ÅÜ~êÖÉê=áåäÉí
ORK OmqORTM^L éêÉëëìêÉ=íê~åëJ ~ìíç=ëÜìíÇçïå=~í= M=Ó=S=Ä~ê ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

_GF ãáííÉêI=äìÄÉ=çáä= äçï=äìÄÉ=çáä=éêÉëJ jçÇìäÉ=L
J
éêÉëëìêÉ=íìêÄçJ ëìêÉ ë~ÑÉíó
ÅÜ~êÖÉê=áåäÉí
OSK NqbORUM^L ÇçìÄäÉ=íÉãé= ~ä~êã=~í=ÜáÖÜ= M=Ó=NOM=ø` ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

_GF ëÉåëçêI=äìÄÉ=çáä= íÉãé jçÇìäÉë
J
íÉãé=íìêÄçJ
ÅÜ~êÖÉê=Çê~áå
çáä=ãáëí=ÇÉíÉÅíáçå
OTK NnqfÔUTM çáäãáëí=ÇÉíÉÅíçêI= çáäãáëí=ëìéÉêîáJ ÉåÖáåÉ çáä=ãáëí=

çáäãáëí=ÅçåÅÉåJ ëáçå ÇÉíÉÅíáçå
J J
íê~íáçå=áå=Åê~åâJ
Å~ëÉ
ëéä~ëÜ=çáä
OUK ñqbOUUM ÇçìÄäÉ=íÉãé= ëéä~ëÜ=çáä=ëìéÉêîáJ M=Ó=NOM=ø` ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

ëÉåëçêëI= ëáçå jçÇìäÉë
J
ëéä~ëÜçáä=íÉãé=
êçÇ=ÄÉ~êáåÖë
gJ^g POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=NQT


çéíáçå
ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉãë
OVK NqbPNSU ÇçìÄäÉ=íÉãé= Ñçê=bap=îáëì~äáë~J M=Ó=NOM=ø` ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

ëÉåëçê=eq=ï~íÉê= íáçå=~åÇ=Åçåíêçä=çÑ= jçÇìäÉ=L
J
íÉãé=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê= éêÉÜÉ~íÉê=î~äîÉ ~ä~êã
ÅççäÉê=áåäÉí
PMK NmqPNTM éêÉëëìêÉ=íê~åëJ ~ä~êã=~í=äçï=éêÉëJ M=Ó=S=Ä~ê ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

ãáííÉêI=eq=ÅççäJ ëìêÉ jçÇìäÉ=L
áåÖ=ï~íÉê= ~ä~êã J
éêÉëëìêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=
áåäÉí
PNK OmqPNTM éêÉëëìêÉ=íê~åëJ ÇÉíÉÅíáçå=çÑ=äçï= M=Ó=S=Ä~ê ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

ãáííÉêI=eq=ÅççäJ ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê= jçÇìäÉ=L
áåÖ=ï~íÉê= éêÉëëìêÉ ë~ÑÉíó J
áåäÉí
POK NqbPNTM ÇçìÄäÉ=íÉãé= ~ä~êãI=áåÇáÅ~íáçå M=Ó=NOM=ø` ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

ëÉåëçêI=eq`t= jçÇìäÉë
J
áåäÉí
PPK NqbPNUM íÉãé=ëÉåëçêI=eq= M=Ó=NOM=ø` ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

ï~íÉê=íÉãé= J jçÇìäÉë J
ÉåÖáåÉ=çìíäÉí
PQK NmqPQTM éêÉëëìêÉ=íê~åëJ ~ä~êã=~í=äçï=ÅççäJ M=Ó=NM=Ä~ê ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

ãáííÉêI=åçòòäÉ= áåÖ=ï~íÉê=éêÉëëìêÉ jçÇìäÉ=L
ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê= ~ä~êã J
áåäÉí
PRK OmqPQTM éêÉëëìêÉ=íê~åëJ ~ä~êã=~í=äçï=ÅççäJ M=Ó=NM=Ä~ê ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

ãáííÉêI==åçòòäÉ= áåÖ=ï~íÉê=éêÉëëìêÉ jçÇìäÉ=L
ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê= ë~ÑÉíó J
áåäÉí
PSK NqbPQTM ÇçìÄäÉ=íÉãé= ~ä~êã=~í=ÜáÖÜ= M=Ó=NOM=ø` ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

ëÉåëçêI=åçòòäÉ= ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê= jçÇìäÉë
ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê= íÉãé J
áåäÉí
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NQU POLQQò gJ^g


çéíáçå
PTK NmqQNTM éêÉëëìêÉ=íê~åëJ ~ä~êã=~í=äçï=ÅççäJ M=Ó=S=Ä~ê ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

ãáííÉêI=iq=ï~íÉê= áåÖ=ï~íÉê=éêÉëëìêÉ jçÇìäÉ=L
J
éêÉëëìêÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ= ~ä~êã
~áê=ÅççäÉê=áåäÉí
PUK OmqQNTM éêÉëëìêÉ=íê~åëJ ~ä~êã=~í=äçï=ÅççäJ M=Ó=S=Ä~ê ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

ãáííÉêI=iq=ï~íÉê= áåÖ=ï~íÉê=éêÉëëìêÉ råáí
J
éêÉëëìêÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=
~áê=ÅççäÉê=áåäÉí
PVK NqbQNTM ÇçìÄäÉ=íÉãé= ~ä~êãI=áåÇáÅ~íáçå M=Ó=NOM=ø` iq=éáéÉ= `çåíêçä=

ëÉåëçêI=iq=ï~íÉê= ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê= jçÇìäÉë
J
íÉãé=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê= ÅççäÉê=
ÅççäÉê=áåäÉí áåäÉí
ÑìÉä=ëóëíÉã
QMK NmqRMTM éêÉëëìêÉ=íê~åëJ êÉãçíÉ=áåÇáÅ~íáçå= M=Ó=NS=Ä~ê ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

ãáííÉêI=ÑìÉä=éêÉëJ ~åÇ=~ä~êã jçÇìäÉ=L J
ëìêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áåäÉí ~ä~êã
QNK OmqRMTM éêÉëëìêÉ=íê~åëJ êÉãçíÉ=áåÇáÅ~íáçå= M=Ó=NS=Ä~ê ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

ãáííÉêI=ÑìÉä=éêÉëJ ~åÇ=~ä~êã jçÇìäÉ=L J
ëìêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áåäÉí ë~ÑÉíó
QOK NqbRMTM ÇçìÄäÉ=íÉãé= ~ä~êã=~í=ÜáÖÜ= M=Ó=OMM=ø` ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

ëÉåëçêI=ÑìÉä= íÉãé=áå=jalJ jçÇìäÉë
J
íÉãé=ÉåÖáåÉ= ãçÇÉ=~åÇ=Ñçê=bap=
áåäÉí ìëÉ
QPK ñc`sRMTR ëìÅíáçå=íÜêçííäÉ= îçäìãÉ=Åçåíêçä=çÑ= ÉåÖáåÉ fåàÉÅíáçå=

^L_GF î~äîÉë=êçï=^L_ äçï=éêÉëëìêÉ=ÑìÉä J jçÇìäÉ=L J
ò
QQK NipRMTS^L äÉîÉä=ëïáíÅÜ=ÑìÉä= ÜáÖÜ=éêÉëëìêÉ=ÑìÉä= M=Ó=OIMMM=Ä~ê ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

_GF éáéÉ=ÄêÉ~â=äÉ~âJ ëóëíÉã=äÉ~â~ÖÉ= råáí J
~ÖÉ ÇÉíÉÅíáçå
QRK ñipRMTT^L äÉîÉä=ëïáíÅÜ=ê~áä= ê~áä=äÉ~â~ÖÉ=ÇÉíÉÅJ ÉåÖáåÉ= iÉ~â~ÖÉ=

_GF ëÉÖãÉåí=NJR^L_ íáçå J jçåáíçêJ J
áåÖ=råáí
QSK OmqRMTS^L ê~áä=éêÉëëìêÉ= éêÉëëìêÉ=çÑ=ÜáÖÜ= M=Ó=OIMMM=Ä~ê ÉåÖáåÉ fåàÉÅíáçå=

_GF ëÉåëçêë=O=êçï=^L éêÉëëìêÉ=ÑìÉä=ëóëJ jçÇìäÉ=L J
_ íÉã=Åçããçå=ê~áä ò
QTK ñipRMTT^L äÉîÉä=ëïáíÅÜ=ê~áä= ê~áä=äÉ~â~ÖÉ=ÇÉíÉÅJ ÉåÖáåÉ= iÉ~â~ÖÉ=

_GF ëÉÖãÉåí íáçå J jçåáíçêJ J
N=Ó=R^L_ áåÖ=råáí
gJ^g POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=NQV


çéíáçå
QUK ñcpsRMTU î~äîÉ=Öêçìé=Ñçê= ÑìÉä=áåàÉÅíáçå ÉåÖáåÉ fåàÉÅíáçå=

^L_GF ÑìÉä=áåàÉÅíáçå J jçÇìäÉ=L J
ò
QVK NcpsRMUM ÑäìëÜáåÖ=î~äîÉ ìåäç~ÇáåÖ=çÑ=ÅçãJ ÉåÖáåÉ ÉãÉêJ

^L_GF ãçå=ê~áä=ÜáÖÜ= ÖÉåÅó=
J J
éêÉëëìêÉ=ÑìÉä=ëóëJ ëíçé=î~äîÉ=
íÉã=^ NpwsNMNO
RMK NipRMUM^L äÉîÉä=ëïáíÅÜ= ~ä~êã=~í=ÜáÖÜ=äÉîÉä ÑìÉä=äÉ~âJ `çåíêçä=

_GF éìãéJ=~åÇ=åçòJ ~ÖÉ=ãçåáJ jçÇìäÉ=L
òäÉ=äÉ~â~ÖÉ=êçï= J íçêáåÖ= ~ä~êã J
^L_ í~åâ=cpeJ
MMN
RNK OipRMUM^L äÉîÉä=ëïáíÅÜ=Çáêíó= ~ä~êã=~í=ÜáÖÜ=äÉîÉä éìãé= iÉ~â~ÖÉ=

_GF çáä=äÉ~â~ÖÉ= Ä~åâ=äÉ~âJ jçåáíçêJ
J J
éìãé=Ä~åâ=`p= ~ÖÉ=ãçåáJ áåÖ=råáí
êçï=^L_ íçêáåÖ=`p=
ROK PipRMUM^L äÉîÉä=ëïáíÅÜ=Çáêíó= ~ä~êã=~í=ÜáÖÜ=äÉîÉä éìãé= iÉ~â~ÖÉ=

éìãé=Ä~åâ=``p= J ~ÖÉ=ãçåáJ áåÖ=råáí J
êçï=^L_ íçêáåÖ=
``p
RPK QipRMUM^L äÉîÉä=ëïáíÅÜ=Çáêíó= ~ä~êã=~í=ÜáÖÜ=äÉîÉä éìãé= iÉ~â~ÖÉ=

éìãé=Ä~åâ=``p= J ~ÖÉ=ãçåáJ áåÖ=råáí J
êçï=^L_ íçêáåÖ=
``p
RQK NqbRMUM^L ÇçìÄäÉ=íÉãé= êÉãçíÉ=áåÇáÅ~íáçå= M=Ó=OMM=ø` ÉåÖáåÉ iÉ~â~ÖÉ=

_GF ëÉåëçêI=ÑìÉä= ~åÇ=~ä~êã jçåáíçêJ
íÉãé=~ÑíÉê=ÑäìëÜJ áåÖ=råáí J
áåÖ=î~äîÉI=êçï=^L
_
RRK NqbRMUN^L ÇçìÄäÉ=íÉãé= êÉãçíÉ=áåÇáÅ~íáçå= M=Ó=OMM=ø` ÉåÖáåÉ iÉ~â~ÖÉ=

_GF ëÉåëçêI=ÑìÉä= ~åÇ=~ä~êã jçåáíçêJ
J
íÉãé=~ÑíÉê=ë~ÑÉíó= áåÖ=råáí
î~äîÉI=êçï=^L_
RSK NmwsRMUN éêÉëëìêÉ=êÉäáÉÑ= ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=äáãáí~J ÉåÖáåÉ

î~äîÉ íáçå=çÑ=ê~áä=éêÉëJ J J J
ëìêÉ
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NRM POLQQò gJ^g


çéíáçå
ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ëóëíÉã
RTK NmqSNMM éêÉëëìêÉ=íê~åëJ Ñçê=bap=îáëì~äáë~J ÓOMKKKHOM áåí~âÉ=~áê= `çåíêçä=

ãáííÉêI=áåí~âÉ=~áê= íáçå ãÄ~ê ÇìÅí=~ÑíÉê= jçÇìäÉ=L J
éêÉëëìêÉ ÑáäíÉê ~ä~êã
RUK NqbSNMM ÇçìÄäÉ=íÉãé= íÉãé=áåéìí=Ñçê= M=Ó=NOM=ø` áåí~âÉ=~áê= `çåíêçä=

ëÉåëçêI=áåí~âÉ=~áê= ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÄäçïJ ÇìÅí=~ÑíÉê= jçÇìäÉ=L
J
íÉãé çÑÑ=~åÇ=bap=îáëìJ ÑáäíÉê ~ä~êã
~äáë~íáçå
RVK NqbSNTM^L ÇçìÄäÉ=íÉãé= Ñçê=bap=îáëì~äáë~J M=Ó=PMM=ø` ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

_GF ëÉåëçêI=ÅÜ~êÖÉ= íáçå jçÇìäÉë
~áê=íÉãé=ÅÜ~êÖÉ= J
~áê=ÅççäÉê=^L_=
áåäÉí
SMK NmqSNUM^L éêÉëëìêÉ=íê~åëJ ÉåÖáåÉ=Åçåíêçä M=Ó=S=Ä~ê ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

_GF ãáííÉêI=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê= jçÇìäÉ=L
éêÉëëìêÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ= ~ä~êã J
ÅóäáåÇÉêë=êçï=^L
_
SNK OmqSNUM^L éêÉëëìêÉ=íê~åëJ M=Ó=S=Ä~ê ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

_GF ãáííÉêI=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê= jçÇìäÉ=L
éêÉëëìêÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ= J ë~ÑÉíó J
ÅóäáåÇÉêë=êçï=^L
_
SOK NqbSNUM^L ÇçìÄäÉ=íÉãé= ~ä~êã=~í=ÜáÖÜ= M=Ó=NOM=ø` ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

_GF ëÉåëçêI=ÅÜ~êÖÉ= íÉãé jçÇìäÉë
~áê=íÉãé=~ÑíÉê= J
ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=
^L_
ÉñÜ~ìëí=ëóëíÉã
SPK NupsSRTM ëçäÉåçáÇ=î~äîÉ= ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=Ääçï= ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä= ï~ëíÉ=Ö~íÉ

Ñçê=ï~ëíÉ=Ö~íÉ çÑÑ=ïÜÉå=íÅJëéÉÉÇ= J jçÇìäÉL
ÜáÖÜ ~ä~êã
SQK ñqbSRTM^L ÇçìÄäÉ=íÜÉêãçJ áåÇáÅ~íáçåI=~ä~êãI= M=Ó=UMM=ø` ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

_GF ÅçìéäÉëI= ÉåÖáåÉ=éêçíÉÅíáçå jçÇìäÉë
ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë= J
íÉãé=ÅóäáåÇÉêë=
^L_
gJ^g POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=NRN


çéíáçå
SRK NqbSRTR^L ÇçìÄäÉ=íÜÉêãçJ áåÇáÅ~íáçåI=~ä~êãI= M=Ó=UMM=ø` ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

_GF ÅçìéäÉëI= ÉåÖáåÉ=éêçíÉÅíáçå jçÇìäÉë
íÉãé=ÄÉÑçêÉ=íìêJ
ÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=^L_
SSK NqbSRUM^L ÇçìÄäÉ=íÜÉêãçJ áåÇáÅ~íáçå M=Ó=UMM=ø` ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

_GF ÅçìéäÉëI= jçÇìäÉë
íÉãé=~ÑíÉê=íìêJ
ÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=^L_
Åçåíêçä=~áêI=ëí~êí=~áêI=ëíçé=~áê
STK NmqTNTM éêÉëëìêÉ=íê~åëJ ÉåÖáåÉ=ÅçåíêçäI= M=Ó=QM=Ä~ê ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

ãáííÉêI=ëí~êíáåÖ= êÉãçíÉ=áåÇáÅ~íáçå jçÇìäÉL J
~áê=éêÉëëìêÉ ~ä~êã
SUK OmqTNTM éêÉëëìêÉ=íê~åëJ ÉåÖáåÉ=ÅçåíêçäI= M=Ó=QM=Ä~ê ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

ãáííÉêI=ëí~êíáåÖ= êÉãçíÉ=áåÇáÅ~íáçå jçÇìäÉL J
~áê=éêÉëëìêÉ ë~ÑÉíó
SVK NmqTNUM éêÉëëìêÉ=íê~åëJ ~ä~êã=~í=äçï=~áê= M=Ó=QM=Ä~ê ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

ãáííÉêI=ÉãÉêJ éêÉëëìêÉ jçÇìäÉL
J
ÖÉåÅó=ëíçé=~áê= ~ä~êã
éêÉëëìêÉ
TMK OmqTNUM éêÉëëìêÉ=íê~åëJ ~ä~êã=~í=äçï=~áê= M=Ó=QM=Ä~ê ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

ãáííÉêI=ÉãÉêJ éêÉëëìêÉ jçÇìäÉL
J
ÖÉåÅó=ëíçé=~áê= ë~ÑÉíó
éêÉëëìêÉ
TNK NmqTQMM éêÉëëìêÉ=íê~åëJ êÉãçíÉ=áåÇáÅ~íáçå M=Ó=NM=Ä~ê ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

ãáííÉêI=Åçåíêçä=~áê= jçÇìäÉL J
éêÉëëìêÉ ~ä~êã
TOK OmqTQMM éêÉëëìêÉ=íê~åëJ êÉãçíÉ=áåÇáÅ~íáçå M=Ó=NM=Ä~ê ÉåÖáåÉ `çåíêçä=

ãáííÉêI=Åçåíêçä=~áê= jçÇìäÉL J
éêÉëëìêÉ ë~ÑÉíó
=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NRO POLQQò gJ^g

P nì~äáíó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=çÑ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ëìééäáÉë
h~éáíÉäíáíÉä=P=jKÑã
= m~ÖÉ=P=J=N
=m~ÖÉ=P=J=O
h~éáíÉäíáíÉä=P=jKÑã
nì~äáíó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=çÑ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ëìééäáÉë
PKN=nì~äáíó=çÑ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=Ep^b=QMF=Ñçê=çéÉê~íáçå=ïáíÜ=ã~êáåÉ=Ö~ë=çáäI=ÇáÉëÉä=çáä=EjdlLjalF=
PKN nì~äáíó=çÑ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=Ep^b=QMF=Ñçê=çéÉê~íáçå=ïáíÜ=ã~êáåÉ=
Ö~ë=çáäI=ÇáÉëÉä=çáä=EjdlLjalF
dÉåÉê~ä péÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåë=
qÜÉ=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=çìíéìí=~ÅÜáÉîÉÇ=Äó=ãçÇÉêå=ÇáÉëÉä=
ÉåÖáåÉë=ÅçãÄáåÉÇ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ìëÉ=çÑ=ÑìÉäë=íÜ~í=ë~íJ _~ëÉ=çáä
áëÑó=íÜÉ=èì~äáíó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=ãçêÉ=~åÇ=ãçêÉ=ÑêÉJ qÜÉ= Ä~ëÉ= çáä= EäìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ= çáä= Z= Ä~ëÉ= çáä= H= ~ÇÇáJ
èìÉåíäó= áåÅêÉ~ëÉ= íÜÉ= ÇÉã~åÇë= çå= íÜÉ= íáîÉëF=ãìëí=Ü~îÉ=~=å~êêçï=Çáëíáää~íáçå=ê~åÖÉ=~åÇ=
éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ= çáä= ïÜáÅÜ= ãìëí= ÄÉ=êÉÑáåÉÇ=ìëáåÖ=ãçÇÉêå=ãÉíÜçÇëK=fÑ=áí=Åçåí~áåë=
íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=ÄÉ=Å~êÉÑìääó=ëÉäÉÅíÉÇK é~ê~ÑÑáåëI=íÜÉó=ãìëí=åçí=áãé~áê=íÜÉ=íÜÉêã~ä=ëí~J
iìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ= çáäë= Eea= çáäëF= Ü~îÉ= ~= éêçîÉå= íê~Åâ= Äáäáíó=çê=çñáÇ~íáçå=ëí~ÄáäáíóK
êÉÅçêÇ=~ë=äìÄêáÅ~åíë=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÇêáîÉI=ÅóäáåÇÉêI=íìêÄçJ qÜÉ=Ä~ëÉ=çáä=ãìëí=Åçãéäó=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=äáãáí=
ÅÜ~êÖÉê= ~åÇ= ~äëç= Ñçê= ÅççäáåÖ= íÜÉ= éáëíçåK= iìÄêáJ î~äìÉëI=é~êíáÅìä~êäó=áå=íÉêãë=çÑ=áíë=êÉëáëí~åÅÉ=íç=
Å~íáåÖ=çáäë=Åçåí~áå=~ÇÇáíáîÉë=íÜ~íI=~ãçåÖëí=çíÜÉê= ~ÖÉáåÖK
íÜáåÖëI=ÉåëìêÉ=Çáêí=~Äëçêéíáçå=Å~é~ÄáäáíóI=ÅäÉ~åJ
áåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=åÉìíê~äáë~íáçå=çÑ=~ÅáÇáÅ=
ÅçãÄìëíáçå=éêçÇìÅíëK
låäó=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáäë=íÜ~í=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=~ééêçîÉÇ=Äó=
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= ã~ó= ÄÉ= ìëÉÇK= qÜÉëÉ= ~êÉ=
äáëíÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=?q~ÄäÉ=PJP=iìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáäë=~ééêçîÉÇ=
Ñçê= ìëÉ= áå= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= ÑçìêJëíêçâÉ= ÉåJ
ÖáåÉë=íÜ~í=êìå=çå=ã~êáåÉ=Ö~ë=çáä=çê=ÇáÉëÉä=çáä?K
mêçéÉêíáÉëLÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅë råáí qÉëí=ãÉíÜçÇ iáãáí=î~äìÉ

j~âÉJìé J J fÇÉ~ääó=é~ê~ÑÑáå=Ä~ëÉÇ
içïJíÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÄÉÜ~îáçìêI=ëíáää=
^pqj=a=ORMM ÓNR
Ñäçï~ÄäÉ ø`
cä~ëÜ=éçáåí=E`äÉîÉä~åÇF ^pqj=a=VO [=OMM
^ëÜ=ÅçåíÉåí=EçñáÇÉ=~ëÜF ^pqj=a=QUO Y=MKMO
`çâÉ=êÉëáÇìÉ=E~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=`çåJ tÉáÖÜí=B
^pqj=a=NUV Y=MKRM
ê~ÇëçåF
^ÖÉáåÖ=íÉåÇÉåÅó=ÑçääçïáåÖ=NMM= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=
Üçìêë=çÑ=ÜÉ~íáåÖ=ìé=íç=NPR=ø` J qìêÄç=~ÖÉáåÖ= J
çîÉåNF
fåëçäìÄäÉ=EåJÜÉéí~åÉF ^pqj=a=QMRR
Y=MKO
tÉáÖÜí=B çê=afk=RNRVO
bî~éçê~íáçå=äçëë J Y==O
péçí=íÉëí=EÑáäíÉê=é~éÉêF j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄ mêÉÅáéáí~íáçå=çÑ=êÉëáåë=çê=~ëéÜ~äíJäáâÉ=~ÖÉJ

J
ç=íÉëí áåÖ=éêçÇìÅíë=ãìëí=åçí=ÄÉ=áÇÉåíáÑá~ÄäÉK
NFtçêâëD=çïå=ãÉíÜçÇK
q~ÄäÉ=PJN _~ëÉ=çáäë=Ó=í~êÖÉí=î~äìÉë
MPMOJMNMN^^KÑã
^J_^ = m~ÖÉ=P=J=P
iìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáäë=Eea=çáäëF ^ÇÇáíáçå~ä=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë
qÜÉ=Ä~ëáÅ=çáä=íç=ïÜáÅÜ=íÜÉ=~ÇÇáíáîÉë=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå= qÜÉ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=ãìëí=åçí=Åçåí~áå=îáëÅçëáíó=áåJ
~ÇÇÉÇ= EÅçãéçìåÇÉÇ= äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ= çáäF= ãìëí= Ü~îÉ= ÇÉñ=áãéêçîÉêK=cêÉëÜ=çáä=ãìëí=åçí=Åçåí~áå=ï~íÉê=çê=
íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=éêçéÉêíáÉëW çíÜÉê=Åçåí~ãáå~åíëK
^ÇÇáíáîÉë iìÄÉ=çáä=ëÉäÉÅíáçå
qÜÉ= ~ÇÇáíáîÉë= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ÇáëëçäîÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= çáä= ~åÇ=
båÖáåÉ p^b=Åä~ëë
íÜÉáê=Åçãéçëáíáçå=ãìëí=ÉåëìêÉ=íÜ~í=~ë=äáííäÉ=~ëÜ=
~ë=éçëëáÄäÉ=êÉã~áåë=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ÅçãÄìëíáçåK NSLOQI=ONLPNI=OTLPUI=OULPOpI=POLQMI=
QM
POLQQI=QMLRQI=QULSMI=RULSQI=RNLSMac
qÜÉ=~ëÜ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ëçÑíK=fÑ=íÜáë=éêÉêÉèìáëáíÉ=áë=åçí= q~ÄäÉ=PJO sáëÅçëáíó=Ep^b=Åä~ëëF=çÑ=äìÄÉ=çáäë
ãÉíI=áí=áë=äáâÉäó=íÜÉ=ê~íÉ=çÑ=ÇÉéçëáíáçå=áå=íÜÉ=ÅçãJ
Äìëíáçå= ÅÜ~ãÄÉê= ïáää= ÄÉ= ÜáÖÜÉêI= é~êíáÅìä~êäó= ~í= nì~äáíó=çÑ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä
íÜÉ= çìíäÉí= î~äîÉë= ~åÇ= ~í= íÜÉ= íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê= áåäÉí=
ÜçìëáåÖK= e~êÇ=~ÇÇáíáîÉ=~ëÜ=éêçãçíÉë=éáííáåÖ=çÑ= tÉ= êÉÅçããÉåÇ= ÅçãéçìåÇÉÇ= äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ= çáäë=
íÜÉ= î~äîÉ= ëÉ~íë= ~åÇ= Å~ìëÉë= íÜÉ= î~äîÉë= íç= Äìêå= Eea= çáäëF= ~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ= íç= áåíÉêå~íáçå~ä= ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~J
çìíI=áí=~äëç=áåÅêÉ~ëÉë=ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=ïÉ~êK íáçåë=jfiJi=ONMQ=çê=^mfJà=ïáíÜ=~=Ä~ëÉ=åìãÄÉê=
çÑ= _k=NMJNS=ãÖ=hleLÖK= jáäáí~êó= ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçå=
^ÇÇáíáîÉë= áå= íÜÉ= ~ÅíáîÉ= çê= ìëÉÇ= ÅçåÇáíáçå= ãìëí= lJOTU=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáäë=Å~å=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇK
åçí=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=íÜÉ=ê~íÉ=~í=ïÜáÅÜ=íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉê=ÉäÉãÉåíë=
~êÉ=ÄäçÅâÉÇK qÜÉ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=
èì~äáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉ=ïÜáÅÜ=~ÇÇáíáîÉ=Ñê~ÅJ
aÉíÉêÖÉåÅó íáçåë=íÜÉ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=Åçåí~áåëK=fÑ=ã~êáåÉ=ÇáÉëÉä=
ÑìÉä= ïáíÜ= ~= ëìäéÜìê= ÅçåíÉåí= çÑ= ìé= íç= OKM=B= Äó=
qÜÉ= ï~ëÜáåÖ= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ÜáÖÜ= ÉåçìÖÜ= íç= éêÉîÉåí= ïÉáÖÜí= ~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ= íç= fplJcJaj`= ~åÇ= Å~êÄçå=
íÜÉ=~ÅÅìãìä~íáçå=çÑ=í~ê=~åÇ=ÅçâÉ=êÉëáÇìÉ=~ë=~=êÉJ êÉëáÇìÉë=çÑ=ìé=íç=OKR=B=Äó=ïÉáÖÜí=áë=ìëÉÇI=óçì=
ëìäí=çÑ=ÑìÉä=ÅçãÄìëíáçåK ëÜçìäÇ= ÅÜççëÉ= ~= Ä~ëÉ= åìãÄÉê= çÑ= êçìÖÜäó= OMK=
eçïÉîÉêI= íÜÉ= çéÉê~íáåÖ= êÉëìäíë= íÜ~í= ÉåëìêÉ= íÜÉ=
aáëéÉêëáçå=Å~é~Äáäáíó ãçëí= ÉÑÑáÅáÉåí= ÉåÖáåÉ= çéÉê~íáçå= ìäíáã~íÉäó= ÇÉJ
qÜÉ=ëÉäÉÅíÉÇ=ÇáëéÉêëáçå=Å~é~Äáäáíó=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ëìÅÜ= ÅáÇÉ=íÜÉ=~ÇÇáíáîÉ=ÅçåíÉåíK
íÜ~í=ÅçããÉêÅá~ääóJ~î~áä~ÄäÉ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=ÅäÉ~åJ
áåÖ=ëóëíÉãë=Å~å=êÉãçîÉ= Ü~êãÑìä=Åçåí~ãáå~åíë= `óäáåÇÉê=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä
Ñêçã=íÜÉ=çáä=ìëÉÇI=áKÉK=íÜÉ=çáä=ãìëí=éçëëÉëë=ÖççÇ= få= ÉåÖáåÉë= ïáíÜ= ëÉé~ê~íÉ= ÅóäáåÇÉê= äìÄêáÅ~íáçå=
ÑáäíÉêáåÖ=éêçéÉêíáÉë=~åÇ=ëÉé~ê~ÄáäáíóK ëóëíÉãëI=íÜÉ=éáëíçåë=~åÇ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=äáåÉêë=~êÉ=ëìéJ
éäáÉÇ=ïáíÜ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=îá~=~=ëÉé~ê~íÉ=äìÄêáÅ~íJ
kÉìíê~äáë~íáçå=Å~é~Äáäáíó áåÖ=çáä=éìãéK=qÜÉ=èì~åíáíó=çÑ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=áë=ëÉí=
qÜÉ= åÉìíê~äáë~íáçå= Å~é~Äáäáíó= E^pqj= aOUVSF= ~í=íÜÉ=Ñ~Åíçêó=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=èì~äáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=
ãìëí= ÄÉ= ÜáÖÜ= ÉåçìÖÜ= íç= åÉìíê~äáëÉ= íÜÉ= ~ÅáÇáÅ= íç=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=~åíáÅáé~íÉÇ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ÅçåÇáJ
éêçÇìÅíë=éêçÇìÅÉÇ=ÇìêáåÖ=ÅçãÄìëíáçåK=qÜÉ=êÉJ íáçåëK
~Åíáçå=íáãÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ÇÇáíáîÉ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=Ü~êãçåáëÉÇ= rëÉ=~=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=~åÇ=äìÄêáÅ~íJ
ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=éêçÅÉëë=áå=íÜÉ=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=ÅÜ~ãÄÉêK áåÖ=ÅáêÅìáí=~ë=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=~ÄçîÉK
bî~éçê~íáçå=íÉåÇÉåÅó péÉÉÇ=ÅçåíêçääÉê
qÜÉ= Éî~éçê~íáçå= íÉåÇÉåÅó= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ~ë= äçï= ~ë= jìäíáÖê~ÇÉ= çáä= RtQM= ëÜçìäÇ= áÇÉ~ääó= ÄÉ= ìëÉÇ= áå=
éçëëáÄäÉ= ~ë= çíÜÉêïáëÉ= íÜÉ= çáä= Åçåëìãéíáçå= ïáää= ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~äJÜóÇê~ìäáÅ= ÅçåíêçääÉêë= ïáíÜ= ~= ëÉé~J
MPMOJMNMN^^KÑã
ÄÉ=~ÇîÉêëÉäó=~ÑÑÉÅíÉÇK ê~íÉ=çáä=é~åK=fÑ=íÜáë=çáä=áë=åçí=~î~áä~ÄäÉ=ïÜÉå=ÑáääáåÖI=
NRtQM= çáä= Å~å= ÄÉ= ìëÉÇ= áåëíÉ~Ç= áå= ÉñÅÉéíáçå~ä=
=m~ÖÉ=P=J=Q ^J_^
Å~ëÉëK= få= íÜáë= Å~ëÉI= áí= ã~âÉë= åç= ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉ= qÉëí

ïÜÉíÜÉê= ëóåíÜÉíáÅ= çê= ãáåÉê~äJÄ~ëÉÇ= çáäë= ~êÉ=
tÉ=Å~å=~å~äóëÉ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=Ñçê=ÅìëíçãÉêë=~í=
ìëÉÇK
çìê=ä~Äçê~íçêóK=^=MKR=ä=ë~ãéäÉ=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=
qÜÉ=ãáäáí~êó=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçå=Ñçê=íÜÉëÉ=çáäë=áë=lJOPSK íÉëíK
bñéÉêáÉåÅÉ= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= ÇêáîÉ= ãçíçê= iOTLPU= Ü~ë=
ëÜçïå= íÜ~í= íÜÉ= çéÉê~íáåÖ= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= fãéêçéÉê=Ü~åÇäáåÖ=çÑ=ÑìÉäë
tççÇï~êÇ= ÅçåíêçääÉê= ldNMj^p= ~åÇ= ÅçêêÉJ
fÑ=ÑìÉäë=~êÉ=áãéêçéÉêäó=Ü~åÇäÉÇI=íÜáë=Å~å=éçëÉ=~=
ëéçåÇáåÖ=~Åíì~íçê=Ñçê=rdTOPH=Å~å=êÉ~ÅÜ=íÉãJ
Ç~åÖÉê= íç= ÜÉ~äíÜI= ë~ÑÉíó= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ÉåîáêçåãÉåíK=
éÉê~íìêÉë=ÜáÖÜÉê=íÜ~å=VP=ø`K=få=íÜÉëÉ=Å~ëÉë=ïÉ=
qÜÉ=êÉäÉî~åí=ë~ÑÉíó=áåÑçêã~íáçå=Äó=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ëìéJ
êÉÅçããÉåÇ=ìëáåÖ=~=ëóåíÜÉíáÅ=çáä=ëìÅÜ=~ë=`~ëíêçä=
éäáÉê=ãìëí=ÄÉ=çÄëÉêîÉÇK
^äéÜ~ëóå=edNRMK=båÖáåÉë=ëìééäáÉÇ=~ÑíÉê=j~êÅÜ=
OMMR=~êÉ=~äêÉ~Çó=ÑáääÉÇ=ïáíÜ=íÜáë=çáäK
iìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=~ÇÇáíáîÉë ^ééêçîÉÇ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáäë=p^b=QM
qÜÉ= ìëÉ= çÑ= çíÜÉê= ~ÇÇáíáîÉë= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ= j~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉê _~ëÉ=kìãÄÉê=
NM=Ó=NSNF=xãÖhleLÖz
çáäI=çê=íÜÉ=ãáñáåÖ=çÑ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=Äê~åÇë=Eçáäë=Äó=ÇáÑJ
ÑÉêÉåí= ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêëFI= áë= åçí= éÉêãáííÉÇ= ~ë= íÜáë= ^dfm `ä~Çáìã=NOMJp^b=QM
páÖã~=p=p^b=QMOF
ã~ó=áãé~áê=íÜÉ=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉñáëíáåÖ=~ÇJ
ÇáíáîÉë= ïÜáÅÜ= Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå= Å~êÉÑìääó= Ü~êãçåáëÉÇ= _m båÉêÖçä=ap=PJNRQ
ïáíÜ=É~ÅÜ=~åçíÜÉê=~åÇ=~äëç=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~ääó=í~áäçêÉÇ= `^pqoli `~ëíêçä=ji`=QM
íç=íÜÉ=Ä~ëáÅ=çáäK `~ëíêçä=jem=NRQ
pÉ~ã~ñ=bñíê~=QM
pÉäÉÅíáçå=çÑ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáäëLï~êê~åíó èbsolk=qÉñ~Åç q~êç=NO=ua=QM

EqÉñ~ÅçI=`~äíÉñF aÉäç=NMMM=j~êáåÉ=p^b=QM
qÜÉ= ã~àçêáíó= çÑ= ãáåÉê~ä= çáä= Åçãé~åáÉë= ~êÉ= áå= aÉäç=pem=QM
ÅäçëÉ=êÉÖìä~ê=Åçåí~Åí=ïáíÜ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêë= buulk=jl_fi bññã~ê=NO=qm=QM
~åÇ=Å~å=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=éêçîáÇÉ=áåÑçêã~íáçå=çå=ïÜáÅÜ= jçÄáäÖ~êÇ=QNOLjd=Npe`
çáä=áå=íÜÉáê=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=éêçÇìÅí=ê~åÖÉ=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=~éJ jçÄáäÖ~êÇ=âi=QMOF
aÉäî~Å=NSQM
éêçîÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉê=Ñçê=íÜÉ=é~êJ
íáÅìä~ê= ~ééäáÅ~íáçåK= fêêÉëéÉÅíáîÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ~ÄçîÉI= mbqol_o^p j~êÄê~ñ=`àJQNM
äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ= çáä= ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêë= ~êÉ= äá~ÄäÉ= áå= ~åó= nU jçò~êí=amQM
Å~ëÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=èì~äáíó=~åÇ=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅë=çÑ=íÜÉáê= obmpli kÉéíìåç=kq=NRQM
éêçÇìÅíëK=fÑ=óçì=Ü~îÉ=~åó=èìÉëíáçåëI=ïÉ=ïáää=ÄÉ= pebii d~Çáåá~=QM
Ü~ééó=íç=éêçîáÇÉ=óçì=ïáíÜ=ÑìêíÜÉê=áåÑçêã~íáçåK d~Çáåá~=îQM
páêáìë=c_=QMOF
láä=ÇìêáåÖ=çéÉê~íáçå páêáìëLoáãìä~=uQMOF
qÜÉêÉ=~êÉ=åç=éêÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=çáä=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=áåíÉêî~äë=Ñçê= pq^qlfi j~êt~ó=NRQM
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= ãÉÇáìã= ëéÉÉÇ= ÉåÖáåÉëK= j~êt~ó=NMQM
qÜÉ= çáä= éêçéÉêíáÉë= ãìëí= ÄÉ= êÉÖìä~êäó= ~å~äóëÉÇK= qlqî=ir_jôfkb aáëçä~=jQMNR
qÜÉ=çáä=Å~å=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=Ñçê=~ë=äçåÖ=~ë=íÜÉ=çáä=éêçéÉêJ NF= fÑ=ã~êáåÉ=ÇáÉëÉä=çáä=ïáíÜ=~=äçï=èì~äáíó=EfplJcJaj`F=áë=
íáÉë= êÉã~áå= ïáíÜáå= íÜÉ= ÇÉÑáåÉÇ= äáãáí= î~äìÉë= EëÉÉ= ìëÉÇI=~=Ä~ëÉ=åìãÄÉê=E_kF=çÑ=êçìÖÜäó=OM=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=

?q~ÄäÉ=PJQ=iáãáí=î~äìÉë=Ñçê=ìëÉÇ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä?FK= ìëÉÇK
OF=táíÜ=~=ëìäéÜìê=ÅçåíÉåí=çÑ=äÉëë=íÜ~å=N=BK
^å= çáä= ë~ãéäÉ= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ~å~äóëÉÇ= ÉîÉêó= N=Ó=P=
ãçåíÜë=EëÉÉ=ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ=ëÅÜÉÇìäÉFK=qÜÉ=èì~äáíó= q~ÄäÉ=PJP iìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáäë=~ééêçîÉÇ=Ñçê=ìëÉ=áå=
çÑ=íÜÉ=çáä=Å~å=çåäó=ÄÉ=ã~áåí~áåÉÇ=áÑ=áí=áë=ÅäÉ~åÉÇ= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=ÑçìêJëíêçâÉ=ÉåÖáåÉë=
ìëáåÖ=ëìáí~ÄäÉ=ÉèìáéãÉåí=EÉKÖK=~=ëÉé~ê~íçê=çê=ÑáäJ íÜ~í=êìå=çå=ã~êáåÉ=Ö~ë=çáä=çê=ÇáÉëÉä=çáä
MPMOJMNMN^^KÑã
íÉêFK
^J_^ = m~ÖÉ=P=J=R
kçíÉ>
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=pb=ïáää=åçí=~ëëìãÉ=äá~Äáäáíó=
Ñçê= ~åó= éêçÄäÉãë= ~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ìëáåÖ= íÜÉëÉ=
çáäëK
iáãáí=î~äìÉ jÉíÜçÇ
O
sáëÅçëáíó=~í=QM=ø` NNM=Ó=OOM=ãã Lë fpl=PNMQ=çê=^pqj=a=QQR
_~ëÉ=kìãÄÉê=E_kF ãáåK=RM=B=çÑ=ÑêÉëÜ=çáä fpl=PTTN
cä~ëÜ=mçáåí=EmjF ãáåK=NUR=ø` fpl=OTNV
t~íÉê=ÅçåíÉåí ã~ñK=MKO=B=Eã~ñK=MKR=B=Ñçê=~=ëÜçêí=íáãÉF fpl=PTPP=çê=^pqj=a=NTQQ
åJÜÉéí~å=áåëçäìÄäÉ ã~ñK=NKR=B afk=RNRVO=çê=fm=PNS
ÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=ìéçå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=íóéÉ=~åÇ=çéÉê~íJ
jÉí~ä=ÅçåíÉåí J
áåÖ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë
dìáÇÉ=î~äìÉ=çåäó
ã~ñK=RM=ééã
cÉ
ã~ñK=NM=ééã
`ê
ã~ñK=NR=ééã
`ì
ã~ñK=OM=ééã J
mÄ
ã~ñK=NM=ééã
på
ã~ñK=OM=ééã
^ä
ã~ñK=NM=ééã
pá
q~ÄäÉ=PJQ iáãáí=î~äìÉë=Ñçê=ìëÉÇ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä
MPMOJMNMN^^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=P=J=S ^J_^
PKO=nì~äáíó=çÑ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáäë=Ep^bQMF=Ñçê=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=çéÉê~íáçå=EeclF=
PKO nì~äáíó=çÑ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáäë=Ep^bQMF=Ñçê=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä
çéÉê~íáçå=EeclF
dÉåÉê~ä låäó=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáäë=íÜ~í=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=~ééêçîÉÇ=Äó=
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= ã~ó= ÄÉ= ìëÉÇK= qÜÉëÉ= ~êÉ=
qÜÉ=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=çìíéìí=~ÅÜáÉîÉÇ=Äó=ãçÇÉêå=ÇáÉëÉä=
äáëíÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=?q~ÄäÉ=PJV=^ééêçîÉÇ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáäë=
ÉåÖáåÉë=ÅçãÄáåÉÇ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ìëÉ=çÑ=ÑìÉäë=íÜ~í=ë~íJ
Ñçê=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=Ó=çéÉê~íÉÇ=j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=
áëÑó=íÜÉ=èì~äáíó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=ãçêÉ=~åÇ=ãçêÉ=ÑêÉJ
ÑçìêJëíêçâÉ=ÉåÖáåÉë?K
èìÉåíäó= áåÅêÉ~ëÉ= íÜÉ= ÇÉã~åÇë= çå= íÜÉ=
éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ= çáä= ïÜáÅÜ= ãìëí=
péÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåë
íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=ÄÉ=Å~êÉÑìääó=ëÉäÉÅíÉÇK
jÉÇáìã=~äâ~äáåáíó=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáäë=Ü~îÉ=~=éêçîÉå= _~ëÉ=çáä
íê~Åâ=êÉÅçêÇ=~ë=äìÄêáÅ~åíë=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ãçîáåÖ=é~êíë=
qÜÉ= Ä~ëÉ= çáä= EäìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ= çáä= Z= Ä~ëÉ= çáä= H= ~ÇÇáJ
~åÇ= íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê= ÅóäáåÇÉê= ~åÇ= Ñçê= ÅççäáåÖ= íÜÉ=
íáîÉëF=ãìëí=Ü~îÉ=~=å~êêçï=Çáëíáää~íáçå=ê~åÖÉ=~åÇ=
éáëíçåëK= iìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ= çáäë= çÑ= ãÉÇáìã= ~äâ~äáåáíó=
ÄÉ=êÉÑáåÉÇ=ìëáåÖ=ãçÇÉêå=ãÉíÜçÇëK=fÑ=áí=Åçåí~áåë=
Åçåí~áå=~ÇÇáíáîÉë=íÜ~íI=áå=~ÇÇáíáçå=íç=çíÜÉê=éêçéJ
é~ê~ÑÑáåëI=íÜÉó=ãìëí=åçí=áãé~áê=íÜÉ=íÜÉêã~ä=ëí~J
ÉêíáÉëI=ÉåëìêÉ=~=ÜáÖÜÉê=åÉìíê~äáë~íáçå=êÉëÉêîÉK
Äáäáíó=çê=çñáÇ~íáçå=ëí~ÄáäáíóK
fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåë=Çç=åçí=Éñáëí=Ñçê=ãÉJ
qÜÉ=Ä~ëÉ=çáä=ãìëí=Åçãéäó=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=äáãáí=î~äìÉë=áå=
Çáìã=~äâ~äáåáíó=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáäëK=^=íÉëí=çéÉê~íáçå=áë=
íÜÉ=?q~ÄäÉ=PJR=_~ëÉ=çáäë=Ó=í~êÖÉí=î~äìÉë?I=é~êíáÅJ
íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=åÉÅÉëë~êó=Ñçê=~=ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ=éÉêáçÇ=
ìä~êäó=áå=íÉêãë=çÑ=áíë=êÉëáëí~åÅÉ=íç=~ÖÉáåÖK=
áå=~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêDë=áåëíêìÅJ
íáçåëK
mêçéÉêíáÉëLÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅë råáí qÉëí=ãÉíÜçÇ iáãáí=î~äìÉë

j~âÉJìé J J fÇÉ~ääó=é~ê~ÑÑáå=Ä~ëÉÇ
içïJíÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÄÉÜ~îáçìêI=ëíáää=
^pqj=a=ORMM ÓNR
Ñäçï~ÄäÉ ø`
cä~ëÜ=éçáåí=E`äÉîÉä~åÇF ^pqj=a=VO [=OMM
^ëÜ=ÅçåíÉåí=EçñáÇáëÉÇ=~ëÜF ^pqj=a=QUO Y=MKMO
`çâÉ=êÉëáÇìÉ=E~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=`çåJ tÉáÖÜí=B
^pqj=a=NUV Y=MKRM
ê~ÇëçåF
^ÖÉáåÖ=íÉåÇÉåÅó=ÑçääçïáåÖ=NMM= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=
Üçìêë=çÑ=ÜÉ~íáåÖ=ìé=íç=NPR=ø` J qìêÄç=~ÖÉáåÖ= J
çîÉåNF
fåëçäìÄäÉ=åJÜÉéí~åÉ ^pqj=a=QMRR=çê
Y=MKO
tÉáÖÜí=B afk=RNRVO
bî~éçê~íáçå=äçëë J Y=O
péçí=íÉëí=EÑáäíÉê=é~éÉêF j^k=aáÉëÉä=C= mêÉÅáéáí~íáçå=çÑ=êÉëáåë=çê=~ëéÜ~äíJäáâÉ=~ÖÉáåÖ=
J
qìêÄç=íÉëí éêçÇìÅíë=ãìëí=åçí=ÄÉ=áÇÉåíáÑá~ÄäÉK
NF==tçêâëD=çïå=ãÉíÜçÇK
q~ÄäÉ=PJR _~ëÉ=çáäë=Ó=í~êÖÉí=î~äìÉë
MPMOJMNMO^^KÑã
_J_^ = m~ÖÉ=P=J=T
jÉÇáìã=~äâ~äáåáíó=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä bî~éçê~íáçå=íÉåÇÉåÅó
qÜÉ= éêÉé~êÉÇ= çáä= EÄ~ëÉ= çáä= ïáíÜ= ~ÇÇáíáîÉëF= ãìëí= qÜÉ= Éî~éçê~íáçå= íÉåÇÉåÅó= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ~ë= äçï= ~ë=
Ü~îÉ=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=éêçéÉêíáÉëW éçëëáÄäÉ= ~ë= çíÜÉêïáëÉ= íÜÉ= çáä= Åçåëìãéíáçå= ïáää=
ÄÉ=~ÇîÉêëÉäó=~ÑÑÉÅíÉÇK
^ÇÇáíáîÉë
^ÇÇáíáçå~ä=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë
qÜÉ= ~ÇÇáíáîÉë= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ÇáëëçäîÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= çáä= ~åÇ=
íÜÉáê=Åçãéçëáíáçå=ãìëí=ÉåëìêÉ=íÜ~í=~ë=äáííäÉ=~ëÜ= qÜÉ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=ãìëí=åçí=Åçåí~áå=îáëÅçëáíó=áåJ
~ë=éçëëáÄäÉ=áë=äÉÑí=çîÉêI=ÉîÉå=áÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áë=éêçJ ÇÉñ=áãéêçîÉêK=cêÉëÜ=çáä=ãìëí=åçí=Åçåí~áå=ï~íÉê=çê=
îáëáçå~ääó=çéÉê~íÉÇ=ïáíÜ=Çáëíáää~íÉ=çáäK= çíÜÉê=Åçåí~ãáå~åíëK
qÜÉ=~ëÜ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ëçÑíK=fÑ=íÜáë=éêÉêÉèìáëáíÉ=áë=åçí=
iìÄÉ=çáä=ëÉäÉÅíáçå
ãÉíI=áí=áë=äáâÉäó=íÜÉ=ê~íÉ=çÑ=ÇÉéçëáíáçå=áå=íÜÉ=ÅçãJ
Äìëíáçå= ÅÜ~ãÄÉê= ïáää= ÄÉ= ÜáÖÜÉêI= é~êíáÅìä~êäó= ~í=
båÖáåÉ p^b=Åä~ëë
íÜÉ= çìíäÉí= î~äîÉë= ~åÇ= ~í= íÜÉ= íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê= áåäÉí=
ÜçìëáåÖK= e~êÇ=~ÇÇáíáîÉ=~ëÜ=éêçãçíÉë=éáííáåÖ=çÑ= NSLOQI=ONLPNI=OTLPUI=OULPOpI=POLQMI=
QM
POLQQI=QMLRQI=QULSMI=RULSQI=RNLSMac
íÜÉ= î~äîÉ= ëÉ~íë= ~åÇ= Å~ìëÉë= íÜÉ= î~äîÉë= íç= Äìêå=
çìíI=áí=~äëç=áåÅêÉ~ëÉë=ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=ïÉ~êK q~ÄäÉ=PJS sáëÅçëáíó=Ep^b=Åä~ëëF=çÑ=äìÄÉ=çáäë
^ÇÇáíáîÉë= áå= íÜÉ= ~ÅíáîÉ= çê= ìëÉÇ= ÅçåÇáíáçå= ãìëí=

kÉìíê~äáë~íáçå=éêçéÉêíáÉë=E_kF
åçí=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=íÜÉ=ê~íÉ=~í=ïÜáÅÜ=íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉê=ÉäÉãÉåíë=
~êÉ=ÄäçÅâÉÇK iìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáäë=ïáíÜ=~=ê~åÖÉ=çÑ=åÉìíê~äáë~íáçå=Å~J
é~ÄáäáíáÉë=E_kF=~êÉ=~î~áä~ÄäÉ=çå=íÜÉ=ã~êâÉíK=^ÅJ
aÉíÉêÖÉåÅó ÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=ÅìêêÉåí=âåçïäÉÇÖÉI=~=êÉä~íáçåëÜáé=Å~å=
ÄÉ=Éëí~ÄäáëÜÉÇ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=~åíáÅáé~íÉÇ=çéÉê~íJ
qÜÉ=ÇÉíÉêÖÉåÅó=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÜáÖÜ=ÉåçìÖÜ=íç=éêÉîÉåí= áåÖ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=~åÇ=íÜÉ=_k=åìãÄÉê=~ë=ëÜçïå=áå=
íÜÉ=~ÅÅìãìä~íáçå=çÑ=í~ê=~åÇ=ÅçâÉ=êÉëáÇìÉ=~ë=~=êÉJ íÜÉ=?q~ÄäÉ=PJT=_~ëÉ=åìãÄÉê=íç=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=Ñçê=î~êáJ
ëìäí=çÑ=ÑìÉä=ÅçãÄìëíáçåK=qÜÉ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=ãìëí= çìë=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë?K=eçïÉîÉêI=íÜÉ=çéÉê~íJ
åçí=~ÄëçêÄ=íÜÉ=ÇÉéçëáíë=éêçÇìÅÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=ÑìÉäK áåÖ= êÉëìäíë= ~êÉ= ëíáää= íÜÉ= çîÉêêáÇáåÖ= Ñ~Åíçê= áå=
ÇÉíÉêãáåáåÖ= ïÜáÅÜ= _k= åìãÄÉê= éêçÇìÅÉë= íÜÉ=
aáëéÉêëáçå=Å~é~Äáäáíó ãçëí=ÉÑÑáÅáÉåí=ÉåÖáåÉ=çéÉê~íáçåK
qÜÉ=ëÉäÉÅíÉÇ=ÇáëéÉêëáçå=Å~é~Äáäáíó=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ëìÅÜ=
íÜ~í=ÅçããÉêÅá~ääóJ~î~áä~ÄäÉ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=ÅäÉ~åJ
áåÖ=ëóëíÉãë=Å~å=êÉãçîÉ= Ü~êãÑìä=Åçåí~ãáå~åíë=
Ñêçã=íÜÉ=çáä=ìëÉÇI=áKÉK=íÜÉ=çáä=ãìëí=éçëëÉëë=ÖççÇ=
ÑáäíÉêáåÖ=éêçéÉêíáÉë=~åÇ=ëÉé~ê~ÄáäáíóK
kÉìíê~äáë~íáçå=Å~é~Äáäáíó
qÜÉ= åÉìíê~äáë~íáçå= Å~é~Äáäáíó= E^pqj= aOUVSF=
ãìëí= ÄÉ= ÜáÖÜ= ÉåçìÖÜ= íç= åÉìíê~äáëÉ= íÜÉ= ~ÅáÇáÅ=
éêçÇìÅíë=éêçÇìÅÉÇ=ÇìêáåÖ=ÅçãÄìëíáçåK=qÜÉ=êÉJ
~Åíáçå=íáãÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ÇÇáíáîÉ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=Ü~êãçåáëÉÇ=
ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=éêçÅÉëë=áå=íÜÉ=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=ÅÜ~ãÄÉêK
cçê=íáéë=çå=ëÉäÉÅíáåÖ=íÜÉ=Ä~ëÉ=åìãÄÉêI=êÉÑÉê=íç=
íÜÉ?q~ÄäÉ=PJT=_~ëÉ=åìãÄÉê=íç=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=Ñçê=î~êáJ
çìë=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë?K
MPMOJMNMO^^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=P=J=U _J_^
^ééêçñK=_k=çÑ=ÑêÉëÜ= båÖáåÉëLléÉê~íáåÖ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë
çáä=EãÖ=hleLÖ=çáäF
j~êáåÉ=ÇáÉëÉä=çáä=EjalF=ïáíÜ=~=äçïÉê=èì~äáíó=EfplJcJaj`F=çê=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=ïáíÜ=~=ëìäéÜìê=ÅçåJ
OM
íÉåí=çÑ=äÉëë=íÜ~å=Y=MKR=BK
dÉåÉê~ääó=OPLPMe=~åÇ=OULPOeK=OPLPMÎ=OULPO^=~åÇ=OULPOp=ìåÇÉê=åçêã~ä=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ÅçåÇáíáçåëK=
PM cçê=ÉåÖáåÉë=NSLOQI=ONLPNI=OTLPUI=POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM=~ë=ïÉää=~ë=RULSQ=~åÇ=RNLSMac=
ïáíÜ=ÉñÅäìëáîÉ=ecl=çéÉê~íáçå=çåäó=ïáíÜ=ëìäéÜìê=ÅçåíÉåí=Y=NKR=BK
táíÜ=ìåÑ~îçìê~ÄäÉ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=OPLPMÎ=OULPO^=~åÇ=OULPOp=~åÇ=~äëç=ïÜÉêÉ=ÅçêêÉJ
ëéçåÇáåÖ=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=áå=êÉä~íáçå=íç=íÜÉ=çáä=ëÉêîáÅÉ=äáÑÉ=~åÇ=ï~ëÜáåÖ=~Äáäáíó=ÉñáëíK=
QM
få=ÖÉåÉê~ä=NSLOQI=ONLPNI=OTLPUI=POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM=~ë=ïÉää=~ë=RULSQ=~åÇ=RNLSMac=
ïáíÜ=ÉñÅäìëáîÉ=ecl=çéÉê~íáçå=éêçîáÇáåÖ=íÜÉ=ëìäéÜìê=ÅçåíÉåí=áë=ÖêÉ~íÉê=íÜ~å=NKR=BK
POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSMI=~åÇ=RULSQ=áÑ=_k=QM=áë=áå~ÇÉèì~íÉ=áå=íÉêãë=çÑ=çáä=äáÑÉ=çê=ÉåÖáåÉ=
RM
ÅäÉ~åäáåÉëë=EÜáÖÜ=ëìäéÜìê=ÅçåíÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉäI=îÉêó=äçï=äìÄÉ=çáä=ÅçåëìãéíáçåK
q~ÄäÉ=PJT _~ëÉ=åìãÄÉê=íç=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=Ñçê=î~êáçìë=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë
léÉê~íáçå=ïáíÜ=äçïJëìäéÜìê=ÑìÉä péÉÉÇ=ÅçåíêçääÉê
qç= Åçãéäó= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= Éãáëëáçåë= êÉÖìä~íáçåëI= íÜÉ= jìäíáÖê~ÇÉ= çáä= RtQM= ëÜçìäÇ= áÇÉ~ääó= ÄÉ= ìëÉÇ= áå=
ëìäéÜìê=ÅçåíÉåí=çÑ=ÑìÉäë=ìëÉÇ=åçï~Ç~óë=î~êáÉëK= ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~äJÜóÇê~ìäáÅ= ÅçåíêçääÉêë= ïáíÜ= ~= ëÉé~J
cìÉäë=ïáíÜ=~=äçïJëìäéÜìê=ÅçåíÉåí=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ= ê~íÉ=çáä=é~åK=fÑ=íÜáë=çáä=áë=åçí=~î~áä~ÄäÉ=ïÜÉå=ÑáääáåÖI=
áå=ÉåîáêçåãÉåí~ääóJëÉåëáíáîÉ=~êÉ~ë=Epb`^FK=cìÉäë= NRtQM= çáä= Å~å= ÄÉ= ìëÉÇ= áåëíÉ~Ç= áå= ÉñÅÉéíáçå~ä=
ïáíÜ=~=ÜáÖÜ=ëìäéÜìê=ÅçåíÉåí=ã~ó=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=çìíëáÇÉ= Å~ëÉëK= få= íÜáë= Å~ëÉI= áí= ã~âÉë= åç= ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉ=
pb`^=òçåÉëK=få=íÜáë=Å~ëÉI=íÜÉ=_k=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=íÜÉ= ïÜÉíÜÉê= ëóåíÜÉíáÅ= çê= ãáåÉê~äJÄ~ëÉÇ= çáäë= ~êÉ=
äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=ëÉäÉÅíÉÇ=ãìëí=ë~íáëÑó=íÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉJ ìëÉÇK
ãÉåíë= Ñçê= çéÉê~íáçå= ìëáåÖ= ÑìÉä= ïáíÜ= ~= ÜáÖÜJëìäJ
qÜÉ=ãáäáí~êó=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçå=Ñçê=íÜÉëÉ=çáäë=áë=lJOPSK
éÜìê= ÅçåíÉåíK= ^= äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ= çáä= ïáíÜ= äçï= _k=
åìãÄÉê=ã~ó=çåäó=ÄÉ=ëÉäÉÅíÉÇ=áÑ=ÑìÉä=ïáíÜ=~=äçïJ
iìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=~ÇÇáíáîÉë
ëìäéÜìê=ÅçåíÉåí=áë=ìëÉÇ=ÉñÅäìëáîÉäó=ÇìêáåÖ=çéÉêJ
~íáçåK qÜÉ= ìëÉ= çÑ= çíÜÉê= ~ÇÇáíáîÉë= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=
çáäI=çê=íÜÉ=ãáñáåÖ=çÑ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=Äê~åÇë=Eçáäë=Äó=ÇáÑJ
eçïÉîÉêI= íÜÉ= êÉëìäíë= çÄí~áåÉÇ= áå= éê~ÅíáëÉ= íÜ~í=
ÑÉêÉåí= ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêëFI= áë= åçí= éÉêãáííÉÇ= ~ë= íÜáë=
ÇÉãçåëíê~íÉ=íÜÉ=ãçëí=ÉÑÑáÅáÉåí=ÉåÖáåÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=
ã~ó=áãé~áê=íÜÉ=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉñáëíáåÖ=~ÇJ
~êÉ=íÜÉ=Ñ~Åíçê=íÜ~í=ìäíáã~íÉäó=ÇÉÅáÇÉë=ïÜáÅÜ=~ÇJ
ÇáíáîÉë= ïÜáÅÜ= Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå= Å~êÉÑìääó= Ü~êãçåáëÉÇ=
ÇáíáîÉ=Ñê~Åíáçå=áë=éÉêãáííÉÇK
ïáíÜ=É~ÅÜ=~åçíÜÉê=~åÇ=~äëç=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~ääó=í~áäçêÉÇ=
íç=íÜÉ=Ä~ëáÅ=çáäK
`óäáåÇÉê=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä
få= ÉåÖáåÉë= ïáíÜ= ëÉé~ê~íÉ= ÅóäáåÇÉê= äìÄêáÅ~íáçå= pÉäÉÅíáçå=çÑ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáäëLï~êê~åíó
ëóëíÉãëI=íÜÉ=éáëíçåë=~åÇ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=äáåÉêë=~êÉ=ëìéJ
qÜÉ= ã~àçêáíó= çÑ= ãáåÉê~ä= çáä= Åçãé~åáÉë= ~êÉ= áå=
éäáÉÇ=ïáíÜ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=îá~=~=ëÉé~ê~íÉ=äìÄêáÅ~íJ
ÅäçëÉ=êÉÖìä~ê=Åçåí~Åí=ïáíÜ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêë=
áåÖ=çáä=éìãéK=qÜÉ=èì~åíáíó=çÑ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=áë=ëÉí=
~åÇ=Å~å=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=éêçîáÇÉ=áåÑçêã~íáçå=çå=ïÜáÅÜ=
~í=íÜÉ=Ñ~Åíçêó=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=èì~äáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=
çáä=áå=íÜÉáê=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=éêçÇìÅí=ê~åÖÉ=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=~éJ
íç=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=~åíáÅáé~íÉÇ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ÅçåÇáJ
éêçîÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉê=Ñçê=íÜÉ=é~êJ
íáçåëK=
íáÅìä~ê= ~ééäáÅ~íáçåK= fêêÉëéÉÅíáîÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ~ÄçîÉI=
rëÉ=~=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=~åÇ=äìÄêáÅ~íJ äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ= çáä= ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêë= ~êÉ= äá~ÄäÉ= áå= ~åó=
áåÖ=ÅáêÅìáí=~ë=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=~ÄçîÉK Å~ëÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=èì~äáíó=~åÇ=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅë=çÑ=íÜÉáê=
MPMOJMNMO^^KÑã
éêçÇìÅíëK=fÑ=óçì=Ü~îÉ=~åó=èìÉëíáçåëI=ïÉ=ïáää=ÄÉ=
Ü~ééó=íç=éêçîáÇÉ=óçì=ïáíÜ=ÑìêíÜÉê=áåÑçêã~íáçåK
_J_^ = m~ÖÉ=P=J=V
láä=ÇìêáåÖ=çéÉê~íáçå
qÜÉêÉ=~êÉ=åç=éêÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=çáä=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=áåíÉêî~äë=Ñçê=
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= ãÉÇáìã= ëéÉÉÇ= ÉåÖáåÉëK=
qÜÉ= çáä= éêçéÉêíáÉë= ãìëí= ÄÉ= êÉÖìä~êäó= ~å~äóëÉÇK=
qÜÉ=çáä=Å~å=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=Ñçê=~ë=äçåÖ=~ë=íÜÉ=çáä=éêçéÉêJ
íáÉë= êÉã~áå= ïáíÜáå= íÜÉ= ÇÉÑáåÉÇ= äáãáí= î~äìÉë= EëÉÉ=
?q~ÄäÉ=PJU=iáãáí=î~äìÉë=Ñçê=ìëÉÇ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä?FK=
^å= çáä= ë~ãéäÉ= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ~å~äóëÉÇ= ÉîÉêó= N=Ó=P=
ãçåíÜë=EëÉÉ=ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ=ëÅÜÉÇìäÉFK=qÜÉ=èì~äáíó=
çÑ=íÜÉ=çáä=Å~å=çåäó=ÄÉ=ã~áåí~áåÉÇ=áÑ=áí=áë=ÅäÉ~åÉÇ=
ìëáåÖ=ëìáí~ÄäÉ=ÉèìáéãÉåí=EÉKÖK=~=ëÉé~ê~íçê=çê=ÑáäJ
íÉêFK
iáãáí=î~äìÉ jÉíÜçÇ
OLë
sáëÅçëáíó=~í=QM=ø` NNM=Ó==OOM=ãã fpl=PNMQ=çê=^pqj=a=QQR
_~ëÉ=kìãÄÉê=E_kF ãáåK=RMB=çÑ=ÑêÉëÜ=çáä fpl=PTTN
cä~ëÜ=mçáåí=EmjF ãáåK=NUR=ø` fpl=OTNV
t~íÉê=ÅçåíÉåí ã~ñK=MKO=B=Eã~ñK=MKR=B=Ñçê=~=ëÜçêí=éÉêáçÇF fpl=PTPP=çê=^pqj=a=NTQQ
åJÜÉéí~å=áåëçäìÄäÉ ã~ñK=NKR=B afk=RNRVO=çê=fm=PNS
ÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=çå=ÉåÖáåÉ=íóéÉ=~åÇ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ÅçåJ
jÉí~ä=ÅçåíÉåí J
Çáíáçå
låäó=Ñçê=ÖìáÇ~åÅÉ
cÉ ã~ñK=RM=ééã
`ê ã~ñK=NM=ééã
`ì ã~ñK=NR=ééã
J
mÄ ã~ñK=OM=ééã
på ã~ñK=NM=ééã
^ä ã~ñK=OM=ééã
pá ã~ñK=NM=ééã
q~ÄäÉ=PJU iáãáí=î~äìÉë=Ñçê=ìëÉÇ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä
qÉëíë
tÉ=Å~å=~å~äóëÉ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=Ñçê=ÅìëíçãÉêë=~í=
çìê=ä~Äçê~íçêóK=^=MKR=ä=ë~ãéäÉ=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=
íÉëíK
j~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉê _~ëÉ=kìãÄÉê=xãÖ=hleLÖz
OM PM QM RM
^dfm J `ä~Çáìã=PMM `ä~Çáìã=QMM J
_m båÉêÖçä=f`Jecu= båÉêÖçä=f`Jecu= båÉêÖçä=f`Jecu= båÉêÖçä=f`Jecu=

OMQ PMQ QMQ RMQ
`^pqoli qiu=mäìë=OMQ qiu=mäìë=PMQ qiu=mäìë=QMQ= qiu=mäìë=RMQ

MPMOJMNMO^^KÑã
q~ÄäÉ=PJV ^ééêçîÉÇ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáäë=Ñçê=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=Ó=çéÉê~íÉÇ=j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=ÑçìêJëíêçâÉ=ÉåÖáåÉë
=m~ÖÉ=P=J=NM _J_^
j~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉê _~ëÉ=kìãÄÉê=xãÖ=hleLÖz
OM PM QM RM
`bmp^ J qêçåÅçáä=PMQM=mäìë qêçåÅçáä=QMQM=mäìë qêçåÅçáä=RMQM=mäìë
èbsolk
q~êç=OMamQM q~êç=PMamQM q~êç=QMui=QM q~êç=RMui=QM
EqÉñ~ÅçI=`~äíÉñF
buulk=jl_fi jçÄáäÖ~êÇ=j=QQM jçÄáäÖ~êÇ=j=QQM

J jçÄáäÖ~êÇ=jRM
bññã~ê=PM=qm=QM bññã~ê=QM=qm=QM
mbqol_o^p j~êÄê~ñ=`àJQOM j~êÄê~ñ=`àJQPM j~êÄê~ñ=`àJQQM J
obmpli kÉéíìåç=kq=OMQM kÉéíìåç=kq=PMQM kÉéíìåç=kq=QMQM J
pebii ^êÖáå~=p=QM ^êÖáå~=q=QM ^êÖáå~=u=QM ^êÖáå~=ui=QM
qlqî=ir_j^J ^ìêÉäá~=ui=QMPM ^ìêÉäá~=ui=QMQM ^ìêÉäá~=ui=QMRR

J
ofkb ^ìêÉäá~=qf=QMPM ^ìêÉäá~=qf=QMQM ^ìêÉäá~=qf=QMRR
kçíÉ>
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=pb=ïáää=åçí=~ëëìãÉ=äá~Äáäáíó=Ñçê=~åó=éêçÄäÉãë=~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=ïáíÜ=ìëáåÖ=íÜÉëÉ=çáäëK
q~ÄäÉ=PJV ^ééêçîÉÇ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáäë=Ñçê=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=Ó=çéÉê~íÉÇ=j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=ÑçìêJëíêçâÉ=ÉåÖáåÉë
MPMOJMNMO^^KÑã
_J_^ = m~ÖÉ=P=J=NN
MPMOJMNMO^^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=P=J=NO _J_^
PKP=nì~äáíó=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=
PKP nì~äáíó=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê
mêÉäáãáå~êó=åçíÉë qÉëí=ÉèìáéãÉåí
^ë=áë=~äëç=íÜÉ=Å~ëÉ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=~åÇ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ= qÜÉ= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= ï~íÉê= íÉëíáåÖ= ÉèìáéJ
çáäI= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê= ãìëí= ÄÉ= Å~êÉÑìääó= ãÉåí= áåÅçêéçê~íÉë= ÇÉîáÅÉë= íÜ~í= ÇÉíÉêãáåÉ= íÜÉ=
ëÉäÉÅíÉÇI=Ü~åÇäÉÇ=~åÇ=ÅÜÉÅâÉÇK=fÑ=íÜáë=áë=åçí=íÜÉ= ï~íÉê=éêçéÉêíáÉë=êÉÑÉêêÉÇ=íç=~ÄçîÉ=áå=~=ëíê~áÖÜíJ
Å~ëÉI=ÅçêêçëáçåI=Éêçëáçå=~åÇ=Å~îáí~íáçå=ã~ó=çÅJ Ñçêï~êÇ= ã~ååÉêK= qÜÉ= ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêë= çÑ= ~åíáÅçêJ
Åìê=~í= íÜÉ=ï~ääë=çÑ=íÜÉ= ÅççäáåÖ= ëóëíÉã=~åÇ=ÇÉJ êçëáîÉ= ~ÖÉåíë= ~äëç= ëìééäó= ìëÉêJÑêáÉåÇäó= íÉëíáåÖ=
éçëáíë=ã~ó=ÑçêãK=aÉéçëáíë=çÄëíêìÅí=íÜÉ=íê~åëÑÉê= ÉèìáéãÉåíK=cçê=áåÑçêã~íáçå=çå=ãçåáíçêáåÖ=ÅççäJ
çÑ= ÜÉ~í= ~åÇ= Å~å= Å~ìëÉ= íÜÉêã~ä= çîÉêäç~ÇáåÖ= çÑ= áåÖ= ï~íÉêI= ëÉÉ= ?`Ü~éíÉê= PKQ= `ççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê= áåJ
íÜÉ= ÅççäÉÇ= é~êíëK= qÜÉ= ëóëíÉã= ãìëí= ÄÉ= íêÉ~íÉÇ= ëéÉÅíáåÖI=é~ÖÉ=PJON?K
ïáíÜ= ~åíáÅçêêçëáîÉ= ~ÖÉåí= ÄÉÑçêÉ= ÄêáåÖáåÖ= áí= áåíç=
çéÉê~íáçå=Ñçê=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=íáãÉK=qÜÉ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë= ^ÇÇáíáçå~ä=áåÑçêã~íáçå
éêÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉê=ãìëí=~äJ
ï~óë=ÄÉ=çÄëÉêîÉÇ=ÇìêáåÖ=ëìÄëÉèìÉåí=çéÉê~íáçåK= aáëíáää~íÉ
qÜÉ=~ÄçîÉ=ÉëéÉÅá~ääó=~ééäáÉë=áÑ=~=ÅÜÉãáÅ~ä=~ÇÇáJ
fÑ= ÇáëíáääÉÇ= ï~íÉê= EÑêçã= ~= ÑêÉëÜ= ï~íÉê= ÖÉåÉê~íçêI=
íáîÉ=áë=~ÇÇÉÇK
Ñçê=Éñ~ãéäÉF=çê=Ñìääó=ÇÉë~äáå~íÉÇ=ï~íÉê=EÑêçã=áçå=
ÉñÅÜ~åÖÉ=çê= êÉîÉêëÉ= çëãçëáëF= áë= ~î~áä~ÄäÉI= íÜáë=
oÉèìáêÉãÉåíë
ëÜçìäÇ=áÇÉ~ääó=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=~ë=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~J
íÉêK=qÜÉëÉ=ï~íÉêë=~êÉ=ÑêÉÉ=çÑ=äáãÉ=~åÇ=ë~äíë=ïÜáÅÜ=
iáãáíáåÖ=î~äìÉë=
ãÉ~åë=íÜ~í=ÇÉéçëáíë=íÜ~í=ÅçìäÇ=áåíÉêÑÉêÉ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=
qÜÉ= éêçéÉêíáÉë= çÑ= íÜÉ= ìåíêÉ~íÉÇ= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê= íê~åëÑÉê=çÑ=ÜÉ~í=íç=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉêI=~åÇ=íÜÉêÉJ
ãìëí=ÅçêêÉëéçåÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=äáãáí=î~äìÉëW ÑçêÉ=~äëç=êÉÇìÅÉ=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ÉÑÑÉÅíI=Å~ååçí=ÑçêãK=
eçïÉîÉêI=íÜÉëÉ=ï~íÉêë=~êÉ=ãçêÉ=ÅçêêçëáîÉ=íÜ~å=
åçêã~ä=Ü~êÇ=ï~íÉê=~ë=íÜÉ=íÜáå=Ñáäã=çÑ=äáãÉëÅ~äÉ=
mêçéÉêíóL
`Ü~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅë råáí íÜ~í= ïçìäÇ=çíÜÉêïáëÉ= éêçîáÇÉ= íÉãéçê~êó=ÅçêêçJ
ÑÉ~íìêÉ
ëáçå=éêçíÉÅíáçå=ÇçÉë=åçí=Ñçêã=çå=íÜÉ=ï~ääëK=qÜáë=
qóéÉ=çÑ=ï~íÉê aáëíáää~íÉ=çê=ÑêÉëÜ=ï~íÉêI=ÑêÉÉ= áë=ïÜó=ÇáëíáääÉÇ=ï~íÉê=ãìëí=ÄÉ=Ü~åÇäÉÇ=é~êíáÅìJ
çÑ=ÑçêÉáÖå=ã~ííÉêK= ä~êäó=Å~êÉÑìääó=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ÇÇáJ
qÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=~êÉ=éêçÜáÄJ
J íáîÉ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=êÉÖìä~êäó=ÅÜÉÅâÉÇK
áíÉÇW=ëÉ~ï~íÉêI=Äê~Åâï~íÉêI=
êáîÉê=ï~íÉêI=ÄêáåÉëI=áåÇìëíêá~ä=
ï~ëíÉï~íÉê=~åÇ=ê~áåï~íÉêK e~êÇåÉëë
qçí~ä=Ü~êÇåÉëë ã~ñK=NM øÇeNF qÜÉ=íçí~ä=Ü~êÇåÉëë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ï~íÉê=áë=íÜÉ=ÅçãÄáåÉÇ=
ÉÑÑÉÅí= çÑ= íÜÉ= íÉãéçê~êó= ~åÇ= éÉêã~åÉåí= Ü~êÇJ
éeJî~äìÉ SKR=Ó=U J
åÉëëK=qÜÉ=éêçéçêíáçå=çÑ=Å~äÅáìã=~åÇ=ã~ÖåÉëáìã=
`ÜäçêáÇÉ=áçå= =ãÖLäOF ë~äíë=áë=çÑ=çîÉêêáÇáåÖ=áãéçêí~åÅÉK=qÜÉ=íÉãéçê~êó=
ã~ñK=RM
ÅçåíÉåí Ü~êÇåÉëë= áë= ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ= Äó= íÜÉ= Å~êÄçå~íÉ= ÅçåJ
NF=N=ø=Çe=EdÉêã~å=Ü~êÇåÉëëFW= íÉåí= çÑ= íÜÉ= Å~äÅáìã= ~åÇ= ã~ÖåÉëáìã= ë~äíëK= qÜÉ=
NM=ãÖ=`~lLä éÉêã~åÉåí= Ü~êÇåÉëë= áë= ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ= Äó= íÜÉ=
NTKV=ãÖ=`~`lPLä ~ãçìåí= çÑ= êÉã~áåáåÖ= Å~äÅáìã= ~åÇ= ã~ÖåÉëáìã=
MKPRT=ãî~äLä= ë~äíë= EëìäéÜ~íÉëFK= qÜÉ= íÉãéçê~êó= EÅ~êÄçå~íÉF=
MKNTV=ããçäLä Ü~êÇåÉëë= áë= íÜÉ= ÅêáíáÅ~ä= Ñ~Åíçê= íÜ~í= ÇÉíÉêãáåÉë=
OF=N=ãÖLä=Z=N=ééã íÜÉ=ÉñíÉåí=çÑ=äáãÉëÅ~äÉ=Ñçêã~íáçå=áå=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=
ëóëíÉãK
MPMOJMOMN^^KÑã
q~ÄäÉ=PJNM `ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=Ó=éêçéÉêíáÉë=íç=ÄÉ=çÄëÉêîÉÇ
iJ^g ==m~ÖÉ=P=J=NP
t~íÉê=ïáíÜ=~=íçí~ä=Ü~êÇåÉëë=çÑ=[=NM=øÇe=ãìëí=ÄÉ= éçêí~åí= íÜ~í= ìåíêÉ~íÉÇ= ï~íÉê= ë~íáëÑáÉë= íÜÉ= êÉJ

ãáñÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ÇáëíáääÉÇ= ï~íÉê= çê= ëçÑíÉåÉÇK= pìÄëÉJ èìáêÉãÉåíë= áå= íÜÉ= é~ê~Öê~éÜ= ?oÉèìáêÉãÉåíëI=
èìÉåí=Ü~êÇÉåáåÖ=çÑ=ÉñíêÉãÉäó=ëçÑí=ï~íÉê=áë=çåäó= é~ÖÉ=PJNP?K
åÉÅÉëë~êó= íç= éêÉîÉåí= Ñç~ãáåÖ= áÑ= ÉãìäëáÑá~ÄäÉ=
mêçíÉÅíáîÉ= Ñáäãë= Å~å= ÄÉ= ÑçêãÉÇ= Äó= íêÉ~íáåÖ= íÜÉ=
ÅçêêçëáçåJáåÜáÄáíáåÖ=çáäë=~êÉ=ìëÉÇK
ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê= ïáíÜ= ~= ÅÜÉãáÅ~ä= ~åíáÅçêêçëáîÉ=
~ÖÉåí=çê=~å=ÉãìäëáÑá~ÄäÉ=ÅçêêçëáçåJáåÜáÄáíáåÖ=çáäK
a~ã~ÖÉ=áå=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉã
bãìäëáÑá~ÄäÉ= ÅçêêçëáçåJáåÜáÄáíáåÖ= çáäë= ~êÉ= ìëÉÇ=
`çêêçëáçå äÉëë= ~åÇ= äÉëë= ÑêÉèìÉåíäó= ~ë= íÜÉáê= ìëÉ= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå=
ÅçåëáÇÉê~Ääó= êÉëíêáÅíÉÇ= Äó= ÉåîáêçåãÉåí~ä= éêçJ
`çêêçëáçå= áë= ~å= ÉäÉÅíêçÅÜÉãáÅ~ä= éêçÅÉëë= íÜ~í=
íÉÅíáçå=êÉÖìä~íáçåë=~åÇ=~äëç=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=~êÉ=ê~êÉäó=
Å~å= ÖÉåÉê~ääó= ÄÉ= ~îçáÇÉÇ= Äó= ëÉäÉÅíáåÖ= íÜÉ= ÅçêJ
~î~áä~ÄäÉ= Ñêçã= ëìééäáÉêë= Ñçê= íÜáë= ~åÇ= çíÜÉê= êÉ~J
êÉÅí=ï~íÉê=èì~äáíó=~åÇ=Äó=Å~êÉÑìääó=Ü~åÇäáåÖ=íÜÉ=
ëçåëK
ï~íÉê=áå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ëóëíÉãK
qêÉ~íãÉåí=éêáçê=íç=áåáíá~ä=ëí~êíJìé=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ
cäçï=Å~îáí~íáçå
qêÉ~íãÉåí=ïáíÜ=~=~åíáÅçêêçëáîÉ=~ÖÉåí=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=
cäçï=Å~îáí~íáçå=Å~å=çÅÅìê=áå=~êÉ~ë=áå=ïÜáÅÜ=ÜáÖÜ=
Å~êêáÉÇ=çìí=ÄÉÑçêÉ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áë=ÄêçìÖÜí=áåíç=çéJ
Ñäçï=îÉäçÅáíáÉë=~åÇ=ÜáÖÜ=íìêÄìäÉåÅÉ=áë=éêÉëÉåíK=fÑ=
Éê~íáçå=Ñçê=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=íáãÉ=íç=éêÉîÉåí=áêêÉé~ê~ÄäÉ=áåJ
íÜÉ= ëíÉ~ã= éêÉëëìêÉ= áë= êÉ~ÅÜÉÇI= ëíÉ~ã= ÄìÄÄäÉë=
áíá~ä=Ç~ã~ÖÉK
Ñçêã=~åÇ=ëìÄëÉèìÉåíäó=Åçää~éëÉ=áå=ÜáÖÜ=éêÉëëìêÉ=
òçåÉë=ïÜáÅÜ=Å~ìëÉë=íÜÉ=ÇÉëíêìÅíáçå=çÑ=ã~íÉêá~äë= t~êåáåÖ>=
áå=ÅçåëíêáÅíÉÇ=~êÉ~ëK qÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ãìëí=åçí=ÄÉ=ÄêçìÖÜí=áåíç=çéÉê~íáçå=
ïáíÜçìí=íêÉ~íáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÑáêëíK
bêçëáçå
bêçëáçå= áë= ~= ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä= éêçÅÉëë= ~ÅÅçãé~åáÉÇ= ^ÇÇáíáîÉë=Ñçê=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=
Äó=ã~íÉêá~ä=~Äê~ëáçå=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÇÉëíêìÅíáçå=çÑ=éêçJ låäó= íÜÉ= ~ÇÇáíáîÉë= ~ééêçîÉÇ= Äó=
íÉÅíáîÉ=Ñáäãë=Äó=ëçäáÇë=íÜ~í=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=Çê~ïå=áåI= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= ~åÇ= äáëíÉÇ= áå= ?q~ÄäÉ= PJNN=
é~êíáÅìä~êäó=áå=~êÉ~ë=ïáíÜ=ÜáÖÜ=Ñäçï=îÉäçÅáíáÉë=çê= `ÜÉãáÅ~ä= ~ÇÇáíáîÉë= Ó= Åçåí~áåáåÖ= åáíêáíÉ?= ìé= íç=
ëíêçåÖ=íìêÄìäÉåÅÉK ?q~ÄäÉ=PJNQ=^åíáJÑêÉÉòÉ=ëçäìíáçåë=ïáíÜ=ÅçêêçëáçåJ
áåÜáÄáíáåÖ=éêçéÉêíáÉë?=ã~ó=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇK
píêÉëë=Åçêêçëáçå=Åê~ÅâáåÖ
píêÉëë=Åçêêçëáçå=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=áë=~=Ñ~áäìêÉ=ãÉÅÜ~åáëã= oÉèìáêÉÇ=~ééêçî~ä
íÜ~í=çÅÅìêë=~ë=~=êÉëìäí=çÑ=ëáãìäí~åÉçìë=Çóå~ãáÅ= ^=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=~ÇÇáíáîÉ=Å~å=çåäó=ÄÉ=~ééêçîÉÇ=áÑ=
~åÇ=ÅçêêçëáîÉ=ëíêÉëëK=qÜáë=Å~å=äÉ~Ç=íç=Åê~ÅâáåÖ= áí= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= íÉëíÉÇ= ~åÇ= ~ééêçîÉÇ= ~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ= íç=
~åÇ= ê~éáÇ= Åê~Åâ= éêçé~Ö~íáçå= áå= ï~íÉêJÅççäÉÇI= íÜÉ=ÅìêêÉåí=êÉÖìä~íáçåë=çÑ=íÜÉ=êÉëÉ~êÅÜ=~ëëçÅá~J
ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ääóJäç~ÇÉÇ=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=áÑ=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ= íáçå=Ñçê=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=ÉåÖáåÉë=áå=dÉêã~åó=Ecss=Z=
ï~íÉê=Ü~ë=åçí=ÄÉÉå=íêÉ~íÉÇ=ÅçêêÉÅíäóK cçêëÅÜìåÖëîÉêÉáåáÖìåÖ= ÑΩê= sÉêÄêÉååìåÖëâê~ÑíJ
ã~ëÅÜáåÉåF= ÉåíáíäÉÇ= ?qÉëíáåÖ= íÜÉ= ëìáí~Äáäáíó= çÑ=
mêçÅÉëëáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê Åççä~åí= ~ÇÇáíáîÉë= Ñçê= ÅççäáåÖ= äáèìáÇë= áå= áåíÉêå~ä=
ÅçãÄìëíáçå= ÉåÖáåÉëÒK= qÜÉ= íÉëí= êÉéçêí= ãìëí= ÄÉ=
cçêã~íáçå=çÑ=~=éêçíÉÅíáîÉ=Ñáäã çÄí~áå~ÄäÉ=çå=êÉèìÉëíK=qÜÉ=êÉäÉî~åí=íÉëíë=Å~å=ÄÉ=
qÜÉ=éìêéçëÉ=çÑ=íêÉ~íáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê= Å~êêáÉÇ=çìí=çå=êÉèìÉëí=áå=dÉêã~åó=~í=íÜÉ=ëí~~íäáJ
ìëáåÖ=~åíáÅçêêçëáîÉ=~ÖÉåíë=áë=íç=éêçÇìÅÉ=~=ÅçåJ ÅÜÉ=j~íÉêá~äéêΩÑ~åëí~äí=EcÉÇÉê~ä=fåëíáíìíÉ=Ñçê=j~J
íáåìçìë= éêçíÉÅíáîÉ= Ñáäã= çå= íÜÉ= ï~ääë= çÑ= ÅççäáåÖ= íÉêá~äë= oÉëÉ~êÅÜ= ~åÇ= qÉëíáåÖFI= ^ÄíÉáäìåÖ=
ëìêÑ~ÅÉë=~åÇ=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=éêÉîÉåí=íÜÉ=Ç~ã~ÖÉ=êÉJ lÄÉêÑä®ÅÜÉåíÉÅÜåáâ= EpìêÑ~ÅÉ= qÉÅÜåçäçÖó= aáîáJ
MPMOJMOMN^^KÑã
ÑÉêêÉÇ= íç= ~ÄçîÉK= få= çêÇÉê= Ñçê= ~= ~åíáÅçêêçëáîÉ= ëáçåFI=dê~ÑÉåëíê~≈É=O=áå=aJSQOUP=a~êãëí~ÇíK

~ÖÉåí=íç=ÄÉ=NMM=B=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉI=áí=áë=ÉñíêÉãÉäó=áãJ
=m~ÖÉ=P=J=NQ iJ^g
låÅÉ=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=~ÇÇáíáîÉ=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=íÉëíÉÇ= èì~åíáíó=çÑ=~åíáJÑêÉÉòÉ=ëçäìíáçå=~Åíì~ääó=êÉèìáêÉÇ=
Äó=íÜÉ=cssI=íÜÉ=éêçÇìÅí=ãìëí=ÄÉ=íÉëíÉÇ=áå=~å=ÉåJ ~äï~óë= ÇÉéÉåÇë= çå= íÜÉ= äçïÉëí= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=
ÖáåÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=íÜÉ=Ñáå~ä=~ééêçî~ä=áë=Öê~åíÉÇK íÜ~í=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ=ÉñéÉÅíÉÇ=~í=íÜÉ=éä~ÅÉ=çÑ=ìëÉK
^åíáJÑêÉÉòÉ=ëçäìíáçåë=~êÉ=ÖÉåÉê~ääó=ÉíÜóäÉåÉ=ÖäóJ
låäó=áå=ÅäçëÉÇ=ÅáêÅìáíë ÅçäJÄ~ëÉÇK= ^= ëìáí~ÄäÉ= ÅÜÉãáÅ~ä= ~åíáÅçêêçëáîÉ=
^ÇÇáíáîÉë= ã~ó= çåäó= ÄÉ= ìëÉÇ= áå= ÅäçëÉÇ= ÅáêÅìáíë= ~ÖÉåí=ãìëí=ÄÉ=~ÇÇÉÇ=áÑ=íÜÉ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=
ïÜÉêÉ=åç=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí=Åçåëìãéíáçå=çÅÅìêëI=~é~êí= ~åíáJÑêÉÉòÉ=ëçäìíáçå=éêÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=ìëÉê=Ñçê=~=
Ñêçã=äÉ~âë=çê=Éî~éçê~íáçå=äçëëÉëK ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=ÇçÉë=åçí=éêçîáÇÉ=~å=~ééêçJ
éêá~íÉ=äÉîÉä=çÑ=Åçêêçëáçå=éêçíÉÅíáçåI=çê=áÑ=íÜÉ=ÅçåJ
`ÜÉãáÅ~ä=~ÇÇáíáîÉë
ÅÉåíê~íáçå= çÑ= ~åíáJÑêÉÉòÉ= ëçäìíáçå= ìëÉÇ= áë= äçïÉê=
pçÇáìã= åáíêáíÉ= ~åÇ= ëçÇáìã= Äçê~íÉ= Ä~ëÉÇ= ~ÇÇáJ ÇìÉ= íç= äÉëë= ëíêáåÖÉåí= Ñêçëí= éêçíÉÅíáçå= êÉèìáêÉJ
íáîÉë= ÉíÅK= Ü~îÉ= ~= éêçîÉå= íê~Åâ= êÉÅçêÇK= d~äî~J ãÉåíë=~åÇ=ÇçÉë=åçí=éêçîáÇÉ=~å=~ééêçéêá~íÉ=äÉîÉä=
åáëÉÇ=áêçå=éáéÉë=çê=òáåÅ=ë~ÅêáÑáÅá~ä=~åçÇÉë=ãìëí= çÑ= Åçêêçëáçå= éêçíÉÅíáçåK= cçê= áåÑçêã~íáçå= çå= íÜÉ=
åçí=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=áå=ÅççäáåÖ=ëóëíÉãëK=qÜáë=Åçêêçëáçå= Åçãé~íáÄáäáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=~åíáJÑêÉÉòÉ=ëçäìíáçå=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=
éêçíÉÅíáçå=áë=åçí=êÉèìáêÉÇ=ÇìÉ=íç=íÜÉ=éêÉëÅêáÄÉÇ= ~åíáÅçêêçëáîÉ=~ÖÉåí=~åÇ=íÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~J
ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê= íêÉ~íãÉåí= ~åÇ= ÉäÉÅíêçÅÜÉãáÅ~ä= íáçåëI= Åçåí~Åí= íÜÉ= ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêK= qÜÉ= ÅÜÉãáÅ~ä=
éçíÉåíá~ä=êÉîÉêë~ä=Å~å=çÅÅìê=ÇìÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ= ~ÇÇáíáîÉë=äáëíÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ= ?q~ÄäÉ=PJNN=`ÜÉãáÅ~ä=~ÇJ
ï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=ïÜáÅÜ=~êÉ=åçêã~ääó=éêÉëÉåí= ÇáíáîÉë= Ó= Åçåí~áåáåÖ= åáíêáíÉ?= ~êÉ= âåçïå= íç= ÄÉ=
áå= ÉåÖáåÉë= åçï~Ç~óëK= fÑ= åÉÅÉëë~êóI= íÜÉ= éáéÉë= Åçãé~íáÄäÉ= ïáíÜ= ÉíÜóäÉåÉJÖäóÅçä= Ä~ëÉÇ= ~åíáJ
ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÇÉéä~íÉÇK ÑêÉÉòÉ=ëçäìíáçåëK=^åíáJÑêÉÉòÉ=ëçäìíáçåë=ã~ó=çåäó=
ÄÉ=ãáñÉÇ=ïáíÜ=çåÉ=~åçíÜÉê=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÅçåëÉåí=çÑ=
`çêêçëáçåJáåÜáÄáíáåÖ=çáä
íÜÉ= ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêI= ÉîÉå= áÑ= íÜÉëÉ= ëçäìíáçåë= Ü~îÉ=
qÜáë= ~ÇÇáíáîÉ= áë= ~å= ÉãìäëáÑá~ÄäÉ= ãáåÉê~ä= çáä= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=ÅçãéçëáíáçåK
~ÇÇÉÇ= ÅçêêçëáçåJáåÜáÄáíáåÖ= áåÖêÉÇáÉåíëK= ^= íÜáå=
=_áçÅáÇÉë
Ñáäã=çÑ=çáä=Ñçêãë=çå=íÜÉ=ï~ääë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ëóëJ
íÉãK=qÜáë=éêÉîÉåíë=Åçêêçëáçå=ïáíÜçìí=áåíÉêÑÉêáåÖ= fÑ=óçì=Å~ååçí=~îçáÇ=ìëáåÖ=~=ÄáçÅáÇÉ=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=íÜÉ=
ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=íê~åëÑÉê=çÑ=ÜÉ~í=~åÇ=~äëç=éêÉîÉåíë=äáãÉëJ ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=Åçåí~ãáå~íÉÇ=Äó=Ä~ÅíÉJ
Å~äÉ=ÇÉéçëáíë=çå=íÜÉ=ï~ääë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ëóëíÉãK êá~I=çÄëÉêîÉ=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ëíÉéëW
qÜÉ=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åÅÉ=çÑ=ÉãìäëáÑá~ÄäÉ=ÅçêêçëáçåJáåÜáÄJ √ vçì=ãìëí=ÉåëìêÉ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ÄáçÅáÇÉ=íç=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=
áíáåÖ=çáäë=áë=Ñ~ÇáåÖK=láäJÄ~ëÉÇ=Éãìäëáçåë=~êÉ=ê~êÉJ áë=ëìáí~ÄäÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=~ééäáÅ~íáçåK
äó=ìëÉÇ=åçï~Ç~óë=Ñçê=ÉåîáêçåãÉåí~ä=éêçíÉÅíáçå=
√ qÜÉ= ÄáçÅáÇÉ= ãìëí= ÄÉ= Åçãé~íáÄäÉ= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ=
êÉ~ëçåë=~åÇ=~äëç=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=ëí~Äáäáíó=éêçÄäÉãë=~êÉ=
ëÉ~äáåÖ= ã~íÉêá~äë= ìëÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê=
âåçïå=íç=çÅÅìê=áå=ÉãìäëáçåëK
ëóëíÉã=~åÇ=ãìëí=åçí=êÉ~Åí=ïáíÜ=íÜÉëÉK
^åíáJÑêÉÉòÉ=~ÖÉåíë
√ qÜÉ=ÄáçÅáÇÉ=~åÇ=áíë=ÇÉÅçãéçëáíáçå=éêçÇìÅíë=
fÑ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=ÄÉäçï=íÜÉ=ÑêÉÉòáåÖ=éçáåí=çÑ=ï~íÉê= ãìëí= åçí= Åçåí~áå= ÅçêêçëáçåJéêçãçíáåÖ= ÅçãJ
áå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Å~ååçí=ÄÉ=ÉñÅäìÇÉÇI=~å=~åíáJÑêÉÉòÉ= éçåÉåíëK= _áçÅáÇÉë= ïÜçëÉ= ÇÉÅçãéçëáíáçå=
~ÖÉåí=íÜ~í=~äëç=éêÉîÉåíë=Åçêêçëáçå=ãìëí=ÄÉ=~ÇÇJ éêçÇìÅíë= Åçåí~áå= ÅÜäçêáÇÉ= çê= ëìäéÜ~íÉ= áçåë=
ÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ëóëíÉã=çê=ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ=é~êíëK= ~êÉ=åçí=éÉêãáííÉÇK
líÜÉêïáëÉ= íÜÉ= ÉåíáêÉ= ëóëíÉã= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ÜÉ~íÉÇK=
√ _áçÅáÇÉë= íÜ~í= Å~ìëÉ= Ñç~ãáåÖ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÅççäáåÖ=
Ejáäáí~êó=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåW=póJTMORFK=
ï~íÉê=~êÉ=åçí=éÉêãáííÉÇK
pìÑÑáÅáÉåí=Åçêêçëáçå=éêçíÉÅíáçå=Å~å=ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇ=
Äó=~ÇÇáåÖ=íÜÉ=éêçÇìÅíë=äáëíÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=?q~ÄäÉ=PJNQ=
^åíáJÑêÉÉòÉ= ëçäìíáçåë= ïáíÜ= ÅçêêçëáçåJáåÜáÄáíáåÖ=
éêçéÉêíáÉë?=ïÜáäÉ=çÄëÉêîáåÖ=íÜÉ=éêÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅçåJ
MPMOJMOMN^^KÑã
ÅÉåíê~íáçåK=qÜáë=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=éêÉîÉåíë=ÑêÉÉòáåÖ=
~í= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë= Ççïå= íç= ÓOO=ø`K= eçïÉîÉêI= íÜÉ=
iJ^g ==m~ÖÉ=P=J=NR
mêÉêÉèìáëáíÉ=Ñçê=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=ìëÉ=çÑ=~å=~åíáÅçêêçëáîÉ=~ÖÉåí=
`äÉ~å=ÅççäáåÖ=ëóëíÉã kçíÉ>
^ë= Åçåí~ãáå~íáçå= ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åíäó= êÉÇìÅÉë= íÜÉ= ÉÑJ qÜÉ=ÅÜÉãáÅ~ä=~ÇÇáíáîÉ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=ãìëí=åçí=
ÑÉÅíáîÉåÉëë= çÑ= íÜÉ= ~ÇÇáíáîÉI= íÜÉ= í~åâëI= éáéÉëI= Ñ~ää=ÄÉäçï=íÜÉ=ãáåáãìã=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=
ÅççäÉêë=~åÇ=çíÜÉê=é~êíë=çìíëáÇÉ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ãìëí= áå=íÜÉ=í~ÄäÉ=ÉåíáíäÉÇ= ?q~ÄäÉ=PJNN=`ÜÉãáÅ~ä=~ÇÇáJ
ÄÉ=ÑêÉÉ=çÑ=êìëí=~åÇ=çíÜÉê=ÇÉéçëáíë=ÄÉÑçêÉ=íÜÉ=ÉåJ íáîÉë=Ó=Åçåí~áåáåÖ=åáíêáíÉ?K
ÖáåÉ=áë=ëí~êíÉÇ=ìé=Ñçê=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=íáãÉ=~åÇ=~ÑíÉê=êÉJ
é~áêë= ~êÉ= Å~êêáÉÇ= çìí= çå= íÜÉ= éáéÉ= ëóëíÉãK= qÜÉ= bñÅÉëëáîÉäó= äçï= ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë= Å~å= éêçãçíÉ=
ÉåíáêÉ=ëóëíÉã=ãìëí=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=ÄÉ=ÅäÉ~åÉÇ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ= Åçêêçëáçå=~åÇ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=~îçáÇÉÇK=fÑ=íÜÉ=ÅçåÅÉåJ
ÉåÖáåÉ= ëïáíÅÜÉÇ= çÑÑ= ìëáåÖ= ~= ëìáí~ÄäÉ= ÅäÉ~åáåÖ= íê~íáçå=áë=ëäáÖÜíäó=~ÄçîÉ=íÜÉ=êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=ÅçåJ
~ÖÉåí= EëÉÉ= ?`Ü~éíÉê= PKR= `ççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê= ëóëíÉã= ÅÉåíê~íáçå= íÜáë= ïáää= åçí= êÉëìäí= áå= Ç~ã~ÖÉK=
ÅäÉ~åáåÖI=é~ÖÉ=PJOP?FK `çåÅÉåíê~íáçåë= ïÜáÅÜ= ~êÉ= ãçêÉ= íÜ~å= íïáÅÉ= íÜÉ=
iççëÉ= ëçäáÇ= ã~ííÉê= áå= é~êíáÅìä~ê= ãìëí= ÄÉ= êÉJ êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ= ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= ~îçáÇJ
ãçîÉÇ= Äó= ÑäìëÜáåÖ= íÜÉ= ëóëíÉã= íÜçêçìÖÜäó= ~ë= ÉÇK
çíÜÉêïáëÉ=Éêçëáçå=ã~ó=çÅÅìê=áå=äçÅ~íáçåë=ïÜÉêÉ= ^=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ë~ãéäÉ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ëÉåí=íç=~å=áåÇÉJ
íÜÉ=Ñäçï=îÉäçÅáíó=áë=ÜáÖÜK éÉåÇÉåí=ä~Äçê~íçêó=çê=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉê=
qÜÉ=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=~ÖÉåíë=ãìëí=åçí=ÅçêêçÇÉ=íÜÉ=ëÉ~äë= ÉîÉêó=O=Ó=S=ãçåíÜë=Ñçê=ÅçãéêÉÜÉåëáîÉ=~å~äóëáëK
~åÇ= ã~íÉêá~äë= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÅççäáåÖ= ëóëíÉãK= få= ãçëí= bãìäëáÑá~ÄäÉ=~åíáÅçêêçëáîÉ=~ÖÉåíë=ãìëí=ÖÉåÉê~ääó=
Å~ëÉëI=íÜÉ=ëìééäáÉê=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=~ÇÇáíáîÉ= ÄÉ=êÉéä~ÅÉÇ=~ÑíÉê=êçìÖÜäó=NO=ãçåíÜë=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=
ïáää=ÄÉ=~ÄäÉ=íç=Å~êêó=çìí=íÜáë=ïçêâ=~åÇI=áÑ=íÜáë=áë= íç=íÜÉ=ëìééäáÉêDë=áåëíêìÅíáçåëK=tÜÉå=Å~êêóáåÖ=íÜáë=
åçí=éçëëáÄäÉI=ïáää=~í=äÉ~ëí=ÄÉ=~ÄäÉ=íç=éêçîáÇÉ=ëìáíJ çìíI=íÜÉ=ÉåíáêÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ëóëíÉã=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÑäìëÜÉÇ=
~ÄäÉ=éêçÇìÅíë=íç=Çç=íÜáëK=fÑ=íÜáë=ïçêâ=áë=Å~êêáÉÇ= ~åÇI=áÑ=åÉÅÉëë~êóI=ÅäÉ~åÉÇ=EëÉÉ=~äëç=?`Ü~éíÉê=PKR=
çìí= Äó= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= çéÉê~íçêI= ÜÉ= ëÜçìäÇ= ìëÉ= íÜÉ= `ççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê= ëóëíÉã= ÅäÉ~åáåÖI= é~ÖÉ= PJOP?FK=
ëÉêîáÅÉë= çÑ= ~= ëéÉÅá~äáëí= ëìééäáÉê= çÑ= ÅäÉ~åáåÖ= låÅÉ=ÑáääÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=íÜÉ=ÑêÉëÜ=ï~íÉê=ãìëí=ÄÉ=
~ÖÉåíëK= qÜÉ= ÅççäáåÖ= ëóëíÉã= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ÑäìëÜÉÇ= íêÉ~íÉÇ=áããÉÇá~íÉäóK
íÜçêçìÖÜäó= ÑçääçïáåÖ= ÅäÉ~åáåÖK= låÅÉ= íÜáë= Ü~ë=
fÑ=ÅÜÉãáÅ~ä=~ÇÇáíáîÉë=çê=~åíáJÑêÉÉòÉ=ëçäìíáçåë=~êÉ=
ÄÉÉå= ÇçåÉI= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê= ãìëí= ÄÉ=
ìëÉÇI=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=êÉéä~ÅÉÇ=~ÑíÉê=
íêÉ~íÉÇ= áããÉÇá~íÉäó= ïáíÜ= ~åíáÅçêêçëáîÉ= ~ÖÉåíK=
P=óÉ~êë=~í=íÜÉ=ä~íÉëíK=
låÅÉ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=ÄêçìÖÜí=Ä~Åâ=áåíç=çéJ
Éê~íáçåI= íÜÉ= ÅäÉ~åÉÇ= ëóëíÉã= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ÅÜÉÅâÉÇ= fÑ=íÜÉêÉ=áë=~=ÜáÖÜ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çÑ=ëçäáÇë=EêìëíF=áå=
Ñçê=äÉ~âëK íÜÉ= ëóëíÉãI= íÜÉ= ï~íÉê= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ÅçãéäÉíÉäó= êÉJ
éä~ÅÉÇ=~åÇ=ÉåíáêÉ=ëóëíÉã=Å~êÉÑìääó=ÅäÉ~åÉÇK
oÉÖìä~ê=ÅÜÉÅâë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÅçåÇáíáçå= aÉéçëáíë=áå=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ëóëíÉã=ã~ó=ÄÉ=Å~ìëÉÇ=
~åÇ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉã Äó= ÑäìáÇë= íÜ~í= ÉåíÉê= íÜÉ= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉêI= çê= íÜÉ=
qêÉ~íÉÇ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ã~ó=ÄÉÅçãÉ=Åçåí~ãáå~íJ ÄêÉ~â= ìé= çÑ= ÉãìäëáçåI= Åçêêçëáçå= áå= íÜÉ= ëóëíÉã=
ÉÇ=ïÜÉå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áë=áå=çéÉê~íáçå=ïÜáÅÜ=Å~ìëÉë= ~åÇ=äáãÉëÅ~äÉ=ÇÉéçëáíë=áÑ=íÜÉ=ï~íÉê=áë=îÉêó=Ü~êÇK=
íÜÉ=~ÇÇáíáîÉ=íç=äççëÉ=ëçãÉ=çÑ=áíë=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉåÉëëK=fí= fÑ= íÜÉ= ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå= çÑ= ÅÜäçêáÇÉ= áçåë= Ü~ë= áåJ
áë= íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ= ~Çîáë~ÄäÉ= íç= êÉÖìä~êäó= ÅÜÉÅâ= íÜÉ= ÅêÉ~ëÉÇI= íÜáë= ÖÉåÉê~ääó= áåÇáÅ~íÉë= íÜ~í= ëÉ~ï~íÉê=
ÅççäáåÖ=ëóëíÉã=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ= Ü~ë=ÉåíÉêÉÇ=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉãK=qÜÉ=ã~ñáãìã=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=
ï~íÉêK ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå= çÑ= RM=ãÖ= ÅÜäçêáÇÉ= áçåë= éÉê= âÖ=
ãìëí=åçí=ÄÉ=ÉñÅÉÉÇÉÇ=~ë=çíÜÉêïáëÉ=íÜÉ=êáëâ=çÑ=
qÜÉ=~ÇÇáíáîÉ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÅÜÉÅâÉÇ=~í=
Åçêêçëáçå=áë=íçç=ÜáÖÜK=fÑ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=ÉåíÉêë=íÜÉ=
äÉ~ëí=çåÅÉ=~=ïÉÉâ=ìëáåÖ=íÜÉ=íÉëí=âáíë=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=Äó=
ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=íÜáë=Å~å=äÉ~Ç=íç=~=ëìÇÇÉå=Çêçé=áå=
íÜÉ= ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêK= qÜÉ= êÉëìäíë= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ÇçÅìJ
MPMOJMOMN^^KÑã
íÜÉ= ée= î~äìÉ= çê= íç= ~å= áåÅêÉ~ëÉ= áå= íÜÉ= ëìäéÜ~íÉ=
ãÉåíÉÇK
ÅçåíÉåíK=
=m~ÖÉ=P=J=NS iJ^g
t~íÉê=äçëëÉë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÅçãéÉåë~íÉÇ=Ñçê=Äó=ÑáääáåÖ=
ïáíÜ=ìåíêÉ~íÉÇ=ï~íÉê=íÜ~í=ãÉÉíë=íÜÉ=èì~äáíó
êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë= ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= é~ê~Öê~éÜ= ?oÉJ
èìáêÉãÉåíëI= é~ÖÉ= PJNP?K= qÜÉ= ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå= çÑ=
íÜÉ= ~åíáÅçêêçëáîÉ= ~ÖÉåí= ãìëí= ëìÄëÉèìÉåíäó= ÄÉ=
ÅÜÉÅâÉÇ=~åÇ=~ÇàìëíÉÇ=áÑ=åÉÅÉëë~êóK
pìÄëÉèìÉåí=ÅÜÉÅâë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=~êÉ=ÉëJ
éÉÅá~ääó=êÉèìáêÉÇ=áÑ=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=Ü~Ç=íç=ÄÉ=
Çê~áåÉÇ=çÑÑ=áå=çêÇÉê=íç=Å~êêó=çìí=êÉé~áêë=çê=ã~áåJ
íÉå~åÅÉK
mêçíÉÅíáîÉ=ãÉ~ëìêÉë
^åíáÅçêêçëáîÉ= ~ÖÉåíë= Åçåí~áå= ÅÜÉãáÅ~ä= ÅçãJ
éçìåÇë=íÜ~í=Å~å=éçëÉ=~=êáëâ=íç=ÜÉ~äíÜ=çê=íÜÉ=ÉåJ
îáêçåãÉåí= áÑ= áåÅçêêÉÅíäó= ìëÉÇK= `çãéäó= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ=
ÇáêÉÅíáçåë=áå=íÜÉ=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêDë=ã~íÉêá~ä=ë~ÑÉíó=
Ç~í~=ëÜÉÉíëK
^îçáÇ= éêçäçåÖÉÇ= ÇáêÉÅí= Åçåí~Åí= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= ëâáåK=
t~ëÜ=Ü~åÇë=íÜçêçìÖÜäó=~ÑíÉê=ìëÉK=fÑ=ä~êÖÉê=èì~åJ
íáíáÉë= ëéê~ó= ~åÇLçê= ëç~â= áåíç= ÅäçíÜáåÖI= êÉãçîÉ=
~åÇ=ï~ëÜ=ÅäçíÜáåÖ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ïÉ~êáåÖ=áí=~Ö~áåK
fÑ=ÅÜÉãáÅ~äë=ÅçãÉ=áåíç=Åçåí~Åí=ïáíÜ=óçìê=ÉóÉëI=
êáåëÉ=áããÉÇá~íÉäó=ïáíÜ=éäÉåíó=çÑ=ï~íÉê=~åÇ=ëÉÉâ=
ãÉÇáÅ~ä=~ÇîáÅÉK=
^åíáÅçêêçëáîÉ=~ÖÉåíë=~êÉ=ÖÉåÉê~ääó=Ü~êãÑìä=íç=íÜÉ=
ï~íÉê= ÅóÅäÉK= lÄëÉêîÉ= íÜÉ= êÉäÉî~åí= ëí~íìíçêó= êÉJ
èìáêÉãÉåíë=Ñçê=Çáëéçë~äK
^ìñáäá~êó=ÉåÖáåÉë
fÑ=~=ã~êáåÉ=~ìñáäá~êó=ÉåÖáåÉ=çÑ=íóéÉ=NSLOQI=ONL=PNI=
OPLPMeI=OTLPU=çê=OULPOe=ìëÉë=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=
ï~íÉê= ëóëíÉã= ~ë= ~= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= íïçJ
ëíêçâÉ= ã~áå= ÉåÖáåÉI= íÜÉ= êÉÅçããÉåÇ~íáçåë= Ñçê=
íÜÉ= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê= çÑ= íÜÉ= ã~áå= ÉåÖáåÉ= ãìëí= ÄÉ=
çÄëÉêîÉÇK
^å~äóëáë
tÉ=~å~äóëÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=Ñçê=çìê=ÅìëíçãÉêë=áå=
çìê= ÅÜÉãáÅ~ä= ä~Äçê~íçêóK= ^= MKR=ä= ë~ãéäÉ= áë= êÉJ
èìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=íÉëíK
MPMOJMOMN^^KÑã
iJ^g ==m~ÖÉ=P=J=NT
mÉêãáëëáÄäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=~ÇÇáíáîÉë
`ÜÉãáÅ~ä=~ÇÇáíáîÉë=Åçåí~áåáåÖ=åáíêáíÉ==
j~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉê mêçÇìÅí=ÇÉëáÖå~íáçå fåáíá~ä= jáåáãìã=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=ééã

ÇçëÉ=éÉê= káíêáíÉ k~JkáíêáíÉ
NIMMM=ä mêçÇìÅí
EklOF =Ek~klOF
^ëÜä~åÇ=t~íÉê
qÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉë
aêÉï=j~êáåÉ iáèìáÇÉïí NR=ä NRIMMM TMM NIMRM
låÉ=aêÉï=mä~ò~ j~ñáÖ~êÇ QM=ä QMIMMM NIPPM OIMMM
_ççåíçå abtqJk` QKR=âÖ QIRMM OIORM PIPTR
kÉï=gÉêëÉó=MTMMR
rp^
råáíçê=`ÜÉãáÅ~äë
hgbjfJpÉêîáÅÉ=^KpK
oçÅçê=k_=iáèìáÇ ONKR=ä ONIRMM OIQMM PISMM
mKlK=_çñ=QV
aáÉëÉäÖì~êÇ QKU=âÖ QIUMM OIQMM PISMM
PNQM=_çêÖÜÉáã
kçêï~ó
k~äÑäÉÉí=j~êáåÉ
k~äÑäÉÉí=btq=iáè
`ÜÉãáÅ~äë P=ä PIMMM NIMMM NIRMM
EVJNMUF
mKlK=_çñ=NN NM=ä NMIMMM NIMMM NIRMM
k~äÑäÉÉí=btq=VÓNNN
kçêíÜïáÅÜ PM=ä PMIMMM NIMMM NIRMM
k~äÅççä=OMMM
`ÜÉëÜáêÉ=`tUauI=rh
j~êáíÉÅÜ=^_
mKlK=_çñ=NQP
j~êáëçä=`t NO=ä NOIMMM OIMMM PIMMM
OVNOO=hêáëíá~åëí~Ç
pïÉÇÉå
råáëÉêîáÅÉ
sá~=~ä=p~åíì~êáç=Çá=kKpK kK`KiKqK NO=ä NOIMMM OIMMM PIMMM
ÇÉää~=dì~êÇá~=RUL^ `çäçêÅççäáåÖ OQ=ä OQIMMM OIMMM PIMMM
NSNSO=dÉåçî~I=fí~äó
j~êáÅÜÉã=Ó=j~êáÖ~ëÉë
aK`KtKq=Ó=
SQ=pÑ~âíáêá~ë=píêÉÉí QU=ä QUIMMM OIQMM J
kçåJ`Üêçã~íÉ
NURQR=máê~ÉìëI=dêÉÉÅÉ
sÉÅçã
pÅÜäÉåòáÖëíêK=T
`ççä=qêÉ~í=kìq NS=ä NSIMMM QIMMM SIMMM
ONNMT=e~ãÄìêÖ
dÉêã~åó
q~ÄäÉ=PJNN =`ÜÉãáÅ~ä=~ÇÇáíáîÉë=Ó=Åçåí~áåáåÖ=åáíêáíÉ
MPMOJMOMN^^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=P=J=NU iJ^g
^ÇÇáíáîÉë=Ó=EÅÜÉãáÅ~ä=~ÇÇáíáîÉëF=Ó=åáíêáíÉ=ÑêÉÉ=
j~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉê fåáíá~ä=ÇçëáåÖ jáåáãìã=ÅçåÅÉåJ

mêçÇìÅí=ÇÉëáÖå~íáçå
éÉê=NIMMM=ä íê~íáçå
^êíÉÅç=
qÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉé~êâ e~îçäáåÉ
TR=ä TKR=B
wïáå~~êÇÉ=O uif
_JVMRO=dÉåíI=_ÉäÖáìã
qçí~ä=iìÄêáÅ~åíë
tq=pìéê~ TR=ä TKR=B
m~êáëI=cê~åÅÉ
^ëÜä~åÇ=t~íÉê=qÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉë
aêÉï=j~êáåÉ
låÉ=aêÉï=mä~ò~ aêÉïÖ~êÇ=`tq U=ä N=B
_ççåíçåI=kÉï=gÉêëÉó=MTMMR
rp^
q~ÄäÉ=PJNO `ÜÉãáÅ~ä=~ÇÇáíîÉë=Ó==åáíêáíÉ=ÑêÉÉ
bãìäëáÑá~ÄäÉ=ÅçêêçëáçåJáåÜáÄáíáåÖ=çáäë
j~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉê mêçÇìÅí=
EaÉëáÖå~íáçåF
_m=j~êáåÉ
_êÉ~âëéÉ~ê=t~ó aá~íëçä=j
eÉãÉä=eÉãéëíÉ~Ç cÉÇ~êç=j
eÉêíë=emO=QriI=rh
`~ëíêçä=fåíK
máéÉêë=t~ó pçäîÉñ=tq=P
pïáåÇçå=pkP=NobI=rh
aÉìíëÅÜÉ=pÜÉää=^d
§ÄÉêëÉÉêáåÖ=PR láä=VNRS
OOOUQ=e~ãÄìêÖI=dÉêã~åó
q~ÄäÉ=PJNP bãìäëáÑá~ÄäÉ=ÅçêêçëáçåJáåÜáÄáíáåÖ=çáäë
MPMOJMOMN^^KÑã
iJ^g ==m~ÖÉ=P=J=NV
^åíáJÑêÉÉòÉ=ëçäìíáçåë=ïáíÜ=ÅçêêçëáçåJáåÜáÄáíáåÖ=éêçéÉêíáÉë
j~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉê mêçÇìÅí= jáåáãìã

EaÉëáÖå~íáçåF ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå
_^pc
däóë~åíáå=d=QU
`~êäJ_çëÅÜJpíêK
däóë~åíáå=VPNP
STMSP=iìÇïáÖëÜ~ÑÉåI=oÜÉáå
däóë~åíáå=d=MR
dÉêã~åó
`~ëíêçä=fåíK
máéÉêë=t~ó ^åíáÑêÉÉòÉ=kcI=pc
pïáåÇçå=pkP=NobI=rh
_mI=_êáí~ååáÅ=qçïÉê
jççê=i~åÉ= ^åíáÑêçëí=u=OOTM^
içåÇçå=bÒv=V_I=rh
aÉìíëÅÜÉ=pÜÉää=^d PR=B
§ÄÉêëÉÉêáåÖ=PR
däóÅçëÜÉää
OOOUQ=e~ãÄìêÖ
dÉêã~åó
e∏ÅÜëí=^d
tÉêâ=dÉåÇçêÑ dÉå~íáå=Éñíê~
UQRMU=_ìêÖâáêÅÜÉå =EUMON=pF
dÉêã~åó
jçÄáä=láä=^d
píÉáåëíê~≈É=R
cêçëíëÅÜìíò=RMM
OMMVR=e~ãÄìêÖ
dÉêã~åó
^êíÉÅçLqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉé~êâ
wïáàå~~êÇÉ=O=
e~îçäáåÉ=ui`
_JVMRO=dÉåí
_ÉäÖáìã RM=B
qçí~ä=iìÄêáÅ~åíë dä~ÅÉäÑ=^ìíç=pìéê~
m~êáëI=cê~åÅÉ qçí~ä=lêÖ~åáÑêÉÉòÉ
q~ÄäÉ=PJNQ ^åíáJÑêÉÉòÉ=ëçäìíáçåë=ïáíÜ=ÅçêêçëáçåJáåÜáÄáíáåÖ=éêçéÉêíáÉë
MPMOJMOMN^^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=P=J=OM iJ^g
PKQ=`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=áåëéÉÅíáåÖ=
PKQ `ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=áåëéÉÅíáåÖ
pìãã~êó qÉëíáåÖ=íÜÉ=íóéáÅ~ä=î~äìÉë=çÑ=ï~íÉê
^ÅèìáêÉ=~åÇ=ÅÜÉÅâ=íóéáÅ~ä=î~äìÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=çéÉê~íJ
áåÖ=ãÉÇá~=íç=éêÉîÉåí=çê=äáãáí=Ç~ã~ÖÉK ^ÄÄêÉîá~íÉÇ=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçå
qÜÉ=ÑêÉëÜ=ï~íÉê=ìëÉÇ=íç=Ñáää=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÅáêJ qóéáÅ~ä=î~äìÉL t~íÉê=Ñçê=ÑáääáåÖ= `áêÅìä~íáåÖ=

Åìáíë=ãìëí=ë~íáëÑó=íÜÉ=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåëK=qÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ= éêçéÉêíó ~åÇ=êÉÑáääáåÖ= ï~íÉê
EïáíÜçìí=~ÇÇáJ
ï~íÉê=áå=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÅÜÉÅâÉÇ=êÉÖìä~êäó=áå= íáîÉF EïáíÜ=~ÇÇáíáîÉF
~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ= ëÅÜÉÇìäÉK=
qÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ïçêâLëíÉéë=áëL~êÉ=åÉÅÉëë~êóW t~íÉê=íóéÉ cêÉëÜ=ï~íÉêI=
qêÉ~íÉÇ=ÅççäJ
ÑêÉÉ=çÑ=ÑçêÉáÖå=
áåÖ=ï~íÉê
^Åèìáëáíáçå= çÑ= íóéáÅ~ä= î~äìÉë= Ñçê= íÜÉ= çéÉê~íáåÖ= ã~ííÉê
ÑäìáÇI= Éî~äì~íáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= çéÉê~íáåÖ= ÑäìáÇ= ~åÇ=
qçí~ä=Ü~êÇåÉëë NM=øÇeNF NM=øÇeNF
ÅÜÉÅâáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=~åíáÅçêêçëáîÉ=
~ÖÉåíK ée=î~äìÉ SKR=Ó=U=~í=OMø` TKR=~í=OM=ø`
`ÜäçêáÇÉ=áçå=
qççäëL~ééäá~åÅÉë=êÉèìáêÉÇ RM=ãÖLä RM=ãÖLäOF
ÅçåíÉåí
NF=Çe=Z=dÉêã~å=Ü~êÇåÉëë
bèìáéãÉåí=Ñçê=ÅÜÉÅâáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÑêÉëÜ=ï~íÉê=èì~äáíó
N=øÇe=Z=NM=ãÖLä=`~l
qÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ÉèìáéãÉåí=Å~å=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇW ==Z=NTKV=ãÖLä=`~`lP
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=ï~íÉê=íÉëíáåÖ=âáí=çê=~=ëáãáä~ê= ==ZMKNTV=ããçäLä
OF=N=ãÖLä=Z=N=ééã
íÉëíáåÖ= âáí= Åçåí~áåáåÖ= ~ää= íÜÉ= áåëíêìãÉåíë= ~åÇ=
ÅÜÉãáÅ~äë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=íç=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉ=íÜÉ=ï~íÉê=Ü~êÇJ q~ÄäÉ=PJNR nì~äáíó=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåë=Ñçê=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=
åÉëëI=ée=î~äìÉ=~åÇ=ÅÜäçêáåÉ=ÅçåíÉåí=EçÄí~áå~ÄäÉ= E~ÄÄêÉîá~íÉÇ=îÉêëáçåF
Ñêçã= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= çê= j~êJqÉÅ= j~êáåÉI=
e~ãÄìêÖFK qÉëíáåÖ=âáí=éêçîáÇÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=~ÇÇáíáîÉ=ëìééäáÉê
fÑ=íÜÉ=íÉëíáåÖ=âáí=éêçîáÇÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=~ÇÇáíáîÉ=ëìééäáÉê=
bèìáéãÉåí=Ñçê=íÉëíáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çÑ=~ÇÇáJ
áåÅäìÇÉë= ~å= çéíáçå= Ñçê= ÇÉíÉêãáåáåÖ= íÜÉ= íóéáÅ~ä=
íáîÉë
î~äìÉë=çÑ=ÑêÉëÜ=ï~íÉêI=íÜáë=Å~å=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇK
tÜÉå=ìëáåÖ=ÅÜÉãáÅ~ä=~ÇÇáíáîÉëW
qÉëíáåÖ= íÜÉ= ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå= çÑ= ~åíáÅçêêçëáîÉ=
qÉëíáåÖ=ÉèìáéãÉåí=áå=~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ëìéJ
~ÖÉåíë
éäáÉêDë=êÉÅçããÉåÇ~íáçåëK
qÉëíáåÖ=âáíë=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ëìééäáÉê=~äëç=áåÅäìÇÉ=ÉèìáéJ
^åíáÅçêêçJ
ãÉåí= íÜ~í= Å~å= ÄÉ= ìëÉÇ= íç= ÇÉíÉêãáåÉ= íÜÉ= ÑêÉëÜ= ëáçå=~ÖÉåí
`çåÅÉåíê~íáçå
ï~íÉê=èì~äáíóK=
`ÜÉãáÅ~ä= ^ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=èì~äáíó=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåI=ëÉÉ=
~ÇÇáíáîÉë ?`Ü~éíÉê=PKP=nì~äáíó=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=
ï~íÉêI=é~ÖÉ=PJNP?K
^åíáJÑêÉÉòÉ= ^ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=èì~äáíó=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåI=ëÉÉ=
ëçäìíáçåë ?`Ü~éíÉê=PKP=nì~äáíó=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=
ï~íÉêI=é~ÖÉ=PJNP?K
q~ÄäÉ=PJNS `çåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=~ÇÇáíáîÉ
MPMOJMOMO^^KÑã
^J_^ ==m~ÖÉ=P=J=ON
PKQ=`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=áåëéÉÅíáåÖ=
qÉëíáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çÑ=ÅÜÉãáÅ~ä=~ÇÇáíáîÉë
qÜÉ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=íÉëíÉÇ=ÉîÉêó=ïÉÉâI=
~åÇLçê=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ=ëÅÜÉÇìäÉI=
ìëáåÖ=íÜÉ=íÉëíáåÖ=áåëíêìãÉåíëI=êÉ~ÖÉåíë=~åÇ=áåJ
ëíêìÅíáçåë=çÑ=íÜÉ=êÉäÉî~åí=ëìééäáÉêK
`ÜÉãáÅ~ä=~åíáÅçêêçëáîÉ=~ÖÉåíë=Å~å=çåäó=éêçîáÇÉ=
ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=éêçíÉÅíáçå=áÑ=íÜÉ=êáÖÜí=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=áë=
éêÉÅáëÉäó=ã~áåí~áåÉÇK=qÜáë=áë=ïÜó=íÜÉ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~J
íáçåë= êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ= Äó= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=
Eèì~äáíó=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåë=áå=sçäìãÉ=MNMKMMR=båÖáåÉ=
Ó=léÉê~íáåÖ=fåëíêìÅíáçåëI=`Ü~éíÉê=PI=pÜÉÉí=PKPKTF=
ãìëí=ÄÉ=çÄëÉêîÉÇ=áå=ÉîÉêó=Å~ëÉK=qÜÉëÉ=êÉÅçãJ
ãÉåÇÉÇ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=ã~ó=åçí=ÄÉ=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=~ë=
íÜçëÉ=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêK
qÉëíáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çÑ=~åíáÅçêêçëáîÉ=
~ÖÉåíë
qÜÉ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÅÜÉÅâÉÇ=áå=~ÅÅçêÇJ
~åÅÉ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêDë=áåëíêìÅíáçåë=çê=íÜÉ=
íÉëí=Å~å=ÄÉ=çìíëçìêÅÉÇ=íç=~=ëìáí~ÄäÉ=ä~Äçê~íçêóK=
fÑ= áå= ÇçìÄí= óçì= ëÜçìäÇ= Åçåëìäí=
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄçK
qÉëíáåÖ
tÉ=íÉëí=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=Ñçê=ÅìëíçãÉêë=áå=çìê=ä~ÄçJ
ê~íçêóK=qç=Å~êêó=çìí=íÜÉ=íÉëí=ïÉ=ïáää=åÉÉÇ=~=êÉéêÉJ
ëÉåí~íáîÉ=ë~ãéäÉ=çÑ=êçìÖÜäó=MKR=äK
MPMOJMOMO^^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=P=J=OO ^J_^
PKR=`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉã=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=
PKR `ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉã=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ==
pìãã~êó áåÖK= `çåí~ãáå~íáçå= ~åÇ= ÇÉéçëáíë= ~êÉ= íç= ÄÉ= êÉJ

ãçîÉÇ=~í=êÉÖìä~ê=áåíÉêî~äëK
oÉãçîÉ= Åçåí~ãáå~íáçåLêÉëáÇìÉ= Ñêçã= çéÉê~íáåÖ=
ÑäìáÇ=ëóëíÉãëI=ÉåëìêÉLêÉJÉëí~ÄäáëÜ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=êÉäáJ
~ÄáäáíóK láä=ëäìÇÖÉ
`ççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê= ëóëíÉãë= Åçåí~áåáåÖ= ÇÉéçëáíë= çê= láä= ëäìÇÖÉ= Ñêçã= äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä= íÜ~í= Ü~ë= ÉåíÉêÉÇ=
Åçåí~ãáå~íáçå=éêÉîÉåí=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=çÑ=é~êíëK= íÜÉ= ÅççäáåÖ= ëóëíÉã= çê= ~= ÜáÖÜ= ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå= çÑ=
`çåí~ãáå~íáçå= ~åÇ= ÇÉéçëáíë= ãìëí= ÄÉ= êÉÖìä~êäó= ~åíáÅçêêçëáîÉ=~ÖÉåíë=Å~å=ÄÉ=êÉãçîÉÇ=Äó=ÑäìëÜáåÖ=
Éäáãáå~íÉÇK=qÜáë=ÅçãéêáëÉë=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖW íÜÉ= ëóëíÉã= ïáíÜ= ÑêÉëÜ= ï~íÉê= íç= ïÜáÅÜ= ëçãÉ=
ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=~ÖÉåí=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=~ÇÇÉÇK=pìáí~ÄäÉ=ÅäÉ~åJ
`äÉ~åáåÖ=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=~åÇI=áÑ=êÉèìáêÉÇI=êÉãçî~ä=çÑ= áåÖ=~ÖÉåíë=~êÉ=äáëíÉÇ=~äéÜ~ÄÉíáÅ~ääó=áå= ?q~ÄäÉ=PJ
ëÅ~äÉ=ÇÉéçëáíëI=ÑäìëÜáåÖ=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉãK NT= `äÉ~åáåÖ= ~ÖÉåíë= Ñçê= êÉãçîáåÖ= çáä= ëäìÇÖÉ?I=
äáëíë= ~ééêçéêá~íÉ= ~ÖÉåíë= áå= ~äéÜ~ÄÉíáÅ~ä= çêÇÉêK=
`äÉ~åáåÖ mêçÇìÅíë= çÑ= çíÜÉê= ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêë= ã~ó= ÄÉ= ìëÉÇ=
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉãë=íÜ~í=ëÜçï=Åçåí~ãáå~íáçå= éêçîáÇÉÇ= íÜÉáê= éêçéÉêíáÉë= ~êÉ= Åçãé~ê~ÄäÉK= qÜÉ=
çê= ÇÉéçëáíë= áãéÉÇÉ= ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ= ÅçãéçåÉåí= ÅççäJ ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêÛë= áåëíêìÅíáçåë= Ñçê= ìëÉ= ~êÉ= íç= ÄÉ=
ëíêáÅíäó=çÄëÉêîÉÇK
j~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉê mêçÇìÅí `çåÅÉåíê~íáçå aìê~íáçå=çÑ=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=éêçÅÉÇìêÉLíÉãéÉê~íìêÉ
aêÉï eab=Ó=TTT Q=Ó=R=B Q=Ü=~í=RM=Ó=SM=ø`
k~äÑäÉÉí j~ñá`äÉ~å=O O=Ó=R=B Q=Ü=~í=SM=ø`
råáíçê ^èì~ÄêÉ~â MKMR=Ó=MKR=B Q=Ü=~í=~ãÄáÉåí=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ
sÉÅçã räíê~ëçåáÅ
Q=B NO=Ü=~í=RM=Ó=SM=ø`
jìäíá=`äÉ~åÉê
q~ÄäÉ=PJNT `äÉ~åáåÖ=~ÖÉåíë=Ñçê=êÉãçîáåÖ=çáä=ëäìÇÖÉ
pÅ~äÉ=~åÇ=êìëí=ÇÉéçëáíë âåçïå=~ë=ÑÉêêçìë=ëäìÇÖÉ=ïÜáÅÜ=íÉåÇë=íç=Ö~íÜÉê=
áå=~êÉ~ë=ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=Ñäçï=îÉäçÅáíó=áë=äçïK
pÅ~äÉ=~åÇ=êìëí=ÇÉéçëáíë=Å~å=Ñçêã=áÑ=íÜÉ=ï~íÉê=áë=
ÉëéÉÅá~ääó=Ü~êÇ=çê=áÑ=íÜÉ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=~åJ mêçÇìÅíë=íÜ~í=êÉãçîÉ=ëÅ~äÉ=ÇÉéçëáíë=~êÉ=ÖÉåÉêJ
íáÅçêêçëáîÉ= ~ÖÉåí= áë= íçç= äçïK= ^= íÜáå= ëÅ~äÉ= ä~óÉê= ~ääó=ëìáí~ÄäÉ=Ñçê=êÉãçîáåÖ=êìëíK=pìáí~ÄäÉ=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=
Å~å= ÄÉ= äÉÑí= çå= íÜÉ= ëìêÑ~ÅÉ= ~ë= ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉ= Ü~ë= ~ÖÉåíë=~êÉ=äáëíÉÇ=~äéÜ~ÄÉíáÅ~ääó=áå=íÜÉ====?q~ÄäÉ=PJ
ëÜçïå= íÜ~í= íÜáë= éêçíÉÅíë= ~Ö~áåëí= ÅçêêçëáçåK= NU=`äÉ~åáåÖ=~ÖÉåíë=Ñçê=êÉãçîáåÖ=ëÅ~äÉ=~åÇ=êìëí=
eçïÉîÉêI= ëÅ~äÉ= ÇÉéçëáíë= ïáíÜ= ~= íÜáÅâåÉëë= çÑ= ÇÉéçëáíë?K
ãçêÉ=íÜ~å=MKR=ãã=çÄëíêìÅí=íÜÉ=íê~åëÑÉê=çÑ=ÜÉ~í=
mêçÇìÅíë= Äó= çíÜÉê= ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêë= Å~å= ÄÉ= ìëÉÇ=
~åÇ= Å~ìëÉ= íÜÉêã~ä= çîÉêäç~ÇáåÖ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÅçãéçJ
éêçîáÇáåÖ=íÜÉó=Ü~îÉ=ëáãáä~ê=éêçéÉêíáÉëK=qÜÉ=ã~åJ
åÉåíë=ÄÉáåÖ=ÅççäÉÇK
ìÑ~ÅíìêÉêDë=áåëíêìÅíáçåë=Ñçê=ìëÉ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ëíêáÅíäó=
oìëí= íÜ~í= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= ÑäìëÜÉÇ= çìí= ã~ó= Ü~îÉ= ~å= çÄëÉêîÉÇK=mêáçê=íç=ÅäÉ~åáåÖI=ÅÜÉÅâ=ïÜÉíÜÉê=íÜÉ=
~Äê~ëáîÉ= ÉÑÑÉÅí= çå= çíÜÉê= é~êíë= çÑ= íÜÉ= ëóëíÉãI= ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=~ÖÉåí=áë=ëìáí~ÄäÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ã~íÉêá~äë=íç=ÄÉ=
ëìÅÜ= ~ë= íÜÉ= ëÉ~äáåÖ= ÉäÉãÉåíë= çÑ= íÜÉ= ï~íÉê= ÅäÉ~åÉÇK=qÜÉ=éêçÇìÅíë=äáëíÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=í~ÄäÉ=ÉåíáíäÉÇ=
éìãéëK=qçÖÉíÜÉê=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÉäÉãÉåíë=íÜ~í=~êÉ=êÉJ ?q~ÄäÉ=PJNU=`äÉ~åáåÖ=~ÖÉåíë=Ñçê=êÉãçîáåÖ=ëÅ~äÉ=
MPMOJMOMP^^KÑã
ëéçåëáÄäÉ=Ñçê=ï~íÉê=Ü~êÇåÉëëI=íÜáë=Ñçêãë=ïÜ~í=áë= ~åÇ=êìëí=ÇÉéçëáíë?=~êÉ=~äëç=ëìáí~ÄäÉ=Ñçê=ëí~áåäÉëë=
ëíÉÉäK
^J_^ ==m~ÖÉ=P=J=OP
PKR=`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉã=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=
aìê~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=éêçÅÉÇìêÉL=
j~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉê mêçÇìÅí `çåÅÉåíê~íáçå
íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ
aêÉï p^cJ^ÅáÇ R=Ó=NM=B Q=Ü=~í=SM=Ó=TM=ø`

aÉëÅ~äÉJfq R=Ó=NM=B Q=Ü=~í=SM=Ó=TM=ø`
cÉêêçÅäÉ~å NM=B Q=Ó=OQ=Ü=~í=SM=Ó=TM=ø`
k~äÑäÉÉí k~äÑäÉÉí=V=Ó=MSU R=B Q=Ü=~í=SM=Ó=TR=ø`
råáíçê aÉëÅ~äÉñ R=Ó=NM=B Q=Ó=S=Ü=~í=~ééêçñK=SM=ø`
sÉÅçã aÉëÅ~ä~åí=c P=Ó=NM=B ^ééêçñK=Q=Ü=~í=RM=Ó=SM=ø`
q~ÄäÉ=PJNU `äÉ~åáåÖ=~ÖÉåíë=Ñçê=êÉãçîáåÖ=ëÅ~äÉ=~åÇ=êìëí=ÇÉéçëáíë
få=ÉãÉêÖÉåÅáÉë=çåäó> `äÉ~åáåÖ=~ÖÉåíë=Ñçê=êÉãçîáåÖ=ëÅ~äÉ=~åÇ=êìëí=ÇÉJ
éçëáíë?K
eóÇêçÅÜäçêáÅ=~ÅáÇ=ÇáäìíÉÇ=áå=ï~íÉê=çê=~ãáåçëìäJ
éÜçåáÅ= ~ÅáÇ= ã~ó= çåäó= ÄÉ= ìëÉÇ= áå= ÉñÅÉéíáçå~ä=
Å~ëÉë= áÑ=~= ëéÉÅá~ä= ÅäÉ~åáåÖ= ~ÖÉåí= íÜ~í= êÉãçîÉë= cçääçïáåÖ=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ
äáãÉëÅ~äÉ=ÇÉéçëáíë=ïáíÜçìí=Å~ìëáåÖ=éêçÄäÉãë=áë= qÜÉ= ÅççäáåÖ= ëóëíÉã= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ÑäìëÜÉÇ= ëÉîÉê~ä=
åçí=~î~áä~ÄäÉK=lÄëÉêîÉ=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ÇìêáåÖ=~éJ íáãÉë=çåÅÉ=áí=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=ÅäÉ~åÉÇ=ìëáåÖ=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=
éäáÅ~íáçåW ~ÖÉåíëK=oÉéä~ÅÉ=íÜÉ=ï~íÉê=ÇìêáåÖ=íÜáë=éêçÅÉëëK=fÑ=
√ pí~áåäÉëë= ëíÉÉä= ÜÉ~í= ÉñÅÜ~åÖÉêë= ãìëí= åÉîÉê= ~ÅáÇë=~êÉ=ìëÉÇ=íç=Å~êêó=çìí=íÜÉ=ÅäÉ~åáåÖI=åÉìíê~äJ
ÄÉ=íêÉ~íÉÇ=ìëáåÖ=ÇáäìíÉÇ=ÜóÇêçÅÜäçêáÅ=~ÅáÇK áëÉ=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ëóëíÉã=~ÑíÉêï~êÇë=ïáíÜ=ëìáí~ÄäÉ=
ÅÜÉãáÅ~äë= íÜÉå= ÑäìëÜK= qÜÉ= ëóëíÉã= Å~å= íÜÉå= ÄÉ=
√ `ççäáåÖ=ëóëíÉãë=Åçåí~áåáåÖ=åçåJÑÉêêçìë=ãÉíJ êÉÑáääÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ï~íÉê= íÜ~í= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= éêÉé~êÉÇ= ~ÅJ
~äë=E~äìãáåáìãI=êÉÇ=ÄêçåòÉI=Äê~ëëI=ÉíÅKF=ãìëí= ÅçêÇáåÖäóK
ÄÉ= íêÉ~íÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ÇÉ~Åíáî~íÉÇ= ~ãáåçëìäéÜçåáÅ=
~ÅáÇK=qÜáë=~ÅáÇ=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=~ÇÇÉÇ=íç=ï~íÉê=áå=~= `~ìíáçå>
ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çÑ=P=Ó=R=BK=qÜÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ= låäó= ëí~êí= íÜÉ= ÅäÉ~åáåÖ= çéÉê~íáçå= çåÅÉ= íÜÉ= ÉåJ
íÜÉ=ëçäìíáçå=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=QM=Ó=RM=ø`K ÖáåÉ=Ü~ë=ÅççäÉÇ=ÇçïåK=eçí=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=
√ aáäìíÉÇ=ÜóÇêçÅÜäçêáÅ=~ÅáÇ=ã~ó=çåäó=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=íç= ãìëí= åçí= ÅçãÉ= áåíç= Åçåí~Åí= ïáíÜ= ÅçäÇ= ï~íÉêK=
ÅäÉ~å=ëíÉÉä=éáéÉëK=fÑ=ÜóÇêçÅÜäçêáÅ=~ÅáÇ=áë=ìëÉÇ= léÉå= íÜÉ= îÉåíáä~íáçå= éáéÉë= ÄÉÑçêÉ= êÉÑáääáåÖ= íÜÉ=
~ë=íÜÉ=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=~ÖÉåíI=íÜÉêÉ=áë=~äï~óë=~=Ç~åJ ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉãK=_äçÅâÉÇ=îÉåíáä~íáçå=éáéÉë=
ÖÉê=íÜ~í=~ÅáÇ=ïáää=êÉã~áå=áå=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉãI=ÉîÉå= éêÉîÉåí= ~áê= Ñêçã= ÉëÅ~éáåÖ= ïÜáÅÜ= Å~å= äÉ~Ç= íç=
çåÅÉ= íÜÉ= ëóëíÉã= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= åÉìíê~äáëÉÇ= ~åÇ= íÜÉêã~ä=çîÉêäç~ÇáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉK
ÑäìëÜÉÇK=qÜáë= êÉëáÇì~ä=~ÅáÇ= éêçãçíÉë=éáííáåÖK= tÜÉå=ÇáëéçëáåÖ=çÑ=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=~ÖÉåíë=çê=~ÅáÇëI=çÄJ
tÉ=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=êÉÅçããÉåÇ=óçì=Ü~îÉ=íÜÉ=ÅäÉ~åJ ëÉêîÉ=íÜÉ=~ééäáÅ~ÄäÉ=êÉÖìä~íáçåëK
áåÖ=Å~êêáÉÇ=çìí=Äó=~=ëéÉÅá~äáëíK
qÜÉ= Å~êÄçå= ÇáçñáÇÉ= ÄìÄÄäÉë= íÜ~í= Ñçêã= ïÜÉå= `äÉ~åáåÖ=éêçÇìÅíë=Å~å=Å~ìëÉ=Ç~ã~ÖÉ=
ëÅ~äÉ= ÇÉéçëáíë= ~êÉ= ÇáëëçäîÉÇ= Å~å= éêÉîÉåí= íÜÉ= qÜÉ= éêçÇìÅíë= íç= ÄÉ= ìëÉÇ= Å~å= ÉåÇ~åÖÉê= ÜÉ~äíÜ=
ÅäÉ~åáåÖ= ~ÖÉåí= Ñêçã= êÉ~ÅÜáåÖ= ÄçáäÉê= ëÅ~äÉK= fí= áë= ~åÇ=ã~ó=ÄÉ=Ü~êãÑìä=íç=íÜÉ=ÉåîáêçåãÉåíK=cçääçï=
íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ= ~ÄëçäìíÉäó= åÉÅÉëë~êó= íç= ÅáêÅìä~íÉ= íÜÉ= íÜÉ=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêÚë=Ü~åÇäáåÖ=áåëíêìÅíáçåë=ïáíÜçìí=
ï~íÉê=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=~ÖÉåí=íç=ÑäìëÜ=~ï~ó=íÜÉ= Ñ~áäK
Ö~ë= ÄìÄÄäÉë= ~åÇ= ~ääçï= íÜÉã= íç= ÉëÅ~éÉK= qÜÉ=
äÉåÖíÜ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=éêçÅÉëë=ÇÉéÉåÇë=çå=íÜÉ=
MPMOJMOMP^^KÑã
íÜáÅâåÉëë=~åÇ=Åçãéçëáíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÇÉéçëáíëK=s~äJ
ìÉë= ~êÉ= éêçîáÇÉÇ= Ñçê= çêáÉåí~íáçå= áå= ?q~ÄäÉ= PJNU=
=m~ÖÉ=P=J=OQ ^J_^
PKS=nì~äáíó=çÑ=Ö~ë=çáäLã~êáåÉ=Ö~ë=çáä=EjdlF=
PKS nì~äáíó=çÑ=Ö~ë=çáäLã~êáåÉ=Ö~ë=çáä=EjdlF
aáÉëÉä=çáä péÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçå
qÜÉ=ëìáí~Äáäáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ÇÉéÉåÇë=çå=ïÜÉíÜÉê=áí=
líÜÉê=ÇÉëáÖå~íáçåë Ü~ë= íÜÉ= éêçéÉêíáÉë= ÇÉÑáåÉÇ= áå= íÜáë= ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçå=
d~ë=çáäI=ã~êáåÉ=Ö~ë=çáä=EjdlFI=ÇáÉëÉä=çáä EÄ~ëÉÇ= çå= áíë= Åçãéçëáíáçå= áå= íÜÉ= ~ëJÇÉäáîÉêÉÇ=
ëí~íÉFK
d~ë=çáä=áë=~=ÅêìÇÉ=çáä=ãáÇÇäÉ=Çáëíáää~íÉ=~åÇ=ãìëí=
íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=åçí=Åçåí~áå=~åó=êÉëáÇì~ä=ã~íÉêá~äëK qÜÉ= afk= bk= RVM= ~åÇ= fpl= UONTJOMMR= E`ä~ëë=
aj^F= ~åÇ= `fj^`JOMMP= ëí~åÇ~êÇë= Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå=
ÉñíÉåëáîÉäó= ìëÉÇ= ~ë= íÜÉ= Ä~ëáë= ïÜÉå= ÇÉÑáåáåÖ=
íÜÉëÉ=éêçéÉêíáÉëK=qÜÉ=éêçéÉêíáÉë=ÅçêêÉëéçåÇ=íç=
íÜÉ=íÉëí=éêçÅÉÇìêÉë=ëí~íÉÇK
mêçéÉêíóLÑÉ~íìêÉ råáí qÉëí=ãÉíÜçÇ `Ü~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅ=î~äìÉ

aÉåëáíó=~í=NR=ø` UOMKM
âÖLãP fpl=PSTR
UVMKM
háåÉã~íáÅ=îáëÅçëáíó=~í=QM==ø` NKR
ããOLë=EÅpíF fpl=PNMQ
SKM
cáäíÉê~ÄáäáíóNF= M
afk=bk=NNS
áå=ëìããÉê=~åÇ=áå=ïáåíÉê ÓNO
ø`
`äçëÉÇ=Åìé=Ñä~ëÜ=éçáåí=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=^ÄÉäJ
fpl=NROP SM
mÉåëâó=ãÉíÜçÇ
aáëíáää~íáçå=ê~åÖÉ=ìé=íç=PRM==ø=` îçäìãÉ=B fpl=PQMR UR
pÉÇáãÉåí=ÅçåíÉåí=EÉñíê~Åíáçå=ãÉíÜçÇF ïÉáÖÜí=B fpl=PTPR MKMN
t~íÉê=ÅçåíÉåí îçäìãÉ=B fpl=PTPP MKMR
pìäéÜìê=ÅçåíÉåí fpl=UTRQ NKR
^ëÜ ïÉáÖÜí=B fpl=SOQR MKMN
`çâÉ=êÉëáÇìÉ=EjòF fpl=à=NMPTM MKNM
`Éí~åÉ=åìãÄÉê J fpl=RNSR QM
`çééÉêëíêáé=íÉëí J fpl=ONSM N
líÜÉê=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåëW
_êáíáëÜ=pí~åÇ~êÇ=_p=j^=NMMJNVUT J J jN
^pqj=a=VTR J J NaLOa
NF=qÜÉ=éêçÅÉëë=Ñçê=ÇÉíÉêãáåáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉê~Äáäáíó=áå=~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ=ïáíÜ=afk=bk=NNS=áë=ëáãáä~ê=íç=íÜÉ=éêçÅÉëë=Ñçê=ÇÉíÉêãáåáåÖ=íÜÉ=
ÅäçìÇ=éçáåí=áå=~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ=ïáíÜ=fpl=PMNRK
q~ÄäÉ=PJNV aáÉëÉä=ÑìÉä=çáä=EjdlF=Ó=éêçéÉêíáÉë=íÜ~í=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÅçãéäáÉÇ=ïáíÜ
MPMOJMPMP^^KÑã
`J_^ = m~ÖÉ=P=J=OR
PKS=nì~äáíó=çÑ=Ö~ë=çáäLã~êáåÉ=Ö~ë=çáä=EjdlF=
^ÇÇáíáçå~ä=áåÑçêã~íáçå
rëÉ=çÑ=ÇáÉëÉä=çáä
fÑ=Çáëíáää~íÉ=áåíÉåÇÉÇ=Ñçê=ìëÉ=~ë=ÜÉ~íáåÖ=çáä=áë=ìëÉÇ=
ïáíÜ=ëí~íáçå~êó=ÉåÖáåÉë=áåëíÉ~Ç=çÑ=ÇáÉëÉä=çáä=Ebi=
ÜÉ~íáåÖ=çáä=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=afk=RNSMP=çê=cìÉä=åçK=N=
çê=åçK=O=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=^pqj=a=PVSFI=íÜÉ=áÖåáíáçå=
ÄÉÜ~îáçìêI=ëí~Äáäáíó=~åÇ=äçï=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÄÉÜ~îJ
áçìê=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÉåëìêÉÇX=áå=çíÜÉê=ïçêÇë=íÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉJ
ãÉåíë= Ñçê= íÜÉ= ÑáäíÉê~Äáäáíó= ~åÇ= ÅÉí~åÉ= åìãÄÉê=
ãìëí=ÄÉ=ë~íáëÑáÉÇK
sáëÅçëáíó
qç=ÉåëìêÉ=ëìÑÑáÅáÉåí=äìÄêáÅ~íáçåI=~=ãáåáãìã=îáëJ
Åçëáíó= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ÉåëìêÉÇ= ~í= íÜÉ= ÑìÉä= ÇÉäáîÉêó=
éìãéK= qÜÉ= ã~ñáãìã= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= êÉèìáêÉÇ= íç=
ÉåëìêÉ=íÜ~í=~=îáëÅçëáíó=çÑ=ãçêÉ=íÜ~å=NKV=ããOLë=áë=
ã~áåí~áåÉÇ=ìéëíêÉ~ã=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ÇÉäáîÉêó=éìãé=
ÇÉéÉåÇë=çå=íÜÉ=îáëÅçëáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉäK=få=~åó=Å~ëÉ=
íÜÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ìéëíêÉ~ã=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉäJ
áåàÉÅíáçå=éìãé=ãìëí=åçí=ÉñÅÉÉÇ=QR=ø`K
iìÄêáÅáíó
qÜÉ=äìÄêáÅáíó=çÑ=ÇáÉëÉä=ÑìÉä=áë=åçêã~ääó=ëìÑÑáÅáÉåíK=
qÜÉ=ÇÉëìäéÜìêáë~íáçå=çÑ=ÇáÉëÉä=ÑìÉäë=Å~å=êÉÇìÅÉ=
íÜÉáê=äìÄêáÅáíóK=fÑ=íÜÉ=ëìäéÜìê=ÅçåíÉåí=áë=ÉñíêÉãÉäó=
äçï=EYRMM=ééã=çê=MKMR=BFI=íÜÉ=äìÄêáÅáíó=ã~ó=åç=
äçåÖÉê= ÄÉ= ëìÑÑáÅáÉåíK= _ÉÑçêÉ= ìëáåÖ= ÇáÉëÉä= ÑìÉäë=
ïáíÜ=äçï= ëìäéÜìê= ÅçåíÉåíI= óçì= ëÜçìäÇ=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=
ÉåëìêÉ=íÜ~í=íÜÉáê=äìÄêáÅáíó=áë=ëìÑÑáÅáÉåíK=qÜáë=áë=íÜÉ=
Å~ëÉ=áÑ=íÜÉ=äìÄêáÅáíó=~ë=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=áå=fpl=NONRSJN=
ÇçÉë=åçí=ÉñÅÉÉÇ=ROM=”ãK
vçì=Å~å=ÉåëìêÉ=íÜ~í=íÜÉëÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=ïáää=ÄÉ=ãÉí=
Äó=ìëáåÖ=ãçíçê=îÉÜáÅäÉ=ÇáÉëÉä=ÑìÉä=áå=~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ=
ïáíÜ=bk=RVM=~ë=íÜáë=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅ=î~äìÉ=áë=~å=áåJ
íÉÖê~ä=é~êí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåK
fãéêçéÉê=Ü~åÇäáåÖ=çÑ=ÑìÉäë
^å~äóëÉë
MPMOJMPMP^^KÑã
tÉ=Å~å=~å~äóëÉ=ÑìÉä=Ñçê=ÅìëíçãÉêë=~í=çìê=ä~Äçê~J
íçêóK=^=MKR=ä=ë~ãéäÉ=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=íÉëíK
=m~ÖÉ=P=J=OS `J_^
PKT=nì~äáíó=çÑ=j~êáåÉ=aáÉëÉä=láäë=EjalF=
PKT nì~äáíó=çÑ=j~êáåÉ=aáÉëÉä=láäë=EjalF
líÜÉê=ÇÉëáÖå~íáçåë péÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçå
aáÉëÉä=ÑìÉä=çáäI=ÇáÉëÉä=çáäI=ã~êáåÉ=ÇáÉëÉä=ÑìÉäK qÜÉ=ëìáí~Äáäáíó=çÑ=~=ÑìÉä=ÇÉéÉåÇë=çå=íÜÉ=ÇÉëáÖå=çÑ=
íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=~î~áä~ÄäÉ=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=çéíáçåë=~ë=
j~êáåÉ=ÇáÉëÉä=çáä=EjalF=áë=çÑÑÉêÉÇ=ÉñÅäìëáîÉäó=Ñçê=
ïÉää=~ë=Åçãéäá~åÅÉ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=éêçéÉêíáÉë=áå=íÜÉ=ÑçäJ
ã~êáåÉ=~ééäáÅ~íáçåë=~ë=~=ÜÉ~îó=Çáëíáää~íÉ=EÇÉëáÖJ
äçïáåÖ=í~ÄäÉ=íÜ~í=êÉÑÉê=íç=íÜÉ=~ëJÇÉäáîÉêÉÇ=ÅçåÇáJ
å~íáçå=fplJcJaj_F=çê=~ë=~=ÄäÉåÇ=çÑ=Çáëíáää~íÉ=~åÇ=
íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉäK
äçï=~ãçìåíë=çÑ=êÉëáÇì~ä=çáä=EÇÉëáÖå~íáçå=fplJcJ
aj`FK=jal=áë=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉÇ=Ñêçã=ÅêìÇÉ=çáä=~åÇ= qÜÉ=éêçéÉêíáÉë=~êÉ=ÉëëÉåíá~ääó=ÇÉÑáåÉÇ=ìëáåÖ=íÜÉ=
ãìëí= ÄÉ= ÑêÉÉ=çÑ=çêÖ~åáÅ= ~ÅáÇë=~åÇ= åçåJãáåÉê~ä= fpl=UONTJOMMR=~åÇ=`fj^`JOMMP=ëí~åÇ~êÇë=~ë=
çáä=éêçÇìÅíëK íÜÉ= Ä~ëáëK= qÜÉ= éêçéÉêíáÉë= Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå= ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=
ìëáåÖ=íÜÉ=ëí~íÉÇ=íÉëí=éêçÅÉÇìêÉëK
mêçéÉêíóLÑÉ~íìêÉ råáí qÉëí=ãÉíÜçÇ aÉëáÖå~íáçå

fplJc=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçå J J aj_ aj`
aÉåëáíó=~í=NR==ø` âÖLãP fpl=PSTR Y=VMM Y=VOM
háåÉã~íáÅ=îáëÅçëáíó=~í=QM==ø` =[=OKR [=Q
ããOLë=Z=Åpí fpl=PNMQ
Y=NN= Y=NQ
mçìê=mçáåíI=ïáåíÉê=èì~äáíó Y=M Y=M
fpl=PMNS
mçìê=mçáåíI=ëìããÉê=èì~äáíó ø` Y=S Y=S
cä~ëÜ=éçáåí=EmÉåëâó=j~êíÉåëF fpl=OTNV [=SM [=SM
qçí~ä=ëÉÇáãÉåí=Ñê~Åíáçå tÉáÖÜí=B fpl=à=NMPMT Y=MKNM Y=MKNM
t~íÉê=ÅçåíÉåí sçäK=B fpl=PTPP Y=MKP Y=MKP
pìäéÜìê=ÅçåíÉåí fpl=UTRQ Y=OKM Y=OKM
^ëÜ=ÅçåíÉåí tÉáÖÜí=B fpl=SOQR Y=MKMN Y=MKMP
`~êÄçåÉ=êÉëáÇìÉ=EjòF fpl=à=NMPTM Y=MKPM Y=OKR
`Éí~åÉ=åìãÄÉê fpl=RNSR [=PR [=PR
J
`çééÉê=ëíêáé=íÉëí fpl=ONSM Y=N Y=N
s~å~Çáìã=ÅçåíÉåí afk=RNTVMqO M Y=NMM
ãÖLâÖ
^äìãáåáìã=~åÇ=ëáäáÅçå=ÅçåíÉåí fpl=NMQTU M Y=OR
sáëì~ä=áåëéÉÅíáçå J J NF J
líÜÉê=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåëW
_êáíáëÜ=pí~åÇ~êÇ=_p=j^=NMMJNVUT J J `ä~ëë=jO `ä~ëë=jP
^pqj=a=VTR J J Oa Qa
^pqj=a=PVS J J kçK=O kçK=Q
NF=qÜÉ=çáä=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=íê~åëé~êÉåí=~åÇ=ÅäÉ~ê=ìåÇÉê=ÖççÇ=äáÖÜíáåÖ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=~åÇ=~í=íÜÉ=êáÖÜí=~ãÄáÉåí=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉK
q~ÄäÉ=PJOM j~êáåÉ=ÇáÉëÉä=çáä=EjalF=Ó=âÉó=éêçéÉêíáÉë=íç=ÄÉ=~ÇÜÉêÉÇ=íç
MPMOJMPMO^^KÑã
iJ^g = m~ÖÉ=P=J=OT
PKT=nì~äáíó=çÑ=j~êáåÉ=aáÉëÉä=láäë=EjalF=
^ÇÇáíáçå~ä=áåÑçêã~íáçå tÉ= êÉÅçããÉåÇ= íÜÉ= áåëí~ää~íáçå= çÑ= ~= ëÉé~ê~íçê=

ìéëíêÉ~ã=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ÑáäíÉêI=é~êíáÅìä~êäó=áÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåJ
aìêáåÖ=íê~åëÜáéãÉåí=~åÇ=íê~åëÑÉêI=jal=áë=Ü~åJ
ÖáåÉ=áë=çéÉê~íÉÇ=ìëáåÖ=?ÄäÉåÇÉÇ=jal?I=áKÉK=ïáíÜ=
ÇäÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= ë~ãÉ= ã~ååÉê= ~ë= êÉëáÇì~ä= çáäK= qÜáë=
fplJcJaj`K=pÉé~ê~íáçå=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ
ãÉ~åë=íÜ~í=áí=áë=éçëëáÄäÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=çáä=íç=ÄÉ=ãáñÉÇ=
QM=Ó=RM=ø`K=qÜáë=ãÉ~åë=íÜ~í=ãçëí=ëçäáÇ=é~êíáÅäÉë=
ïáíÜ= ÜáÖÜJîáëÅçëáíó= ÑìÉä= çê= ÜÉ~îó= ÑìÉä= çáä= Ó= ïáíÜ=
Eë~åÇI=êìëí=~åÇ=Å~í~äóëí=é~êíáÅäÉëF=~åÇ=ï~íÉê=Å~å=
íÜÉ=êÉãå~åíë=çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=íóéÉë=çÑ=ÑìÉäë=áå=íÜÉ=ÄìåJ
ÄÉ=êÉãçîÉÇI=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=áåíÉêî~äë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑáäJ
âÉê= ëÜáéI= Ñçê= Éñ~ãéäÉ= Ó= íÜ~í= ÅçìäÇ= ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åíäó=
íÉê=ÉäÉãÉåíë=Å~å=ÄÉ=ÉñíÉåÇÉÇ=ÅçåëáÇÉê~ÄäóK
áãé~áê=íÜÉ=éêçéÉêíáÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=çáäK
qÜÉ= çáä= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ÑêÉÉ= çÑ= äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ= çáä= Eril= Ó= fãéêçéÉê=Ü~åÇäáåÖ=çÑ=ÑìÉäë
ìëÉÇ=äìÄÉ=çáäI=çäÇ=çáäFK=^=ÑìÉä=áë=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ=íç=ÄÉ=
ÑêÉÉ=çÑ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=áÑ=çåÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉäÉãÉåíë=wåI=m=
~åÇ=`~=Ñ~ääë=ÄÉäçï=íÜÉ=äáãáíë=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=ÄÉäçï=EwåW=
NR=ééãI=mW=NR=ééãI=`~W=PM=ééãFK
qÜÉ= éçìê= éçáåí= ëéÉÅáÑáÉë= íÜÉ= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= ~í=
ïÜáÅÜ=íÜÉ=çáä=åç=äçåÖÉê=ÑäçïëK=qÜÉ=äçïÉëí=íÉãJ ^å~äóëÉë
éÉê~íìêÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÑìÉä= áå= íÜÉ= ëóëíÉã= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= tÉ=Å~å=~å~äóëÉ=ÑìÉä=Ñçê=ÅìëíçãÉêë=~í=çìê=ä~Äçê~J
êçìÖÜäó=NM=ø`=~ÄçîÉ=íÜÉ=ëçäáÇáÑóáåÖ=éçáåí=íç=ÉåJ íçêóK=^=MKR=ä=ë~ãéäÉ=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=íÉëíK
ëìêÉ= íÜ~í= íÜÉ= êÉèìáêÉÇ= éìãéáåÖ= ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅë=
~êÉ=ã~áåí~áåÉÇK
^= ãáåáãìã= îáëÅçëáíó= ãìëí= ÄÉ= çÄëÉêîÉÇ= íç= ÉåJ
ëìêÉ=ëìÑÑáÅáÉåí=äìÄêáÅ~íáçå=áå=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=éìãéK=qÜÉ=
íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÑìÉä= ãìëí= íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ= åçí= ÉñJ
ÅÉÉÇ=SM=ø`=Ñçê=aj_=~åÇ=QR=ø`=Ñçê=aj`K
fÑ= ?ÄäÉåÇÉÇ= jalëÒ=EfplJcJaj`F=Ñêçã=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=
ÄìåâÉêë=~êÉ=ìëÉÇ=~åÇ=íÜÉëÉ=~êÉ=ãáñÉÇI=ëäìÇÖÉ=
ã~ó=Ñçêã=áå=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ëóëíÉã=ÇìÉ=íç=áåÅçãé~íáÄáäJ
áíóI= ëäìÇÖÉ= ã~ó= Ñçêã= áå= íÜÉ= ëÉé~ê~íçêI= íÜÉ= ÑáäíÉê=
ã~ó=ÄÉ=ÄäçÅâÉÇ=~åÇ=áåëìÑÑáÅáÉåí=~íçãáë~íáçå=~åÇ=
ÉñíÉåëáîÉ=ÇÉéçëáíë=çÑ=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=éêçÇìÅíë=ã~ó=
çÅÅìêK= tÉ= íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ= êÉÅçããÉåÇ= íÜ~í= íÜÉ= êÉäÉJ
î~åí=ÑìÉä=ëíçê~ÖÉ=í~åâ=áë=ÉãéíáÉÇ=~ë=ÅçãéäÉíÉäó=
~ë=éçëëáÄäÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=êÉÑìÉääáåÖ=ïáíÜ=~=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=ÑìÉäK
pÉ~ï~íÉê=Å~ìëÉë=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ëóëíÉã=íç=ÅçêêçÇÉ=~åÇ=
~äëç=äÉ~Çë=íç=Üçí=Åçêêçëáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=çìíäÉí=î~äîÉë=
~åÇ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉêK=pÉ~ï~íÉê=~äëç=Å~ìëÉë=áåëìÑÑáJ
ÅáÉåí=~íçãáë~íáçå=~åÇ=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=éççê=ãáñíìêÉ=ÑçêJ
ã~íáçå= ~ÅÅçãé~åáÉÇ= Äó= ~= ÜáÖÜ= éêçéçêíáçå= çÑ=
ÅçãÄìëíáçå=êÉëáÇìÉëK
pçäáÇ= ÑçêÉáÖå= ã~ííÉê= áåÅêÉ~ëÉ= ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä= ïÉ~ê=
~åÇ=Ñçêã~íáçå=çÑ=~ëÜ=áå=íÜÉ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=ëé~ÅÉK
MPMOJMPMO^^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=P=J=OU iJ^g
PKU=nì~äáíó=çÑ=eÉ~îó=cìÉä=láäë=EeclF=
PKU nì~äáíó=çÑ=eÉ~îó=cìÉä=láäë=EeclF
mêÉêÉèìáëáíÉë
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= ÑçìêJëíêçâÉ= ÇáÉëÉä= ÉåÖáåÉë= î~äìÉë?=éêçîáÇÉ=áãéçêí~åí=Ä~ÅâÖêçìåÇ=áåÑçêã~J
Å~å=ÄÉ=çéÉê~íÉÇ=ïáíÜ=~åó=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=çÄí~áåÉÇ= íáçå=~åÇ=ãìëí=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=ÄÉ=çÄëÉêîÉÇK
Ñêçã= ÅêìÇÉ= çáä= íÜ~í= ~äëç= ë~íáëÑáÉë= íÜÉ= êÉèìáêÉJ
aáÑÑÉêÉåí= áåíÉêå~íáçå~ä= ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåë= Éñáëí= Ñçê=
ãÉåíë=áå=q~ÄäÉ=NI=éêçîáÇáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~åÇ=ÑìÉä=
ÜÉ~îó= ÑìÉä= çáäëK= qÜÉ= ãçëí= áãéçêí~åí= ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~J
éêçÅÉëëáåÖ=ëóëíÉã=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=~ÅÅçêÇJ
íáçåë=~êÉ=fpl=UONTJOMMR=~åÇ=`fj^`JOMMP=~åÇ=
áåÖäóK= qç= ÉåëìêÉ= íÜ~í= íÜÉ= êÉä~íáçåëÜáé= ÄÉíïÉÉå=
~êÉ= ãçêÉ= çê= äÉëë= áÇÉåíáÅ~äK= qÜÉ= `fj^`JOMMP=
íÜÉ=Åçëí=çÑ=ÑìÉäI=ëé~êÉ=é~êíë=~åÇ=êÉé~áê=~åÇ=ã~áåJ
ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçå= áë= ëÜçïå= áå= ?q~ÄäÉ= PJOO= `fj^`=
íÉå~åÅÉ= ÉñéÉåÇáíìêÉ= êÉã~áåë= Ñ~îçìê~ÄäÉ= ~í= ~ää=
oÉÅçããÉåÇ~íáçåë= Ñçê= êÉëáÇì~ä= ÑìÉäë= Ñçê= ÇáÉëÉä=
íáãÉëI=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=éçáåíë=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=çÄëÉêîÉÇK
ÉåÖáåÉë= E~ë= ÄìåâÉêÉÇF?K= ^ää= èì~äáíáÉë= áå= íÜÉëÉ=
ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåë=ìé=íç=hTMM=Å~å=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇI=éêçîáÇJ
eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=EeclF
áåÖ= íÜÉ= ÑìÉä= éêÉé~ê~íáçå= ëóëíÉã= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= ÇÉJ
ëáÖåÉÇ= ~ÅÅçêÇáåÖäóK= eÉ~îó= ÑìÉä= çáäë= ïáíÜ= ~=
lêáÖáåLoÉÑáåÉêó=éêçÅÉëë
ã~ñáãìã= ÇÉåëáíó= çÑ= NIMNM=âÖLãP= Å~å= çåäó= ÄÉ=
qÜÉ=èì~äáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=ä~êÖÉäó=ÇÉéÉåÇë= ìëÉÇ=áÑ=ãçÇÉêå=ëÉé~ê~íçêë=~êÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇK
çå=íÜÉ=èì~äáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅêìÇÉ=çáä=~åÇ=~äëç=íÜÉ=êÉÑáåJ
áåÖ=éêçÅÉëë=ìëÉÇK=qÜáë=áë=ïÜó=íÜÉ=éêçéÉêíáÉë=çÑ= fãéçêí~åí
ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáäë=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=îáëÅçëáíó=Å~å=î~êó=
qÜÉ=ÑìÉä=éêçéÉêíáÉë=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=í~ÄäÉ=ÉåíáíäÉÇ=
ÅçåëáÇÉê~Ääó= ÇÉéÉåÇáåÖ= çå= íÜÉ= ÄìåâÉê= éçëáJ
?qÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçå=~åÇ=ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ=éêçéJ
íáçåëK=eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=áë=åçêã~ääó=~=ãáñíìêÉ=çÑ=êÉJ
ÉêíáÉë= Ñçê= ÜÉ~îó= ÑìÉä= çáä?= éêçÄ~Ääó= Çç= åçí= ~ÇÉJ
ëáÇì~ä=çáä=~åÇ=Çáëíáää~íÉëK=qÜÉ=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=
èì~íÉäó= ÇÉÑáåÉ= íÜÉ= áÖåáíáçå= ~åÇ= ÅçãÄìëíáçå=
ãáñíìêÉ=~êÉ=åçêã~ääó=çÄí~áåÉÇ=Ñêçã=ãçÇÉêå=êÉJ
éêçéÉêíáÉëI= ÉîÉå= áÑ= íÜÉó= ë~íáëÑó= íÜÉ= ~ÄçîÉ= êÉJ
ÑáåÉêó= éêçÅÉëëÉëI= ëìÅÜ= ~ë= `~íÅê~ÅâÉê= çê= sáëJ
èìáêÉãÉåíëK= qÜáë= ãÉ~åë= íÜ~í= íÜÉ= çéÉê~íáåÖ= ÄÉJ
ÄêÉ~âÉêK= qÜÉëÉ= éêçÅÉëëÉë= Å~å= ~ÇîÉêëÉäó= ~ÑÑÉÅí=
Ü~îáçìê=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Å~å=ÇÉéÉåÇ=çå=éêçéÉêíáÉë=
íÜÉ=ëí~Äáäáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=~ë=ïÉää=~ë=áíë=áÖåáíáçå=~åÇ=
íÜ~í= ~êÉ= åçí= ÇÉÑáåÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåK= qÜáë=
ÅçãÄìëíáçå= éêçéÉêíáÉëK= qÜÉ= éêçÅÉëëáåÖ= çÑ= íÜÉ=
é~êíáÅìä~êäó=~ééäáÉë=Ñçê=íÜÉ=éêçéÉêíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=çáä=íÜ~í=
ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=~åÇ=íÜÉ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=êÉëìäí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåJ
Å~ìëÉë=íÜÉ=Ñçêã~íáçå=çÑ=ÇÉéçëáíë=áå=íÜÉ=ÅçãÄìëJ
ÖáåÉ=~äëç=ÇÉéÉåÇ=ÜÉ~îáäó=çå=íÜÉëÉ=Ñ~ÅíçêëK
íáçå=ÅÜ~ãÄÉêI=íÜÉ=áåàÉÅíáçå=ëóëíÉãI=áå=Ö~ë=ÇìÅíë=
_ìåâÉê= éçëáíáçåë= ïáíÜ= ëí~åÇ~êÇáëÉÇ= ÜÉ~îó= ÑìÉä= ~åÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëíJÖ~ë=ëóëíÉãK=fí=ã~ó=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=
çáä= èì~äáíáÉë= ëÜçìäÇ= éêÉÑÉê~Ääó= ÄÉ= ìëÉÇK= fÑ= çáäë= ÄÉ=åÉÅÉëë~êó=íç=ÉñÅäìÇÉ=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=ÑìÉäë=íÜ~í=ÅçìäÇ=
åÉÉÇ= íç= ÄÉ= éìêÅÜ~ëÉÇ= Ñêçã= áåÇÉéÉåÇÉåí= ÇÉ~äJ Å~ìëÉ=éêçÄäÉãëK
ÉêëI=~äëç=ÉåëìêÉ=íÜ~í=íÜÉëÉ=~äëç=Åçãéäó=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=
áåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåëK=qÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=çéÉê~íçê= _äÉåÇë
áë= êÉëéçåëáÄäÉ= Ñçê= ÉåëìêáåÖ= íÜ~í= ëìáí~ÄäÉ= ÜÉ~îó=
ÑìÉä=çáäë=~êÉ=ÅÜçëÉåK qÜÉ= ~ÇÇáíáçå= çÑ= ÉåÖáåÉ= çáäë= EçäÇ= äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ= çáäI=
ril=Ó=ìëÉÇ=äìÄÉ=çáäF=~åÇ=~ÇÇáíáîÉë=íÜ~í=Ü~îÉ=åçí=
ÄÉÉå= ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉÇ= Ñêçã= ãáåÉê~ä= çáäëI= EÅç~äJí~ê=
péÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåë
çáäI=Ñçê=Éñ~ãéäÉFI=~åÇ=êÉëáÇì~ä=éêçÇìÅíë=çÑ=ÅÜÉãJ
cìÉäë=íÜ~í=~êÉ=áåíÉåÇÉÇ=Ñçê=ìëÉ=áå=~å=ÉåÖáåÉ=ãìëí= áÅ~ä=çê=çíÜÉê=éêçÅÉëëÉë=ëìÅÜ=~ë=ëçäîÉåíë=EéçäóJ
ë~íáëÑó= íÜÉ= ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåë= íç= ÉåëìêÉ= ëìÑÑáÅáÉåí= ãÉêë=çê=ÅÜÉãáÅ~ä=ï~ëíÉF=áë=åçí=éÉêãáííÉÇK=pçãÉ=
èì~äáíóK= qÜÉ= äáãáí= î~äìÉë= Ñçê= ÜÉ~îó= ÑìÉä= çáäë= ~êÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= êÉ~ëçåë= Ñçê= íÜáë= ~êÉ= ~ë= ÑçääçïëW= ~Äê~ëáîÉ=
ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ= áå= ?q~ÄäÉ= PJON= cìÉä= çáä= ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåë= ~åÇ=ÅçêêçëáîÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíëI=ìåÑ~îçìê~ÄäÉ=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=
MPMOJMPMN^^KÑã
~åÇ=~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅ=î~äìÉë?K ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅëI= éççê= Åçãé~íáÄáäáíó= ïáíÜ= ãáåÉê~ä=

qÜÉ=ÉåíêáÉë=áå=íÜÉ=ä~ëí=Åçäìãå=çÑ=?q~ÄäÉ=PJON=cìÉä= çáäë= ~åÇI= ä~ëí= Äìí= åçí= äÉ~ëíI= ~ÇîÉêëÉ= ÉÑÑÉÅíë= çå=
çáä= ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåë= ~åÇ= ~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ= ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅ=
iJ^g ==m~ÖÉ=P=J=OV
íÜÉ=ÉåîáêçåãÉåíK=qÜÉ=çêÇÉê=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ãìëí=ÉñJ
éêÉëëäó= ëí~íÉ= ïÜ~í= áë= åçí= éÉêãáííÉÇ= ~ë= íÜÉ= ÑìÉä=
ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåë= íÜ~í= ÖÉåÉê~ääó= ~ééäó= Çç= åçí= áåJ
ÅäìÇÉ=íÜáë=äáãáí~íáçåK
fÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ=çáäë=EçäÇ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáäI=ril=Ó=ìëÉÇ=äìÄÉ=
çáäF=~êÉ=~ÇÇÉÇ=íç=ÑìÉäI=íÜáë=ÇçÉë=éçëÉ=é~êíáÅìä~ê=
Ç~åÖÉê=~ë=íÜÉ=~ÇÇáíáîÉë=áå=íÜÉ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=~Åí=
~ë=ÉãìäëáÑáÉêë=íÜ~í=Å~ìëÉ=ÇáêíI=ï~íÉê=~åÇ=Å~íÑáåÉë=
íç= ÄÉ= íê~åëéçêíÉÇ= ~ë= ÑáåÉ= ëìëéÉåëáçåK= qÜÉó=
íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=éêÉîÉåí=íÜÉ=åÉÅÉëë~êó=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=
ÑìÉäK=få=çìê=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉ=E~åÇ= íÜáë= Ü~ë= ~äëç=ÄÉÉå=
íÜÉ=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉ=çÑ=çíÜÉê=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêëFI=íÜáë=Å~å=
ëÉîÉêÉäó= Ç~ã~ÖÉ= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= ~åÇ= íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=
ÅçãéçåÉåíëK
qÜÉ= çáä= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ÑêÉÉ= çÑ= äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ= çáä= Eril= Ó=
ìëÉÇ=äìÄÉ=çáäI=çäÇ=çáäFK=^=ÑìÉä=áë=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ=íç=ÄÉ=
ÑêÉÉ=çÑ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=áÑ=çåÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉäÉãÉåíë=wåI=m=
~åÇ=`~=Ñ~ääë=ÄÉäçï=íÜÉ=äáãáíë=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=ÄÉäçï=EwåW=
NR=ééãI=mW=NR=ééãI=`~W=PM=ééãFK
qÜÉ= ~ÇÇáíáçå= çÑ= ÅÜÉãáÅ~ä= ï~ëíÉ= éêçÇìÅíë= EëçäJ
îÉåíëI=Ñçê=Éñ~ãéäÉF=íç=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=áë=éêçÜáÄáíÉÇ=Ñçê=
ÉåîáêçåãÉåí~ä= éêçíÉÅíáçå= êÉ~ëçåë= ~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ= íç=
íÜÉ= êÉëçäìíáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= fjl= j~êáåÉ= båîáêçåãÉåí=
mêçíÉÅíáçå= `çããáííÉÉ= é~ëëÉÇ= çå= Nëí= g~åì~êó=
NVVOK
iÉ~âÉÇ=çáä=ÅçääÉÅíçê
iÉ~â= çáä= ÅçääÉÅíçêë= íÜ~í= ~Åí= ~ë= êÉÅÉéí~ÅäÉë= Ñçê=
äÉ~â=çáäI=~åÇ=~äëç=êÉíìêå=~åÇ=çîÉêÑäçï=äáåÉë=áå=íÜÉ=
äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=ëóëíÉãI=ãìëí=åçí=ÄÉ=ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ=íç=
íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=í~åâK=iÉ~â=çáä=äáåÉë=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ÉãéíáÉÇ=áå=
ëäìÇÖÉ=íê~éëK
MPMOJMPMN^^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=P=J=PM iJ^g
cìÉäJëóëíÉã=êÉä~íÉÇ=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅ=î~äìÉë
sáëÅçëáíó= ããOLë= ?sáëÅçëáíóLáåàÉÅíáçå=îáëÅçëáíóI=é~ÖÉ=PJPP?
TMM
E~í=RM=ø`F EÅpíF=
sáëÅçëáíó= ?sáëÅçëáíóLáåàÉÅíáçå=îáëÅçëáíóI=é~ÖÉ=PJPP?
ã~ñK RR
E~í=NMM=ø`F
aÉåëáíó= ÖLãä= ?eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=éêçÅÉëëáåÖI=é~ÖÉ=PJPP?
NIMNM
E~í=NR=ø`F
cä~ëÜ=éçáåí ø` ãáåK SM ?cä~ëÜ=éçáåí=E^pqj=a=VPFI=é~ÖÉ=PJPR?
mçìê=éçáåí= ?içï=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÄÉÜ~îáçìê=E^pqj=a=VTFI=é~ÖÉ=PJPR?I=
PM
EëìããÉêF ã~ñK ~åÇ=?mìãé=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅëI=é~ÖÉ=PJPR?
mçìê=éçáåí= ?içï=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÄÉÜ~îáçìê=E^pqj=a=VTFI=é~ÖÉ=PJPR?I=
PM
EïáåíÉêF ~åÇ=?mìãé=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅëI=é~ÖÉ=PJPR?
båÖáåÉÓêÉä~íÉÇ=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅ=î~äìÉë
`~êÄçå=  ?`çãÄìëíáçå=éêçéÉêíáÉëI=é~ÖÉ=PJPR?
êÉëáÇìÉë=  OO
E`çåê~ÇçåF 
pìäéÜìê= tÉáÖÜí=B =R ?pìäéÜìêáÅ=~ÅáÇ=ÅçêêçëáçåI=é~ÖÉ=PJPU?
ÅçåíÉåí táíÜ=ã~êáåÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=
QKR
^ëÜ ?eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=éêçÅÉëëáåÖI=é~ÖÉ=PJPP?
ã~ñK MKOM
ÅçåíÉåí
s~å~Çáìã= ãÖLâÖ ?eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=éêçÅÉëëáåÖI=é~ÖÉ=PJPP?
SMM
ÅçåíÉåí
t~íÉê sçäìãÉ=B ?eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=éêçÅÉëëáåÖI=é~ÖÉ=PJPP?
N
ÅçåíÉåí
pÉÇáãÉåí= tÉáÖÜí=B
MKN J
EéçíÉåíá~äF
pìééäÉãÉåí~êó=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅ=î~äìÉë
^äìãáåáìã= ãÖLâÖ ?eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=éêçÅÉëëáåÖI=é~ÖÉ=PJPP?
~åÇ=ëáäáJ
UM
Åáìã=ÅçåJ
íÉåí=Eíçí~äF
^ëéÜ~äí= tÉáÖÜí=B ã~ñK OLP=çÑ=Å~êÄçå=êÉëáÇìÉ= ?`çãÄìëíáçå=éêçéÉêíáÉëI=é~ÖÉ=PJPR?
ÅçåíÉåí= E~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=`çåê~ÇJ
ëçåF
pçÇáìã= ãÖLâÖ pçÇáìã=Y=NLP=î~å~ÇáìãI= ?eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=éêçÅÉëëáåÖI=é~ÖÉ=PJPP?
ÅçåíÉåí ëçÇáìã=Y=NMM
`Éí~åÉ=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=äçï=îáëÅçëáíó=ÅçåëíáíìÉåí=~í=äÉ~ëí=PR ?fÖåáíáçå=èì~äáíóI=é~ÖÉ=PJPS?
qÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÑêÉÉ=çÑ=~ÇãáñíìêÉë=íÜ~í=Å~ååçí=ÄÉ=çÄí~áåÉÇ=Ñêçã=ãáåÉê~ä=çáäëI=ëìÅÜ=~ë=îÉÖÉí~ÄäÉ=çê=Åç~äJí~ê=çáäëK=
fí=ãìëí=~äëç=ÄÉ=ÑêÉÉ=çÑ=í~ê=çáä=~åÇ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=EçäÇ=çáäFI=~åÇ=~äëç=ÅÜÉãáÅ~ä=ï~ëíÉ=éêçÇìÅíë=ëìÅÜ=~ë=ëçäîÉåíë=çê=éçäóJ
ãÉêëK
q~ÄäÉ=PJON cìÉä=çáä=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåë=~åÇ=~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅ=î~äìÉë
MPMOJMPMN^^KÑã
iJ^g ==m~ÖÉ=P=J=PN
`Ü~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅë råáí iáãáí `fj^` `fj^` `fj^` `fj^` `fj^` `fj^` `fj^` `fj^` `fj^` `fj^` qÉëí=ãÉíÜçÇ=
^PM _PM aUM b=NUM c=NUM d=PUM e=PUM h=PUM e=TMM h=TMM êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ
=m~ÖÉ=P=J=PO
aÉåëáíó=~í=NR=ø` âÖLãP= fpl=PSTR=çê
VSMKM VTRKM VUMKM VVNKM VVNKM NIMNMKM VVNKM NIMNMKM
=fpl=NONUR
ã~ñK
NF=N=ããOLë=Z=N=ÅpíK
háåÉã~íáÅ=îáëÅçëáíó ããOLëNF= K
=~í=RM=ø` PMKM UMKM NUMKM PUMKM TMMKM fpl=PNMQ
ãáåKOF
OOKM J J J J fpl=PNMQ
cä~ëÜ=éçáåí ø`
SM SM SM SM SM fpl=OTNV
mçìê=éçáåí=EìééÉêF ø`
JïáåíÉê=èì~äáíó M OQ PM PM PM PM fpl=PMNS
JëìããÉê=èì~äáíó S OQ PM PM PM PM fpl=PMNS
`~êÄçå=êÉëáÇìÉ B
EãLãF NM NQ NR OM NU OO OO fpl=NMPTM
^ëÜ B
mêçíçÅçä=ÅçãÉë=áåíç=ÑçêÅÉK=qÜÉêÉ=ã~ó=ÄÉ=äçÅ~ä=î~êá~íáçåëK
EãLãF MKNM MKNM MKNM MKNR MKNR MKNR fpl=SOQR
t~íÉê B ã~ñK
EsLsF MKR MKR MKR MKR MKR fpl=PTPP
pìäÑìêPF B fpl=NQRVS
EãLãF PKR QKMM QKRM QKRM QKR
=çê=fpl=UTRQ
s~å~Çáìã ãÖLâÖ fpl=NQRVS

NRM PRM OMM RMM PMM SMM SMM
çê=fm=RMN
qçí~ä=ëÉÇáãÉåí B fpl
q~ÄäÉ=PJOO `fj^`=oÉÅçããÉåÇ~íáçåë=Ñçê=êÉëáÇì~ä=ÑìÉäë=Ñçê=ÇáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉë=E~ë=ÄìåâÉêÉÇF
=éçíÉåíá~ä EãLãF MKNM MKNM MKNM MKNM MKNM
NMPMTJO
^äìãáåáìã=éäìë ãÖLâÖ
=ëáäáÅçå UM UM UM UM UM fpl=NMQTU
rëÉÇ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ  qÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ëÜ~ää=ÄÉ=ÑêÉÉ=çÑ=rilK=^=ÑìÉä=ëÜ~ää=ÄÉ=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ=íç=ÄÉ=ÑêÉÉ=çÑ=ril=áÑ=çåÉ=çêÉ=ãçêÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉäÉãÉåíëä=wáåÅI 
OF=cìÉäë=ïáíÜ=ÇÉåëáíó=ÅäçëÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ã~ñáãìãI=Äìí=ïáíÜ=îÉêó=äçï=îáëÅçëáíóI=ã~ó=ÉñÜáÄáí=éççê=áÖåáíáçå=èì~äáíóK
=çáä=ErilF  mÜçëéÜçêìë=~åÇ=`~äÅáìã=~êÉ=ÄÉäçï=çê=~í=íÜÉ=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=äáãáíëK=^ää=íÜêÉÉ=ÉäÉãÉåíë=ãìëí=ÉñÅÉÉÇ=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=äáãáíë 
  =ÄÉÑçêÉ=~=ÑìÉä=ëÜ~ää=ÄÉ=ÇÉÉãÉÇ=íç=Åçåí~áå=rilK 
  
wáåÅ ãÖLâÖ NR fmRMN=çê=fmQTM
J
mÜçëéÜçêìë ãÖLâÖ fmRMN=çê=fmRMM
NR
PF=^=ëìäéÜìê=äáãáí=çÑ=NKR=B=ãã=ïáää=~ééäó=áå=plñ=bãáëëáçå=`çåíêçä=^êÉ~ë=ÇÉëáÖå~íÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=fjlI=ïÜÉå=áí=áë=êÉäÉî~åíK
`~äÅáìã ãÖLâÖ
J fmRMN=çê=fmQTM
J PM
iJ^g
MPMOJMPMN^^KÑã
^ÇÇáíáçå~ä=áåÑçêã~íáçå
qÜÉ= éìêéçëÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÑçääçïáåÖ= áåÑçêã~íáçå= áë= íç= eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=éêçÅÉëëáåÖ
ëÜçï= íÜÉ= êÉä~íáçåëÜáé= ÄÉíïÉÉå= íÜÉ= èì~äáíó= çÑ=
tÜÉíÜÉê=çê=åçí=éêçÄäÉãë=çÅÅìê=ïÜÉå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=
ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáäI=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=éêçÅÉëëáåÖI
áë= áå= çéÉê~íáçå= ÇÉéÉåÇë= çå= Üçï= Å~êÉÑìääó= íÜÉ=
íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=~åÇ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=êÉëìäíë=ãçêÉ=
ÜÉ~îó= ÑìÉä= çáä= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= éêçÅÉëëÉÇK= m~êíáÅìä~ê=
ÅäÉ~êäóK
Å~êÉ=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=í~âÉå=íç=ÉåëìêÉ=íÜ~í=ÜáÖÜäóJ~Äê~J
ëáîÉ=~åçêÖ~åáÅ=ÑçêÉáÖå=ã~ííÉê=EÅ~í~äóëí=é~êíáÅäÉëI=
pÉäÉÅíáçå=çÑ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä êìëíI=ë~åÇF=~êÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉäó=êÉãçîÉÇK=fí=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=
bÅçåçãáÅ= çéÉê~íáçå= ïáíÜ= ÜÉ~îó= ÑìÉä= çáä= ïáíÜáå= ëÜçïå=áå=éê~ÅíáëÉ=íÜ~í=ïÉ~ê=~ë=~=êÉëìäí=çÑ=~Äê~J
íÜÉ=äáãáí=î~äìÉë=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=áå= ?q~ÄäÉ=PJON=cìÉä=çáä= ëáçå=áå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉë=ÅçåëáÇÉê~Ääó=áÑ=íÜÉ=
ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåë=~åÇ=~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅ=î~äJ ~äìãáåáìã= ~åÇ= ëáäáÅáìã= ÅçåíÉåí= áë= ÜáÖÜÉê= íÜ~å=
ìÉë?=áë=éçëëáÄäÉ=ìåÇÉê=åçêã~ä=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ÅçåÇáJ NR=ãÖLâÖK
íáçåëI= éêçîáÇÉÇ= íÜÉ= ëóëíÉã= áë= ïçêâáåÖ= éêçéÉêäó= sáëÅçëáíó=~åÇ=ÇÉåëáíó=áåÑäìÉåÅÉ=íÜÉ=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=ÉÑJ
~åÇ=êÉÖìä~ê=ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ=áë=Å~êêáÉÇ=çìíK=fÑ=íÜÉëÉ= ÑÉÅíK=qÜáë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=í~âÉå=áåíç=~ÅÅçìåí=ïÜÉå=ÇÉJ
êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë= ~êÉ= åçí= ë~íáëÑáÉÇI= ëÜçêíÉê= ã~áåíÉJ ëáÖåáåÖ=~åÇ=ã~âáåÖ=~ÇàìëíãÉåíë=íç=íÜÉ=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=
å~åÅÉ=áåíÉêî~äëI=ÜáÖÜÉê=ïÉ~ê=~åÇ=~=ÖêÉ~íÉê=åÉÉÇ= ëóëíÉãK
Ñçê=ëé~êÉ=é~êíë=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ÉñéÉÅíÉÇK=qÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=
ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ=áåíÉêî~äë=~åÇ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=êÉëìäíë=ÇÉJ pÉííäáåÖ=í~åâ
íÉêãáåÉ=ïÜáÅÜ=èì~äáíó=çÑ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ= qÜÉ= ÜÉ~îó= ÑìÉä= çáä= áë= éêÉÅäÉ~åÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= ëÉííäáåÖ=
ìëÉÇK í~åâK=qÜÉ=äçåÖÉê=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=êÉã~áåë=áå=íÜÉ=í~åâ=~åÇ=
fí=áë=~å=Éëí~ÄäáëÜÉÇ=Ñ~Åí=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=éêáÅÉ=~Çî~åí~ÖÉ= íÜÉ=äçïÉê=íÜÉ=îáëÅçëáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=áëI=íÜÉ=
ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉë=~ë=îáëÅçëáíó=áåÅêÉ~ëÉëK=fí=áë=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ= ãçêÉ= ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ= íÜÉ= éêÉÅäÉ~åáåÖ= éêçÅÉëë= ïáää= ÄÉ=
åçí=~äï~óë=ÉÅçåçãáÅ~ä=íç=ìëÉ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ= Eã~ñáãìã= éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= çÑ= TR=ø`= íç=
ÜáÖÜÉëí=îáëÅçëáíó=~ë=áå=ã~åó=Å~ëÉë=íÜÉ=èì~äáíó=çÑ= éêÉîÉåí=íÜÉ=Ñçêã~íáçå=çÑ=~ëéÜ~äí=áå=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=
íÜáë=ÑìÉä=ïáää=åçí=ÄÉ=íÜÉ=ÄÉëíK çáäFK=^=ëÉííäáåÖ=í~åâ=áë=ëìÑÑáÅáÉåí=Ñçê=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáäë=
ïáíÜ=~=îáëÅçëáíó=çÑ=äÉëë=íÜ~å=PUM=ããOLë=~í=RM=ø`K=
sáëÅçëáíóLáåàÉÅíáçå=îáëÅçëáíó fÑ=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=Ü~ë=~=ÜáÖÜ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çÑ=
ÑçêÉáÖå=ã~ííÉê=çê=áÑ=ÑìÉäë=áå=~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ=ïáíÜ=fplJ
eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáäë=ïáíÜ=~=ÜáÖÜ=îáëÅçëáíó=ã~ó=ÄÉ=çÑ=~å= cJojI=dLeLhPUM=çê=eLhTMM=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇI=íïç=
áåÑÉêáçê= èì~äáíóK= qÜÉ= ã~ñáãìã= éÉêãáëëáÄäÉ= îáëJ ëÉííäáåÖ=í~åâë=ïáää=ÄÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=çåÉ=çÑ=ïÜáÅÜ=ãìëí=
Åçëáíó= ÇÉéÉåÇë= çå= íÜÉ= éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ= ëóëíÉã= áåJ ÄÉ=ëáòÉÇ=Ñçê=OQJÜçìê=çéÉê~íáçåK=_ÉÑçêÉ=íÜÉ=ÅçåJ
ëí~ääÉÇ= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= Å~é~Åáíó= EíÜêçìÖÜéìíF= çÑ= íÜÉ= íÉåí= áë= ãçîÉÇ= íç= íÜÉ= ëÉêîáÅÉ= í~åâI= ï~íÉê= ~åÇ=
ëÉé~ê~íçêK ëäìÇÖÉ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=Çê~áåÉÇ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ëÉííäáåÖ=í~åâK
qÜÉ=éêÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=áåàÉÅíáçå=îáëÅçëáíó=çÑ= pÉé~ê~íçêë
NOÓNQ=ããOLë= EÑçê= dÉåpÉíë= NSLOQI= ONLPNI= OPL
PMeI=OTLPU=~åÇ=OULPOeW=NO=Ó=NU=ÅpíF=~åÇ=ÅçêêÉJ ^=ëÉé~ê~íçê=áë=é~êíáÅìä~êäó=ëìáí~ÄäÉ=Ñçê=ëÉé~ê~íáåÖ=
ëéçåÇáåÖ=ÑìÉä=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ìéëíêÉ~ã=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåJ ã~íÉêá~ä= ïáíÜ= ~= ÜáÖÜÉê= ëéÉÅáÑáÅ= ÇÉåëáíó= Ó= ï~íÉêI=
ÖáåÉ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=çÄëÉêîÉÇK=qÜáë=áë=íÜÉ=çåäó=ï~ó=íç= ÑçêÉáÖå= ã~ííÉê= ~åÇ= ëäìÇÖÉI= Ñçê= Éñ~ãéäÉK= qÜÉ=
ÉåëìêÉ=ÉÑÑáÅáÉåí=~íçãáë~íáçå=~åÇ=ãáñíìêÉ=Ñçêã~J ëÉé~ê~íçêë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ëÉäÑJÅäÉ~åáåÖ=EáKÉK=íÜÉ=ÅäÉ~åJ
íáçå=~åÇ=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=äçïJêÉëáÇìÉ=ÅçãÄìëíáçåK=qÜáë= áåÖ=áåíÉêî~äë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=íêáÖÖÉêÉÇ=~ìíçã~íáÅ~ääóFK
~äëç=éêÉîÉåíë=ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=çîÉêäç~ÇáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=áåJ låäó= ëÉé~ê~íçêë= áå= íÜÉ= åÉï= ÖÉåÉê~íáçå= ã~ó= ÄÉ=
àÉÅíáçå=ëóëíÉãK=cçê=íÜÉ=éêÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=áåàÉÅíáçå=îáëJ ìëÉÇK=qÜÉó=~êÉ=ÉñíêÉãÉäó=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=íÜêçìÖÜçìí=~=
Åçëáíó= ~åÇLçê= íÜÉ= êÉèìáêÉÇ= ÑìÉä= çáä= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= ïáÇÉ=ê~åÖÉ=çÑ=ÇÉåëáíáÉë=ïáíÜ=åç=ÅÜ~åÖÉçîÉê=êÉJ
ìéëíêÉ~ã= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉI= êÉÑÉê= íç= íÜÉ= îáëÅçëáíó= èìáêÉÇ=~åÇ=Å~å=ëÉé~ê~íÉ=ï~íÉê=Ñêçã=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=
íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Çá~Öê~ãK çáäë=ïáíÜ=~=ÇÉåëáíó=çÑ=ìé=íç=
MPMOJMPMN^^KÑã
çÑ=NKMN=ÖLãä=~í=NR=ø`K
iJ^g ==m~ÖÉ=P=J=PP
?q~ÄäÉ=PJOP=lÄí~áå~ÄäÉ=ÅçåíÉåíë=çÑ=ÑçêÉáÖå=ã~íJ íÜÉ=Ä~ëáë=Ñçê=ÇáãÉåëáçåáåÖ=íÜÉ=ëÉé~ê~íçê=~åÇ=ÉåJ
íÉê=~åÇ=ï~íÉê=E~ÑíÉê=ëÉéÉê~íáçåF?=ëÜçïë=íÜÉ=éêÉJ ëìêÉ=Åçãéäá~åÅÉK
êÉèìáëáíÉë= íÜ~í= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ãÉí= Äó= íÜÉ= ëÉé~ê~íçêK=
qÜÉ=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêDë=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÅçãJ
qÜÉëÉ=äáãáí=î~äìÉë=~êÉ=ìëÉÇ=Äó=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêë=~ë=
éäáÉÇ=ïáíÜ=íç=ã~ñáãáëÉ=íÜÉ=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=ÉÑÑÉÅíK===
j~êáåÉ=~åÇ=ëí~íáçå~êó=~ééäáJ
Å~íáçåW=ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ=áå=é~ê~ääÉä
N=ëÉé~ê~íçê=Ñçê=
===NMM=B=íÜêçìÖÜéìíK
N=ëÉé~ê~íçê=EêÉëÉêîÉF=Ñçê
===NMM=B=íÜêçìÖÜéìíK
cáÖìêÉ=PJN eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=ÅäÉ~åáåÖLëÉé~ê~íçê=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí
qÜÉ=ëÉé~ê~íçêë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=~êê~åÖÉÇ=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç= =?q~ÄäÉ=PJOP=lÄí~áå~ÄäÉ=ÅçåíÉåíë=çÑ=ÑçêÉáÖå=ã~íJ
íÜÉ= ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêëD= ÅìêêÉåí= êÉÅçããÉåÇ~íáçåë= íÉê= ~åÇ= ï~íÉê= E~ÑíÉê= ëÉéÉê~íáçåF?= ÉåíáíäÉÇ=
E^äéÜ~i~î~ä=~åÇ=tÉëíÑ~äá~FK=qÜÉ=ÇÉåëáíó=~åÇ=îáëJ ?^ÅÜáÉî~ÄäÉ= éêçéçêíáçå= çÑ= ÑçêÉáÖå= ã~ííÉê= ~åÇ=
Åçëáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=áå=é~êíáÅìä~ê=ãìëí=ÄÉ= ï~íÉê?=Ñçê=~åçêÖ~åáÅ=ÑçêÉáÖå=ã~ííÉê=~åÇ=ï~íÉê=áå=
í~âÉå=áåíç=~ÅÅçìåíK=fÑ=ëÉé~ê~íçêë=Äó=çíÜÉê=ã~åJ íÜÉ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=ïáää=ÄÉ=~ÅÜáÉîÉÇ=~í=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=
ìÑ~ÅíìêÉêë=~êÉ=ìëÉÇI=j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=ëÜçìäÇ= áåäÉíK
ÄÉ=ÅçåëìäíÉÇK
oÉëìäíë= çÄí~áåÉÇ= ÇìêáåÖ= çéÉê~íáçå= áå= éê~ÅíáëÉ=
fÑ= éêçÅÉëëáåÖ= áë= Å~êêáÉÇ= çìí= áå= ~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ= ïáíÜ= ëÜçï=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ïÉ~ê=~í=çÅÅìêë=~ë=~=êÉëìäí=çÑ=~Äê~J
íÜÉ= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåë= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ëáçå=áå=íÜÉ=áåàÉÅíáçå=ëóëíÉã=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ïáää=
ÅçêêÉÅí= ëÉé~ê~íçêë= ~êÉ= ÅÜçëÉåI= áí= ã~ó= ÄÉ= ~ëJ êÉã~áå= ïáíÜáå= ~ÅÅÉéí~ÄäÉ= äáãáíë= áÑ= íÜÉëÉ= î~äìÉë=
ëìãÉÇ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=êÉëìäíë=ëí~íÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ ~êÉ=ÅçãéäáÉÇ=ïáíÜK=få=~ÇÇáíáçåI=~å=çéíáãìã=äìÄêáJ
Å~íáåÖ=çáä=íêÉ~íãÉåí=éêçÅÉëë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÉåëìêÉÇK
aÉÑáåáíáçå m~êíáÅäÉ=ëáòÉ nì~åíáíó

^åçêÖ~åáÅ=ÑçêÉáÖå=ã~ííÉê
Y=R==”ã Y=OM=ãÖLâÖ==
áåÅäìÇáåÖ=Å~í~äóëí=êÉëáÇìÉë
^äHpá=ÅçåíÉåí J Y=N=R==ãÖLâÖ
t~íÉê=ÅçåíÉåí J Y=MKO=B=Äó=îçäìãÉ=B
q~ÄäÉ=PJOP lÄí~áå~ÄäÉ=ÅçåíÉåíë=çÑ=ÑçêÉáÖå=ã~ííÉê=~åÇ=ï~íÉê=E~ÑíÉê=ëÉéÉê~íáçåF
t~íÉê Ñçêã~íáçå= áå= íÜÉ= ÑìÉä= ëóëíÉã= ~åÇ= íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ= áãJ
é~áêë=íÜÉ=ëìééäóI=~íçãáë~íáçå=~åÇ=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=çÑ=
fí=áë=é~êíáÅìä~êäó=áãéçêí~åí=íç=ÉåëìêÉ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ï~J
íÜÉ= ÜÉ~îó= ÑìÉä= çáäK= fÑ= íÜÉ= ï~íÉê= ~ÄëçêÄÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ=
íÉê=ëÉé~ê~íáçå=éêçÅÉëë=áë=~ë=íÜçêçìÖÜ=~ë=éçëëáJ
ÑìÉä= áë= ëÉ~ï~íÉêI= Ü~êãÑìä= ëçÇáìã= ÅÜäçêáÇÉ= ~åÇ=
MPMOJMPMN^^KÑã
ÄäÉ=~ë=íÜÉ=ï~íÉê=í~âÉë=íÜÉ=Ñçêã=çÑ=ä~êÖÉ=ÇêçéäÉíëI=
çíÜÉê=ë~äíë=ÇáëëçäîÉÇ=áå=íÜáë=ï~íÉê=ïáää=ÉåíÉê=íÜÉ=
~åÇ= åçí= ~= ÑáåÉäó= ÇáëíêáÄìíÉÇ= ÉãìäëáçåK= få= íÜáë=
ÉåÖáåÉK
ÑçêãI=ï~íÉê=~äëç=éêçãçíÉë=Åçêêçëáçå=~åÇ=ëäìÇÖÉ=
=m~ÖÉ=P=J=PQ iJ^g
qÜÉ=ëäìÇÖÉ=Åçåí~áåáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ãìëí=ÄÉ=êÉãçîÉÇ= Å~í~äóíáÅ=ÄçåÇFI=áë=êçìÖÜäó=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=~ë=íÜÉ=éêçJ
Ñêçã= íÜÉ= ëÉííäáåÖ= í~åâ= ÄÉÑçêÉ= íÜÉ= ëÉé~ê~íáçå= éçêíáçå=çÑ=Å~í~äóëí=êÉãå~åíë=áå=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáäK
éêçÅÉëë=ëí~êíëI=~åÇ=ãìëí=~äëç=ÄÉ=êÉãçîÉÇ=Ñêçã=
eçãçÖÉåáëÉê
íÜÉ=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ=~í=êÉÖìä~ê=áåíÉêî~äëK=qÜÉ=í~åâDë=
îÉåíáä~íáçå=ëóëíÉã=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=áå=ëìÅÜ=~= fÑ= ~= ÜçãçÖÉåáëÉê= áë= ìëÉÇI= áí= ãìëí= åÉîÉê= ÄÉ= áåJ
ï~ó=íÜ~í=ÅçåÇÉåë~íÉ=Å~ååçí=Ñäçï=Ä~Åâ=áåíç=íÜÉ= ëí~ääÉÇ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=ëÉííäáåÖ=í~åâ=~åÇ=ëÉé~ê~íçê=
í~åâK ~ë=çíÜÉêïáëÉ=áí=ïáää=åçí=ÄÉ=éçëëáÄäÉ=íç=ÉåëìêÉ=ë~íJ
áëÑ~Åíçêó= ëÉé~ê~íáçå= çÑ= Ü~êãÑìä= Åçåí~ãáå~åíëI=
s~å~ÇáìãLëçÇáìã
é~êíáÅìä~êäó=ëÉ~ï~íÉêK
fÑ= íÜÉ= î~å~ÇáìãLëçÇáìã= ê~íáç= áë= ìåÑ~îçìê~ÄäÉI=
íÜÉ=ãÉäíáåÖ=éçáåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=~ëÜ=ã~ó= cä~ëÜ=éçáåí=E^pqj=a=VPF
Ñ~ää= áå= íÜÉ= çéÉê~íáåÖ= ~êÉ~= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÉñÜ~ìëíJÖ~ë=
k~íáçå~ä= ~åÇ= áåíÉêå~íáçå~ä= íê~åëéçêí~íáçå= ~åÇ=
î~äîÉ=ïÜáÅÜ=Å~å=äÉ~Ç=íç=ÜáÖÜJíÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÅçêêçJ
ëíçê~ÖÉ= êÉÖìä~íáçåë= ÖçîÉêåáåÖ= íÜÉ= ìëÉ= çÑ= ÑìÉäë=
ëáçåK=jçëí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ï~íÉê=~åÇ=ï~íÉêJëçäìÄäÉ=ëçÇáJ
ãìëí= ÄÉ= ÅçãéäáÉÇ= ïáíÜ= áå= êÉä~íáçå= íç= íÜÉ= Ñä~ëÜ=
ìã=ÅçãéçìåÇë=áí=Åçåí~áåë=Å~å=ÄÉ=êÉãçîÉÇ=Äó=
éçáåíK=få=ÖÉåÉê~äI=~=Ñä~ëÜ=éçáåí=çÑ=~ÄçîÉ=SM=ø`=áë=
éêÉÅäÉ~åáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=áå=íÜÉ=ëÉííäáåÖ=í~åâ=
éêÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=Ñçê=ÇáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÑìÉäëK
~åÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ëÉé~ê~íçêëK
qÜÉ=êáëâ=çÑ=ÜáÖÜJíÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=áë=äçï=áÑ= içï=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÄÉÜ~îáçìê=E^pqj=a=VTF
íÜÉ=ëçÇáìã=ÅçåíÉåí=áë=çåÉ=íÜáêÇ=çÑ=íÜÉ=î~å~Çáìã=
ÅçåíÉåí=çê=äÉëëK=fí=ãìëí=~äëç=ÄÉ=ÉåëìêÉÇ=íÜ~í=ëçJ mçìê=éçáåí
Çáìã= ÇçÉë= åçí= ÉåíÉê= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= áå= íÜÉ= Ñçêã= çÑ= qÜÉ=éçìê=éçáåí=áë=íÜÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=~í=ïÜáÅÜ=íÜÉ=
ëÉ~ï~íÉê=áå=íÜÉ=áåí~âÉ=~áêK ÑìÉä= áë= åç= äçåÖÉê= Ñäçï~ÄäÉ= Eéìãé~ÄäÉFK= ^ë= íÜÉ=
fÑ=íÜÉ=ëçÇáìã=ÅçåíÉåí=áë=ÜáÖÜÉê=íÜ~å=NMM=ãÖLâÖI= éçìê=éçáåí=çÑ=ã~åó=äçïJîáëÅçëáíó=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáäë=
íÜáë=áë=äáâÉäó=íç=êÉëìäí=áå=~=ÜáÖÜÉê=èì~åíáíó=çÑ=ë~äí= áë=ÜáÖÜÉê=íÜ~å=M=øÌ=íÜÉ=ÄìåâÉê=Ñ~Åáäáíó=ãìëí=ÄÉ=
ÇÉéçëáíë= áå= íÜÉ= ÅçãÄìëíáçå= ÅÜ~ãÄÉê= ~åÇ= ÉñJ éêÉÜÉ~íÉÇI= ìåäÉëë= ÑìÉä= áå= ~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ= ïáíÜ=
Ü~ìëíJÖ~ë= ëóëíÉãK=qÜáë= ïáää=áãé~áê= íÜÉ= ÑìåÅíáçå= `fj^`^PM= áë= ìëÉÇK= qÜÉ= ÉåíáêÉ= ÄìåâÉê= Ñ~Åáäáíó=
çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=EáåÅäìÇáåÖ=íÜÉ=ëìÅíáçå=ÑìåÅíáçå=çÑ= ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=áå=ëìÅÜ=~=ï~ó=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~îó=
íÜÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉêFK ÑìÉä=çáä=Å~å=ÄÉ=éêÉÜÉ~íÉÇ=íç=~êçìåÇ=NM=ø`=~ÄçîÉ=
íÜÉ=ëçäáÇáÑóáåÖ=éçáåíK
råÇÉê=ÅÉêí~áå=ÅçåÇáíáçåëI=ÜáÖÜJíÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÅçêJ
êçëáçå=Å~å=ÄÉ=éêÉîÉåíÉÇ=Äó=ìëáåÖ=~=ÑìÉä=~ÇÇáíáîÉ= mìãé=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅë
íÜ~í=áåÅêÉ~ëÉë=íÜÉ=ãÉäíáåÖ=éçáåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=
çáä= ~ëÜ= E~äëç= êÉÑÉê= íç= é~ê~Öê~éÜ= ?^ÇÇáíáîÉë= íç= fÑ= íÜÉ= îáëÅçëáíó= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÑìÉä= áë= ÜáÖÜÉê= íÜ~å=
ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáäëI=é~ÖÉ=PJPU?FK NIMMM=ããOLë=EÅpqFI=çê=íÜÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=áë=åçí=~í=
äÉ~ëí= NM=ø`= ~ÄçîÉ= íÜÉ= éçìê= éçáåíI= éìãé= éêçÄJ
^ëÜ äÉãë=ïáää=çÅÅìêK=cçê=ãçêÉ=áåÑçêã~íáçåI=~äëç=êÉÑÉê=
eÉ~îó= ÑìÉä= çáäë= Åçåí~áåáåÖ= ~= ÜáÖÜ= éêçéçêíáçå= çÑ= íç= é~ê~Öê~éÜ= ?içï= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= ÄÉÜ~îáçìê=
~ëÜ=áå=íÜÉ=Ñçêã=çÑ=ÑçêÉáÖå=ã~ííÉêI=ÉKÖK=ë~åÇI=ÅçêJ E^pqj=a=VTFI=é~ÖÉ=PJPR?K=
êçëáçå=ÅçãéçìåÇë=~åÇ=Å~í~äóëí=é~êíáÅäÉëI=~ÅÅÉäJ
Éê~íÉ= íÜÉ= ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä= ïÉ~ê= áå= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉK= `çãÄìëíáçå=éêçéÉêíáÉë
`~í~äóëí= é~êíáÅäÉë= éêçÇìÅÉÇ= ~ë= ~= êÉëìäí= çÑ= íÜÉ= fÑ= íÜÉ= éêçéçêíáçå= çÑ= ~ëéÜ~äí= áë= ãçêÉ= íÜ~å= íïç=
Å~í~äóíáÅ=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=éêçÅÉëë=ã~ó=ÄÉ=éêÉëÉåí=áå=íÜÉ= íÜáêÇë=çÑ=íÜÉ=Å~êÄçå=êÉëáÇìÉ=E`çåê~ÇëçåFI=ÅçãJ
ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáäëK=få=ãçëí=Å~ëÉëI=íÜÉëÉ=~êÉ=~äìãáåJ Äìëíáçå= ã~ó= ÄÉ= ÇÉä~óÉÇ= ïÜáÅÜ= áå= íìêå= ã~ó= áåJ
áìã=ëáäáÅ~íÉ=é~êíáÅäÉë=íÜ~í=Å~ìëÉ=~=ÜáÖÜ=ÇÉÖêÉÉ=çÑ= ÅêÉ~ëÉ= íÜÉ= Ñçêã~íáçå= çÑ= ÅçãÄìëíáçå= êÉëáÇìÉëI=
ïÉ~ê=áå=íÜÉ=áåàÉÅíáçå=ëóëíÉã=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉK=qÜÉ= äÉ~ÇáåÖ=íç=ëìÅÜ=~ë=ÇÉéçëáíë=çå=~åÇ=áå=íÜÉ=áåàÉÅJ
~äìãáåáìã= ÅçåíÉåí= ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇI= ãìäíáéäáÉÇ= Äó= ~= íáçå=åçòòäÉëI=ä~êÖÉ=~ãçìåíë=çÑ=ëãçâÉI=äçï=çìíJ
MPMOJMPMN^^KÑã
Ñ~Åíçê= çÑ= ÄÉíïÉÉå= R= ~åÇ= U= EÇÉéÉåÇáåÖ= çå= íÜÉ= éìíI=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=ÑìÉä=Åçåëìãéíáçå=~åÇ=~=ê~éáÇ=êáëÉ=

áå=áÖåáíáçå=éêÉëëìêÉ=~ë=ïÉää=~ë=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=ÅäçëÉ=
iJ^g ==m~ÖÉ=P=J=PR
íç=íÜÉ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=ï~ää=EíÜÉêã~ä=çîÉêäç~ÇáåÖ=çÑ=äìÄêáJ ãáåÉ=äáãáí=î~äìÉëK=qÜÉ=é~ê~ãÉíÉêëI=ëìÅÜ=~ë=íÜÉ=
Å~íáåÖ=çáä=ÑáäãFK=fÑ=íÜÉ=ê~íáç=çÑ=~ëéÜ~äí=íç=ÅçâÉ=êÉëJ Å~äÅìä~íÉÇ=Å~êÄçå=~êçã~íáÅáíó=áåÇÉñ=E``^fFI=~êÉ=
áÇìÉë= ÉñÅÉÉÇë= íÜÉ= äáãáí= î~äìÉ= MKSS= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=~áÇë=íÜ~í=~êÉ=ÇÉêáîÉÇ=Ñêçã=èì~åíáÑá~ÄäÉ=
~ëéÜ~äí=ÅçåíÉåí=áë=~äëç=áå=ÉñÅÉëë=çÑ=U=BI=~ÇÇáJ ÑìÉä= éêçéÉêíáÉëK= tÉ= Ü~îÉ= Éëí~ÄäáëÜÉÇ= íÜ~í= íÜáë=
íáçå~ä= ~å~äóëÉë= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÜÉ~îó= ÑìÉä= çáä= EíÜÉêãçJ ãÉíÜçÇ=áë=ëìáí~ÄäÉ=Ñçê=ÇÉíÉêãáåáåÖ=íÜÉ=~ééêçñáJ
Öê~îáãÉíêáÅ=~å~äóëáë=çê=qd^F=ãìëí=ÄÉ=Å~êêáÉÇ=çìí= ã~íÉ=áÖåáíáçå=èì~äáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=ìëÉÇK
Äó= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= íç= ÉåëìêÉ= ëìáí~ÄáäáíóK=
^=íÉëíáåÖ=áåëíêìãÉåí=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇ=Ä~ëÉÇ=
qÜÉëÉ=éêçÄäÉãë=Å~å=~äëç=çÅÅìê=ïÜÉå=ìëáåÖ=ìåJ
çå=íÜÉ=Åçåëí~åí=îçäìãÉ=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=ãÉíÜçÇ=EÑìJ
ëí~ÄäÉ= ÜÉ~îó= ÑìÉä= çáäëI= çê= áÑ= áåÅçãé~íáÄäÉ= ÜÉ~îó=
Éä=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=~å~äóëÉê=c`^F=~åÇ=áë=ÅìêêÉåíäó=ÄÉJ
ÑìÉä= çáäë= ~êÉ= ãáñÉÇK= qÜáë= ïçìäÇ= äÉ~Ç= íç= ~å= áåJ
áåÖ=íÉëíÉÇ=Äó=~=ëÉêáÉë=çÑ=íÉëíáåÖ=ä~Äçê~íçêáÉëK
ÅêÉ~ëÉÇ= ÇÉéçëáíáçå= çÑ= ~ëéÜ~äí= EëÉÉ= ~äëç= é~ê~J
Öê~éÜ=?`çãé~íáÄáäáíóI=é~ÖÉ=PJPU?FK qÜÉ= áåëíêìãÉåí= ãÉ~ëìêÉë= íÜÉ= áÖåáíáçå= ÇÉä~ó= íç=
ÇÉíÉêãáåÉ=íÜÉ=áÖåáíáçå=èì~äáíó=çÑ=~=ÑìÉä=~åÇ=íÜáë=
fÖåáíáçå=èì~äáíó ãÉ~ëìêÉãÉåí=áë=ÅçåîÉêíÉÇ=áåíç=~=~å=áåëíêìãÉåíJ
ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=ÅÉí~åÉ=åìãÄÉê=Ecf^J`k=çê=b`kFK=fí=Ü~ë=
kçï~Ç~óëI=íç=~ÅÜáÉîÉ=íÜÉ=éêÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ= ÄÉÉå=Éëí~ÄäáëÜÉÇ=íÜ~í=áå=ëçãÉ=Å~ëÉë=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=
îáëÅçëáíóI=Åê~ÅâÉÇ=éêçÇìÅíë=~êÉ=ìëÉÇ=~ë=íÜÉ=äçï= çáäë= ïáíÜ= ~= äçï= cf^= ÅÉí~åÉ= åìãÄÉê= çê= b`k=
îáëÅçëáíó=áåÖêÉÇáÉåíë=çÑ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáäë=~äíÜçìÖÜ= åìãÄÉê=Å~å=Å~ìëÉ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=éêçÄäÉãëK=
íÜÉ=áÖåáíáçå=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅë=çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=çáäë=ã~ó=~äëç=
ÄÉ= éççêK= qÜÉ= ÅÉí~åÉ= åìãÄÉê= çÑ= íÜÉëÉ= ÅçãJ ^ë= íÜÉ= äáèìáÇ= ÅçãéçåÉåíë= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÜÉ~îó= ÑìÉä= çáä=
éçìåÇë=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=[=PRK=fÑ=íÜÉ=éêçéçêíáçå=çÑ=~êçJ ÇÉÅáëáîÉäó= áåÑäìÉåÅÉ= íÜÉ= áÖåáíáçå= èì~äáíóI= Ñäçï=
ã~íáÅ= ÜóÇêçÅ~êÄçåë= áë= ÜáÖÜ= EãçêÉ= íÜ~å= PR=BFI= éêçéÉêíáÉë= ~åÇ= ÅçãÄìëíáçå= èì~äáíóI= íÜÉ= ÄìåâÉê=
íÜáë=~äëç=~ÇîÉêëÉäó=~ÑÑÉÅíë=íÜÉ=áÖåáíáçå=èì~äáíóK çéÉê~íçê= áë= êÉëéçåëáÄäÉ= Ñçê= ÉåëìêáåÖ= íÜ~í= íÜÉ=
èì~äáíó=çÑ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=ÇÉäáîÉêÉÇ=áë=ëìáí~ÄäÉ=Ñçê=
qÜÉ=áÖåáíáçå=ÇÉä~ó=áå=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáäë=ïáíÜ=éççê=áÖJ íÜÉ=ÇáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉK=EpÉÉ=~äëç= ?cáÖìêÉ=PJO=kçãçJ
åáíáçå=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅë=áë=äçåÖÉê=~åÇ=ÅçãÄìëíáçå= Öê~ã= Ñçê= íÜÉ= ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçå= çÑ= ``^f= Ó= ~ëëáÖåJ
áë=~äëç=ÇÉä~óÉÇ=ïÜáÅÜ=Å~å=äÉ~Ç=íç=íÜÉêã~ä=çîÉêJ ãÉåí=çÑ=``^f=ê~åÖÉë=íç=ÉåÖáåÉ=íóéÉë?FK
äç~ÇáåÖ= çÑ= íÜÉ= çáä= Ñáäã= ~í= íÜÉ= ÅóäáåÇÉê= äáåÉê= ~åÇ=
~äëç=ÜáÖÜ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=éêÉëëìêÉëK=qÜÉ=áÖåáíáçå=ÇÉä~ó=
~åÇ= ~ÅÅçãé~åóáåÖ= áåÅêÉ~ëÉ= áå= éêÉëëìêÉ= áå= íÜÉ=
ÅóäáåÇÉê=~êÉ=~äëç=áåÑäìÉåÅÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=ÉåÇ=íÉãéÉêJ
~íìêÉ= ~åÇ= ÅçãéêÉëëáçå= éêÉëëìêÉI= áKÉK= Äó= íÜÉ=
ÅçãéêÉëëáçå=ê~íáçI=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉJ~áê=éêÉëëìêÉ=~åÇ=
ÅÜ~êÖÉJ~áê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉK
qÜÉ=Çáë~Çî~åí~ÖÉë=çÑ=ìëáåÖ=ÑìÉäë=ïáíÜ=éççê=áÖåáJ
íáçå=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅë=Å~å=ÄÉ=äáãáíÉÇ=Äó=éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=
íÜÉ= ÅÜ~êÖÉ= ~áê= áå= é~êíá~ä= äç~Ç= çéÉê~íáçå= ~åÇ= êÉJ
ÇìÅáåÖ=íÜÉ=çìíéìí=Ñçê=~=äáãáíÉÇ=éÉêáçÇK=eçïÉîÉêI=
~=ãçêÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=ëçäìíáçå=áë=~=ÜáÖÜ=ÅçãéêÉëëáçå=
ê~íáç=~åÇ=çéÉê~íáçå~ä=~ÇàìëíãÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=áåàÉÅíáçå=
ëóëíÉã=íç=íÜÉ=áÖåáíáçå=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=
ìëÉÇI= ~ë= áë= íÜÉ= Å~ëÉ= ïáíÜ= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=
éáëíçå=ÉåÖáåÉëK
qÜÉ=áÖåáíáçå=èì~äáíó=áë=çåÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ãçëí=áãéçêí~åí=
éêçéÉêíáÉë= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÑìÉäK= qÜáë= î~äìÉ= ÇçÉë= åçí= ~éJ
éÉ~ê=áå=íÜÉ=áåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåë=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=
MPMOJMPMN^^KÑã
~=ëí~åÇ~êÇáëÉÇ=íÉëíáåÖ=ãÉíÜçÇ=Ü~ë=çåäó=êÉÅÉåíäó=
ÄÉÅçãÉ= ~î~áä~ÄäÉ= ~åÇ= åçí= ÉåçìÖÜ= ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉ=
Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=Ö~íÜÉêÉÇ=~í=íÜáë=éçáåí=áå=çêÇÉê=íç=ÇÉíÉêJ
=m~ÖÉ=P=J=PS iJ^g
cáÖìêÉ=PJO kçãçÖê~ã=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçå=çÑ=``^f=Ó=~ëëáÖåãÉåí=çÑ=``^f=ê~åÖÉë=íç=ÉåÖáåÉ=íóéÉë
s sáëÅçëáíó=ãã²Lë=EÅpíF=~í=RM=ø`
a aÉåëáíó=xâÖLã³z=~í=NR=ø`
``^f `~äÅìä~íÉÇ=`~êÄçå=^êçã~íáÅáíó=fåÇÉñ
^ kçêã~ä=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë
_ mêçÄäÉãë=ã~ó=çÅÅìê
` mêçÄäÉãë=íÜ~í=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=áÇÉåíáÑáÉÇ=ã~ó=äÉ~Ç=íç=ÉåÖáåÉ=Ç~ã~ÖÉI=ÉîÉå=~ÑíÉê=~=ëÜçêí=éÉêáçÇ=çÑ=çéÉê~íáçåK
N båÖáåÉ=íóéÉ
O qÜÉ=``^f=áë=çÄí~áåÉÇ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ëíê~áÖÜí=äáåÉ=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=ÇÉåëáíó=~åÇ=îáëÅçëáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáäëK
MPMOJMPMN^^KÑã
qÜÉ=``^f=Å~å=ÄÉ=Å~äÅìä~íÉÇ=ìëáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=Ñçêãìä~W
``^f=Z=a=Ó=NQN=äçÖ=EsHMKURF=Ó=UN
iJ^g ==m~ÖÉ=P=J=PT
pìäéÜìêáÅ=~ÅáÇ=Åçêêçëáçå qÜÉ= ìëÉ= çÑ= ÜÉ~îó= ÑìÉä= çáä= ~ÇÇáíáîÉë= ÇìêáåÖ= íÜÉ=
ï~êê~åíó= éÉêáçÇ= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ~îçáÇÉÇ= ~ë= ~= Ä~ëáÅ=
qÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= çéÉê~íÉÇ= ~í= íÜÉ= ÅççäáåÖ=
éêáåÅáéäÉK
ï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=éêÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=
Ü~åÇÄççâ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=êÉäÉî~åí=äç~ÇK=fÑ=íÜÉ=íÉãéÉê~J ^ÇÇáíáîÉë= íÜ~í= ~êÉ= ÅìêêÉåíäó= ìëÉÇ= Ñçê= ÇáÉëÉä= ÉåJ
íìêÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÅçãéçåÉåíë= íÜ~í= ~êÉ= ÉñéçëÉÇ= íç= ÖáåÉëI= ~ë= ïÉää= ~ë= íÜÉáê= éêçÄ~ÄäÉ= ÉÑÑÉÅíë= çå= íÜÉ=
~ÅáÇáÅ= ÅçãÄìëíáçå= éêçÇìÅíë= áë= ÄÉäçï= íÜÉ= ~ÅáÇ= ÉåÖáåÉDë=çéÉê~íáçåI=~êÉ=ëìãã~êáëÉÇ=áå=?q~ÄäÉ=PJ
ÇÉïéçáåíI=~ÅáÇ=Åçêêçëáçå=Å~å=åç=äçåÖÉê=ÄÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅJ OQ= ^ÇÇáíáîÉë= íç= ÜÉ~îó= ÑìÉäë= Ó= `ä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå= ÉÑJ
íáîÉäó=éêÉîÉåíÉÇI=ÉîÉå=áÑ=~äâ~äáåÉ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=áë= ÑÉÅíë?I= íçÖÉíÜÉê= ïáíÜ= íÜÉáê= ëìééçëÉÇ= ÉÑÑÉÅí= çå=
ìëÉÇK ÉåÖáåÉ=çéÉê~íáçåK
qÜÉ=_k=î~äìÉë=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=áå=ÅÜ~éíÉê=?nì~äáíó=êÉJ
èìáêÉãÉåíë= çÑ= çéÉê~íáåÖ= ëìééäáÉë= Ó= nì~äáíó= çÑ= mêÉÅçãÄìëíáçå= √ aáëéÉêëáåÖ=~ÖÉåíëLëí~ÄáäáëÉêë
~ÇÇáíáîÉë √
äìÄÉ= çáä= Ep^b=QMF?= ~êÉ= ëìÑÑáÅáÉåíI= éêçîáÇáåÖ= íÜÉ= bãìäëáçå=ÄêÉ~âÉêë
èì~äáíó= çÑ= äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ= çáä= ~åÇ= ÉåÖáåÉDë= ÅççäáåÖ= √ _áçÅáÇÉë
ëóëíÉã=ë~íáëÑó=íÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíëK `çãÄìëíáçå=~ÇÇáJ √ `çãÄìëíáçå= Å~í~äóëíë= EÑìÉä= ë~îJ
íáîÉë áåÖëI=ÉãáëëáçåëF
`çãé~íáÄáäáíó mçëíJÅçãÄìëíáçå= √ ^ëÜ= ãçÇáÑáÉê= EÜáÖÜJíÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=
~ÇÇáíáîÉë ÅçêêçëáçåF
qÜÉ=ëìééäáÉê=ãìëí=Öì~ê~åíÉÉ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=
√ pççí=êÉãçîÉêë=EÉñÜ~ìëíJÖ~ë=ëóëJ
çáä=áë=ÜçãçÖÉåçìë=~åÇ=êÉã~áåë=ëí~ÄäÉI=ÉîÉå=~ÑJ
íÉãF
íÉê=íÜÉ=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=ëíçê~ÖÉ=éÉêáçÇK=fÑ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=ÄìåJ
âÉê= çáäë= ~êÉ= ãáñÉÇI= íÜáë= Å~å= äÉ~Ç= íç= ëÉé~ê~íáçå= q~ÄäÉ=PJOQ ^ÇÇáíáîÉë=íç=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉäë=Ó=`ä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=
ÉÑÑÉÅíë
~åÇ=íÜÉ=~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=ëäìÇÖÉ=Ñçêã~íáçå=áå=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=
ëóëíÉã=ÇìêáåÖ=ïÜáÅÜ=ä~êÖÉ=èì~åíáíáÉë=çÑ=ëäìÇÖÉ= içïJëìäéÜìê=ÑìÉä
~ÅÅìãìä~íÉ= áå= íÜÉ= ëÉé~ê~íçê= íÜ~í= ÄäçÅâ= ÑáäíÉêëI=
cêçã=íÜÉ=éçáåí=çÑ=îáÉï=çÑ=~å=ÉåÖáåÉ=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêJ
éêÉîÉåí=~íçãáë~íáçå=~åÇ=~=ä~êÖÉ=~ãçìåí=çÑ=êÉëáJ
ÉêI=~=äçïÉê=äáãáí=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ëìäéÜìê=ÅçåíÉåí=çÑ=ÜÉ~îó=
ÇìÉ=~ë=~=êÉëìäí=çÑ=ÅçãÄìëíáçåK
ÑìÉä= çáäë= ÇçÉë= åçí= ÉñáëíK= tÉ= Ü~îÉ= åçí= áÇÉåíáÑáÉÇ=
qÜáë=áë=ÇìÉ=íç=áåÅçãé~íáÄáäáíó=çê=áåëí~Äáäáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ= ~åó= éêçÄäÉãë= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= äçïJëìäéÜìê= ÜÉ~îó= ÑìÉä=
çáäëK=^ë=ãìÅÜ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=áå=íÜÉ=ëíçê~ÖÉ= çáäë=ÅìêêÉåíäó=~î~áä~ÄäÉ=çå=íÜÉ=ã~êâÉí=íÜ~í=Å~å=ÄÉ=
í~åâ= ~ë= éçëëáÄäÉ= ëÜçìäÇ= íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ= ÄÉ= êÉãçîÉÇ= íê~ÅÉÇ=Ä~Åâ=íç=íÜÉáê=ëìäéÜìê=ÅçåíÉåíK=qÜáë=ëáíì~J
ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÄìåâÉêáåÖ=~Ö~áå=íç=éêÉîÉåí=áåÅçãé~íáÄáäJ íáçå= ã~ó= ÅÜ~åÖÉ= áå= ÑìíìêÉ= áÑ= åÉï= ãÉíÜçÇë= ~êÉ=
áíóK ìëÉÇ= Ñçê= íÜÉ= éêçÇìÅíáçå= çÑ= äçïJëìäéÜìê= ÜÉ~îó=
ÑìÉä=çáä=EÇÉëìäéÜìêáë~íáçåI=åÉï=ÄäÉåÇáåÖ=ÅçãéçJ
_äÉåÇáåÖ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä åÉåíëFK= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= ïáää= ãçåáíçê= ÇÉîÉäJ
çéãÉåíë=~åÇ=áåÑçêã=áíë=ÅìëíçãÉêë=áÑ=êÉèìáêÉÇK
fÑ= ÜÉ~îó= ÑìÉä= çáä= áë= ÄäÉåÇÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ã~êáåÉ= Ö~ë= çáä=
EjdlF=íç=çÄí~áå=íÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=èì~äáíó=çê=îáëÅçëáíó= fÑ= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= áë= åçí= ~äï~óë= çéÉê~íÉÇ= ïáíÜ= äçïJ
çÑ= ÜÉ~îó= ÑìÉä= çáäI= áí= áë= ÉñíêÉãÉäó= áãéçêí~åí= íÜ~í= ëìäéÜìê=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáäI=~=ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ=äìÄêáÅ~íJ
íÜÉ=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=~êÉ=Åçãé~íáÄäÉ=EëÉÉ=?`çãé~íáJ áåÖ=çáä=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÜáÖÜÉëí=ëìäéÜìê=ÅçåJ
Äáäáíó?FK íÉåí=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ëÉäÉÅíÉÇK
^ÇÇáíáîÉë=íç=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáäë fãéêçéÉê=Ü~åÇäáåÖ=çÑ=ÑìÉäë
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= ÉåÖáåÉë= Å~å= ÄÉ= çéÉê~íÉÇ= fÑ=ÑìÉäë=~êÉ=áãéêçéÉêäó=Ü~åÇäÉÇI=íÜáë=Å~å=éçëÉ=~=
ÉÅçåçãáÅ~ääó= ïáíÜçìí= ~ÇÇáíáîÉëK= fí= áë= ìé= íç= íÜÉ= Ç~åÖÉê= íç= ÜÉ~äíÜI= ë~ÑÉíó= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ÉåîáêçåãÉåíK=
ÅìëíçãÉê= íç= ÇÉÅáÇÉ= ïÜÉíÜÉê= çê= åçí= íÜÉ= ìëÉ= çÑ= qÜÉ=êÉäÉî~åí=ë~ÑÉíó=áåÑçêã~íáçå=Äó=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ëìéJ
~ÇÇáíáîÉë=áë=ÄÉåÉÑáÅá~äK=qÜÉ=ëìééäáÉê=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ÇÇáJ éäáÉê=ãìëí=ÄÉ=çÄëÉêîÉÇK
MPMOJMPMN^^KÑã
íáîÉ= ãìëí= Öì~ê~åíÉÉ= íÜ~í= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= çéÉê~íáçå=

ïáää=åçí=ÄÉ=áãé~áêÉÇ=Äó=ìëáåÖ=íÜÉ=éêçÇìÅíK
=m~ÖÉ=P=J=PU iJ^g
qÉëíë
p~ãéäáåÖ
qç= ÅÜÉÅâ= ïÜÉíÜÉê= íÜÉ= ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçå= éêçîáÇÉÇ=
~åÇLçê= íÜÉ= åÉÅÉëë~êó= ÇÉäáîÉêó= ÅçåÇáíáçåë= ~êÉ=
ÅçãéäáÉÇ= ïáíÜI= ïÉ= êÉÅçããÉåÇ= óçì= êÉí~áå= ~í=
äÉ~ëí=çåÉ=ë~ãéäÉ=çÑ=ÉîÉêó=ÄìåâÉê=çáä=E~í=äÉ~ëí=Ñçê=
íÜÉ=Çìê~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉDë=ï~êê~åíó=éÉêáçÇFK=qç=
ÉåëìêÉ= íÜ~í= íÜÉ= ë~ãéäÉë= í~âÉå= ~êÉ= êÉéêÉëÉåí~J
íáîÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÄìåâÉê=çáäI=~=ë~ãéäÉ=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=í~âÉå=
Ñêçã=íÜÉ=íê~åëÑÉê=äáåÉ=ïÜÉå=ëí~êíáåÖ=ìéI=Ü~äÑï~ó=
íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=éÉêáçÇ=~åÇ=~í=íÜÉ=ÉåÇ=çÑ=
íÜÉ=ÄìåâÉê=éÉêáçÇK=“p~ãéäÉ=qÉÅÒ=Äó=j~êJqÉÅ=áå=
e~ãÄìêÖ=áë=~=ëìáí~ÄäÉ=íÉëíáåÖ=áåëíêìãÉåí=ïÜáÅÜ=
Å~å=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=íç=í~âÉ=ë~ãéäÉë=çå=~=êÉÖìä~ê=Ä~ëáë=
ÇìêáåÖ=ÄìåâÉêáåÖK
^å~äóëáë=çÑ=ë~ãéäÉë
qÜÉ=ë~ãéäÉë=ÇÉäáîÉêÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=ÄìåâÉê=Åçãé~åó=
~êÉ=çÑíÉå=åçí=áÇÉåíáÅ~ä=íç=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=~ÅíìJ
~ääó= ÄìåâÉêÉÇK= fí= áë= ~äëç= ìëÉÑìä= íç= ÅÜÉÅâ= çÑ= íÜÉ=
ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=éêçéÉêíáÉë=ëìÅÜ=~ë=ÇÉåëáíó=~åÇ=îáëJ
Åçëáíó=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ÄìåâÉê=ÇçÅìãÉåí~íáçåK=fÑ=
íÜÉëÉ=î~äìÉë=Çç=åçí=ÅçêêÉëéçåÇ=íç=íÜÉ=î~äìÉë=çÑ=
íÜÉ=ÄìåâÉêÉÇ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáäI=íÜÉêÉ=áë=~=êáëâ=íÜ~í=
íÜÉ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=ëÉé~ê~íçê=~åÇ=íÜÉ=éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=
íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ìëÉÇ=íç=~Çàìëí=íÜÉ=áåàÉÅíáçå=îáëÅçëJ
áíó= ~êÉ= åçí= ÅçêêÉÅíK= qÜÉ= ÅêáíÉêá~= Ñçê= ÉÑÑáÅáÉåí= ÉåJ
ÖáåÉ= çéÉê~íáçå= ïáíÜ= ÜÉ~îó= ÑìÉä= Å~å= ÄÉ=
ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ= ìëáåÖ= íÜÉ= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= ÑìÉä=
~åÇ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=~å~äóëáë=âáíK
lìê= ÇÉé~êíãÉåí= Ñçê= ÑìÉäë= ~åÇ= äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ= çáäë=
E^ìÖëÄìêÖ= Ñ~ÅíçêóI= dn`= ÇÉé~êíãÉåíF= ïáää= ÄÉ=
éäÉ~ëÉÇ= íç= éêçîáÇÉ= ÑìêíÜÉê= áåÑçêã~íáçå= çå= êÉJ
èìÉëíK
tÉ=Å~å=~å~äóëÉ=ÑìÉä=Ñçê=ÅìëíçãÉêë=~í=çìê=ä~Äçê~J
íçêóK=^=MKR=ä=ë~ãéäÉ=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=íÉëíK
MPMOJMPMN^^KÑã
iJ^g ==m~ÖÉ=P=J=PV
MPMOJMPMN^^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=P=J=QM iJ^g
PKV=sáëÅçëáíóJqÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=EsqF=Çá~Öê~ã=çÑ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=
PKV sáëÅçëáíóJqÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=EsqF=Çá~Öê~ã=çÑ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä
bñéä~å~íáçåë=çÑ=îáëÅçëáíó=Ó=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Çá~Öê~ã
cáÖìêÉ=PJP sáëÅçëáíó=Ó=qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=EsqF=Çá~Öê~ã
få=íÜÉ=Çá~Öê~ãI=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=~êÉ=ëÜçïå=
çå=íÜÉ=Üçêáòçåí~ä=~ñáë=~åÇ=íÜÉ=îáëÅçëáíó=áë=ëÜçïå=
çå=íÜÉ=îÉêíáÅ~ä=~ñáëK
qÜÉ=Çá~Öçå~ä=äáåÉë=ÅçêêÉëéçåÇ=íç=îáëÅçëáíóJíÉãJ
éÉê~íìêÉ=ÅìêîÉë=çÑ=ÑìÉäë=ïáíÜ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=
îáëÅçëáíáÉëK=qÜÉ=îÉêíáÅ~ä=îáëÅçëáíó=~ñáë=áå=ããOLë=
EÅpíF=~ééäáÉë=Ñçê=QM=øÌ=RM=ø`=çê=NMM=ø`K
MPMRJMPMO^^KÑã
_J_^ ==m~ÖÉ=P=J=QN
PKV=sáëÅçëáíóJqÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=EsqF=Çá~Öê~ã=çÑ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=
aÉíÉêãáåáåÖ= íÜÉ= îáëÅçëáíóJíÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= ÅìêîÉ= qÜÉ=ÇÉäáîÉêó=éìãé=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=Ñçê=ÜÉ~îó=

~åÇ=íÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ ÑìÉä=çáä=ïáíÜ=~=îáëÅçëáíó=çÑ=ìé=íç=N=MMM=ããOLëK=qÜÉ=
éçìê=éçáåí=~äëç=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉë=ïÜÉíÜÉê=íÜÉ=éìãé=áë=
bñ~ãéäÉW=eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=çÑ=NUM=ããOLë=~í=RM=ø`K Å~é~ÄäÉ= çÑ= íê~åëéçêíáåÖ= íÜÉ= ÜÉ~îó= ÑìÉä= çáäK= qÜÉ=
ÄìåâÉê=Ñ~Åáäáíó=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=ëç=~ë=íç=~ääçï=
oÉèìáêÉÇ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ= íÜÉ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=íç=ÄÉ=ÜÉ~íÉÇ=íç=êçìÖÜäó=NM=ø`=
mêÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=áåàÉÅíáçå=îáëJ ~ÄçîÉ=íÜÉ=éçìê=éçáåíK
ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä
Åçëáíó
~í=ÉåÖáåÉ=áåäÉíNF
kçíÉ>
ããOLë=Z=Åpí ø`
qÜÉ=îáëÅçëáíó=çÑ=Ö~ë=çáä=çê=ÇáÉëÉä=çáä=Eã~êáåÉ=ÇáÉJ
NO NOS=EäáåÉ=ÅF
ëÉä=çáäF=ìéëíêÉ~ã=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=~í=äÉ~ëí=
NQ NNV=EäáåÉ=ÇF
O=ããOLëK= fÑ= íÜÉ= îáëÅçëáíó= áë= íçç= äçïI= íÜáë= ã~ó=
NF=táíÜ=íÜÉëÉ=ÑáÖìêÉëI=íÜÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Çêçé=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=
Å~ìëÉ=ëÉáòáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=éìãé=éáëíçå=çê=åçòòäÉ=åÉÉJ
ä~ëí=éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=ÇÉîáÅÉ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=áåàÉÅíáçå=éìãé=áë=
ÇäÉ=î~äîÉë=~ë=~=êÉëìäí=çÑ=áåëìÑÑáÅáÉåí=äìÄêáÅ~íáçåK
åçí=í~âÉå=áåíç=~ÅÅçìåíK=
q~ÄäÉ=PJOR aÉíÉêãáå~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=îáëÅçëáíóJíÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= qÜáë=Å~å=ÄÉ=~îçáÇÉÇ=Äó=ãçåáíçêáåÖ=íÜÉ=íÉãéÉê~J
ÅìêîÉ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ
íìêÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉäK=^äíÜçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=ã~ñáãìã=éÉêãáëJ
^=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=ïáíÜ=~=îáëÅçëáíó=çÑ=NUM=ããOLë=~í= ëáÄäÉ= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= ÇÉéÉåÇë= çå= íÜÉ= îáëÅçëáíó= çÑ=
RM=ø`= Å~å= êÉ~ÅÜ= ~= îáëÅçëáíó= çÑ= NMMM=ããOLë= ~í= íÜÉ=ÑìÉäI=áí=ãìëí=åÉîÉê=ÉñÅÉÉÇ=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=î~äJ
OQ=ø`=EäáåÉ=ÉF=Ó=íÜáë=áë=íÜÉ=ã~ñáãìã=éÉêãáëëáÄäÉ= ìÉëW
îáëÅçëáíó=çÑ=ÑìÉä=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=éìãé=Å~å=ÇÉäáîÉêK
√ j~ñK=QR=ø`=ïáíÜ=Ö~ë=çáä
^=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=ÇáëÅÜ~êÖÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=NRO=ø`=
√ j~ñK=SM=ø`=ïáíÜ=jal
áë= êÉ~ÅÜÉÇ= ïÜÉå= ìëáåÖ= ~= ëí~íÉJçÑJíÜÉJ~êí= Ñáå~ä=
éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=ÇÉîáÅÉ=ïáíÜ=U=Ä~ê=ë~íìê~íÉÇ=ëíÉ~ãK=^í= ^=ÑìÉä=ÅççäÉê=ãìëí=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇK
ÜáÖÜ= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë= íÜÉêÉ= áë= ~= êáëâ= çÑ= êÉëáÇìÉë=
fÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=îáëÅçëáíó=áë=Y=O=Åpí=~í=QM=øÌ=Åçåëìäí=
ÑçêãáåÖ=áå=íÜÉ=éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=ëóëíÉã=Ó=íÜáë=äÉ~Çë=íç=
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä= ëÉêîáÅÉ= áå= ^ìÖëJ
~=êÉÇìÅíáçå=áå=ÜÉ~íáåÖ=çìíéìí=~åÇ=íÜÉêã~ä=çîÉêJ
ÄìêÖK
äç~ÇáåÖ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÜÉ~îó= ÑìÉä= çáäK= ^ëéÜ~äí= áë= ~äëç=
ÑçêãÉÇ=áå=íÜáë=Å~ëÉI=áKÉK=èì~äáíó=ÇÉíÉêáçê~íáçåK
qÜÉ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=äáåÉë=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=çìíäÉí=çÑ=íÜÉ=
ä~ëí=éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=ëóëíÉã=~åÇ=íÜÉ=áåàÉÅíçê=ãìëí=ÄÉ=
ëìáí~Ääó=áåëìä~íÉÇ=íç=äáãáí=íÜÉ=ã~ñáãìã=Çêçé=áå=
íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= íç= Q=ø`K= qÜáë= áë= íÜÉ= çåäó= ï~ó= íç=
~ÅÜáÉîÉ= íÜÉ= åÉÅÉëë~êó= áåàÉÅíáçå= îáëÅçëáíó= çÑ=
NQ=ããOLë=Ñçê=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáäë=ïáíÜ=~=êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=îáëJ
Åçëáíó=çÑ=TMM=ããOLë=~í=RM=ø`=EíÜÉ=ã~ñáãìã=îáëJ
Åçëáíó= ~ë= ÇÉÑáåÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= áåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=
ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåë= ëìÅÜ= ~ë= fpl= `fj^`= çê= _êáíáëÜ=
pí~åÇ~êÇFK=fÑ=~=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=ïáíÜ=~=äçï=êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=
îáëÅçëáíó=áë=ìëÉÇI=íÜÉ=áåàÉÅíáçå=îáëÅçëáíó=ëÜçìäÇ=
áÇÉ~ääó=ÄÉ=NO=ããOLë=áå=çêÇÉê=íç=~ÅÜáÉîÉ=ãçêÉ=ÉÑJ
ÑÉÅíáîÉ= ~íçãáë~íáçå= íç= êÉÇìÅÉ= íÜÉ= ÅçãÄìëíáçå=
êÉëáÇìÉK
MPMRJMPMO^^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=P=J=QO _J_^
PKNM=nì~äáíó=çÑ=áåí~âÉ=~áê=EÅçãÄìëíáçå=~áêF=
PKNM nì~äáíó=çÑ=áåí~âÉ=~áê=EÅçãÄìëíáçå=~áêF
dÉåÉê~ä
qÜÉ=èì~äáíó=~åÇ=ÅçåÇáíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=áåí~âÉ=~áê=EÅçãJ
Äìëíáçå=~áêF=Ü~îÉ=~=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çå=íÜÉ=éçïJ
Éê=çìíéìí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉK=få=íÜáë=êÉÖ~êÇI=åçí=çåäó=
~êÉ= íÜÉ= ~íãçëéÜÉêáÅ= ÅçåÇáíáçåë= ÉñíêÉãÉäó= áãJ
éçêí~åíI= Äìí= ~äëç= Åçåí~ãáå~íáçå= Äó= ëçäáÇ= ~åÇ=
Ö~ëÉçìë=ÑçêÉáÖå=ã~ííÉêK
jáåÉê~ä= Çìëí= áå= íÜÉ= áåí~âÉ= ~áê= áåÅêÉ~ëÉë= ïÉ~êK=
`ÜÉãáÅ~äë=~åÇ=Ö~ëÉë=éêçãçíÉ=ÅçêêçëáçåK
qÜáë= áë= ïÜó= ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ= ÅäÉ~åáåÖ= çÑ= íÜÉ= áåí~âÉ= ~áê=
EÅçãÄìëíáçå= ~áêF= ~åÇ= êÉÖìä~ê= ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉL
ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=~áê=ÑáäíÉê=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇK
tÜÉå=ÇÉëáÖåáåÖ=íÜÉ=áåí~âÉ=~áê=ëóëíÉãI=íÜÉ=ã~ñJ
áãìã=éÉêãáëëáÄäÉ=çîÉê~ää=éêÉëëìêÉ=Çêçé=EÑáäíÉêI=ëáJ
äÉåÅÉêI= éáéÉF= çÑ= OM=ãÄ~ê= ãìëí= ÄÉ= í~âÉå= áåíç=
ÅçåëáÇÉê~íáçåK
oÉèìáêÉãÉåíë =
qÜÉ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=ÇçïåëíêÉ~ã=çÑ=íÜÉ=~áê=ÑáäíÉê=
~åÇLçê=ìéëíêÉ~ã=çÑ=íÜÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=áåäÉí=ãìëí=
åçí=ÉñÅÉÉÇ=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=äáãáí=î~äìÉëW
mêçéÉêíáÉë qóéáÅ~ä=î~äìÉ råáíNF
m~êíáÅäÉ=ëáòÉ ã~ñK=R ”ã
aìëí=Eë~åÇI=ÅÉãÉåíI=`~lI=^äOlP=ÉíÅKF ã~ñK=R
`ÜäçêáåÉ ã~ñK=NKR
ãÖLãP=EpqmF
pìäéÜìê=ÇáçñáÇÉ=EplOF ã~ñK=NKOR
eóÇêçÖÉå=ëìäéÜáÇÉ=EeOpF ã~ñK=NR
NF=ãP=EpqmF=`ìÄáÅ=ãÉíêÉ=~í=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=~åÇ=éêÉëëìêÉK
q~ÄäÉ=PJOS fåí~âÉ=~áê=EÅçãÄìëíáçå=~áêF=Ó=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅ=î~äìÉë=íç=ÄÉ=çÄëÉêîÉÇ
MPMOJMQMN^^KÑã
iJ^g ==m~ÖÉ=P=J=QP
PKNM=nì~äáíó=çÑ=áåí~âÉ=~áê=EÅçãÄìëíáçå=~áêF=
MPMOJMQMN^^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=P=J=QQ =iJ^g
Q aáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éêçéìäëáçå=éä~åíë
h~éáíÉäíáíÉä=Q=jKÑã
m~ÖÉ=Q=J=N
m~ÖÉ=Q=J=O
h~éáíÉäíáíÉä=Q=jKÑã
aáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éêçéìäëáçå=éä~åíë
QKN=dÉåÉê~ä==
QKN dÉåÉê~ä
aìÉ=íç=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=~åÇ=áåÇáîáÇì~ä=íóéÉëI=éìêéçëÉë= √ cäÉñáÄáäáíó=áå=éêçéìäëáçå=éä~åí=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí
~åÇ= çéÉê~íáçå~ä= éêçÑáäÉë= çÑ= ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ= EabF=
√ oÉÇìåÇ~åÅó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=EÉ~ëáäóF=íç=ÑìäÑáää
îÉëëÉäë= íÜÉ= ÇÉëáÖå= çÑ= ~= ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ= éêçéìäJ
ëáçå=éä~åí=ÇáÑÑÉêë=~=äçíK=få=ÖÉåÉê~ä=íÜÉ=~Çî~åí~ÖÉë= √ cìäÑáääãÉåí=çÑ=ÜáÖÜ=ÅçãÑçêí=ëí~åÇ~êÇë=~ÅÅçêÇJ
çÑ=~=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éêçéìäëáçå=éä~åí=Å~å=ÄÉ=ëìãJ áåÖ=íç=åçáëÉ=~åÇ=îáÄê~íáçå
ã~êáòÉÇ=~ë=ÑçääçïëW
√ cäÉñáÄáäáíó=áå=çéÉê~íáçå ^= ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ= éêçéìäëáçå= éä~åí= Åçåëáëíë= çÑ=
√ eáÖÜ=ã~åçÉìîÉê~Äáäáíó=~åÇ=éêÉÅáëÉ=Åçåíêçää~J ëí~åÇ~êÇ=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=ïÜáÅÜ=~êÉ=áåÇáJ
Äáäáíó=çÑ=éêçéÉääÉêë îáÇì~ääó=ÉåÖáåÉÉêÉÇ=~åÇ=ã~íÅÜÉÇ=íç=~=ÅìëíçãÉê=
ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=éä~åíK=qÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ÉÑÑáÅáÉåÅáÉë=~êÉ=íóéJ
√ léíáãáòÉÇ=çéÉê~íáçå=~åÇ=ÉÑÑáÅáÉåÅó=EÉëéÉÅá~äJ
áÅ~ä=Ñçê=~=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éêçéìäëáçå=éä~åíW
äó=~í=éä~åí=é~êí=äç~ÇF
G enerator M ain S upply F requency P ropulsion

S w itchboard T ransform er C onverter E-M otor *)
100% 90.8%
E ngin e 3% 0.2% 1% 1% 4% S haft P o w e r
P ow er (P B ) (P S )
*) in cl. e xcita tio n
W ate r 1 .0%
W ate r 2.9%
W ate r 2.9%
A ir 0.1%
A ir 1.0%
A ir 1.1%
A ir 0.2%
H eat losses
cáÖìêÉ=QJN qóéáÅ~ä=ÉÑÑáÅáÉåÅáÉë=çÑ=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éêçéìäëáçå=éä~åíë
qÜÉ= êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë= çÑ= óçìê= éä~åí= ïáää= ÄÉ= ÅçåëáÇJ

ÉêÉÇ=áå=~å=áåÇáîáÇì~ä=ÇÉëáÖåI=í~âáåÖ=áåíç=~ÅÅçìåí=
íÜÉ=íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=~åÇ=ÉÅçåçãáÅ~ä=ÑÉ~ëáÄáäáíó=~åÇ=ä~íJ
Éê= çéÉê~íáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= îÉëëÉäK= få= çêÇÉê= íç= éêçîáÇÉ=
óçì= ïáíÜ= ~ééêçéá~íÉ= éêçàÉÅí= ã~íÉêá~äI= Ñáää= áå= íÜÉ=
Ñçêã=áå= ?`Ü~éíÉê=VKV=cçêã=Ó=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éêçJ
éìäëáçå=éä~åí=ä~óçìí=Ç~í~I=é~ÖÉ=VJOT?K
MQMNJMNMNj^KÑã
eJ^g OULPPaI=POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_LòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ ==m~ÖÉ=Q=J=P

QKN=dÉåÉê~ä==
MQMNJMNMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=Q=J=Q OULPPaI=POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_LòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ eJ^g

QKO=aáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éêçéìäëáçå=éä~åí=ä~óçìí=Ç~í~==
QKO aáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éêçéìäëáçå=éä~åí=ä~óçìí=Ç~í~
cçê= ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ= éêçéìäëáçå= éä~åí= ÇÉëáÖå=
éäÉ~ëÉ=Ñáää=áå=íÜÉ=Ñçêã=?ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éêçéìäëáçå=
éä~åí= ä~óçìí= Ç~í~?= ëÉÉ= ?`Ü~éíÉê= VKV= cçêã=Ó
=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ= éêçéìäëáçå= éä~åí= ä~óçìí= Ç~í~I=
é~ÖÉ= VJOT?= çê= ÜííéWLLïïïKã~åÇáÉëÉäíìêÄçKÅçãL
Å~íÉÖçêó|MMMSRMKÜíãä= ~åÇ= êÉíìêå= áí= íç= óçìê= ë~äÉë=
êÉéêÉëÉåí~íáîÉK
MQMOJMNMNj^KÑã
iJ^g OULPPaI=POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_LòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ ==m~ÖÉ=Q=J=R

QKO=aáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éêçéìäëáçå=éä~åí=ä~óçìí=Ç~í~==
MQMOJMNMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=Q=J=S OULPPaI=POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_LòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ iJ^g

QKP=dÉåÉê~íçê=éêçíÉÅíáçå=~åÇ=ëóåÅÜêçåáò~íáçå==
QKP dÉåÉê~íçê=éêçíÉÅíáçå=~åÇ=ëóåÅÜêçåáò~íáçå
cçê=ÖÉåÉê~íçê=éêçíÉÅíáçå=É~ÅÜ=~äíÉêå~íçê=áë=ëìéJ
éäáÉÇ=ïáíÜ=~=ãìäíáÑìåÅíáçå~ä=éêçíÉÅíáçå=êÉä~ó=~åÇ=
~å=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ëóåÅÜêçåáò~íáçå=ìåáíK
b~ÅÜ= ~äíÉêå~íçê= áë= ëìééäáÉÇ= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= ÑçääçïáåÖ=
ÑìåÅíáçåëW
√ ^äíÉêå~íçê= éêçíÉÅíáçåW= jìäíáÑìåÅíáçå~ä= ÇáÖáí~ä=
éêçíÉÅíáçå=êÉä~ó=ÑçêW
J pÜçêíJÅáêÅìáí
J lîÉê=ÅìêêÉåí
J pí~íçê=É~êíÜ=Ñ~ìäí
J oÉîÉêëÉ=éçïÉê
J kÉÖ~íáîÉ=ëÉèìÉåÅÉ
J aáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä=éêçíÉÅíáçå
J lîÉêJ=~åÇ=ìåÇÉêJÑêÉèìÉåÅó
J lîÉêJ=~åÇ=ìåÇÉêJîçäí~ÖÉ
√ ^ìíçã~íáÅ=ëóåÅÜêçåáòáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=Äìë=Ä~ê=EëÉéJ
~ê~íÉ=ëóåÅÜêçåáòÉê=Ñçê=É~ÅÜ=~äíÉêå~íçêF
√ jÉ~ëìêáåÖ=~åÇ=ãçåáíçêáåÖ=çÑ=ã~áå=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=
î~äìÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=~äíÉêå~íçê=Eîçäí~ÖÉI=ÅìêêÉåíI=ÑêÉJ
èìÉåÅóI=jtI=jtÜI=éçïÉê=Ñ~ÅíçêF
MQMPJMNMNj^KÑã
dJ^g OULPPaI=POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_LòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ ==m~ÖÉ=Q=J=T

QKQ=mçïÉê=ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí=ëóëíÉã==
QKQ mçïÉê=ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí=ëóëíÉã
cçê= éçïÉê= ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí= ~åÇ= ÖÉåÉê~íçê= Åçåíêçä=
Ñçê=~ää=~äíÉêå~íçêë=~=éçïÉê=ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí=~åÇ=ëìJ
éÉêîáëáçå= ëóëíÉã= ïáää= ÄÉ= ëìééäáÉÇ= ïÜáÅÜ= éÉêJ
Ñçêãë= ÖÉåÉê~íçê= Åçåíêçä= ~åÇ= ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä= éä~åí=
ëìéÉêîáëáçå=ÑìåÅíáçåë=ëìÅÜ=~ëW
√ iç~Ç=~åÇ=Ñ~ìäí=ÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=ëí~êí=L=ëíçé=çÑ=ÖÉåJ
Éê~íçêë
√ ^ìíçã~íáÅ=~åÇ=ã~åì~ä=ëí~êíáåÖ=L=ëíçééáåÖ=çÑ=
ÖÉåÉê~íçê=ëÉíë=Eí~âáåÖ=áåíç=ÅçåëáÇÉê~íáçå=íÜÉ=
~î~áä~ÄäÉ=éçïÉêF
√ pí~êí=çÑ=ëí~åÇÄó=ëÉíë=áå=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=Ää~ÅâçìíI=ìåJ
ÇÉêJÑêÉèìÉåÅó=~åÇ=ìåÇÉêJîçäí~ÖÉ
√ aÉíÉêãáåáåÖ= ~åÇ= ëÉäÉÅíáçå= çÑ= ëí~êíáåÖ= ëÉJ
èìÉåÅÉ=çÑ=ëí~åÇÄó=ëÉíë
√ pí~êí= ~åÇ= ëìéÉêîáëÉ= íÜÉ= ~ìíçã~íáÅ= ëóåÅÜêçJ
åáòáåÖ=çÑ=ÖÉåÉê~íçêë
√ _~ä~åÅÉÇ= ~åÇ= ìåÄ~ä~åÅÉÇ= äç~Ç= ëÜ~êáåÖ= ÄÉJ
íïÉÉå=ÖÉåÉê~íçêë=
√ oÉÖìä~íáåÖ=íÜÉ=Äìë=Ä~ê=ÑêÉèìÉåÅó=EïáíÜ=ëí~íáÅ=
Çêççé=çê=Åçåëí~åí=ÑêÉèìÉåÅóF
√ aáëíêáÄìíáåÖ=~ÅíáîÉ=äç~Ç=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ÖÉåÉê~íçêë
√ aáëíêáÄìíáåÖ= êÉ~ÅíáîÉ= äç~Ç= ÄÉíïÉÉå= ÖÉåÉê~J
íçêë
√ e~åÇäáåÖ=çÑ=ÜÉ~îó=ÅçåëìãÉêë
√ ^ìíçã~íáÅ=äç~Ç=ëÜÉÇÇáåÖ
√ qêáééáåÖ=çÑ=åçåJÉëëÉåíá~ä=ÅçåëìãÉêë
√ _êÉ~âÉê=~åÇ=Äìë=íáÉ=Åçåíêçä=
√ léÉê~íáçå= é~åÉä= Ñçê= çéÉê~íáçå= ~åÇ= ãçåáíçêJ
áåÖI=äçÅ~íÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=jp_
qÜÉ= êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë= çÑ= óçìê= éä~åí= ïáää= ÄÉ= ÅçåëáÇJ
ÉêÉÇ=áåÇáîáÇì~ääó=~åÇ=íÜÉ=Éñ~Åí=ÑìåÅíáçåë=çÑ=íÜÉ=
éçïÉê=ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí=ëóëíÉã=ïáää=ÄÉ=ÇÉÑáåÉÇ=ÇìêJ
áåÖ=Åä~êáÑóáåÖ=íÜÉ=íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=óçìê=
îÉëëÉäK=qÜÉ=~ÄçîÉ=ãÉåíáçåÉÇ=ÑìåÅíáçåë=ÖáîÉ=~å=
Éñ~ãéäÉI=Äìí=åÉÉÇ=åçí=íç=ÄÉ=ã~åÇ~íçêó=áå=óçìê=
ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=~ééäáÅ~íáçåK=
MQMPJMNMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=Q=J=U OULPPaI=POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_LòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ dJ^g

QKR=qóéáÅ~ä=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éêçéìäëáçå=éä~åíë==
QKR qóéáÅ~ä=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éêçéìäëáçå=éä~åíë
cáÖìêÉ=QJO lÑÑëÜçêÉ=ëìééäó=îÉëëÉä
MQMPJMNMNj^KÑã
cáÖìêÉ=QJP `êìáëÉ=äáåÉê
dJ^g OULPPaI=POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_LòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ ==m~ÖÉ=Q=J=V

QKR=qóéáÅ~ä=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éêçéìäëáçå=éä~åíë==
cáÖìêÉ=QJQ ikd=Å~êêáÉê
MQMPJMNMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=Q=J=NM OULPPaI=POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_LòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ dJ^g

QKS=^êê~åÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éêçéìäëáçå=éä~åíë=
QKS ^êê~åÖÉãÉåí=of diesel-electric propulsion plants
cáÖìêÉ=QJR bñ~ãéäÉW=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí=ïáíÜ=ÉåÖáåÉë=TiPOLQQò
MQMOJMNMOjnKÑã
hJ^c POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=Q=J=NN

MQMOJMNMOjnKÑã
Figure 4-6 Example: arrangement with engine 20V32/44CR
=m~ÖÉ=Q=J=NO POLQQò hJ^c

cáÖìêÉ=QJT bñ~ãéäÉW=ÇáÉëÉä=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ=ÇêáîÉ=ÅêìáëÉ
MQMOJMNMOjnKÑã
hJ^c POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=Q=J=NP

MQMOJMNMOjnKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=Q=J=NQ POLQQò hJ^c

R mêçéìäëáçå=íê~áå
h~éáíÉäíáíÉä=R=jKÑã
= m~ÖÉ=R=J=N
m~ÖÉ=R=J=O
h~éáíÉäíáíÉä=R=jKÑã
mêçéìäëáçå=íê~áå
RKNKN=dÉåÉê~ä=
5.1 Propulsion packages
RKNKN dÉåÉê~ä=
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=éêçéìäëáçå=é~Åâ~ÖÉë
qÜÉ= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= ëí~åÇ~êÇ= éêçéìäëáçå= aìÉ=íç=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=~åÇ=áåÇáîáÇì~ä=~Ñí=ëÜáé=ÄçÇó=ÇÉJ
é~Åâ~ÖÉë= ~êÉ= çéíáãáëÉÇ= ~í= VM=B= jòI= NMM=B= ëáÖåë= ~åÇ= çéÉê~íáçå~ä= éêçÑáäÉë= óçìê= áåèìáêó= ~åÇ=
êéã=~åÇ=VSKR=B=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÜáé=ëéÉÉÇK=qÜÉ=éêçéÉääÉê= çêÇÉê=ïáää=ÄÉ=Å~êÉÑìääó=êÉîáÉïÉÇ=~åÇ=~ää=ÖáîÉå=é~J
áë= Å~äÅìä~íÉÇ= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= Åä~ëë= åçí~íáçå= ?kç= fÅÉ?= ê~ãÉíÉêë=ïáää=ÄÉ=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ=áå=~å=áåÇáîáÇì~ä=Å~äJ
~åÇ= ÜáÖÜ= ëâÉï= éêçéÉääÉê= Ää~ÇÉ= ÇÉëáÖåK= qÜÉëÉ= Åìä~íáçåK=qÜÉ=êÉëìäí=çÑ=íÜáë=Å~äÅìä~íáçå=Å~å=ÇáÑÑÉê=
éêçéìäëáçå= é~Åâ~ÖÉë= ~êÉ= Éñ~ãéäÉë= çÑ= ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí= Ñêçã= íÜÉ= ëí~åÇ~êÇ= éêçéìäëáçå= é~Åâ~ÖÉë= Äó= íÜÉ=
ÅçãÄáå~íáçåë=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉëI=ÖÉ~êÄçñÉëI=éêçéÉääÉêë= ~ëëìãéíáçå=çÑ=ÉKÖK=~=ÜáÖÜÉê=fÅÉ=`ä~ëë=çê=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=
~åÇ=ëÜ~Ñí=äáåÉë=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=ÇÉëáÖå=é~ê~ãÉJ ÇÉëáÖå=é~ê~ãÉíÉêëK
íÉêë=~ÄçîÉK
Figure 5-8 MAN Diesel & Turbo standard propulsion package with engine 7L32/44 CR
MRMNJMNMOjnÅêffKÑã
_J^g POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=R=J=P

RKNKN=dÉåÉê~ä=
MRMNJMNMOjnÅêffKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=R=J=Q POLQQò _J^g

RKNKO=mêçéÉääÉê=ä~óçìí=Ç~í~==
RKNKO mêçéÉääÉê=ä~óçìí=Ç~í~
fÇÉåíáÑáÅ~íáçåW||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
qóéÉ=çÑ=îÉëëÉäW||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
cáÖìêÉ=RJV mêçéÉääÉê=Ç~í~=ëÜÉÉí
cçê=éêçéÉääÉê=éìêéçëÉë=éäÉ~ëÉ=éêçîáÇÉ=ìë=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=áåÑçêã~íáçåW
NK pW||||||||||||||||ãã==tW|||||||||||||||ãã===äW|||||||||||||||ãã=E~ë=ëÜçïå=~ÄçîÉF
aW|||||||||||||||||ãã
OK píÉêå=íìÄÉ=~åÇ=ëÜ~ÑíáåÖ=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí=ä~óçìí
PK mêçéÉääÉê=~éÉêíìêÉ=Çê~ïáåÖ
QK `çãéäÉíÉ=ëÉí=çÑ=êÉéçêíë=Ñêçã=ãçÇÉä=í~åâ=EêÉëáëí~åÅÉ=íÉëíI=ëÉäÑJéêçéìäëáçå=íÉëí=~åÇ=ï~âÉ=ãÉ~ëJ
ìêÉãÉåíFK=få=Å~ëÉ=ãçÇÉä=íÉëí=áë=åçí=~î~áä~ÄäÉ=íÜÉ=åÉñí=é~ÖÉ=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ÑáääÉÇ=áåK
RK aê~ïáåÖ=çÑ=äáåÉë=éä~å
SK `ä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=ëçÅáÉíó W|||||||||||||||
fÅÉ=Åä~ëë=åçí~íáçå W|||||||||||||||
TK j~ñáãìã=ê~íÉÇ=éçïÉê=çÑ=ëÜ~Ñí=ÖÉåÉê~íçêW|||||||||||||||
UK léíáãáë~íáçå=ÅçåÇáíáçå=Ñçê=íÜÉ=éêçéÉääÉê=W
qç=çÄí~áå=íÜÉ=ÜáÖÜÉëí=éêçéÉääÉê=ÉÑÑáÅáÉåÅó=éäÉ~ëÉ=áÇÉåíáÑó=íÜÉ=ãçëí=Åçããçå=ëÉêîáÅÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçå=Ñçê=
íÜÉ=îÉëëÉäK
pÜáé=ëéÉÉÇ W|||||||||||||||âå båÖáåÉ=ëÉêîáÅÉ=äç~Ç= W||||||||||||||||B
MRMNJMNMQKj^KÑã
pÉêîáÅÉLëÉ~ã~êÖáå W|||||||||||||||B pÜ~Ñí=ÖÉå=ëÉêîáÅÉ=äç~Ç W||||||||||||||||ât

aê~Ñí W|||||||||||||||ã
iJ^c ==m~ÖÉ=R=J=R
RKNKO=mêçéÉääÉê=ä~óçìí=Ç~í~==
VK `çããÉåíëW|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
NMK sÉëëÉä=ã~áå=ÇáãÉåëáçåë=EmäÉ~ëÉ=ÑáääJáå=áÑ=ãçÇÉä=íÉëí=áë=åçí=~î~áä~ÄäÉF
póãÄçä råáí _~ää~ëí iç~ÇÉÇ

iÉåÖíÜ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=éÉêéÉåÇáÅìä~êë iéé ã
iÉåÖíÜ=çÑ=äç~Ç=ï~íÉê=äáåÉ iïi ã
_êÉ~ÇíÜ _ ã
aê~Ñí=~í=Ñçêï~êÇ=éÉêéÉåÇáÅìä~ê qc ã
aê~Ñí=~í=~Ñí=éÉêéÉåÇáÅìä~ê q^ ã
aáëéä~ÅÉãÉåí ë ãP
_äçÅâ=ÅçÉÑÑáÅáÉåí=EiééF `_ J
jáÇëÜáé=ÅçÉÑÑáÅáÉåí `j J
t~íÉêéä~åÉ=~êÉ~=ÅçÉÑÑáÅáÉåí `ti J
tÉííÉÇ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=ïáíÜ=~ééÉåÇ~ÖÉë p ãO
`ÉåíêÉ=çÑ=Äìçó~åÅó=Ñçêï~êÇ=éÑ=iééLO i`_ ã
mêçéÉääÉê=ÅÉåíêÉ=ÜÉáÖÜí=~ÄçîÉ=Ä~ëÉäáåÉ e ã
_ìäÄ=ëÉÅíáçå=~êÉ~=~í=Ñçêï~êÇ=éÉêéÉåÇáÅìä~ê ^_ ãO
q~ÄäÉ=RJOT sÉëëÉä=ã~áå=ÇáãÉåëáçåë
NNK `çããÉåíëW=|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
====================|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
====================|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
====================|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
===========a~íÉW=||||||||||||||||||||=========páÖå~íìêÉW=|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
MRMNJMNMQKj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=R=J=S iJ^c
RKNKP=mêçéÉääÉê=ÅäÉ~ê~åÅÉ==
RKNKP mêçéÉääÉê=ÅäÉ~ê~åÅÉ
qç=êÉÇìÅÉ=íÜÉ=ÉãáííÉÇ=éêÉëëìêÉ=áãéìäëÉë=~åÇ=îáJ cçê=ëÜáéë=ïáíÜ=ëäÉåÇÉê=~Ñí=ÄçÇó=~åÇ=Ñ~îçìê~ÄäÉ=
Äê~íáçåë= Ñêçã= íÜÉ= éêçéÉääÉê= íç= íÜÉ= ÜìääI= áåÑäçï=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=íÜÉ=äçïÉê=î~äìÉë=Å~å=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=êÉÅçããÉåÇ=~=ãáåáãìã=íáé= ïÜÉêÉ~ë= Ñìää= ~ÑíÉê= ÄçÇó= ~åÇ= ä~êÖÉ= î~êá~íáçåë= áå=
ÅäÉ~ê~åÅÉ= ~ë= ëÜçïå= áå= ?q~ÄäÉ= RJOU= oÉÅçãJ ï~âÉ=ÑáÉäÇ=Å~ìëÉë=íÜÉ=ìééÉê=î~äìÉë=íç=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇK
ãÉåÇÉÇ=íáé=ÅäÉ~ê~åÅÉ?K=
få=íïáåJëÅêÉï=ëÜáéë=íÜÉ=Ää~ÇÉ=íáé=ã~ó=éêçíêìÇÉ=
ÄÉäçï=íÜÉ=Ä~ëÉ=äáåÉK
cáÖìêÉ=RJNM oÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=íáé=ÅäÉ~ê~åÅÉ
aáëã~åíäáåÖ=çÑ=Å~é eáÖÜ=ëâÉï=éêçéÉääÉê kçåJëâÉï=éêçéÉääÉê _~ëÉäáåÉ=ÅäÉ~ê~åÅÉ

eìÄ
u=ãã v=ãã v=ãã w=ãã
s_p=NNUM PSR
s_p=NOUM PVR
s_p=NPUM QOM
s_p=NQSM QRM
NR=Ó=OM=B=çÑ=a OM=Ó=OR=B=çÑ=a jáåáãìã=RM=Ó=NMM
s_p=NRSM QUM
s_p=NSUM RNR
s_p=NUMM RRR
s_p=NVQM RVM
MRMNJMNMSKj^KÑã
q~ÄäÉ=RJOU oÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=íáé=ÅäÉ~ê~åÅÉ
gJ^c ==m~ÖÉ=R=J=T
RKNKP=mêçéÉääÉê=ÅäÉ~ê~åÅÉ==
MRMNJMNMSKj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=R=J=U gJ^c
S båÖáåÉ=êÉä~íÉÇ=ëÉêîáÅÉ=ëóëíÉãë
h~éáíÉäíáíÉä=S=jKÑã
m~ÖÉ=S=J=N
m~ÖÉ=S=J=O
h~éáíÉäíáíÉä=S=jKÑã
båÖáåÉ=êÉä~íÉÇ=ëÉêîáÅÉ=ëóëíÉãë
SKNKN=máéÉ=ÇáãÉåëáçåáåÖ==
SKN _~ëáÅ=éêáåÅáéäÉë=Ñçê=éáéÉ=ëÉäÉÅíáçå
SKNKN máéÉ=ÇáãÉåëáçåáåÖ
qÜÉ=ÉñíÉêå~ä=éáéáåÖ=ëóëíÉãë=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ= Å~íÉÇ=ÄÉäçïK=kÉîÉêíÜÉäÉëëI=ÇÉéÉåÇáåÖ=çå=ëéÉJ
~åÇ= ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ= íç= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= Äó= íÜÉ= ëÜáéó~êÇK= ÅáÑáÅ= ÅçåÇáíáçåë= çÑ= éáéáåÖ= ëóëíÉãëI= áí= ã~ó= ÄÉ=
máéáåÖ= ëóëíÉãë= ~êÉ= íç= ÄÉ= ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ= áå= çêÇÉê= íç= åÉÅÉëë~êó= áå= ëçãÉ= Å~ëÉë= íç= ~Ççéí= ÉîÉå= äçïÉê=
ã~áåí~áå= íÜÉ= éêÉëëìêÉ= äçëëÉë= ~í= ~= êÉ~ëçå~ÄäÉ= Ñäçï= ê~íÉëK=dÉåÉê~ääó=áí=áë= åçí= êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ= íç=
äÉîÉäK=qç=~ÅÜáÉîÉ=íÜáë=ïáíÜ=àìëíáÑá~ÄäÉ=ÅçëíëI=áí=áë= ~Ççéí=ÜáÖÜÉê=Ñäçï=ê~íÉëK
êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=íç=ã~áåí~áå=íÜÉ=Ñäçï=ê~íÉë=~ë=áåÇáJ
===
oÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=Ñäçï=ê~íÉë=EãLëF
pìÅíáçå=ëáÇÉ aÉäáîÉêó=ëáÇÉ háåÇ=çÑ=ëóëíÉã
cêÉëÜ=ï~íÉê=EÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉêF NKR=Ó=OKR NKR=Ó=OKR ÅäçëÉÇ
iìÄÉ=çáä MKR=Ó=NKM NKR=Ó=OKR çéÉå
aáÉëÉä=ÑìÉä=çáä MKR=Ó=NKM NKR=Ó=OKM çéÉå
eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä çéÉå=L=ÅäçëÉÇ
MKP=Ó=MKU MKU=Ó=NKO
EéêÉëëìêáëÉÇ=ëóëíÉãF
bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë QM çéÉå
q~ÄäÉ=SJN oÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=Ñäçï=ê~íÉë
MSMNJMNMNj^KÑã
hJ^c ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=P
SKNKN=máéÉ=ÇáãÉåëáçåáåÖ==
MSMNJMNMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=Q hJ^c
SKNKO=fåëí~ää~íáçå=çÑ=ÑäÉñáÄäÉ=éáéÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçåë=Ñçê=êÉëáäáÉåíäó=ãçìåíÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉë
SKNKO fåëí~ää~íáçå=çÑ=ÑäÉñáÄäÉ=éáéÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçåë=Ñçê=êÉëáäáÉåíäó=ãçìåíÉÇ=
ÉåÖáåÉë
dÉåÉê~ääó=ÑäÉñáÄäÉ=éáéÉë=EêìÄÄÉê=ÜçëÉë=ïáíÜ=ëíÉÉä= fåëí~ää~íáçå=çÑ=ÜçëÉë
áåäÉíI=ãÉí~ä=ÜçëÉëI=mqcbJÅçêêìÖ~íÉÇ=ÜçëÉJäáåÉëI=
få=íÜÉ=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=ëíê~áÖÜíJäáåÉJîÉêíáÅ~ä=áåëí~ää~íáçåI=~=
êìÄÄÉê= ÄÉääçïë= ïáíÜ= ëíÉÉä= áåäÉíI= ëíÉÉä= ÄÉääçïëI=
ëìáí~ÄäÉ=Çáëí~åÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=ÜçëÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçåë=
ëíÉÉä=ÅçãéÉåë~íçêëF=~êÉ=åÉ~êäó=ìå~ÄäÉ=íç=ÅçãJ
Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=ÅÜçëÉåI=ëç=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ÜçëÉ=áë=áåëí~ääÉÇ=
éÉåë~íÉ= íïáëíáåÖ= ãçîÉãÉåíëK= qÜÉêÉÑçêÉ= íÜÉ= áåJ
ïáíÜ=~=ë~ÖK=qÜÉ=ÜçëÉ=ãìëí=åçí=ÄÉ=áå=íÉåëáçå=ÇìêJ
ëí~ää~íáçå= ÇáêÉÅíáçå= çÑ= ÑäÉñáÄäÉ= éáéÉë= ãìëí= ÄÉ=
áåÖ=çéÉê~íáçåK=qç=ë~íáëÑó=ÅçêêÉÅí=ë~Ö=áå=~=ëíê~áÖÜíJ
îÉêíáÅ~ääó=Eáå=wJÇáêÉÅíáçåF=áÑ=ÉîÉê=éçëëáÄäÉK=^å=áåJ
äáåÉJîÉêíáÅ~ääó= áåëí~ääÉÇ= ÜçëÉI= íÜÉ= Çáëí~åÅÉ= ÄÉJ
ëí~ää~íáçå=áå=Üçêáòçåí~äJ~ñá~ä=ÇáêÉÅíáçå=Eáå=uJÇáêÉÅJ
íïÉÉå=íÜÉ=ÜçëÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçåë=EÜçëÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇI=ÉåJ
íáçåF= áë= åçí= éÉêãáííÉÇX= ~å= áåëí~ää~íáçå= áå=
ÖáåÉ= ëíçééÉÇF= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ= ~ééêçñK= R=B= ëÜçêíÉê=
Üçêáòçåí~äJä~íÉê~ä= EvJÇáêÉÅíáçåF= áë= åçí= êÉÅçãJ
íÜ~å= íÜÉ= ë~ãÉ= Çáëí~åÅÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ìåÅçååÉÅíÉÇ=
ãÉåÇÉÇK=
ÜçëÉ=EïáíÜçìí=ë~ÖFK
cä~åÖÉ=~åÇ=ëÅêÉï=ÅçååÉÅíáçåë få=Å~ëÉ=áí=áë=ìå~îçáÇ~ÄäÉ=EíÜáë=áë=åçí=êÉÅçããÉåÇJ
ÉÇF=íç=ÅçååÉÅí=íÜÉ=ÜçëÉ=áå=ä~íÉê~äJÜçêáòçåí~ä=ÇáJ
cäÉñáÄäÉ= éáéÉë= ÇÉäáîÉêÉÇ= äççëÉäó= Äó=
êÉÅíáçå= EvJÇáêÉÅíáçåF= íÜÉ=ÜçëÉ= ãìëí= ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= ~êÉ= ÑáííÉÇ= ïáíÜ= Ñä~åÖÉ= ÅçåJ
éêÉÑÉê~Ääó=ïáíÜ=~=VMø=~êÅK=qÜÉ=ãáåáãìã=ÄÉåÇáåÖ=
åÉÅíáçåëI=Ñçê=ëáòÉë=ïáíÜ=akPO=ìéï~êÇëK=pã~ääÉê=
ê~ÇááI= ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ= áå= çìê= Çê~ïáåÖëI= ~êÉ= íç= ÄÉ= çÄJ
ëáòÉë= ~êÉ= ÑáííÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ëÅêÉï= ÅçååÉÅíáçåëK= b~ÅÜ=
ëÉêîÉÇK
ÑäÉñáÄäÉ=éáéÉ=áë=ÇÉäáîÉêÉÇ=ÅçãéäÉíÉ=ïáíÜ=ÅçìåíÉêJ
Ñä~åÖÉë=çêI=íÜçëÉ=ëã~ääÉê=íÜ~å=akPOI=ïáíÜ=ïÉäÇJ kÉîÉê=íïáëí=íÜÉ=ÜçëÉë=ÇìêáåÖ=áåëí~ää~íáçåK=qìêå~J
çå=ëçÅâÉíëK ÄäÉ=ä~ééÉÇ=Ñä~åÖÉë=çå=íÜÉ=ÜçëÉë=~îçáÇ=íÜáëK
tÜÉêÉ=ëÅêÉï=ÅçååÉÅíáçåë=~êÉ=ìëÉÇI=ëíÉ~Çó=íÜÉ=
^êê~åÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉñíÉêå~ä=éáéáåÖ=ëóëíÉã
ÜÉñ~Öçå=çå=íÜÉ=ÜçëÉ=ïáíÜ=~=ïêÉåÅÜ=ïÜáäÉ=ÑáííáåÖ=
pÜáéó~êÇDë= éáéÉ= ëóëíÉã= ãìëí= ÄÉ= Éñ~Åíäó= ~êJ íÜÉ=åìíK=
ê~åÖÉÇ=ëç=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=Ñä~åÖÉë=çê=ëÅêÉï=ÅçååÉÅíáçåë=
`çãéäó= ïáíÜ= ~ää= áåëí~ää~íáçå= áåëíêìÅíáçåë= çÑ= íÜÉ=
Çç=Ñáí=ïáíÜçìí=ä~íÉê~ä=çê=~åÖìä~ê=çÑÑëÉíK=qÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=
ÜçëÉ=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêK
áí=áë=êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=íç=~Çàìëí=íÜÉ=Ñáå~ä=éçëáíáçå=çÑ=
íÜÉ= éáéÉ= ÅçååÉÅíáçåë= ~ÑíÉê= ÉåÖáåÉ= ~äáÖåãÉåí= áë= aÉéÉåÇáåÖ= çå= íÜÉ= êÉèìáêÉÇ= ~ééäáÅ~íáçå= êìÄÄÉê=
ÅçãéäÉíÉÇK ÜçëÉë=ïáíÜ=ëíÉÉä=áåäÉíI=ãÉí~ä=ÜçëÉë=çê=mqcbJÅçêJ
êìÖ~íÉÇ=ÜçëÉ=äáåÉë=~êÉ=ìëÉÇK
fåëí~ää~íáçå=çÑ=ëíÉÉä=ÅçãéÉåë~íçêë
píÉÉä=ÅçãéÉåë~íçêë=~êÉ=ìëÉÇ=Ñçê=Üçí=ãÉÇá~I=ÉKÖK=
ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ëK=qÜÉó=Å~å=ÅçãéÉåë~íÉ=ãçîÉãÉåíë=
áå= äáåÉ= ~åÇ= íê~åëîÉêë~ä= íç= íÜÉáê= ÅÉåíêÉ= äáåÉI= Äìí=
íÜÉó=~êÉ=~ÄëçäìíÉäó=ìå~ÄäÉ=íç=ÅçãéÉåë~íÉ=íïáëíJ
áåÖ= ãçîÉãÉåíëK= `çãéÉåë~íçêë= ~êÉ= îÉêó= ëíáÑÑ=
~Ö~áåëí=íçêëáçåK=cçê=íÜáë=êÉ~ëçå=~ää=âáåÇ=çÑ=ëíÉÉä=
ÅçãéÉåë~íçêë=áåëí~ääÉÇ=çå=êÉëáäáÉåí=ãçìåíÉÇ=ÉåJ
ÖáåÉë=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=áå=îÉêíáÅ~ä=ÇáêÉÅíáçåK
MOMQJNPMUjnÅêffKÑã
cáÖìêÉ=SJNN ^êê~åÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=éáéÉë=áå=ëóëíÉã
aJ_^ POLQQò m~ÖÉ=S=J=R

kçíÉ>
bñÜ~ìëí= Ö~ë= ÅçãéÉåë~íçêë= ~êÉ= ~äëç= ìëÉÇ= íç=
ÅçãéÉåë~íÉ= íÜÉêã~ä= Éñé~åëáçåK= qÜÉêÉÑçêÉ= ÉñJ
Ü~ìëí=Ö~ë=ÅçãéÉåë~íçêë=~êÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=~ää=íóéÉ=
çÑ= ÉåÖáåÉ= ãçìåíáåÖëI= ~äëç= Ñçê= ëÉãáJêÉëáäáÉåí= çê=
êáÖáÇ= ãçìåíÉÇ= ÉåÖáåÉëK= _ìí= áå= íÜÉëÉ= Å~ëÉë= íÜÉ=
ÅçãéÉåë~íçêë= ~êÉ= èìáíÉ= ëÜçêíÉêI= íÜÉó= ~êÉ= ÇÉJ
ëáÖåÉÇ=çåäó=íç=ÅçãéÉåë~íÉ=íÜÉ=íÜÉêã~ä=Éñé~åJ
ëáçåë= ~åÇ= îáÄê~íáçåëI= Äìí= åçí= çíÜÉê= Çóå~ãáÅ=
ÉåÖáåÉ=ãçîÉãÉåíëK
^åÖìä~ê=ÅçãéÉåë~íçê=Ñçê=ÑìÉä=çáä
qÜÉ=ÑìÉä=çáä=ÅçãéÉåë~íçêI=íç=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=Ñçê=êÉëáäáÉåí=
ãçìåíÉÇ= ÉåÖáåÉëI= Å~å= ÄÉ= ~å= ~åÖìä~ê= ëóëíÉã=
ÅçãéçëÉÇ=çÑ=íÜêÉÉ=ÅçãéÉåë~íçêë=ïáíÜ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=
ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅëK= mäÉ~ëÉ= çÄëÉêîÉ= íÜÉ= áåëí~ää~íáçå=
áåëíêìÅíáçå=áåÇáÅ~íÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=Çê~ïáåÖK
pìééçêíë=çÑ=éáéÉë
qÜÉ= ÑäÉñáÄäÉ= éáéÉ= ãìëí= ÄÉ= áåëí~ääÉÇ= ~ë= åÉ~ê= ~ë=
éçëëáÄäÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçåK
lå=íÜÉ=ëÜáéëáÇÉI=ÇáêÉÅíäó=~ÑíÉê=íÜÉ=ÑäÉñáÄäÉ=éáéÉI=
íÜÉ=éáéÉ=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ÑáñÉÇ=ïáíÜ=~=ëíìêÇó=éáéÉ=~åÅÜçê=
çÑ=ÜáÖÜÉê=íÜ~å=åçêã~ä=èì~äáíóK=qÜáë=~åÅÜçê=ãìëí=
ÄÉ=Å~é~ÄäÉ=íç=~ÄëçêÄ=íÜÉ=êÉ~Åíáçå=ÑçêÅÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=
ÑäÉñáÄäÉ=éáéÉI=íÜÉ=ÜóÇê~ìäáÅ=ÑçêÅÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑäìáÇ=~åÇ=
íÜÉ=Çóå~ãáÅ=ÑçêÅÉK
bñ~ãéäÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=~ñá~ä=ÑçêÅÉ=çÑ=~=ÅçãéÉåë~íçê=íç=
ÄÉ=~ÄëçêÄÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=éáéÉ=~åÅÜçêW
√ eóÇê~ìäáÅ=ÑçêÅÉ
Z=E`êçëë=ëÉÅíáçå=~êÉ~=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅçãéÉåë~íçêF=ñ=
EmêÉëëìêÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑäìáÇ=áåëáÇÉF
√ oÉ~Åíáçå=ÑçêÅÉ=
Z= EpéêáåÖ= ê~íÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÅçãéÉåë~íçêF= ñ= EaáëJ
éä~ÅÉãÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅçãéKF
√ ^ñá~ä=ÑçêÅÉ=
Z=EeóÇê~ìäáÅ=ÑçêÅÉF=H=EoÉ~Åíáçå=ÑçêÅÉF
^ÇÇáíáçå~ääó=~=ëìÑÑáÅáÉåí=ã~êÖáå=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=áåÅäìÇJ
ÉÇ=íç=~ÅÅçìåí=Ñçê=éêÉëëìêÉ=éÉ~âë=~åÇ=îáÄê~íáçåëK
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=S POLQQò aJ_^

cáÖìêÉ=SJNO bñ~ãéäÉ=Ñçê=áåëí~ää~íáçå=çÑ=ÜçëÉë
aJ_^ POLQQò m~ÖÉ=S=J=T

=m~ÖÉ=S=J=U POLQQò aJ_^

SKNKP=`çåÇÉåë~íÉ=~ãçìåí=
SKNKP `çåÇÉåë~íÉ=~ãçìåí
`Ü~êÖÉJ~áê=éáéÉëI=~áê=îÉëëÉäë
Water vapour content of the air
[g water / kg air]
100
Intake air Charge air

90
pressure above
80 atmosphere
70
60
50 Relative
max. water content air humidity
of atmosphere (1 bar)
40
30 40%
A
30%
20
B
II
I
10
III
0
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Ambient air temperature [°C] Charge air temperature [°C]
cáÖìêÉ=SJNP aá~Öê~ã=ÅçåÇÉåë~íÉ=~ãçìåí
qÜÉ=~ãçìåí=çÑ=ÅçåÇÉåë~íÉ=éêÉÅáéáí~íÉÇ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ= íïÉÉå= íÜÉ= ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ= ÅÜ~êÖÉ= ~áê= éêÉëëìêÉ=

~áê=Å~å=ÄÉ=èìáíÉ=ä~êÖÉI=é~êíáÅìä~êäó=áå=íÜÉ=íêçéáÅëK= ÅìêîÉ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉK=
fí= ÇÉéÉåÇë= çå= íÜÉ= ÅçåÇáíáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= áåí~âÉ= ~áê=
^í=ÄçíÜ=éçáåíë=çÑ=áåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=êÉ~Ç=çìí=íÜÉ=î~äìÉë=
EíÉãéÉê~íìêÉI= êÉä~íáîÉ= ~áê= ÜìãáÇáíóF= áå= Åçãé~êáJ
xÖ=ï~íÉê=L=âÖ=~áêz=çå=íÜÉ=îÉêíáÅ~ääó=~ñáëK=
ëçå= íç= íÜÉ= ÅÜ~êÖÉ= ~áê= ~ÑíÉê= ÅÜ~êÖÉ= ~áê= ÅççäÉê=
EéêÉëëìêÉI=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉFK qÜÉ=áåí~âÉ=~áê=ï~íÉê=ÅçåíÉåí=f=ãáåìë=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=
~áê=ï~íÉê=ÅçåíÉåí=ff=áë=íÜÉ=ÅçåÇÉåë~íÉ=~ãçìåí=^=
aÉíÉêãáåáåÖ=íÜÉ=~ãçìåí=çÑ=éêÉÅáéáí~íÉÇ=ÅçåÇÉåJ
ïÜáÅÜ=ïáää=éêÉÅáéáí~íÉK=fÑ=íÜÉ=Å~äÅìä~íáçåë=êÉëìäí=áë=
ë~íÉW=
åÉÖ~íáîÉ=åç=ÅçåÇÉåë~íÉ=ïáää=éêÉÅáéáí~íÉK
cáêëí=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉ=íÜÉ=éçáåí=f=çÑ=áåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=áå=íÜÉ=
bñ~ãéäÉ=ëÉÉ=?cáÖìêÉ=SJNP=aá~Öê~ã=ÅçåÇÉåë~íÉ=
äÉÑí=ëáÇÉ==çÑ=íÜÉ=Çá~Öê~ã=Eáåí~âÉ=~áêF=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=
~ãçìåí?W=fåí~âÉ=~áê=ï~íÉê=ÅçåíÉåí==PM=ÖLâÖ=ãáåìë=
ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ= êÉä~íáîÉ= ~áê= ÜìãáÇáíó= ÅìêîÉ= ~åÇ=
OM=ÖLâÖ=Z=NM=Ö=ï~íÉêLâÖ=~áê=ïáää=éêÉÅáéáí~íÉK
íÜÉ=~ãÄáÉåí=~áê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉK=
MOMNJMNNQj^KÑã
qç= ÇÉíÉêãáåÉ= íÜÉ= ~ãçìåí= çÑ= éêÉÅáéáí~íÉÇ= ÅçåJ

pÉÅçåÇäó=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉ=íÜÉ=éçáåí=ff=çÑ=áåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=áå=
ÇÉåë~íÉ=ÇìêáåÖ=ÑáääáåÖ=íÜÉ=ëí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉä=íÜÉ=
íÜÉ= êáÖÜí= ëáÇÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= Çá~Öê~ã= EÅÜ~êÖÉ= ~áêF= ÄÉJ
éêçÅÉÇìêÉ=áë=ëáãáä~êI=àìëí=ìëÉ=íÜÉ=PM=Ä~ê=ÅìêîÉK
aJ_^ = m~ÖÉ=S=J=V
bñ~ãéäÉ=çÑ=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉ=íÜÉ=~ãçìåí=çÑ=ï~íÉê=~ÅÅìãìä~íáåÖ=áå=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉJ~áê=éáéÉ
m~ê~ãÉíÉê råáí s~äìÉ
båÖáåÉ=çìíéìí=EmF ât VINMM
péÉÅáÑáÅ=~áê=Ñäçï=EäÉF âÖLâtÜ SKT
^ãÄáÉåí=~áê=ÅçåÇáíáçå=EfFW ^ãÄáÉåí=~áê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ ø` PR
oÉä~íáîÉ=~áê=ÜìãáÇáíó B UM
`Ü~êÖÉJ~áê=ÅçåÇáíáçå=EffFW `Ü~êÖÉJ~áê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=~ÑíÉê=ÅççäÉê ø` RM
`Ü~êÖÉJ~áê=éêÉëëìêÉ=EçîÉêéêÉëëìêÉF Ä~ê PKM
pçäìíáçå=~ÅÅK=íç=~ÄçîÉ=Çá~Öê~ãW
t~íÉê=ÅçåíÉåí=çÑ=~áê=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=éçáåí=çÑ=áåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=EfF âÖ=çÑ=ï~íÉê=L=âÖ=çÑ=~áê MKMP
j~ñáãìã=ï~íÉê=ÅçåíÉåí=çÑ=~áê=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=éçáåí=çÑ=áåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=EffF âÖ=çÑ=ï~íÉê=L=âÖ=çÑ=~áê MKMO
qÜÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=EfF=~åÇ=EffF=áë=íÜÉ=ÅçåÇÉåëÉÇ=ï~íÉê=~ãçìåí=E^F
^Z=f=Ó=ff=Z=MKMPJMKMO=Z=MKMN=âÖ=çÑ=ï~íÉêLâÖ=çÑ=~áê
qçí~ä=~ãçìåí=çÑ=ÅçåÇÉåë~íÉ=n^W
n^Z=~=ñ=äÉ=ñ=m
n^Z=MKMN=ñ=SKT=ñ=VNMM=Z=SNM=âÖLÜ
q~ÄäÉ=SJO aÉíÉêãáåáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÅçåÇÉåë~íÉ=~ãçìåí=áå=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=éáéÉ
bñ~ãéäÉ=íç=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉ=íÜÉ=ÅçåÇÉåë~íÉ=~ãçìåí=áå=íÜÉ=ÅçãéêÉëëÉÇ=~áê=îÉëëÉä
sçäìãÉíêáÅ=Å~é~Åáíó=çÑ=í~åâ=EsF äáíêÉ PIRMM

ãP PKR
qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=~áê=áå=ëí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉä=EqF ø` QM
h PNP
^áê=éêÉëëìêÉ=áå=ëí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉä=Eé=~ÄçîÉ=~íãçëéÜÉêÉF Ä~ê PM
^áê=éêÉëëìêÉ=áå=ëí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉä=Eé=~ÄëçäìíÉF Ä~ê PN
k-
------
ã
2
PN=ñ=NMR
d~ë=Åçåëí~åí=Ñçê=~áê=EoF kã -
-------------
âÖñh OUT
^ãÄáÉåí=~áê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ ø` PR
oÉä~íáîÉ=~áê=ÜìãáÇáíó B UM
MOMNJMNNQj^KÑã
q~ÄäÉ=SJP aÉíÉêãáåáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÅçåÇÉåë~íÉ=~ãçìåí==áå=íÜÉ=ÅçãéêÉëëÉÇ=~áê=îÉëëÉä
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=NM aJ_^
tÉáÖÜí=çÑ=~áê=áå=íÜÉ=ëí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉä=áë=Å~äÅìä~íÉÇ=~ë=ÑçääçïëW
5
és 31  10  3 5
ã = ------------- = ------------------------------------ = 121 kg 
oq 287  313
pçäìíáçå=~ÅÅK=íç=~ÄçîÉ=Çá~Öê~ãW
t~íÉê=ÅçåíÉåí=çÑ=~áê=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=éçáåí=çÑ=áåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=EfF âÖ=çÑ=ï~íÉê=L=âÖ=çÑ=~áê MKMPM
j~ñáãìã=ï~íÉê=ÅçåíÉåí=çÑ=~áê=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=éçáåí=çÑ=áåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=EfffF âÖ=çÑ=ï~íÉê=L=âÖ=çÑ=~áê MKMMO
qÜÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=EfF=~åÇ=EfffF=áë=íÜÉ=ÅçåÇÉåëÉÇ=ï~íÉê=~ãçìåí=E_F
_ = f – fff
_ = 0.030 – 0.002 = 0.028 kg of water / kg of air
qçí~ä=~ãçìåí=çÑ=ÅçåÇÉåë~íÉ=áå=íÜÉ=îÉëëÉä=n_W
n_ = ã  _
n_=Z=NON=G=MKMOU=Z=PKPV=âÖ=
q~ÄäÉ=SJP aÉíÉêãáåáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÅçåÇÉåë~íÉ=~ãçìåí==áå=íÜÉ=ÅçãéêÉëëÉÇ=~áê=îÉëëÉä
MOMNJMNNQj^KÑã
aJ_^ = m~ÖÉ=S=J=NN
MOMNJMNNQj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=NO aJ_^
SKNKP=`çåÇÉåë~íÉ=~ãçìåí
iìÄÉ=çáä=çìíäÉíë=Ó=ÉåÖáåÉ=POLQQò=
oáÖáÇäó=ãçìåíÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉë=
MSMOJMQMOjnKÑã
cáÖìêÉ=SJNQ iìÄÉ=çáä=çìíäÉíë=ÉåÖáåÉ=iPOLQQò
gJ^g POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=NP

SKNKP=`çåÇÉåë~íÉ=~ãçìåí
MSMOJMQMOjnKÑã
cáÖìêÉ=SJNR iìÄÉ=çáä=çìíäÉíë=ÉåÖáåÉ=sPOLQQò
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=NQ POLQQò gJ^g

SKOKN=iìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëíÉã=ÇÉëÅêáéíáçå==
SKO iìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëíÉã
SKOKN iìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëíÉã=ÇÉëÅêáéíáçå
qÜÉ=Çá~Öê~ãë=êÉéêÉëÉåí=íÜÉ=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=ÇÉëáÖå=çÑ= cçê=É~ÅÜ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~=ëÉé~ê~íÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëíÉã=áë=êÉJ
ÉñíÉêå~ä= äìÄÉ= çáä= ëÉêîáÅÉ= ëóëíÉãëI= ïáíÜ= ÉåÖáåÉ= èìáêÉÇK
ãçìåíÉÇ= ~åÇ= ÇÉí~ÅÜÉÇI= ÑêÉÉëí~åÇáåÖI= äìÄÉ= çáä=
cçê= Çì~äJÑìÉä= ÉåÖáåÉë= Ed~ëJÇáÉëÉä= ÉåÖáåÉëF= ~=
éìãéEëFK
ëìééäÉãÉåí= ïáää= Éñéä~áå= ~ÇÇáíáçå~ä= ëéÉÅáÑáÅ= êÉJ
qÜÉ=áåíÉêå~ä=äìÄêáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=íìêJ èìáêÉãÉåíëK
ÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=áë=éêçîáÇÉÇ=ïáíÜ=~=ÑçêÅÉJÑÉÉÇ=äìÄêáÅ~J
íáçå=ëóëíÉãK iìÄÉ=çáä=îáëÅçëáíóLèì~äáíó
qÜÉ=äìÄêáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=äáåÉêë=áë=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ= qÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=aáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉ=çéÉêJ
~ë=~=ëÉé~ê~íÉ=ëóëíÉã=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Äìí= ~íáçå=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=Å~êÉÑìääó=ëÉäÉÅíÉÇK=
ëÉêîÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=áååÉê=äìÄêáÅ~íáçå=ëóëíÉãK qÜÉ=ëÉäÉÅíáçå=áë=ã~áåäó=~ÑÑÉÅíÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=ìëÉÇ=ÑìÉä=
Öê~ÇÉK
sáëÅçëáíó=
j~áå=ÑìÉä iìÄÉ=çáä=íóéÉ _~ëÉ=kçK=E_kF
Åä~ëë
d~ë=EHjalLjdl=Ñçê=áÖåáíáçå=
S=Ó=NO=ãÖ=hleLÖ
çåäóF
ÇçéÉÇ=EeaF=H=~ÇÇáíáîÉë ÇÉéÉåÇë=çå=
jdl NO=Ó=OM=ãÖ=hleLÖ
p^b=QM ëìäéÜìê=ÅçåJ
jal NO=Ó=OM=ãÖ=hleLÖ íÉåí
ecl ãÉÇáìãJ~äâ~äáåÉ=H=~ÇÇáJ
PM=Ó=QM=ãÖ=hleLÖ
íáîÉë
q~ÄäÉ=SJQ j~áå=ÑìÉäLiìÄÉ=çáä=íóéÉ
cçê=ÇÉí~áäë=ëÉÉ= ?`Ü~éíÉê=PKN=nì~äáíó=çÑ=äìÄêáÅ~íJ ëí~êíK=^=Åçåëí~åí=ÅáêÅìä~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=ïáíÜ=

áåÖ=çáä=Ep^b=QMF=Ñçê=çéÉê~íáçå=ïáíÜ=ã~êáåÉ=Ö~ë=çáäI= íÜÉ= ëí~åÇJÄó= éìãé= áë= åçí= êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇK= cçê=
ÇáÉëÉä=çáä=EjdlLjalFI=é~ÖÉ=PJP?I= ?`Ü~éíÉê=PKO= éêáãáåÖ= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉI= áí= áë= ëìÑÑáÅáÉåí= íç= ëí~êí= íÜÉ=
nì~äáíó=çÑ=äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáäë=Ep^bQMF=Ñçê=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä= ëí~åÇJÄó=éìãé=NR=ãáå=éêáçê=íç=ÉåÖáåÉ=ëí~êíK
çáä=çéÉê~íáçå=EeclFI=é~ÖÉ=PJT?=~åÇ=ïÜÉå=~î~áä~J
ÄäÉ= ÅÜ~éíÉê= ?nì~äáíó= êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë= çÑ= çéÉê~íáåÖ= iìÄÉ=çáä=ÜÉ~íáåÖ=Ó=ãìäíá=ÉåÖáåÉ=éä~åí
ëìééäáÉë= Ó= nì~äáíó= êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë= Ñçê= äìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ= qÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=áå=íÜÉ=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=
çáä=Ó=Çì~äJÑìÉä=ÉåÖáåÉë?K ëÜ~ää= ÄÉ= ÜÉ~íÉÇ= ìé= íç= QM=ø`= ÇìêáåÖ= ëí~åÇJÄó=
ãçÇÉ= çÑ= çåÉ= ÉåÖáåÉK= ^= Åçåëí~åí= ÅáêÅìä~íáçå=
qJMMNL=pÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ
íÜêçìÖÜ= íÜÉ= ëÉéÉê~íÉê= ÜÉ~íÉê= áë= êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=
cçê=íÜÉ=ÇÉëáÖå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ=íÜÉ=Åä~ëë=êÉJ ïáíÜ=~=ëã~ää=éêáãáåÖ=éìãéK
èìáêÉãÉåíë= Ü~îÉ= íç= ÄÉ= í~âÉå= áå= ÅçåëáÇÉê~íáçåK=
cçê=ÇÉëáÖå=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=çÑ=j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= pìÅíáçå=éáéÉë
ëÉÉ= ?`Ü~éíÉê=SKOKQ=iìÄÉ=çáä=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâI=é~ÖÉ= pìÅíáçå= éáéÉë= ãìëí= ÄÉ= áåëí~ääÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ~= ëíÉ~Çó=
SJPP?K ëäçéÉ= ~åÇ= ÇáãÉåëáçåÉÇ= Ñçê= íÜÉ= íçí~ä= êÉëáëí~åÅÉ=
MSMOJMOMOj^JqÉñíKÑã
EáåÅäK=éêÉëëìêÉ=Çêçé=Ñçê=ëìÅíáçå=ÑáäíÉêF=åçí=ÉñÅÉÉÇJ
iìÄÉ=çáä=ÜÉ~íáåÖ=Ó=ëáåÖäÉ=ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉ
áåÖ= íÜÉ= éìãé= ëìÅíáçå= ÜÉ~ÇK= ^= åçåJêÉíìêå= Ñä~é=
qÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=áå=íÜÉ=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã= ãìëí=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=ÅäçëÉ=íç=íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=í~åâ=áå=çêJ
ëÜ~ää=ÄÉ=ÜÉ~íÉÇ=ìé=íç=QM=ø`=éêáçê=íç=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ= ÇÉê=íç=éêÉîÉåí=íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=Ä~ÅâÑäçï=ïÜÉå=íÜÉ=ÉåJ
_J_^ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=NR
ÖáåÉ= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= ëÜìí= çÑÑK= cçê= ÉåÖáåÉ= ãçìåíÉÇ=

éìãéë=íÜáë=åçåJêÉíìêå=Ñä~é=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÄóJé~ëëÉÇ=
Äó=~=êÉäáÉÑ=î~äîÉ=EmpsJMMQI=akRMF=íç=éêçíÉÅí=íÜÉ=
éìãé= ëÉ~äë= ~Ö~áåëí= ÜáÖÜ= éêÉëëìêÉ= ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ= çÑ=
ÅçìåíÉê=êçí~íáçå=EÇìêáåÖ=ëÜìí=ÇçïåFK
cfiJMMQ=L=pìÅíáçå=ÑáäíÉê
qÜÉ= ëìÅíáçå= ÑáäíÉêë= éêçíÉÅí= íÜÉ= äìÄÉ= çáä= éìãéë=
~Ö~áåëí=ä~êÖÉê=Çáêí=é~êíáÅäÉë=íÜ~í=ã~ó=Ü~îÉ=~ÅÅìJ
ãìä~íÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=í~åâK=fí=áë=êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=íç=ìëÉ=ÑáäJ
íÉêë=ïáíÜ=~=ãÉëÜ=ëáòÉ=çÑ=RQM=ã=ïáíÜ=ã~ÖåÉíáÅ=
áåëÉêíëK=^=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä=éêÉëëìêÉ=Ö~ìÖÉ=ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ=
íç= íÜÉ= ÑáäíÉê= áåÇáÅ~íÉë= ïÜÉå= ã~åì~ä= ÅäÉ~åáåÖ= çÑ=
ÑáäíÉê=ÄÉÅçãÉë=åÉÅÉëë~êóI=ïÜáÅÜ=ëÜçìäÇ=éêÉÑÉê~J
Ääó=ÄÉ=ÇçåÉ=áå=éçêíK
mJMMNLmJMTQ=L=iìÄÉ=çáä=éìãéë
cçê= ëÜáéë= ïáíÜ= ~= ëáåÖäÉ= ã~áå= ÉåÖáåÉ= ÇêáîÉ= áí= áë=
éêÉÑÉê~ÄäÉ=íç=ÇÉëáÖå=íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëíÉã=ïáíÜ=~=
ÅçãÄáå~íáçå=çÑ=~å=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÇêáîÉå=äìÄÉ=çáä=éìãé=
EmJMMNF= ~åÇ= ~å= ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ääó= ÇêáîÉå= ëí~åÇJÄó=
éìãé=EmJMTQF=ENMM=B=Å~é~ÅáíóFK
cçê= ëÜáéë= ïáíÜ= ãçêÉ= íÜ~å= çåÉ= ã~áå= ÉåÖáåÉ= íÜÉ=
ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ääó= ÇêáîÉå= éìãé= Å~å= ÄÉ= ÇáãÉåëáçåÉÇ=
ëã~ääÉêI=íç=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=~ë=~=éêáãáåÖ=éìãé=çåäóK=
^ë=äçåÖ=~ë=íÜÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=ëí~åÇJÄó=éìãé=áë=éêçJ
îáÇáåÖ= NMM=B= Å~é~Åáíó= çÑ= íÜÉ= çéÉê~íáåÖ= éìãéI=
íÜÉ= Åä~ëë= êÉèìáêÉãÉåí= íç= Ü~îÉ= ~å= çéÉê~íáåÖ=
éìãé=áå=ëé~êÉ=çå=Äç~êÇI=áë=ÑìäÑáääÉÇK
qÜÉ=ã~áå=~Çî~åí~ÖÉë=Ñçê=~å=ÉåÖáåÉJÇêáîÉå=äìÄÉ=
çáä=éìãé=~êÉ
√ êÉÇìÅÉÇ=éçïÉê=ÇÉã~åÇ=Ñçê=dÉåpÉí=L=mql=Ñçê=
åçêã~ä=çéÉê~íáçå
√ Åçåíáåìçìë= äìÄÉ= çáä= ëìééäó= ÇìêáåÖ= Ää~ÅâJçìí=
~åÇ=ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó=ëíçé=Ñçê=ÉåÖáåÉ=êìåJçìíK
få=ÖÉåÉê~ä=~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=áåëí~ää~íáçåë=~ÅÅK=íç= ?q~ÄäÉ=
SJR=iìÄÉ=çáä=éìãéëI=éçëëáÄäÉ=ÅçãÄáå~íáçåë?=~êÉ=
íç= ÄÉ= ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ= Ñçê= ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí= éìãé= ~êê~åÖÉJ
ãÉåíë
√ íç=Åçãéäó=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=êìäÉë=çÑ=Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=ëçJ
ÅáÉíáÉë
√ íç= ÉåëìêÉ= Åçåíáåìçìë= äìÄÉ= çáä= ëìééäó= ÇìêáåÖ=

Ää~Åâ=çìí=~åÇ=ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó=ëíçé=Ñçê=ÉåÖáåÉ=êìåJ
çìí
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=NS _J_^
j~áå=äìÄÉ=çáä=éìãé=EçéÉê~íáåÖ=éìãéF
^íí~ÅÜÉÇ=çå=ÉåÖáåÉ=EÉåÖáåÉ=ÇêáîÉåF bäÉÅíêáÅ~ääó=ÇêáîÉå=éìãé=
mJMMN NMMB=Å~é~Åáíó=mJMTQ
bäÉÅíêáÅ~ääó=ÇêáîÉå= iìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëíÉã=Çá~Öê~ã=EëÉÉ=ÑáÖìêÉ=?iìÄÉ= iìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëíÉã=Çá~Öê~ã=EëÉÉ=ÑáÖìêÉ=?iìÄÉ=çáä=
éìãé=NMM=B=Å~é~Åáíó çáä=ëóëíÉã=Ó=ëÉêîáÅÉ=éìãé=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ?=áå= ëóëíÉã=Ó=ëÉêîáÅÉ=éìãé=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ääó=ÇêáîÉå?=áå=
mJMTQ é~ê~Öê~éÜ=?iìÄÉ=çáä=Çá~Öê~ãë?F é~ê~Öê~éÜ=?iìÄÉ=çáä=Çá~Öê~ãë?F
√ åç=~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=áåëí~ää~íáçå=êÉèìáêÉÇ √ iìÄÉ= çáä= êìåJÇçïå= í~åâ= Ñçê= ÉåÖáåÉ= áë= êÉJ
pÉÅçåÇ=äìÄÉ=çáä=éìãé=Eëí~åÇ=JÄó=éìãéF
èìáêÉÇ=EqJMRMF
√ iìÄÉ=çáä=êìåJÇçïå=í~åâ=Ñçê=qK`K=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=
EqJMTPF
bäÉÅíêáÅ~ääó=ÇêáîÉå= iìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëíÉã=Çá~Öê~ã=EëÉÉ=ÑáÖìêÉ=?iìÄÉ= iìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëíÉã=Çá~Öê~ã=EëÉÉ=ÑáÖìêÉ=?iìÄÉ=çáä=

éìãé çáä=ëóëíÉã=Ó=ëÉêîáÅÉ=éìãé=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ?=áå= ëóëíÉã=Ó=ëÉêîáÅÉ=éìãé=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ääó=ÇêáîÉå?=áå=
éêáãáåÖ=Å~é~Åáíó é~ê~Öê~éÜ=?iìÄÉ=çáä=Çá~Öê~ãë?F é~ê~Öê~éÜ=?iìÄÉ=çáä=Çá~Öê~ãë?F
mJMTQ √ j~áå= äìÄÉ= çáä= éìãé= ~ë= ëé~êÉ= áë= êÉJ √ iìÄÉ= çáä= êìåJÇçïå= í~åâ= Ñçê= ÉåÖáåÉ= áë= êÉJ
èìÉëíÉÇ= íç= ÄÉ= çå= Äç~êÇ= ~ÅÅK= íç=Åä~ëë= èìáêÉÇ=EqJMRMF
ëçÅáÉíóK √ iìÄÉ=çáä=êìåJÇçïå=í~åâ=Ñçê=qK`K=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=
√ låäó=Ñçê=ëÜáéë=ïáíÜ=ãçêÉ=íÜ~å=çåÉ=ã~áå= EqJMTPF
ÉåÖáåÉ √ j~áå=äìÄÉ=çáä=éìãé=~ë=ëé~êÉ=áë=êÉèìÉëíÉÇ=
íç=ÄÉ=çå=Äç~êÇ=~ÅÅK=íç=Åä~ëë=ëçÅáÉíó
√ låäó=Ñçê=ëÜáéë=ïáíÜ=ãçêÉ=íÜ~å=çåÉ=ã~áå=ÉåJ
ÖáåÉ
kç=ëÉÅçåÇ=éìãé kçí=éÉêãáííÉÇ
mäÉ~ëÉ=ëÉäÉÅí=çåÉ=?ã~áå=äìÄÉ=çáä=éìãé?=~åÇ=çåÉ=?ëÉÅçåÇ=äìÄÉ=çáä=éìãé?=~åÇ=Éî~äì~íÉ=íÜÉ=ÅçåëÉèìÉåÅÉëK
q~ÄäÉ=SJR iìÄÉ=çáä=éìãéëI=éçëëáÄäÉ=ÅçãÄáå~íáçåë
cçê= êÉèìáêÉÇ= éìãé= Å~é~ÅáíáÉë= ëÉÉ= ÅÜ~éíÉê= ebJMMO=L=iìÄÉ=çáä=ÅççäÉê
fjl=qáÉê=ff?K aáãÉåëáçåáåÖ
få=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=Ää~Åâ=çìí=ïáíÜ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ëíçé=íÜÉ=éçëí=äìJ eÉ~í=Ç~í~I=Ñäçï=ê~íÉë=~åÇ=íçäÉê~åÅÉë=~êÉ=áåÇáÅ~íJ
ÄêáÅ~íáçå=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ëí~êíÉÇ=ïáíÜáå=RM=ãáå=~ÑíÉê=íÜÉ= ÉÇ=áå=ÅÜ~éíÉê=?mä~ååáåÖ=Ç~í~=Ñçê=Éãáëëáçå=ëí~åÇJ
ÉåÖáåÉ=Ü~ë=ëíçééÉÇ=~åÇ=ãìëí= éÉêëáëí=Ñçê=ãáåáJ ~êÇ=fjl=qáÉê=ff?K
ãìã=NM=ãáåK=
^ÇÇáíáçå~ä= Åçåí~ãáå~íáçå= ã~êÖáå= áå= íÉêãë= çÑ= ~=
qÜáë=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=íç=Åççä=Ççïå=íÜÉ=ÄÉ~êáåÖë=çÑ=qK`K= NM=B=ÜÉ~í=íê~åëÑÉê=ÅçÉÑÑáÅáÉåí=êÉÇìåÇ~åÅó=áë=íç=
~åÇ=Üçí=áååÉê=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÅçãéçåÉåíëK= ÄÉ=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇK
qóéÉ=çÑ=båÖáåÉ pÉí=éçáåí qóéÉ=çÑ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÅçåJ `çåíêçä=ê~åÖÉ

iKlK=áåäÉí=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ íêçä=î~äîÉ iKlK=áåäÉí=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ
POLQM
SR=ø`
POLQQò
QMLRQ t~ñ=íÜÉêãçëí~í
pÉí=éçáåí=ãáåìë=NMh
QULSM_I=QULSMò EêÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇF
RR=ø`
RNLSM=ac=
RULSQ
q~ÄäÉ=SJS qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Åçåíêç~ä=î~äîÉ
_J_^ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=NT
iìÄÉ=çáä=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ ÇÉëáÖåI=íÜÉ=ÅçääÉÅíÉÇ=êÉëáÇìÉë=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ=êÉãçîÉÇ=
Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉê=ãÉëÜ=Äó=~ìíçã~íáÅ=Ä~Åâ=ÑäìëÜáåÖI=
qÜÉ=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅáêÅìä~íáåÖ=äìÄÉ=çáä=Å~å=ÄÉ=ÇáJ
ã~åì~ä=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=çê=ÅÜ~åÖáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉê=Å~êíêáÇÖÉK=
îáÇÉÇ=áåíç=íïç=ã~àçê=ÑìåÅíáçåë
qÜÉ= êÉíÉåíáçå= Å~é~Åáíó= çÑ= íÜÉ= áåëí~ääÉÇ= ÑáäíÉê=
√ oÉãçî~ä= çÑ= Åçåí~ãáå~íáçåë= íç= âÉÉé= ìé= íÜÉ= ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=~ë=ÜáÖÜ=~ë=éçëëáÄäÉK=
äìÄÉ=çáä=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ
cçê=ëÉäÉÅíáçå=çÑ=~å=~ééäáÅ~ÄäÉ=ÑáäíÉê=~êê~åÖÉãÉåíI=
√ oÉíÉåíáçå=çÑ=Çáêí=íç=éêçíÉÅí=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ íÜÉ=ÅìëíçãÉê=êÉèìÉëí=Ñçê=çéÉê~íáçå=~åÇ=ã~áåíÉJ
qÜÉ=êÉãçî~ä=çÑ=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=êÉëáÇìÉëI=ï~íÉê=~åÇ= å~åÅÉI=~ë=ïÉää=~ë=íÜÉ=Åä~ëë=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíëI=Ü~îÉ=
çíÜÉê= ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä= Åçåí~ãáå~íáçåë= áë= íÜÉ= ã~àçê= íç=ÄÉ=í~âÉå=áå=ÅçåëáÇÉê~íáçåK=
í~ëâ=çÑ=ëÉé~ê~íçêëLÅÉåíêáÑìÖÉë=E`cJMMNF=áåëí~ääÉÇ=
^êê~åÖÉãÉåí= éêáåÅáéäÉë= Ñçê= äìÄÉ= çáä= ÑáäíÉêë= cfiJ
áå=Äóé~ëë=íç=íÜÉ=ã~áå=äìÄÉ=çáä=ëÉêîáÅÉ=ëóëíÉã=çÑ=
MMNL=cfiJMMO
íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉK= qÜÉ= áåëí~ää~íáçå= çÑ= ~= ëÉé~ê~íçê= éÉê=
ÉåÖáåÉ=áë=êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=íç=ÉåëìêÉ=~=Åçåíáåìçìë= aÉéÉåÇáåÖ=çå=íÜÉ=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=ã~áå=ÉåJ
ëÉé~ê~íáçå=ÇìêáåÖ=ÉåÖáåÉ=çéÉê~íáçåK= ÖáåÉë=áå=çåÉ=éä~åí=~åÇ=çå=ÉåÖáåÉ=íóéÉI=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=
~êê~åÖÉãÉåí= éêáåÅáéäÉë= Ñçê= íÜÉ= ÑáäíÉêë= cfiJMMNL
qÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=áåíÉÖê~íÉÇ=ÑáäíÉêë=éêçíÉÅí=íÜÉ=aáÉëÉä=
cfiJMMO=~êÉ=éçëëáÄäÉW
ÉåÖáåÉ= áå= íÜÉ= ã~áå=ÅáêÅìáí= êÉí~áåáåÖ=~ää= êÉëáÇìÉë=
íÜ~í=ïáää=Ü~êã=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉK=aÉéÉåÇáåÖ=çå=íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉê=
kìãÄÉê=çÑ=ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉë= fåÇáÅ~íçê=ÑáäíÉê=EÇìéäÉñ=ÑáäíÉêF=
båÖáåÉ=íóéÉë ^ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉê=cfiJMMN
áåëí~ääÉÇ=áå=çåÉ=éä~åí cfiJMMO
mä~åíë=ïáíÜ=çåÉ=çê=ãçêÉ= POLQMI √ oÉèìáêÉÇ √ ^ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉê=ïáíÜ=Äóé~ëë
ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉë QMLRQI √ fåëí~ääÉÇ=ÅäçëÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ
QULSM_IQULSMò
RNLSMacI
RULSQ
mä~åíë=ïáíÜ=ãçêÉ=íÜ~å=çåÉ= POLQM=çåäó √ kçí=êÉèìáêÉÇ √ ^ìíçã~íáÅ= ÑáäíÉê= ïáíÜçìí= ÄóJ
ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉ é~ëë
√ cáäíÉê= ÇÉëáÖå= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ= ~éJ
éêçîÉÇ=Äó=j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç
√ fåëí~ääÉÇ=ÅäçëÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ
mä~åíë=ïáíÜ=çåÉ=ã~áå= POLQQò=çåäó √ kçí=êÉèìáêÉÇ √ ^ìíçã~íáÅ= ÑáäíÉê= ïáíÜ= Äóé~ëë=
ÉåÖáåÉ ~åÇ= MKMUMãã= ëÉÅçåÇ= ÑáäíÉê=
ëí~ÖÉ=ãçìåíÉÇ=çå=ÉåÖáåÉ
mä~åíë=ïáíÜ=ãçêÉ=íÜ~å=çåÉ= POLQQò=çåäó √ kçí=êÉèìáêÉÇ √ ^ìíçã~íáÅ= ÑáäíÉê= ïáíÜçìí= ÄóJ
ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉ é~ëë=Äìí=MKMUM=ãã=ëÉÅçåÇ=ÑáäJ
íÉê= ëí~ÖÉ= ãçìåíÉÇ= çå= íÜÉ=
ÉåÖáåÉ
q~ÄäÉ=SJT ^êê~åÖãÉåí=éêáåÅáéäÉë=Ñçê=äìÄÉ=çáä=ÑáäíÉêë
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=NU _J_^
cfiJMMN=L=^ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉê íìêÉF= áë= äÉÇ= íç= íÜÉ= ëÉé~ê~íçê= ëìÅíáçå= éáéÉ= áå= ~=
ÇáîáÇÉÇ=Åçãé~êíãÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâI=ïÜáÅÜ=
qÜÉ= ~ìíçã~íáÅ= Ä~Åâ= ï~ëÜáåÖ= ÑáäíÉê= áë= íç= ÄÉ= áåJ
éêçîáÇÉë=~å=ÉÑÑáÅáÉåí=Ñáå~ä=êÉãçî~ä=çÑ=ÇÉéçëáíë=Äó=
ëí~ääÉÇ=~ë=~=ã~áå=ÑáäíÉêK=qÜÉ=Ä~Åâ=ï~ëÜáåÖ=L=ÑäìëÜJ
íÜÉ=ëÉé~ê~íçê=EëÉÉ=?`Ü~éíÉê=SKOKQ=iìÄÉ=çáä=ëÉêîJ
áåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉê=ÉäÉãÉåíë=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=~êê~åÖÉÇ=áå=~=
áÅÉ=í~åâI=é~ÖÉ=SJPP?FK
ï~ó=íÜ~í=äìÄÉ=çáä=Ñäçï=~åÇ=éêÉëëìêÉ=ïáää=åçí=ÄÉ=~ÑJ
ÑÉÅíÉÇK= qÜÉ= ÑäìëÜáåÖ= ÇáëÅÜ~êÖÉ= EçáäLëäìÇÖÉ= ãáñJ
iìÄÉ=çáä=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉê=cfiJMMN
POLQMI=QMLRQI=
qóéÉ=çÑ=båÖáåÉ POLQQò POLQM QULSM_I=QULSMò
RNLSMacI=RULSQ
^ééäáÅ~íáçå √ páåÖäÉJã~áåJÉåÖáåÉJ √ jìäíáJã~áåJÉåÖáåÉJéä~åí √ páåÖäÉJã~áåJÉåÖáåÉJ
éä~åí éä~åí
√ jìäíáJã~áåJÉåÖáåÉJéä~åí √ jìäíáJã~áåJÉåÖáåÉJéä~åí
içÅ~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉê √ jçìåíÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ √ qç=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ √ qç=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ
ÉñíÉêå~ä= éáéáåÖ= ëóëíÉã= ÉñíÉêå~ä=éáéáåÖ=ëóëíÉã
ÅäçëÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ
j~ñK=ãÉëÜ=ïáÇíÜ=E~ÄëçäìíÉI=
MKMPQ=ãã
ëéÜÉêÉJé~ëëáåÖ=ãÉëÜF
cáäíÉê=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=äç~Ç ^ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=ÑáäíÉê=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉê
pìééäó fåÅäìÇÉÇ léíáçå~ä léíáçå~ä
q~ÄäÉ=SJU ^ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉê
^ë=Ñ~ê=~ë=íÜÉ=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉê=áë=áåëí~ääÉÇ=ïáíÜçìí= ~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉê=ëÜìí=çÑÑK=`çåëÉèìÉåíäóI=íÜÉ=~ìíçJ
~åó=~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=ÑáäíÉêë=ÇçïåëíêÉ~ãI=ÄÉÑçêÉ=íÜÉ=ÉåJ ã~íáÅ= ÑáäíÉê= áë= ÄóJé~ëëÉÇK= qÜÉ= äìÄÉ= çáä= áåÇáÅ~íçê=
ÖáåÉ=áåäÉíI=íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉê=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=~ë=ÅäçëÉ=~ë= ÑáäíÉê=cfiJMMO=íÉãéçê~êáäó=í~âÉë=çîÉê=íÜÉ=í~ëâ=çÑ=
éçëëáÄäÉ= íç= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= EëÉÉ= ?q~ÄäÉ= SJT= ^êê~åÖJ íÜÉ= ~ìíçã~íáÅ= ÑáäíÉêK= qÜáë= ãÉ~ëìêÉ= ÉåëìêÉë= íÜ~í=
ãÉåí=éêáåÅáéäÉë=Ñçê=äìÄÉ=çáä=ÑáäíÉêë?FK=få=íÜ~í=Å~ëÉ= ÇáëíìêÄ~åÅÉë=áå=Ä~Åâï~ëÜáåÖ=Çç=åçí=êÉëìäí=áå=~=
íÜÉ=éáéÉ=ëÉÅíáçå=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ÑáäíÉê=~åÇ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áåäÉí= ÅçãéäÉíÉ= Ñ~áäìêÉ= çÑ= ÑáäíÉêáåÖ= ~åÇ= íÜ~í= íÜÉ= ã~áå=
ãìëí= ÄÉ= ÅäçëÉäó= áåëéÉÅíÉÇ= ÄÉÑçêÉ= áåëí~ää~íáçåK= ëíêÉ~ã=ÑáäíÉê=Å~å=ÄÉ=ÅäÉ~åÉÇ=ïáíÜçìí=áåíÉêêìéíáåÖ=
qÜáë= éáéÉ= ëÉÅíáçå= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ÇáîáÇÉÇ= ~åÇ= Ñä~åÖÉë= ÑáäíÉêáåÖK
Ü~îÉ=íç=ÄÉ=ÑáííÉÇ=ëç=íÜ~í=~ää=ÄÉåÇë=~åÇ=ïÉäÇáåÖ=
ëÉ~ãë=Å~å=ÄÉ=áåëéÉÅíÉÇ=~åÇ=ÅäÉ~åÉÇ=éêáçê=íç=ÑáJ cfiJMMO=L=fåÇáÅ~íçê=ÑáäíÉê
å~ä=áåëí~ää~íáçåK qÜÉ=áåÇáÅ~íçê=ÑáäíÉê=áë=~=ÇìéäÉñ=ÑáäíÉêI=ïÜáÅÜ=ãìëí=
aáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä=éêÉëëìêÉ=Ö~ìÖÉë=Ü~îÉ=íç=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇI= ÄÉ=ÅäÉ~åÉÇ=ã~åì~ääóK=fí=ãìëí=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=ÇçïåJ
íç= éêçíÉÅí= íÜÉ= ÑáäíÉê= Å~êíêáÇÖÉë= ~åÇ= íç= áåÇáÅ~íÉ= ëíêÉ~ã=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉêI=~ë=ÅäçëÉ=~ë=éçëëáJ
ÅäçÖÖáåÖ=ÅçåÇáíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉêK=^=ÜáÖÜ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä= ÄäÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉK=qÜÉ=éáéÉ=ëÉÅíáçå=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ÑáäíÉê=
éêÉëëìêÉ=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=áåÇáÅ~íÉÇ=~ë=~å=~ä~êãK ~åÇ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áåäÉí=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÅäçëÉäó=áåëéÉÅíÉÇ=ÄÉJ
ÑçêÉ=áåëí~ää~íáçåK=qÜáë=éáéÉ=ëÉÅíáçå=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÇáîáÇJ
cáäíÉê=ãÉëÜ=ëáòÉë=~åÇ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=äç~Çë=ëÉÉ=?q~ÄäÉ=SJ
ÉÇ=~åÇ=Ñä~åÖÉë=Ü~îÉ=íç=ÄÉ=ÑáííÉÇ=ëç=íÜ~í=~ää=ÄÉåÇë=
U=^ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉê?K=
~åÇ= ïÉäÇáåÖ= ëÉ~ãë= Å~å= ÄÉ= áåëéÉÅíÉÇ= ~åÇ=
ÅäÉ~åÉÇ=éêáçê=íç=Ñáå~ä=áåëí~ää~íáçåK=
sJMMN=L=iÉ~ÇJëÉ~äÉÇ=ëÜìíJçÑÑ=ÅçÅâ=
qÜáë=ëÜìíJçÑÑ=ÅçÅâ=áë=çåäó=íç=ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇ=Ñçê=ëáåJ
ÖäÉJÉåÖáåÉ=éêçéìäëáçå=éä~åíëK=qÜÉ=ÅçÅâ=áë=ÅäçëÉÇ=
ÇìêáåÖ=åçêã~ä=çéÉê~íáçåK=få=Å~ëÉ=íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=~ìJ
íçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉê=cfiJMMN=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=í~âÉå=çìí=çÑ=çéJ
Éê~íáçåI= íÜÉ= ÅçÅâ= Å~å= ÄÉ= çéÉåÉÇ= ~åÇ= íÜÉ=
_J_^ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=NV
iìÄÉ=çáä=áåÇáÅ~íçê=ÑáäíÉê=cfiJMMO
POLQMI=QMLRQI=
qóéÉ=çÑ=båÖáåÉ POLQQò POLQM QULSM_I=QULSMò
RNLSMacI=RULSQ
^ééäáÅ~íáçå √ páåÖäÉJã~áåJÉåÖáåÉJ √ jìäíáJã~áåJÉåÖáåÉJéä~åí √ páåÖäÉJã~áåJÉåÖáåÉJ
éä~åí éä~åí
√ jìäíáJã~áåJÉåÖáåÉJéä~åí √ jìäíáJã~áåJÉåÖáåÉJéä~åí
içÅ~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉê qç=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ
ÉñíÉêå~ä=éáéáåÖ=ëóëíÉã=
ÅäçëÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ
fåÇáÅ~íçê=ÑáäíÉê=åçí= fåÇáÅ~íçê=ÑáäíÉê=åçí=
j~ñK=ãÉëÜ=ïáÇíÜ=E~ÄëçäìíÉI=
êÉèìáêÉÇ êÉèìáêÉÇ MKMS=ãã
ëéÜÉêÉJé~ëëáåÖ=ãÉëÜF
cáäíÉê=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=äç~Ç ^ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=ÑáäíÉê=ã~åìJ
Ñ~ÅíìêÉê
pìééäó J J léíáçå~ä
q~ÄäÉ=SJV fåÇáÅ~íçê=ÑáäíÉê
qÜÉ= áåÇáÅ~íçê= ÑáäíÉê= éêçíÉÅíë= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= ~äëç= áå= få=ãìäíáJÉåÖáåÉJéä~åíëI=ïÜÉêÉ=áí=áë=åçí=éçëëáÄäÉ=íç=
Å~ëÉ=çÑ=ã~äÑìåÅíáçåë=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉêK=qÜÉ= Äóé~ëë=íÜÉ=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉê=ïáíÜçìí=äçëë=çÑ=äìÄÉ=
ãçåáíçêáåÖ=ëóëíÉã=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉê=ÖÉåÉêJ çáä= Ñáäíê~íáçåI= íÜÉ= ~ÑÑÉÅíÉÇ= ÉåÖáåÉ= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ=
~íÉë=~å=~ä~êã=ëáÖå~ä=íç=~äÉêí=íÜÉ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=éÉêJ ëíçééÉÇ=áå=íÜáë=ëáíì~íáçåK
ëçååÉäK= ^= ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ~ìíçã~íáÅ= ÑáäíÉê=
qÜÉ= ÇÉëáÖå= çÑ= íÜÉ= áåÇáÅ~íçê= ÑáäíÉê= ãìëí= ÉåëìêÉ=
ÄÉÅçãÉë= åÉÅÉëë~êóK= cçê= íÜáë= éìêéçëÉ= íÜÉ= äìÄÉ=
íÜ~í=åç=é~êíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉê=Å~å=ÄÉÅçãÉ=äççëÉ=~åÇ=
çáä= Ñäçï= íÜçìÖÜí= íÜÉ= ~ìíçã~íáÅ= ÑáäíÉê= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ=
ÉåíÉê=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉK
ëíçééÉÇK=páåÖäÉJã~áåJÉåÖáåÉJéä~åíë=Å~å=ÅçåíáåJ
ìÉ=íç=ëí~ó=áå=çéÉê~íáçå=Äó=Äóé~ëëáåÖ=íÜÉ=~ìíçJ qÜÉ= Çê~áå= ÅçååÉÅíáçåë= ÉèìáééÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ëÜìíJçÑÑ=
ã~íáÅ= ÑáäíÉêK= iìÄÉ= çáä= Å~å= ëíáää= ÄÉ= Ñáäíê~íÉÇ= ÑáííáåÖë=áå=íÜÉ=íïç=ÅÜ~ãÄÉêë=çÑ=íÜÉ=áåÇáÅ~íçê=ÑáäíÉê=
ëìÑÑáÅáÉåíäó=áå=íÜáë=ëáíì~íáçå=Äó=çåäó=ìëáåÖ=íÜÉ=áåJ êÉíìêåë=áåíç=íÜÉ=äÉ~â=çáä=í~åâ=EqJMMSFK=aê~áåáåÖ=ïáää=
ÇáÅ~íçê=ÑáäíÉêK êÉãçîÉ=íÜÉ=Çáêí=~ÅÅìãìä~íÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=Å~ëáåÖ=~åÇ=
éêÉîÉåíë= Åçåí~ãáå~íáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ=ÅäÉ~å= çáä= ëáÇÉ= çÑ=
íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉêK=cáäíÉê=ãÉëÜ=ëáòÉë=~åÇ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=äç~Çë=ëÉÉ=
?q~ÄäÉ=SJV=fåÇáÅ~íçê=ÑáäíÉê?K=
fåÇáÅ~íáçå=~åÇ=~ä~êã=çÑ=ÑáäíÉêë
qÜÉ= ~ìíçã~íáÅ= ÑáäíÉê= cfiJMMNI= íÜÉ= áåÇáÅ~íçê= ÇìJ
éäÉñ=ÑáäíÉê=cfiJMMO=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ëìÅíáçå=ÑáäíÉêë=cfiJMMQ=
~êÉ= ÉèìáééÉÇ= ïáíÜ= äçÅ~ä= îáëì~ä= ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä= éêÉJ
ëìêÉ= áåÇáÅ~íçêëKqÜÉ= ÑáäíÉê= cfiJMMN= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ÑáäíÉê=
cfiJMMO=~êÉ=~ÇÇáíáçå~ääó=ÉèìáééÉÇ=ïáíÜ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåJ
íá~ä=éêÉëëìêÉ=ëïáíÅÜÉëK=qÜÉ=ëïáíÅÜÉë=~êÉ=ìëÉÇ=Ñçê=
éêÉ~ä~êã=~åÇ=ã~áå=~ä~êãKqÜÉ=~ä~êãë=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ìJ
íçã~íáÅ= ÑáäíÉê= ~åÇ= áåÇáÅ~íçê= L= ÇìéäÉñ= ÑáäíÉê= ~êÉ=
éêçÅÉëëÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Åçåíêçä=~åÇ=ë~ÑÉíó=ëóëJ
íÉã=~åÇ=~êÉ=~î~áä~ÄäÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ëÜáé=~ä~êã=ëóëíÉãK
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=OM _J_^
aáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä=éêÉëëìêÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ÑáäíÉê=áåäÉí=~åÇ=çìíäÉí=EÇéF
Çé=ëïáíÅÜ=ïáíÜ=äçïÉê=ëÉí=éçáåí=áë= Çé=ëïáíÅÜ=ïáíÜ=ÜáÖÜÉê=ëÉí=éçáåí=áë=
~ÅíáîÉ ~ÅíáîÉ
^ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉê fåíÉêãáííÉåí=ÑäìëÜJ qÜáë=Çé=ëïáíÅÜ=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=íïáÅÉ= qÜÉ=Çé=ã~áå=~ä~êã=?ÑáäíÉê=Ñ~áäìêÉ?=áë=ÖÉåJ
cfiJMMN áåÖ=íóéÉ áÑ=~å=áåíÉêãáííÉåí=ÑäìëÜáåÖ=ÑáäíÉê=áë=ìëÉÇK= Éê~íÉÇ=áããÉÇá~íÉäóK=fÑ=íÜÉ=ã~áå=~ä~êã=áë=
EÉKÖK=_Ch=SKSNF qÜÉ=Ñáêëí=ëïáíÅÜ=áë=ìëÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉê=ÅçåJ ëíáää=~ÅíáîÉ=~ÑíÉê=PM=ãáåI=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=çìíJ
íêçäX=áí=ïáää=ëí~êí=íÜÉ=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑäìëÜáåÖ= éìí=éçïÉê=ïáää=ÄÉ=êÉÇìÅÉÇ=~ìíçã~íáJ
éêçÅÉÇìêÉK Å~ääóK
qÜÉ=ëÉÅçåÇ=ëïáíÅÜ=áë=~ÇàìëíÉÇ=~í=íÜÉ=
áÇÉåíáÅ~ä=ëÉí=éçáåí=~ë=íÜÉ=ÑáêëíK=låÅÉ=íÜÉ=
ëÉÅçåÇ=ëïáíÅÜ=áë=~Åíáî~íÉÇI=~åÇ=~ÑíÉê=~=
íáãÉ=ÇÉä~ó=çÑ=~ééêçñK=P=ãáåI=íÜÉ=Çé=éêÉJ
~ä~êã=?ÑáäíÉê=áë=éçääìíÉÇ?=áë=ÖÉåÉê~íÉÇK=
qÜÉ=íáãÉ=ÇÉä~ó=ÄÉÅçãÉë=åÉÅÉëë~êó=íç=
ÉÑÑÉÅí=íÜÉ=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑäìëÜáåÖ=éêçÅÉÇìêÉ=
ÄÉÑçêÉ=~åÇ=íç=Éî~äì~íÉ=áíë=ÉÑÑÉÅíK
`çåíáåìçìë=ÑäìëÜJ qÜÉ=Çé=éêÉJ~ä~êãW=?ÑáäíÉê=áë=éçääìíÉÇ?=áë=
áåÖ=íóéÉ ÖÉåÉê~íÉÇ=áããÉÇá~íÉäó
EÉKÖK=_Ch=SKQSF
aìéäÉñ=L=fåÇáÅ~J EÉKÖK=_Ch=OKMRF=
íçê=ÑáäíÉê=
cfiJMMO
q~ÄäÉ=SJNM fåÇáÅ~íçå=~åÇ=~ä~êã=çÑ=ÑáäíÉêë
`cJMMN=L=pÉé~ê~íçê å eclZTI=jalZRI= jdlZRI= d~ëEHjalLjdl=

Ñçê=áÖåáíáçå=çåäóF=ZR
qÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=áë=áåíÉåëáîÉäó=ÅäÉ~åÉÇ=Äó=ëÉé~ê~íáçå=
áå= íÜÉ= ÄóJé~ëë= íÜìë= êÉäáÉîáåÖ= íÜÉ= ÑáäíÉêë= ~åÇ= ~äJ táíÜ=íÜÉ=Éî~äì~íÉÇ=Ñäçï=ê~íÉ=íÜÉ=ëáòÉ=çÑ=ëÉé~ê~íçê=
äçïáåÖ=~å=ÉÅçåçãáÅ~ä=ÇÉëáÖåK Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=ëÉäÉÅíÉÇ=~ÅÅK=íç=íÜÉ=Éî~äì~íáçå=í~ÄäÉ=çÑ=
íÜÉ= ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêK= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= ëíêáÅíäó=
qÜÉ= ëÉé~ê~íçê= EÅä~êáÑáÉêF= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ëÉäÑJ=
êÉÅçããÉåÇ=íç=ìëÉ=Éî~äì~íáçå=í~ÄäÉë=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=
ÅäÉ~åáåÖ= íóéÉK= qÜÉ= ÇÉëáÖå= áë= íç= ÄÉ= Ä~ëÉÇ= çå= ~=
íç= ~= ?`ÉêíáÑáÉÇ= Ñäçï= ê~íÉ?= E`coFK= qÜÉ= ëÉé~ê~íçê=
äìÄÉ=çáä=èì~åíáíó=çÑ=NKM=äLâtK=qÜáë=äìÄÉ=çáä=èì~åíáJ
ê~íáåÖ= ëí~íÉÇ= Äó= íÜÉ= ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉê= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ=
íó=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ÅäÉ~åÉÇ=ïáíÜáå=OQ=Üçìêë=~íW
ÜáÖÜÉê=íÜ~å=íÜÉ=Ñäçï=ê~íÉ=n=Å~äÅìä~íÉÇ=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=
√ eclJçéÉê~íáçå=S=Ó=T=íáãÉëI íç=íÜÉ=~ÄçîÉ=Ñçêãìä~K
√ jalJçéÉê~íáçå=Q=Ó=R=íáãÉëI=
pÉé~ê~íçê=ÉèìáéãÉåí
√ acJÉåÖáåÉë= çéÉê~íáåÖ= çå= Ö~ë= EHjalLjdl=
qÜÉ=éêÉÜÉ~íÉê=eJMMO=ãìëí=ÄÉ=~ÄäÉ=íç=ÜÉ~í=íÜÉ=çáä=
Ñçê=áÖåáíáçå=çåäóF=Q=Ó=R=íáãÉëI=
íç=VR=ø`=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ëáòÉ=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ëÉäÉÅíÉÇ=~ÅÅçêÇJ
qÜÉ=Ñçêãìä~=Ñçê=ÇÉíÉêãáåáåÖ=íÜÉ=ëÉé~ê~íçê=Ñäçï= áåÖäóK= få= ~ÇÇáíáçå= íç= ~= mfJíÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= ÅçåíêçäI=
ê~íÉ=n=áëW ïÜáÅÜ= ~îçáÇë= ~= íÜÉêã~ä= çîÉêäç~ÇáåÖ= çÑ= íÜÉ= çáäI=
ëáäíáåÖ= çÑ= íÜÉ= éêÉÜÉ~íÉê= ãìëí= ÄÉ= éêÉîÉåíÉÇ= Äó=
ÜáÖÜ=íìêÄìäÉåÅÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=çáä=áå=íÜÉ=éêÉÜÉ~íÉêK
1 0  m  å
n = ---------------------------- `çåíêçä=~ÅÅìê~Åó==N=ø`K
24
`êìáëÉ=ëÜáéë=áå=~êÅíáÅ=ï~íÉêë=êÉèìáêÉ=ä~êÖÉê=éêÉJ
n pÉé~ê~íçê=Ñäçï=ê~íÉKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKäLÜ ÜÉ~íÉêëK= få= íÜáë= Å~ëÉ= íÜÉ= ëáòÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= éêÉÜÉ~íÉê=
m qçí~ä=ÉåÖáåÉ=çìíéìíKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ât ãìëí=ÄÉ=Å~äÅìä~íÉÇ=ïáíÜ=~=í=çÑ=SM=hK
_J_^ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=ON
qÜÉ= ÑêÉëÜï~íÉê= ëìééäáÉÇ= ãìëí= ÄÉ= íêÉ~íÉÇ= ~ë= qJMRM=L=iìÄÉ=çáä=êìåJÇçïå=í~åâ=Ñçê=ÉåÖáåÉ

ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=ëÉé~ê~íçê=ëìééäáÉêK
fÑ=íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëíÉã=áë=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=Ñçê=íïç=ÉäÉÅíêáJ
qÜÉ=ëìééäó=éìãéë=ëÜ~ää=ÄÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑêÉÉJëí~åÇáåÖ= Å~ääó=ÇêáîÉå=äìÄÉ=çáä=éìãéë=EëÉÉ=?q~ÄäÉ=SJR=iìÄÉ=
íóéÉI=áKÉK=åçí=ãçìåíÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ëÉé~ê~íçê=~åÇ=~êÉ= çáä= éìãéëI= éçëëáÄäÉ= ÅçãÄáå~íáçåë?FI= ~= äìÄÉ= çáä=
íç= ÄÉ= áåëí~ääÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= áããÉÇá~íÉ= îáÅáåáíó= çÑ= íÜÉ= êìåJÇçïå=í~åâ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=
äìÄÉ=çáä=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâK EÇÉäáîÉêó=~åÇ=áåëí~ää~íáçå=Äó=íÜÉ=ëÜáéó~êÇF=áå=íÜÉ=
ÉåÖáåÉ=êççãK=qÜÉ=í~åâ=áë=ÑáääÉÇ=ïÜÉå=íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=
qÜáë=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí=Ü~ë=íÜêÉÉ=~Çî~åí~ÖÉëW
ëóëíÉã=áë=éìí=áåíç=çéÉê~íáçå=~åÇ=íÜÉ=í~åâ=ÅçåJ
√ ëìÅíáçå=çÑ=äìÄÉ=çáä=ïáíÜçìí=Å~ìëáåÖ=Å~îáí~íáçå íÉåí=ïáää=íÜÉå=ÄÉ=~î~áä~ÄäÉ=Ñçê=ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó=äìÄêáÅ~J
√ íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=ëÉé~ê~íçê=åÉÉÇ=åçí=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=áå= íáçåK
íÜÉ= îáÅáåáíó= çÑ= íÜÉ= ëÉêîáÅÉ= í~åâ= Äìí= Å~å= ÄÉ= låäó=ïáíÜ=ÑáääÉÇ=í~åâ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Å~å=ÄÉ=ëí~êíÉÇK=
ãçìåíÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ëÉé~ê~íçê=êççã=íçÖÉíÜÉê=ïáíÜ= qç=~ÅÅÉäÉê~íÉ=íÜÉ=ÑáääáåÖ=íáãÉI=íÜÉ=î~äîÉ=ilsJMMN=
íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=çáä=ëÉé~ê~íçêë êÉã~áåë= çéÉå= íáää= íÜÉ= äìÄÉ= çáä= äÉîÉä= áå= íÜÉ= êìåJ
√ ÄÉííÉê= ã~íÅÜáåÖ= çÑ= íÜÉ= Å~é~Åáíó= íç= íÜÉ= êÉJ Ççïå=í~åâ=áë=ëìÑÑáÅáÉåí=íç=ëí~êí=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉK=qÜÉå=
èìáêÉÇ=ëÉé~ê~íçê=íÜêçìÖÜéìíK î~äîÉ=ilsJMMN=áë=ÅäçëÉÇ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Å~å=ÄÉ=
ëí~êíÉÇK=aìêáåÖ=åçêã~ä=ÉåÖáåÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=~=ëã~ää=
^ë=~=êÉëÉêîÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=ëÉé~ê~íçêI=íÜÉ=ìëÉ=çÑ= ÜÉ~íáåÖ=äìÄÉ=çáä=ÑäçïI=íÜêçìÖÜ=~å=çêáÑáÅÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=
íÜÉ= jal= ëÉé~ê~íçê= áë= ~ÇãáëëáÄäÉK= cçê= êÉëÉêîÉ= é~ê~ääÉä=íç=î~äîÉ=ilsJMMNI=ÉåëìêÉë=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=
çéÉê~íáçå=íÜÉ=jal=ëÉé~ê~íçê=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÅçåîÉêíJ çáä=ÅçåíÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=êìåJÇçïå=í~åâ=ïáää=éêÉëÉêîÉ=~=
ÉÇ=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖäóK=qÜáë=áåÅäìÇÉë=íÜÉ=éáéÉ=ÅçååÉÅJ ëìÑÑáÅáÉåí=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉK=fí=áë=êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=íç=~ÇJ
íáçå= íç= íÜÉ= äìÄÉ= çáä= ëóëíÉã= ïÜáÅÜ= ãìëí= åçí= ÄÉ= àìëí= íÜÉ= ÜÉ~íáåÖ= äìÄÉ= çáä= Ñäçï= áå= çêÇÉê= íç= ÉñJ
áãéäÉãÉåíÉÇ= ïáíÜ= î~äîÉë= çê= ëéÉÅí~ÅäÉ= Ñä~åÖÉëK= ÅÜ~åÖÉ= íÜÉ= ÅçãéäÉíÉ= çáä= ÅçåíÉåí= çÑ= íÜÉ= êìåJ
qÜÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçå=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ÉñÉÅìíÉÇ=Äó=êÉãçî~ÄäÉ= Ççïå= í~åâ= áå= O=Ó=P=ÜçìêëK= ^å= çîÉêÑäçï= ïáää= ÇáëJ
ÅÜ~åÖÉJçîÉê= àçáåíë= íÜ~í= ïáää= ÇÉÑáåáíÉäó= éêÉîÉåí= ÅÜ~êÖÉ=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~íáåÖ=äìÄÉ=çáä=Ñäçï=áåíç=íÜÉ=ëÉêîáÅÉ=
jal=Ñêçã=ÖÉííáåÖ=áåíç=íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=ÅáêÅìáíK äìÄÉ=çáä=í~åâ=qJMMNK=få=Å~ëÉ=íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=éìãé=áë=
pÉÉ= ~äëç= êìäÉë= ~åÇ= êÉÖìä~íáçåë= çÑ= Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå= ëíçééÉÇI=ÉKÖK=Äó=Ää~ÅâJçìíI=íÜÉ=åçå=êÉíìêå=î~äîÉ=
ëçÅáÉíáÉëK kosJMMO= ïáää= çéÉå= ~ìíçã~íáÅ~ääó= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= í~åâ=
ÅçåíÉåí= áë= ìëÉÇ= íç= äìÄêáÅ~íÉ= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= ÇìêáåÖ=
m`sJMMT=L=mêÉëëìêÉ=Åçåíêçä=î~äîÉ êìåJçìí=Ñçê=~=ÑÉï=ãáåìíÉë=ïáíÜ=äçï=çáä=éêÉëëìêÉK=
^äëç=Äó=~=åçêã~ä=ëíçé=çÑ=íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=éìãé=íÜÉ=
_ó=ìëÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=éêÉëëìêÉ=Åçåíêçä=î~äîÉI=~=Åçåëí~åí= êìåJÇçïå=í~åâ=áë=ÇáëÅÜ~êÖÉÇ=~ìíçã~íáÅ~ääóK
äìÄÉ=çáä=éêÉëëìêÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áë=~ÇàìëíÉÇK
cçê=í~åâ=Å~é~Åáíó=~åÇ=áåëí~ää~íáçå=ÜÉáÖÜí=çÑ=íÜÉ=
qÜÉ=éêÉëëìêÉ=Åçåíêçä=î~äîÉ=áë=áåëí~ääÉÇ=ìéëíêÉ~ã= äìÄÉ= çáä= êìåJÇçïå= í~åâI= ëÉÉ= ÅÜ~éíÉê= ?mä~ååáåÖ=
çÑ=íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=ÅççäÉêK=qÜÉ=áåëí~ää~íáçå=éçëáíáçå=áë= Ç~í~= Ñçê= Éãáëëáçå= ëí~åÇ~êÇ= fjl=qáÉê=ff= Ó= cáääáåÖ=
íç=ÄÉ=çÄëÉêîÉÇK=_ó=ëéáääáåÖ=çÑÑ=ÉñÅÉÉÇáåÖ=äìÄÉ=çáä= îçäìãÉë=~åÇ=Ñäçï=êÉëáëí~åÅÉë?K
èì~åíáíáÉë= ìéëíêÉ~ã= çÑ= íÜÉ= ã~àçê= ÅçãéçåÉåíë=
íÜÉëÉ=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=Å~å=ÄÉ=ëáòÉÇ=ëã~ääÉêK=qÜÉ=êÉJ qÜÉ=Å~é~Åáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ=EqJMMNF=ãìëí=ÄÉ=
íìêå=éáéÉ=EëéáääáåÖ=éáéÉF=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=éêÉëëìêÉ=Åçåíêçä= áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=Å~é~Åáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=êìåJÇçïå=í~åâ=
î~äîÉ=êÉíìêåë=áåíç=íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâK EqJMRMF= ~ë= áíë= ÅçåíÉåí= êÉíìêåë= áåíç= íÜÉ= ëÉêîáÅÉ=
í~åâ=ïÜÉå=íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=éìãé=áë=ëíçééÉÇK
qÜÉ=ãÉ~ëìêÉãÉåí=éçáåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=éêÉëëìêÉ=Åçåíêçä=
éáéÉ=áë=ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ=ÇáêÉÅíäó=íç=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áå=çêÇÉê= qÜÉ= Çá~ãÉíÉê= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÅçååÉÅíáåÖ= éáéÉ= Ñêçã= íÜÉ=
íç=ãÉ~ëìêÉ=íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=éêÉëëìêÉ=~í=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉK=få= ã~áå=äìÄÉ=çáä=éáéÉ=íç=íÜÉ=êìåJÇçïå=í~åâ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=
íÜáë=ï~ó=íÜÉ=éêÉëëìêÉ=äçëëÉë=çÑ=ÑáäíÉêëI=éáéÉë=~åÇ= áåëí~ääÉÇ= î~äîÉë= ~êÉ= íç= ÄÉ= ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ãáåK=
ÅççäÉê=~êÉ=ÅçãéÉåë~íÉÇ=~ìíçã~íáÅ~ääó=EëÉÉ=~äëç= MITR=ñ=Çá~ãÉíÉê=çÑ=íÜÉ=ã~áå=äìÄÉ=çáä=éáéÉK=få=Å~ëÉ=
ÅÜ~éíÉê= ?iìÄÉ= çáä= ëóëíÉã= Ó= mêÉëëìêÉ= Åçåíêçä= çÑ=ÅçäÇ=~ãÄáÉåí=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=áí=ÅçìäÇ=ÄÉ=åÉÅÉëë~êó=

î~äîÉ?K íç=áåëìä~íÉ=íÜÉ=êìåJÇçïå=í~åâ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÅçååÉÅíJ
áåÖ=éáéÉK
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=OO _J_^
qJMTP=L=iìÄÉ=çáä=êìåJÇçïå=í~åâ=Ñçê=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê í~ÅíçêI= ïáíÜ= ~= éçïÉê= Åçåëìãéíáçå= çÑ= ~Äçìí=

MKR=ât=Ñçê=éìãéI=Åçåíêçä=~åÇ=ÜÉ~íáåÖK
fÑ=íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëíÉã=áë=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=Ñçê=íïç=ÉäÉÅíêáJ
qÜáë= î~äìÉ= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ÇçìÄäÉÇ= Ñçê= sJÉåÖáåÉëI= ~ë=
Å~ääó=ÇêáîÉå=äìÄÉ=çáä=éìãéë=EëÉÉ=?q~ÄäÉ=SJR=iìÄÉ=
íïç=Åçåíêçä=ìåáíë=EçåÉ=Ñçê=É~ÅÜ=êçïF=~êÉ=ëìééäáÉÇ=
çáä= éìãéëI= éçëëáÄäÉ= ÅçãÄáå~íáçåë?FI= ~= äìÄÉ= çáä=
áå=çåÉ=Å~ÄáåÉíK
êìåJÇçïå=í~åâ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=ãìëí=ÄÉ=áåJ
ëí~ääÉÇ=E~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉêI=ÇÉäáîÉêó=Äó=
=táíÜÇê~ï~ä=éçáåíë=Ñçê=ë~ãéäÉë
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄçFK=få=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=~å=ìåÉñéÉÅíÉÇ=
ëíçé=çÑ=íÜÉ=çáä=éìãé=EÄä~ÅâJçìíFI=íÜÉ=çáä=ÅçåíÉåí= mçáåíë= Ñçê= Çê~ïáåÖ= äìÄÉ= çáä= ë~ãéäÉë= ~êÉ= íç= ÄÉ=
çÑ=íÜÉ=í~åâ=áë=ìëÉÇ=íç=äìÄêáÅ~íÉ=íÜÉ=ÄÉ~êáåÖë=çÑ= éêçîáÇÉÇ= ìéëíêÉ~ã= ~åÇ= ÇçïåëíêÉ~ã= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÑáäJ
íÜÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=ÇìêáåÖ=êìåJçìíK íÉêë=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ëÉé~ê~íçêI=íç=îÉêáÑó=íÜÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉåÉëë=
çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=ëóëíÉã=ÅçãéçåÉåíëK
qoJMMN=L=`çåÇÉåë~íÉ=íê~é
máéáåÖ=ëóëíÉã
qÜÉ=ÅçåÇÉåë~íÉ=íê~éë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=îÉåí=éáéÉë=
çÑ= íÜÉ= íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉêI= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= Åê~åâÅ~ëÉ= ~åÇ= fí=áë=êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=íç=ìëÉ=éáéÉë=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=
íÜÉ= ëÉêîáÅÉ= í~åâ= ãìëí= ÄÉ= áåëí~ääÉÇ= ~ë= ÅäçëÉ= ~ë= éêÉëëìêÉ=Åä~ëë=mk=NMK
éçëëáÄäÉ=íç=íÜÉ=îÉåí=ÅçååÉÅíáçåëK=qÜáë=ïáää=éêÉJ
îÉåí=ÅçåÇÉåë~íÉ=ï~íÉêI=ïÜáÅÜ=Ü~ë=ÑçêãÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=
ÅçäÇ=îÉåíáåÖ=éáéÉëI=íç=ÉåíÉê=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=çê=ëÉêîáÅÉ=
í~åâK
pÉÉ= ~äëç= ÅÜ~éíÉê= ?`ê~åâÅ~ëÉ= îÉåí= ~åÇ= í~åâ=
îÉåí?K
qJMMS=L=iÉ~â~ÖÉ=çáä=í~åâ
iÉ~âÉÇ= ÑìÉä= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= Çáêíó= çáä= Çê~áåÉÇ= Ñêçã= íÜÉ=
äìÄÉ=çáä=ÑáäíÉê=Å~ëáåÖë=áë=ÅçääÉÅíÉÇ=áå=íÜáë=í~åâK=fí=áë=
íç=ÄÉ=ÉãéíáÉÇ=áåíç=íÜÉ=ëäìÇÖÉ=í~åâK=qÜÉ=ÅçåíÉåí=
ãìëí=åçí=ÄÉ=~ÇÇÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ÑìÉäK=fí=áë=åçí=éÉêãáííÉÇ=
íç=~ÇÇ=äìÄÉ=çáä=íç=íÜÉ=ÑìÉäK
^äíÉêå~íáîÉäóI=ëÉé~ê~íÉ=äÉ~â~ÖÉ=çáä=í~åâë=Ñçê=ÑìÉä=
~åÇ=äìÄÉ=çáä=Å~å=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇK
mJMNO=qê~åëÑÉê=éìãé
qÜÉ= íê~åëÑÉê= éìãé= ëìééäáÉë= ÑêÉëÜ= çáä= Ñêçã= íÜÉ=
äìÄÉ=çáä=ëíçê~ÖÉ=í~åâ=íç=íÜÉ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=í~åâK=pí~êíJ
áåÖ=~åÇ=ëíçééáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=éìãé=ëÜçìäÇ=éêÉÑÉê~Ääó=
ÄÉ=ÇçåÉ=~ìíçã~íáÅ~ääó=Äó=Ñäç~í=ëïáíÅÜÉë=ÑáííÉÇ=áå=
íÜÉ=í~åâK
mJMTR=L=`óäáåÇÉê=äìÄÉ=çáä=éìãé
qÜÉ= éìãé= ÑáííÉÇ= íç= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= áë= ÇêáîÉå= Äó= ~å=
ÉäÉÅíêáÅ=ãçíçê=E~ëóåÅÜêçåçìë=ãçíçê
PUM=Ó=QOM=sLRM=eò= çê= PUM=Ó=QSM=sLSM=eò= íÜêÉÉJ
éÜ~ëÉ=^`=ïáíÜ=éçäÉ=ÅÜ~åÖáåÖFK
cçê=íÜÉ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=äìÄêáÅ~íáçå=j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=
ïáää=ëìééäó=~=Åçåíêçä=ìåáí=áåÅäìëáîÉ=~=éìãé=ÅçåJ
_J_^ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=OP
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=OQ _J_^
SKOKN=iìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëíÉã=ÇÉëÅêáéíáçå
iìÄÉ=çáä=Çá~Öê~ãë=Ó=ÉåÖáåÉ=POLQQò
=
MSMOJMOMOjn|=aá~Öê~ãKÑã
cáÖìêÉ=SJNS iìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëíÉã=Ó=ëÉêîáÅÉ=éìãé=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ
_J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=OR

`cJMMN pÉé~ê~íçê mJMTQ pí~åÇ=Äó=éìãé=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ääó=ÇêáîÉå

`cJMMP jal=ëÉé~ê~íçê mJMTR `óäáåÇÉê=äìÄÉ=çáä=éìãé
cfiJMMN ^ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉê m`sJMMT mêÉëëìêÉ=êÉäáÉÑ=î~äîÉ
NI=O=cfiJMMQ pìÅíáçå=ÑáäíÉê mpsJMMQ p~ÑÉíó=î~äîÉ
eJMMO mêÉÜÉ~íÉê qJMMN pÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ
ebJMMO `ççäÉê qJMMS iÉ~â~ÖÉ=çáä=ÅçääÉÅíáåÖ=í~åâ
kocJMMN kçå=êÉíìêå=Ñä~é qJMON päìÇÖÉ=í~åâ
mJMMN pÉêîáÅÉ=éìãé=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ q`sJMMN qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Åçåíêçä=î~äîÉ
mJMNO qê~åëÑÉê=éìãé NI=OI=P=qoJMMN `çåÇÉåë~íÉ=íê~é
dÉåÉê~ä=ÇÉÑáåáíáçå=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=ÅçååÉÅíáçåëK=cçê=éêçàÉÅí=êÉä~íÉÇ=ÅçååÉÅíáçåë=éäÉ~ëÉ=ëÉÉ=áåëí~ää~íáçå=Çê~ïáåÖëW
ONMN båÖáåÉ=çáä=áåäÉí OUQNI=OUQO láä=ãáëí=éáéÉ=Ñêçã=ÉåÖáåÉ=~åÇ=íìêÄçJ
ÅÜ~êÖÉê
ONMO båÖáåÉ=çáä=áåäÉí=êÉëÉêîÉ TTNN `çåíêçä=çáä=Ñêçã=m`sJMMT
ONNS léíáçå~ä=ÅçååÉÅíáçå=ÑäìëÜáåÖ=éáéÉ VNQNI=VNQO iÉ~â~ÖÉ=Ñêçã=Åê~åâÅ~ëÉ=``p
ONONI=ONOO láä=éìãé=áåäÉí=êáÖÜíLäÉÑí VNQPI=VNQQ iÉ~â~ÖÉ=Ñêçã=Åê~åâÅ~ëÉ=`p
ONPNI=PNPO láä=éìãé=çìíäÉí=êáÖÜíLäÉÑí VNRNI=VNRO iÉ~â~ÖÉ=Ñêçã=Åê~åâÅ~ëÉ=Ñççí=``p
ONNNI=ONNOI= aê~áå=Ñêçã=çáä=é~å=``p VNRPI=VNRQ iÉ~â~ÖÉ=Ñêçã=Åê~åâÅ~ëÉ=Ñççí=`p
ONNR
ONNPI=ONNQ aê~áå=Ñêçã=çáä=é~å=`p
q`=Z=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê
q~ÄäÉ=SJNN iÉÖÉåÇ=íç=äìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëíÉã=Ó=ëÉêîáÅÉ=éìãé=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=OS POLQQò _J_^

cáÖìêÉ=SJNT iìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëíÉã=Ó=ëÉêîáÅÉ=éìãé=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ääó=ÇêáîÉå
_J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=OT

`cJMMN pÉé~ê~íçê mJMTR `óäáåÇÉê=äìÄÉ=çáä=éìãé

`cJMMP jal=ëÉé~ê~íçê m`sJMMT mêÉëëìêÉ=êÉäáÉÑ=î~äîÉ
cfiJMMN ^ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉê qJMRM oìå=Ççïå=í~åâ=Ñçê=ÉåÖáåÉ=äìÄêáÅ~íáçå
NI=O=cfiJMMQ pìÅíáçå=ÑáäíÉê qJMMN pÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ
eJMMO mêÉÜÉ~íÉê qJMMS iÉ~â~ÖÉ=çáä=ÅçääÉÅíáåÖ=í~åâ
ebJMMO `ççäÉê qJMON päìÇÖÉ=í~åâ
ilsJMMN nìáÅâ=ÑáääáåÖ=î~äîÉ qJMTP oìå=Ççïå=í~åâ=Ñçê=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=äìÄêáJ
Å~íáçå
kocJMMN kçå=êÉíìêå=Ñä~é q`sJMMN qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Åçåíêçä=î~äîÉ
mJMNO qê~åëÑÉê=éìãé NI=OI=P=qoJMMN `çåÇÉåë~íÉ=íê~é
NI=O=mJMTQ pÉêîáÅÉ=éìãé=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ääó=ÇêáîÉå
dÉåÉê~ä=ÇÉÑáåáíáçå=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=ÅçååÉÅíáçåëK=cçê=éêçàÉÅí=êÉä~íÉÇ=ÅçååÉÅíáçåë=éäÉ~ëÉ=ëÉÉ=áåëí~ää~íáçå=Çê~ïáåÖëW
ONMN båÖáåÉ=çáä=áåäÉí TTNN `çåíêçä=çáä=Ñêçã=m`sJMMT
ONMO båÖáåÉ=çáä=áåäÉí=êÉëÉêîÉ VNQNI=VNQO iÉ~â~ÖÉ=Ñêçã=Åê~åâÅ~ëÉ=``p
ONNNI=ONNOI= aê~áå=Ñêçã=çáä=é~å=``p VNQPI=VNQQ iÉ~â~ÖÉ=Ñêçã=Åê~åâÅ~ëÉ=`p
ONNR
ONNPI=ONNQ aê~áå=Ñêçã=çáä=é~å=`p VNRNI=VNRO iÉ~â~ÖÉ=Ñêçã=Åê~åâÅ~ëÉ=Ñççí=``p
ONNS léíáçå~ä=ÅçååÉÅíáçå=ÑäìëÜáåÖ=éáéÉ VNRPI=VNRQ iÉ~â~ÖÉ=Ñêçã=Åê~åâÅ~ëÉ=Ñççí=`p
OUQNI=OUQO láä=ãáëí=éáéÉ=Ñêçã=ÉåÖáåÉ=~åÇ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê
q`=Z=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê
q~ÄäÉ=SJNO iÉÖÉåÇ=íç=äìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëíÉã=Ó=ëÉêîáÅÉ=éìãé=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ääó=ÇêáîÉå
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=OU POLQQò _J_^

SKOKO=mêÉäìÄêáÅ~íáçå=L=éçëíäìÄêáÅ~íáçå=
SKOKO mêÉäìÄêáÅ~íáçå=L=éçëíäìÄêáÅ~íáçå
mêÉäìÄêáÅ~íáçå=áë=çå=éêáåÅáéäÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÉåJ ãçìåíÉÇ=äìÄÉ=çáä=éìãé=ìåíáä=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~íí~áåë=
ÖáåÉ=ëí~êíK áíë=ê~íÉÇ=ëéÉÉÇK
cçê= ã~áå= ÉåÖáåÉë= íÜÉ= ëí~åÇÓÄó= éìãé= áë= íç= ÄÉ= qÜÉ=Å~é~Åáíó=çÑ=éêÉäìÄêáÅ~íáçå=éìãé=Ü~ë=íç=ÉåJ
éìí=áåíç=çéÉê~íáçå=~ééêçñK=R=ãáåìíÉë=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÉåJ ëìêÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ÅçåÇáíáçåëW
ÖáåÉ=ëí~êíK
çáä=éêÉëëìêÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ MKP=Ä~ê
^=éêÉäìÄêáÅ~íáçå=éìãé=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=ÑçêW ~í=çáä=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ= K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K KUM=ø`
√ bãÉêÖÉåÅó=éçïÉê=ÖÉÜÉê~íáåÖ
mçëíäìÄêáÅ~íáçå
√ dÉåÉê~íçê=éä~åíë=áå=Å~ëÉë=ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=
éìãé=áë=ãçìåíÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ qÜÉ=éêÉäìÄêáÅ~íáçå=çáä=éìãéë=~êÉ=~äëç=íç=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=
Ñçê=éçëíäìÄêáÅ~íáçå=ïÜÉå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áë=ëíçééÉÇK
mêÉäìÄêáÅ~íáçå=áå=Å~ëÉë=ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=éìãé= mçëíäìÄêáÅ~íáçå=áë=ÉÑÑÉÅíÉÇ=Ñçê=~=éÉêáçÇ=çÑ=NR=ãáåK
áë=ãçìåíÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ
qÜÉ=éêÉäìÄêáÅ~íáçå=éìãé=áë=ëïáíÅÜÉÇ=çå=ÄÉÑçêÉ=
íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= áë= ëí~êíÉÇI= ~åÇ= ëÉêîÉë= íç= ~ëëáëí= íÜÉ=
båÖáåÉ=íóéÉ mêÉäìÄêáÅ~íáçå=L=éçëíäìÄêáÅ~íáçå=éìãéë
jáåáãìã=ÇÉäáîÉêó=ê~íÉë=EãPLÜF
kçK=çÑ=ÅóäáåÇÉêë
Si Ti Ui Vi NMi NOs NQs NSs NUs OMs
POLQQò OU PM PP PR PU QM QR RM RR SM
MSMOJMPMNj^ÄKÑã
aJ^g POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=OV

SKOKO=mêÉäìÄêáÅ~íáçå=L=éçëíäìÄêáÅ~íáçå=
MSMOJMPMNj^ÄKÑã
m~ÖÉ=S=J=PM POLQQò aJ^g

SKOKP=iìÄÉ=çáä=çìíäÉíë=Ó=ÖÉåÉê~ä=
SKOKP iìÄÉ=çáä=çìíäÉíë=Ó=ÖÉåÉê~ä
iìÄÉ=çáä=Çê~áå
qïç=ÅçååÉÅíáçåë=Ñçê=çáä=Çê~áå=éáéÉë=~êÉ=äçÅ~íÉÇ=
çå=ÄçíÜ=ÉåÇë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=çáä=ëìãéI=ÉñÅÉéí=Ñçê=
iQULSM= ~åÇ= iQMLRQ=Ó=ïáíÜ= ÑäÉñáÄäÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ=
ãçìåíáåÖ=Ó=ïáíÜ=çåÉ=Çê~áå=~êê~åÖÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ãáÇJ
ÇäÉ=çÑ=É~ÅÜ=ëáÇÉK
fÑ= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= áë= áåëí~ääÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= Üçêáòçåí~ä= éçëáJ
íáçåI=íïç=çáä=Çê~áå=éáéÉë=~êÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇI=çåÉ=~í=íÜÉ=
ÅçìéäáåÖ=ÉåÇ=~åÇ=çåÉ=~í=íÜÉ=ÑêÉÉ=ÉåÇK
fÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áë=áåëí~ääÉÇ=áå=~å=áåÅäáåÉÇ=éçëáíáçåI=
íÜêÉÉ=çáä=Çê~áå=éáéÉë=~êÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇI=íïç=~í=íÜÉ=äçïJ
Éê=ÉåÇ=~åÇ=çåÉ=~í=íÜÉ=ÜáÖÜÉê=ÉåÇ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=
çáä=ëìãéK
qÜÉ=Çê~áå=éáéÉë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=âÉéí=ëÜçêíK=qÜÉ=ëä~åíÉÇ=
éáéÉ=ÉåÇë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=áããÉêëÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=çáäI=ëç=~ë=íç=
ÅêÉ~íÉ= ~= äáèìáÇ= ëÉ~ä= ÄÉíïÉÉå= Åê~åâÅ~ëÉ= ~åÇ=
í~åâK
bñé~åëáçå=àçáåíë
^í= íÜÉ= ÅçååÉÅíáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= çáä= Çê~áå= éáéÉë= íç= íÜÉ=
ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâI=Éñé~åëáçå=àçáåíë=~êÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇK
pÜìíJçÑÑ=ÄìííÉêÑäó=î~äîÉë
fÑ=Ñçê=ä~Åâ=çÑ=ëé~ÅÉI=åç=ÅçÑÑÉêÇ~ã=Å~å=ÄÉ=éêçîáÇJ
ÉÇ=ìåÇÉêåÉ~íÜ=íÜÉ=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâI=áí=áë=åÉÅÉëë~êó=
íç= áåëí~ää= ëÜìíJçÑÑ= ÄìííÉêÑäó= î~äîÉë= áå= íÜÉ= Çê~áå=
éáéÉëK= fÑ= íÜÉ= ëÜáé= ëÜçìäÇ= íçìÅÜ= ÖêçìåÇI= íÜÉëÉ=
ÄìííÉêÑäó=î~äîÉë=Å~å=ÄÉ=ëÜìí=îá~=äáåâ~ÖÉë=íç=éêÉJ
îÉåí=íÜÉ=áåÖêÉëë=çÑ=ëÉ~ï~íÉê=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉK
aê~áå=éáéÉëI=ëÜìíJçÑÑ=ÄìííÉêÑäó=î~äîÉë=ïáíÜ=äáåâ~ÖJ
ÉëI=Éñé~åëáçå=àçáåíëI=ÉíÅK=~êÉ=åçí=ëìééäáÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=
ÉåÖáåÉ=ÄìáäÇÉêK
MSMOJMQMNj^KÑã
aJ^c POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSMI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=PN

SKOKP=iìÄÉ=çáä=çìíäÉíë=Ó=ÖÉåÉê~ä=
MSMOJMQMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=PO POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSMI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ aJ^c

SKOKQ=iìÄÉ=çáä=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ==
SKOKQ iìÄÉ=çáä=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ
qÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ=áë=íç=ÄÉ=~êê~åÖÉÇ=çîÉê= iìÄÉ=çáä=éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ
íÜÉ=ÉåíáêÉ=~êÉ~=ÄÉäçï=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉI=áå=çêÇÉê=íç=ÉåJ
mêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=íç=QM=ø`=áë=ÉÑÑÉÅíÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=
ëìêÉ= ìåáÑçêã= îÉêíáÅ~ä= íÜÉêã~ä= Éñé~åëáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ=
éêÉÜÉ~íÉê=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÉé~ê~íçê=îá~=íÜÉ=ÑêÉÉJëí~åÇáåÖ=
ïÜçäÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÑçìåÇ~íáçåK
éìãéK=qÜÉ=éêÉÜÉ~íÉê=ãìëí=ÄÉ=Éåä~êÖÉÇ=áå=ëáòÉ=áÑ=
qç= éêçîáÇÉ= Ñçê= ~ÇÉèì~íÉ= ÇÉÖ~ëáåÖI= ~= ãáåáãìã= åÉÅÉëë~êóI=ëç=íÜ~í=áí=Å~å=ÜÉ~í=íÜÉ=ÅçåíÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=
Çáëí~åÅÉ= áë= êÉèìáêÉÇ= ÄÉíïÉÉå= í~åâ= íçé= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ=íç=QM=øÌ=ïáíÜáå=Q=ÜçìêëK=
ÜáÖÜÉëí=çéÉê~íáåÖ=äÉîÉäK=qÜÉ=äçï=çáä=äÉîÉä=ëÜçìäÇ=
ëíáää=éÉêãáí=íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=íç=ÄÉ=Çê~ïå=áå=ÑêÉÉ=çÑ=~áê=
áÑ=íÜÉ=ëÜáé=áë=éáíÅÜáåÖ=ëÉîÉêäó
Rø=äçåÖáíìÇáå~ä=áåÅäáå~íáçå=Ñçê=ëÜáéDë=äÉåÖíÜë
NMMã
øäçåÖáíìÇáå~ä=áåÅäáå~íáçå=Ñçê=ëÜáéDë=äÉåÖíÜë=
Y=NMM=ã
^=ïÉää=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ëìÅíáçå=éáéÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=éìãéë=
áë=íÜÉ=éêÉÑÉêêÉÇ=ëçäìíáçåK
qÜÉ=ãáåáãìã=èì~åíáíó=çÑ=äìÄÉ=çáä=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=
áë=NKM=äLâtK=qÜáë=áë=~=íÜÉçêÉíáÅ~ä=Ñ~Åíçê=Ñçê=éÉêã~J
åÉåí=äìÄÉ=çáäJèì~äáíó=Åçåíêçä=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÇÉÅáëáîÉ=Ñ~ÅJ
íçê=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÇÉëáÖå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÄóJé~ëë=ÅäÉ~åáåÖK=qÜÉ=
äìÄÉ=çáä=èì~åíáíóI=ïÜáÅÜ=áë=~Åíì~ääó=êÉèìáêÉÇ=ÇìêJ
áåÖ= çéÉê~íáçåI= ÇÉéÉåÇë= çå= íÜÉ= í~åâ= ÖÉçãÉíêó=
~åÇ= íÜÉ= îçäìãÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ëóëíÉã= EéáéáåÖI= ëóëíÉã=
ÅçãéçåÉåíëFI= ~åÇ= ã~ó= ÉñÅÉÉÇ= íÜÉ= íÜÉçêÉíáÅ~ä=
ãáåáãìã=èì~åíáíó=íç=ÄÉ=íçééÉÇ=ìéK
qÜÉ=äçïJäÉîÉä=~ä~êã=áå=íÜÉ=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ=áë=íç=ÄÉ=
~ÇàìëíÉÇ= íç= ~= ÜÉáÖÜíI= ïÜáÅÜ= ÉåëìêÉë= íÜ~í= íÜÉ=
éìãéë=Å~å=Çê~ï=áå=çáäI=ÑêÉÉ=çÑ=~áêI=~í=íÜÉ=äçåÖáíìJ
Çáå~ä= áåÅäáå~íáçåë= ÖáîÉå= ~ÄçîÉK= qÜÉ= éçëáíáçå= çÑ=
íÜÉ=çáä=Çê~áå=éáéÉë=ÉñíÉåÇáåÖ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=çáä=
ëìãé=~åÇ=íÜÉ=çáä=Ñäçï=áå=íÜÉ=í~åâ=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ=ëÉJ
äÉÅíÉÇ=ëç=~ë=íç=ÉåëìêÉ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=çáä=ïáää=êÉã~áå=áå=
íÜÉ=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=äçåÖÉëí=éçëëáÄäÉ=íáãÉ=Ñçê=
ÇÉÖ~ëáåÖK
aê~áåáåÖ=çáä=ãìëí=åçí=ÄÉ=ëìÅâÉÇ=áå=~í=çåÅÉK
qÜÉ=ã~å=ÜçäÉë=áå=íÜÉ=Ñäççê=éä~íÉë=áåëáÇÉ=íÜÉ=ëÉêîJ
áÅÉ=í~åâ=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ=~êê~åÖÉÇ=ëç=~ë=íç=ÉåëìêÉ=ëìÑJ
ÑáÅáÉåí=Ñäçï=íç=íÜÉ=ëìÅíáçå=éáéÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=éìãé=~äëç=
~í=äçï=äìÄÉ=çáä=ëÉêîáÅÉ=äÉîÉäK
qÜÉ=í~åâ=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=îÉåíÉÇ=~í=íÜÉ=ÉåÇëK
MSMOJMRMNj^KÑã
iJê POLQMI=POLQQòI==QMLRQI=QULSMI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=PP

MSMOJMRMNj^KÑã
cáÖìêÉ=SJNU iìÄÉ=çáä=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ|N
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=PQ POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSMI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ iJê

MSMOJMRMNj^KÑã
cáÖìêÉ=SJNV iìÄÉ=çáä=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ|O
iJê POLQMI=POLQQòI==QMLRQI=QULSMI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=PR

MSMOJMRMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=PS POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSMI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ iJê

SKOKR=mêÉëëìêÉ=Åçåíêçä=î~äîÉ=
SKOKR mêÉëëìêÉ=Åçåíêçä=î~äîÉ
MSMOJMSMNjnKÑã
cáÖìêÉ=SJOM mêÉëëìêÉ=Åçåíêçä=î~äîÉ
bJ^d POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=PT

SKOKR=mêÉëëìêÉ=Åçåíêçä=î~äîÉ=
MSMOJMSMNjnKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=PU POLQQò bJ^d

SKOKS=`ê~åâÅ~ëÉ=îÉåí=~åÇ=í~åâ=îÉåí=
SKOKS `ê~åâÅ~ëÉ=îÉåí=~åÇ=í~åâ=îÉåí
sÉåí=éáéÉë
qÜÉ=îÉåí=éáéÉë=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâI=ÉåJ êÉèìáêÉÇ=åçãáå~ä=éáéÉ=Çá~ãÉíÉêë=ka=çÑ=íÜÉ=îÉåí=
ÖáåÉ= Åê~åâÅ~ëÉ= ~åÇ= íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê= ~êÉ= íç= ÄÉ= ~êJ éáéÉë=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ=ÑçìåÇ=áå=íÜÉ=?q~ÄäÉ=SJNQ=máéÉ=ÇáJ
ê~åÖÉÇ=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=Çá~Öê~ãK=qÜÉ= ~ãÉíÉêë=Ñçê=í~åâ=îÉåí=~åÇ=Åê~åâÅ~ëÉ=îÉåí?K
cáÖìêÉ=SJON `ê~åâÅ~ëÉ=îÉåí=~åÇ=í~åâ=îÉåí
N `çåÇÉåë~íÉ=íê~éI=Åçåíáåìçìëäó=çéÉå
O `çååÉÅíáçå=Åê~åâÅ~ëÉ=îÉåí
P qìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=îÉåíáåÖ
Q iìÄêáÅ~íáåÖ=çáä=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ
q~ÄäÉ=SJNP iÉÖÉåÇ=íç=`ê~åâÅ~ëÉ=îÉåí=~åÇ=í~åâ=îÉåí
båÖáåÉ kçãáå~ä=aá~ãÉíÉê=ka=EããF
^ _ ` a b c
MSMOJMTMNjnKÑã
iPOLQQò NMM UM QM NOR L NOR

sPOLQQò NMM NMM QM NOR QM NOR
q~ÄäÉ=SJNQ máéÉ=Çá~ãÉíÉêë=Ñçê=í~åâ=îÉåí=~åÇ=Åê~åâÅ~ëÉ=îÉåí
_J_^ POLQQò m~ÖÉ=S=J=PV

SKOKS=`ê~åâÅ~ëÉ=îÉåí=~åÇ=í~åâ=îÉåí=
MSMOJMTMNjnKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=QM POLQQò _J_^

SKPKN=`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉã==
SKP t~íÉê=ëóëíÉãë
SKPKN `ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉã=
qÜÉ= Çá~Öê~ãë= ëÜçïáåÖ= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê= ëóëíÉãë= qÜÉ= ÅççäÉê= ~êê~åÖÉãÉåí= Ü~ë= íç= ÉåëìêÉ= îÉåíáåÖ=
Ñçê= ã~áå= ÉåÖáåÉë= ÅçãéêáëáåÖ= íÜÉ= éçëëáÄáäáíó= çÑ= ~åÇ=Çê~áåáåÖ=Ñ~ÅáäáíáÉë=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÅççäÉêK
ÜÉ~í= ìíáäáë~íáçå= áå= ~= ÑêÉëÜï~íÉê= ÖÉåÉê~íçê= ~åÇ=
ÉèìáéãÉåí=Ñçê=éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=áå=~= SKPKNKN iq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉã
íïçJëí~ÖÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=ÇìêáåÖ=é~êí=äç~Ç=çéJ
få=ÖÉåÉê~ä=íÜÉ=iq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=é~ëëÉë=íÜêçìÖÜ=
Éê~íáçåK=
íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ÅçãéçåÉåíëW
kçíÉ>
√ pí~ÖÉ= O= çÑ= íÜÉ= íïçJëí~ÖÉ= ÅÜ~êÖÉJ~áê= ÅççäÉê=
qÜÉ= ~êê~åÖÉãÉåí= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê= ëóëíÉã= EebJMMUF
ëÜçïå=ÜÉêÉ=áë=çåäó=çåÉ=çÑ=ã~åó=éçëëáÄäÉ=ëçäìJ
√ iìÄÉ=çáä=ÅççäÉê=EebJMMOF
íáçåëK= fí= áë= êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ= íç= áåÑçêã=
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= áå= ~Çî~åÅÉ= áå= Å~ëÉ= çíÜÉê= √ kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÅççäÉê=EebJMMRF
~êê~åÖÉãÉåíë=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ÇÉëáêÉÇK
√ cìÉä=çáä=ÅççäÉê=EebJMMTF
cçê=ëéÉÅá~ä=~ééäáÅ~íáçåëI=ÉKÖK=POLQQ=dÉåpÉíë=çê= √ dçîÉêåçê=çáä=ÅççäÉê=EebJMOOF
Çì~äJÑìÉä=ÉåÖáåÉëI=ëìééäÉãÉåíë=ïáää=Éñéä~áå=ëéÉJ √ dÉ~ê=äìÄÉ=çáä=ÅççäÉê=EebJMOPF=Eçê=ÉKÖK=ÖÉåÉê~J
ÅáÑáÅ=åÉÅÉëëáíáÉë=~åÇ=ÇÉîá~íáçåëK íçê=ÅççäáåÖ=áå=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=~=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éä~åíF
qÜÉ= ÇÉëáÖå= Ç~í~= çÑ= íÜÉ= ëóëíÉã= ÅçãéçåÉåíë= √ iq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÅççäÉê=EebJMOQF
ëÜçïå= áå= íÜÉ= Çá~Öê~ã= ~êÉ= áåÇáÅ~íÉÇ= áå= ÅÜ~éíÉê=
?mä~ååáåÖ= Ç~í~= Ñçê= Éãáëëáçå= ëí~åÇ~êÇ= √ líÜÉê=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=ëìÅÜ=~ëI=ÉKÖKI=~ìñáäá~êó=ÉåJ
fjl=qáÉê=ff?K ÖáåÉë=EdÉåpÉíëF
qÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçåÉÇ=ìëáåÖ=~= qÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=iq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=
Åçêêçëáçå= áåÜáÄáíçê= ~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ= íç= ?`Ü~éíÉê= PKP= ÅáêÅìáí=~êÉ=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=Ñçê=~=ã~ñK=iq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=
nì~äáíó=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉêI=é~ÖÉ=PJNP?K íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=PU=ø`=ïáíÜ=~=ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ=ëÉ~J
ï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=PO=ø`=EíêçéáÅ~ä=ÅçåÇáíáçåëFK
iq=Z=içï=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ
eçïÉîÉêI=íÜÉ=Å~é~Åáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=iq=ÅççäÉê=EebJMOQF=
eq=Z=eáÖÜ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ áë=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ÄÉJ
íïÉÉå= ëÉ~ï~íÉê= ~åÇ= iq= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉêK= aìÉ= íç=
`ççäÉê=ÇáãÉåëáçåáåÖI=ÖÉåÉê~ä íÜáë=ÅçêêÉä~íáçå=~å=iq=ÑêÉëÜï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=
cçê= ÅççäÉêë= çéÉê~íÉÇ= Äó= ëÉ~ï~íÉê= Eåçí= íêÉ~íÉÇ= PO=ø`=Å~å=ÄÉ=ÉåëìêÉÇ=~í=~=ëÉ~ï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=
ï~íÉêFI= äìÄÉ= çáä= çê= jalLjdl= çå= íÜÉ= éêáã~êó= çÑ=OR=ø`K
ëáÇÉ= ~åÇ= íêÉ~íÉÇ= ÑêÉëÜï~íÉê= çå= íÜÉ= ëÉÅçåÇ~êó= qç= ãÉÉí= íÜÉ= fjl=qáÉê=f= L= fjl=qáÉê=ff= êÉÖìä~íáçåë=
ëáÇÉI=~å=~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=ë~ÑÉíó=ã~êÖáå=çÑ=NMB=êÉä~íÉÇ= íÜÉ=ëÉí=éçáåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=êÉÖìä~íçê=î~äîÉ=
íç=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~í=íê~åëÑÉê=ÅçÉÑÑáÅáÉåí=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ÅçåëáÇJ EjlsJMNSF=áë=íç=ÄÉ=~ÇàìëíÉÇ=íç=PO=ø`K=eçïÉîÉê=
ÉêÉÇK=fÑ= íêÉ~íÉÇ=ï~íÉê=áë=~ééäáÉÇ=çå=ÄçíÜ=ëáÇÉëI= íÜáë=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ïáää=ÑäìÅíì~íÉ=~åÇ=êÉ~ÅÜ=~í=ãçëí=
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=ÇçÉë=åçí=áåëáëí=çå=íÜáë=ã~êJ PUø`=ïáíÜ=~=ëÉ~ï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=POø`=EíêçéJ
ÖáåK áÅ~ä=ÅçåÇáíáçåëFK
få=Å~ëÉ=~åíáÑêÉÉòÉ=áë=~ÇÇÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉêI= qÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=ëí~ÖÉ=O=EebJMMUF=~åÇ=íÜÉ=
MSMPJMNMOj^JqÉñíKÑã
íÜÉ= ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ= äçïÉê= ÜÉ~í= íê~åëÑÉê= áë= íç= ÄÉ= äìÄÉ=çáä=ÅççäÉê=EebJMMOF=~êÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=áå=ëÉêáÉë=íç=

í~âÉå=áåíç=ÅçåëáÇÉê~íáçåK= çÄí~áå=~=äçï=ÇÉäáîÉêó=ê~íÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=iq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=
éìãé=EmJMTSFK
aJ_^ POLQQòI=QMLRQI==QULSMI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI==RNLSMacI=RULSQ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=QN

mJMTS=L=iq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=éìãé ÇÉëáÖå= ÅêáíÉêá~= Ñçê= ÅççäÉêë= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=

ÄÉÑçêÉ=áå=íÜáë=ÅÜ~éíÉê=?t~íÉê=ëóëíÉãë==Ó=`ççäáåÖ=
qÜÉ= ÇÉäáîÉêó= ê~íÉë= çÑ= íÜÉ= ëÉêîáÅÉ= ~åÇ= ëí~åÇÄó=
ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉã=Ó=`ççäÉê=ÇáãÉåëáçåáåÖI=ÖÉåÉê~ä?K
éìãé=~êÉ=ã~áåäó=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~J
íÉê=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉJ~áê=ÅççäÉê=ëí~ÖÉ=O=~åÇ=
jlsJMNS=L=iq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=êÉÖìä~J
íÜÉ=çíÜÉê=ÅççäÉêëK
íçê
cçê= çéÉê~íáåÖ= ~ìñáäá~êó= ÉåÖáåÉë= EdÉåpÉíëF= áå=
qÜáë= áë= ~= ãçíçêJ~Åíì~íÉÇ= íÜêÉÉJï~ó= êÉÖìä~íáåÖ=
éçêíI= íÜÉ= áåëí~ää~íáçå= çÑ= ~å= ~ÇÇáíáçå~ä= ëã~ääÉê=
î~äîÉ= ïáíÜ=~= äáåÉ~ê=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅK= fí=áë=íç=ÄÉ= áåJ
éìãé=áë=êÉÅçããÉåÇ~ÄäÉK
ëí~ääÉÇ= ~ë= ~= ãáñáåÖ= î~äîÉK= fí= ã~áåí~áåë= íÜÉ= iq=
ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=~í=ëÉíJéçáåí=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉI=ïÜáÅÜ=áë=
jlsJMMP=L=qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Åçåíêçä=î~äîÉ=Ñçê=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=
PO=ø`K
~áê=ÅççäÉê
qÜÉ=íÜêÉÉJï~ó=î~äîÉ=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=Ñçê=~=éêÉëJ
qÜáë=íÜêÉÉJï~ó=î~äîÉ=áë=íç=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=~ë=~=ãáñJ
ëìêÉ= äçëë= çÑ= MKP=Ó=MKS=Ä~êK= fí= áë= íç= ÄÉ= ÉèìáééÉÇ=
áåÖ=î~äîÉK
ïáíÜ=~å=~Åíì~íçê=ïáíÜ=åçêã~ä=éçëáíáçåáåÖ=ëéÉÉÇ=
fí=ëÉêîÉë=íïç=éìêéçëÉëW EÜáÖÜ= ëéÉÉÇ= åçí= êÉèìáêÉÇFK= qÜÉ= ~Åíì~íçê= ãìëí=
NK få=ÉåÖáåÉ=é~êí=äç~Ç=çéÉê~íáçå=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê= éÉêãáí=ã~åì~ä=ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó=~ÇàìëíãÉåíK
ÅççäÉê=ëí~ÖÉ=O=EebJMMUF=áë=é~êíá~ääó=çê=ÅçãJ `~ìíáçå>
éäÉíÉäó=Äóé~ëëÉÇI=ëç=íÜ~í=~=ÜáÖÜÉê=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=
cçê= ÉåÖáåÉ= çéÉê~íáçå= ïáíÜ= êÉÇìÅÉÇ= klñ= ÉãáëJ
íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=áë=ã~áåí~áåÉÇK
ëáçåI= ~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ= íç= fjl=qáÉê=f= L= fjl=qáÉê=ff= êÉJ
2K qÜÉ=îaäîÉ êÉÇìÅeë=íÜÉ=~cÅìãìä~íáçå=çÑ=Åçå- èìáêÉãÉåíI=~í=NMM=B=ÉåÖáåÉ=äç~Ç=~åÇ=~=ëÉ~ï~íÉê=
ÇÉåëÉÇ= ï~íÉê= ÇìêáåÖ= ÉåÖáåÉ= çéÉê~íáçå= ìåJ íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=OR=ø`=Efjl=qáÉê=f=L=fjl=qáÉê=ff=êÉÑJ
ÇÉê=íêçéáÅ~ä=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=Äó=êÉÖìä~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ= ÉêÉåÅÉ= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉFI= ~å= iq= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê= íÉãJ
ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉK=_Éäçï=~=ÅÉêí~áå=áåJ éÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=PO=ø`=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=ëí~ÖÉ=
í~âÉ=~áê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=íÉãéÉêJ O=EebJMMUF=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ã~áåí~áåÉÇK
~íìêÉ= áë= âÉéí= Åçåëí~åíK= tÜÉå= íÜÉ= áåí~âÉ=
íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= êáëÉëI= íÜÉ= ÅÜ~êÖÉ= ~áê= íÉãéÉê~J cáäJMON=L=píê~áåÉê
íìêÉ=ïáää=ÄÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖäóK
få=çêÇÉê=íç=éêçíÉÅí=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~åÇ=ëóëíÉã=ÅçãJ
qÜÉ=íÜêÉÉJï~ó=î~äîÉ=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=Ñçê=~=éêÉëJ
éçåÉåíëI=ëÉîÉê~ä=ëíê~áåÉêë=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇ=~í=
ëìêÉ=äçëë=çÑ=MKP=Ó=MKS=Ä~ê=~åÇ=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ÉèìáééÉÇ=
íÜÉ=éä~ÅÉë=ã~êâÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=Çá~Öê~ã=ÄÉÑçêÉ=í~âáåÖ=
ïáíÜ= ~å= ~Åíì~íçê= ïáíÜ= ÜáÖÜ= éçëáíáçåáåÖ= ëéÉÉÇK=
íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áåíç=çéÉê~íáçå=Ñçê=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=íáãÉK=qÜÉ=
qÜÉ= ~Åíì~íçê= ãìëí= éÉêãáí= ã~åì~ä= ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó=
ãÉëÜ=ëáòÉ=áë=N=ããK
~ÇàìëíãÉåíK
ebJMMR=L=kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÅççäÉê
ebJMMO=L=iìÄÉ=çáä=ÅççäÉê
qÜÉ= åçòòäÉ= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê= ëóëíÉã= áë= ~= ëÉé~ê~íÉ=
pÉÉ=ÇÉëÅêáéíáçå=áå= ?`Ü~éíÉê=SKOKN=iìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëJ
~åÇ=ÅäçëÉÇ=ÅççäáåÖ=ÅáêÅìáíK=fí=áë=ÅççäÉÇ=Ççïå=Äó=
íÉã= ÇÉëÅêáéíáçåI= é~ÖÉ= SJNR?K= eÉ~í= Ç~í~I= Ñäçï=
iq= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê= îá~= íÜÉ= åçòòäÉ= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê=
ê~íÉë= ~åÇ= íçäÉê~åÅÉë= ~êÉ= áåÇáÅ~íÉÇ= áå= ÅÜ~éíÉê
ÅççäÉê=EebJMMRFK=eÉ~í=Ç~í~I=Ñäçï=ê~íÉë=~åÇ=íçäÉêJ
~åÅÉë= ~êÉ= áåÇáÅ~íÉÇ= áå= ÅÜ~éíÉê= ?mä~ååáåÖ= Ç~í~=
fjl=qáÉê=ff?K= qÜÉ= éêáåÅáé~ä= ÇÉëáÖå= ÅêáíÉêá~= Ñçê=
Ñçê=Éãáëëáçå=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=fjl=qáÉê=ff?K=qÜÉ=éêáåÅáé~ä=
ÅççäÉêë=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=áå=íÜáë=ÅÜ~éJ
ÇÉëáÖå= ÅêáíÉêá~= Ñçê= ÅççäÉêë= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=
íÉêK
ÄÉÑçêÉ=áå=é~ê~Öê~éÜ=?`ççäÉê=ÇáãÉåëáçåáåÖI=ÖÉåJ
Éê~ä?K=cçê=éä~åíë=ïáíÜ=íïç=ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉë=çåäó=çåÉ=
ebJMOQ=L=iq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÅççäÉê
åçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÅççäÉê=EebJMMRF=áë=åÉÉÇÉÇK=
eÉ~í=Ç~í~I=Ñäçï=ê~íÉë=~åÇ=íçäÉê~åÅÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~í= pÉÉ=~äëç= ?`Ü~éíÉê=SKPKP=kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ëóëíÉã=

ëçìêÅÉë=~êÉ=áåÇáÅ~íÉÇ=áå=ÅÜ~éíÉê=?mä~ååáåÖ=Ç~í~= ~åÇ=Çá~Öê~ãI=é~ÖÉ=SJRV?K=^ë=~å=çéíáçå=~=ÅçãJ
Ñçê=Éãáëëáçå=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=fjl=qáÉê=ff?K=qÜÉ=éêáåÅáé~ä= é~Åí=åçòòäÉJÅççäáåÖ=ãçÇìäÉ=EjlaJMMRF=Å~å=ÄÉ=
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=QO POLQQòI=QMLRQI==QULSMI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI==RNLSMacI=RULSQ aJ_^

ÇÉäáîÉêÉÇI= ëÉÉ= ?`Ü~éíÉê= TKNKN= kçòòäÉ= ÅççäáåÖ= SKPKNKO eq=`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÅáêÅìáí

ï~íÉê=ãçÇìäÉI=é~ÖÉ=TJP?= K= cçê= éä~åíë=ïáíÜ= íïç=
ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉë=çåäó=çåÉ=åçòòäÉJÅççäáåÖ=ãçÇìäÉ=áë= dÉåÉê~ä
êÉèìáêÉÇK
qÜÉ=eq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉã=Åçåëáëíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑçäJ
äçïáåÖ=ÅççäÉêë=~åÇ=ÜÉ~í=ÉñÅÜ~åÖÉêëW
ebJMMT=L=jalLjdl=ÅççäÉê
√ `Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=ëí~ÖÉ=N=EebJMNMF
qÜáë= ÅççäÉê= áë= êÉèìáêÉÇ= íç= Çáëëáé~íÉ= íÜÉ= ÜÉ~í= çÑ=
íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=áåàÉÅíáçå=éìãéë=ÇìêáåÖ=jalLjdl=çéJ √ `óäáåÇÉê=ÅççäáåÖ
Éê~íáçåK= cçê= ÇáãÉåëáçåáåÖ= íÜÉ= ÅççäÉê= Å~é~Åáíó=
√ eq=ÅççäÉê=EebJMMPF
ëÉÉ=?`Ü~éíÉê=SKQKQ=eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=EeclF=ëìééäó=
ëóëíÉãI= é~ÖÉ=SJTR?= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ~KãK= é~ê~Öê~éÜ= = = = √ eÉ~í= ìíáäáë~íáçåI= ÉKÖK= ÑêÉëÜï~íÉê= ÖÉåÉê~íçê=
?`ççäÉê=ÇáãÉåëáçåáåÖI=ÖÉåÉê~ä= ?=áå=íÜáë=ÅÜ~éíÉêK= EebJMOSF
cçê=éä~åíë=ïáíÜ=ãçêÉ=íÜ~å=çåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉI=ÅçååÉÅíJ √ eq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=éêÉÜÉ~íÉê=EeJMOMF
ÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=ÑìÉä=çáä=ëóëíÉãI=çåäó=çåÉ=jalL
jdl=ÅççäÉê=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇK qÜÉ=eq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=éìãéë=Å~å=ÄÉ=ÉáíÜÉê=çÑ=ÉåJ
ÖáåÉJÇêáîÉå=çê=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ääóJÇêáîÉå=íóéÉK=qÜÉ=çìíäÉí=
ebJMOO=L=láä=ÅççäÉê=Ñçê=ëéÉÉÇ=ÖçîÉêåçê íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=~í=íÜÉ=
ÉåÖáåÉ=áë=íç=ÄÉ=~ÇàìëíÉÇ=íç=VM=ø`K
qÜáë= ÅççäÉê= áë= êÉèìáêÉÇ= íç= Çáëëáé~íÉ= íÜÉ= ÜÉ~í= áå=
íÜÉ= ÜóÇê~ìäáÅ= çáä= ëóëíÉã= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= ëéÉÉÇ= cçê=eq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉãëI=ïÜÉêÉ=ãçêÉ=íÜ~å=
ÖçîÉêåçêK çåÉ= ã~áå= ÉåÖáåÉ= áë= áåíÉÖê~íÉÇI= É~ÅÜ= ÉåÖáåÉ=
ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= éêçîáÇÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ~å= áåÇáîáÇì~ä= ÉåÖáåÉ=
qÜÉ=ÅççäÉê=áë=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ÖçîÉêåçê=E~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=
ÇêáîÉå= eq= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê= éìãéK= ^äíÉêå~íáîÉäó=
çå= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉF= ~åÇ= áë= ëìééäáÉÇ= Äó=
Åçããçå= ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ääóJÇêáîÉå= eq= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê=
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄçK=a~í~=Ñçê=êÉèìáêÉÇ=iq=ÅççäJ
éìãéë=ã~ó=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=Ñçê=~ää=ÉåÖáåÉëK=eçïÉîÉêI=~å=
áåÖ=ï~íÉêW
áåÇáîáÇì~ä= eq= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= Åçåíêçä= î~äîÉ= áë= êÉJ
√ `ççäáåÖ=Å~é~Åáíó=RKM=ât èìáêÉÇ= Ñçê= É~ÅÜ= ÉåÖáåÉK= qÜÉ= íçí~ä= ÅççäÉê= ~åÇ=
éìãé=Å~é~ÅáíáÉë=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ=~Ç~éíÉÇ=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖäóK
√ iq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=Ñäçï=ê~íÉ=NKM=ã³LÜ
qÜÉ=ëÜáéó~êÇ=áë=êÉëéçåëáÄäÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÅçêêÉÅí=ÅççäJ
kçíÉ>
áåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçåI=ÉåëìêáåÖ=íÜ~í=É~ÅÜ=ÉåÖáåÉ=
kçí=~ää=íóéÉë=çÑ=ëéÉÉÇ=ÖçîÉêåçêë=åÉÉÇ=íç=ÄÉ=ï~J ïáää= ÄÉ= ëìééäáÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê= ~í= íÜÉ= Ñäçï=
íÉêJÅççäÉÇK ê~íÉë= êÉèìáêÉÇ= Äó= íÜÉ= áåÇáîáÇì~ä= ÉåÖáåÉëI= ìåÇÉê=
~ää= çéÉê~íáåÖ= ÅçåÇáíáçåëK= qç= ãÉÉí= íÜáë= êÉèìáêÉJ
ãÉåíI= ÉKÖKI= çêáÑáÅÉëI= Ñäçï= êÉÖìä~íáçå= î~äîÉëI= ÄóJ
qJMTR=L=iq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=Éñé~åëáçå=í~åâ é~ëë= ëóëíÉãë= ÉíÅK= ~êÉ= íç= ÄÉ= áåëí~ääÉÇ= ïÜÉêÉ=
qÜÉ= ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ= í~åâ= Å~é~Åáíó= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= ÜáÖÜ= åÉÅÉëë~êóK=
ÉåçìÖÜ=íç=âÉÉé=~ééêçñK=OLP=çÑ=íÜÉ=í~åâ=ÅçåíÉåí=
çÑ= qJMMOK= få= Å~ëÉ= çÑ= íïáåJÉåÖáåÉ= éä~åíë= ïáíÜ= ~=
Åçããçå=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉãI=íÜÉ=í~åâ=Å~é~ÅJ
áíó=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=Äó=~ééêçñK=RM=B=ÜáÖÜÉêK=qÜÉ=í~åâë=
qJMTR=~åÇ=qJMMO=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=~êê~åÖÉÇ=ëáÇÉ=Äó=ëáÇÉ=
íç=Ñ~Åáäáí~íÉ=áåëí~ää~íáçåK=få=~åó=Å~ëÉ=íÜÉ=í~åâ=ÄçíJ
íçã=ãìëí=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=~ÄçîÉ=íÜÉ=ÜáÖÜÉëí=éçáåí=çÑ=
íÜÉ=iq=ëóëíÉã=~í=~åó=ëÜáé=áåÅäáå~íáçåK
cçê= íÜÉ= êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ= áåëí~ää~íáçå= ïÉáÖÜí= ëÉÉ=

?q~ÄäÉ=OJOV=pÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâë=Å~é~Åáíó?K
aJ_^ POLQQòI=QMLRQI==QULSMI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI==RNLSMacI=RULSQ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=QP

eJMMN=L=mêÉÜÉ~íÉê K
_ÉÑçêÉ=ëí~êíáåÖ=~=ÅçäÇ=ÉåÖáåÉ=I=áí=áë=åÉÅÉëë~êó=íç=
éêÉÜÉ~í=íÜÉ=ï~íÉêà~ÅâÉí=ìé=íç=SMø`K= jáåáãìã=Ñäçï=ê~íÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=ÇìêáåÖ=
éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=~åÇ=éçëíÅççäáåÖ=
qÜÉ= ÑçääçïáåÖ= í~ÄäÉ= ëéÉÅáÑáÉë= íÜÉ= íçí~ä= ÜÉ~íáåÖ= ãPLÜ
éçïÉê= êÉèìáêÉÇ= Ñçê= éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ= íÜÉ= eq= ÅççäáåÖ= kçK=çÑ= QULSM_
ï~íÉê=Ñêçã=NM=ø`=íç=SM=ø`=ïáíÜáå=Q=ÜçìêëK POLQM
ÅóäK QMLRQ QULSMò RULSQ
POLQQò
RNLSMac
QULSM_ Si TKO NO NQ NT
POLQM
båÖáåÉ= QMLRQ QULSMò RULSQ
POLQQò Ti UKQ NQ NS OM
íóéÉ RNLSMac
Ui VKS NS NU OP
iLs i iLs i
Vi NMKU NU OM OS
jáåK=ÜÉ~íJ
áåÖ=éçïÉê= NMi NOKM J J J
S NO NQ NU
EâtLÅóäáåJ NOs NQKQ J OU J
ÇÉêF
NQs NSKU J PM J
q~ÄäÉ=SJNR eÉ~íáåÖ=éçïÉê NSs NVKO J PM J
NUs ONKS J PM J
qÜÉëÉ= î~äìÉë= áåÅäìÇÉ= íÜÉ= ê~Çá~íáçå= ÜÉ~í= äçëëÉë= OMs OQKM J J J
Ñêçã=íÜÉ=çìíÉê=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉK=^äëç=~=ã~êJ q~ÄäÉ=SJNS jáåáãìã=Ñäçï=ê~íÉ=ÇìêáåÖ=éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=~åÇ=
Öáå=çÑ=OM=B=Ñçê=ÜÉ~í=äçëëÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ëóëíÉã= éçëíÅççäáåÖ
Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇK=
^=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ÑìåÅíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=éêÉÜÉ~íÉê=áë=íç=éêçJ
qÜÉ=éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉ=ïáíÜ=ÅççäáåÖ=
îáÇÉ=ÜÉ~í=Å~é~Åáíó=áå=íÜÉ=eq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëJ
ï~íÉê= Ñêçã= ~ìñáäá~êó= ÉåÖáåÉë= áë= ~äëç= éçëëáÄäÉI=
íÉã= ÇìêáåÖ= ÉåÖáåÉ= é~êí= äç~Ç= çéÉê~íáçåK= qÜáë= áë=
éêçîáÇÉÇ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=áë=íêÉ~íÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=
êÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=ã~êáåÉ=éêçéìäëáçå=éä~åíë=ïáíÜ=~=ÜáÖÜ=
ë~ãÉ=ï~óK=få=íÜ~í=Å~ëÉI=íÜÉ=Éñé~åëáçå=í~åâë=çÑ=
ÑêÉëÜï~íÉê=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíI=ÉKÖK=çå=é~ëëÉåÖÉê=îÉëJ
íÜÉ=íïç=ÅççäáåÖ=ëóëíÉãë=Ü~îÉ=íç=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=~í=
ëÉäëI=ïÜÉêÉ=ÑêÉèìÉåí=äç~Ç=ÅÜ~åÖÉë=~êÉ=ÅçããçåK=
íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=äÉîÉäK=cìêíÜÉêãçêÉI=áí=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÅÜÉÅâÉÇ=
fí=áë=~äëç=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=~êê~åÖÉãÉåíë=ïáíÜ=~å=~ÇÇáJ
ïÜÉíÜÉê= íÜÉ=~î~áä~ÄäÉ=ÜÉ~í= áë=ëìÑÑáÅáÉåí= Ñçê= éêÉJ
íáçå~ä= ÅÜ~êÖÉ= ~áê= éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ= Äó= ÇÉîá~íáçå= çÑ= eq=
ÜÉ~íáåÖ= íÜÉ= ã~áå= ÉåÖáåÉK= qÜáë= ÇÉéÉåÇë= çå= íÜÉ=
ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê= íç= íÜÉ= ÅÜ~êÖÉ= ~áê= ÅççäÉê= ëí~ÖÉ= O=
åìãÄÉê= çÑ= ~ìñáäá~êó= ÉåÖáåÉë= áå= çéÉê~íáçå= ~åÇ=
EebJMMUFK=få=íÜáë=Å~ëÉ=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~í=çìíéìí=çÑ=íÜÉ=éêÉJ
íÜÉáê=äç~ÇK=fí=áë=êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=íç=áåëí~ää=~=ëÉé~J
ÜÉ~íÉê=áë=íç=ÄÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=Äó=~ééêçñK=RM=BK
ê~íÉ=éêÉÜÉ~íÉê=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉI=~ë=íÜÉ=~î~áäJ
^å=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ääó=ÇêáîÉå=éìãé=ÄÉÅçãÉë=åÉÅÉëë~êó= ~ÄäÉ= ÜÉ~í= Ñêçã= íÜÉ= ~ìñáäá~êó= ÉåÖáåÉë= ã~ó= ÄÉ=
íç=ÅáêÅìä~íÉ=íÜÉ=eq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÇìêáåÖ=éêÉÜÉ~íJ áåëìÑÑáÅáÉåí=ÇìêáåÖ=çéÉê~íáçå=áå=íÜÉ=éçêíK
áåÖK=qÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=ãáåáãìã=Ñäçï=ê~íÉ=áë=áåÇáÅ~íÉÇ=
^ë=~å=çéíáçå=j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=Å~å=ëìééäó=~=
áå= ?q~ÄäÉ= SJNS= jáåáãìã= Ñäçï= ê~íÉ= ÇìêáåÖ= éêÉJ
Åçãé~Åí= éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ= ãçÇìäÉ= EjlaJMMQFK= låÉ=
ÜÉ~íáåÖ=~åÇ=éçëíÅççäáåÖ?K
ãçÇìäÉ=Ñçê=É~ÅÜ=ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉ=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇK
ebJMOS=L=cêÉëÜ=ï~íÉê=ÖÉåÉê~íçê
qÜÉ=ÑêÉëÜï~íÉê=ÖÉåÉê~íçê=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ëïáíÅÜÉÇ=çÑÑ=
~ìíçã~íáÅ~ääó=ïÜÉå=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~J
íìêÉ=~í=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=çìíäÉí=Çêçéë=ÄÉäçï=UU=ø`K
qÜáë=ïáää=éêÉîÉåí=çéÉê~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~í=íçç=
äçï=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉëK
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=QQ POLQQòI=QMLRQI==QULSMI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI==RNLSMacI=RULSQ aJ_^

ebJMMP=L=eq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÅççäÉê ãÉ~ëìêÉãÉåí= çÑ= íÜÉ= ãáñáåÖ= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= çÑ=

íÜÉ= íÜêÉÉJï~ó= ãáñáåÖ= î~äîÉI= íÜÉ= Çáëí~åÅÉ= íç=
eÉ~í=Ç~í~I=Ñäçï=ê~íÉë=~åÇ=íçäÉê~åÅÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~í=
íÜÉ=î~äîÉ=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=R=íç=NM=íáãÉë=íÜÉ=éáéÉ=ÇáJ
ëçìêÅÉë=~êÉ=áåÇáÅ~íÉÇ=áå=ÅÜ~éíÉê=?=mä~ååáåÖ=Ç~í~=
~ãÉíÉêK
Ñçê=Éãáëëáçå=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=fjl=qáÉê=ff?K=qÜÉ=éêáåÅáé~ä=
ÇÉëáÖå= ÅêáíÉêá~= çÑ= ÅççäÉêë= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ= √ qÜÉ= íÜêÉÉJï~ó= î~äîÉ= EjlsJMMOF= áë= íç= ÄÉ= áåJ
ÄÉÑçêÉ=áå=é~ê~Öê~éÜ=?`ççäÉê=ÇáãÉåëáçåáåÖI=ÖÉåJ ëí~ääÉÇ=~ë=~=ãáñáåÖ=î~äîÉK=fí=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=
Éê~ä=?K Ñçê=~=éêÉëëìêÉ=äçëë=çÑ=MKP=Ó=MKS=Ä~êK=fí=áë=íç=ÄÉ=
ÉèìáééÉÇ=ïáíÜ=~å=~Åíì~íçê=çÑ=ÜáÖÜ=éçëáíáçåáåÖ=
eq=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Åçåíêçä ëéÉÉÇK= qÜÉ= ~Åíì~íçê= ãìëí= éÉêãáí= ã~åì~ä=
qÜÉ=eq=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Åçåíêçä=ëóëíÉã=Åçåëáëíë=çÑW ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó=~ÇàìëíãÉåíK
√ N=ÉäÉÅíêçåáÅ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÅçåíêçääÉê=Eq`F=ïáíÜ= √ qÜÉ=éáéÉë=ïáíÜáå=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ=âÉéí=~ë=
éêçéçêíáçå~äJáåíÉÖê~ä= Åçåíêçä= ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅë= ëÜçêí=~ë=éçëëáÄäÉ=áå=çêÇÉê=íç=êÉÇìÅÉ=íÜÉ=ÇÉ~Ç=
~åÇ= ~ÇÇáíáçå~ä= áåéìíë= Ñçê= ÉñíÉêå~ä= ëáÖå~äë= íáãÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉãI=ÉëéÉÅá~ääó=íÜÉ=éáéÉë=ÄÉJ
EëìééäáÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Åçåíêçä=ëóëíÉãFK íïÉÉå=íÜÉ=íÜêÉÉJï~ó=ãáñáåÖ=î~äîÉ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=áåJ
äÉí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉJ~áê=ÅççäÉê=ëí~ÖÉ=N=ïÜáÅÜI=~êÉ=
√ N= ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ääó= ~Åíáî~íÉÇ= íÜêÉÉJï~ó= ãáñáåÖ= ÅêáíáÅ~ä=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÅçåíêçäK
î~äîÉ= ïáíÜ= äáåÉ~ê= ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅ= ÅìêîÉ= EjlsJ=
MMOFK qÜÉ= ë~ãÉ= ëóëíÉã= áë= êÉèìáêÉÇ= Ñçê= É~ÅÜ= ÉåÖáåÉI=
~äëç= Ñçê= ãìäíáJÉåÖáåÉ= áåëí~ää~íáçåë= ïáíÜ= ~= ÅçãJ
√ N= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= ëÉåëçê= EmqNMMF= qbI= ÇáêÉÅíäó= ãçå=eq=ÑêÉëÜï~íÉê=ëóëíÉãK
ÇçïåëíêÉ~ã=çÑ=íÜÉ=íÜêÉÉJï~ó=ãáñáåÖ=î~äîÉ=áå=
íÜÉ=ëìééäó=éáéÉ=íç=ÅÜ~êÖÉJ~áê=ÅççäÉê=ëí~ÖÉ=N= få= Å~ëÉ= çÑ= ~= ÇÉîá~íáåÖ= ëóëíÉã= ä~óçìíI=
EÑçê=bap=îáëìäáë~íáçå=~åÇ=Åçåíêçä=çÑ=éêÉÜÉ~íÉê= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ÅçåëìäíÉÇK
î~äîÉFK
mJMMO=L=eq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=éìãéë
√ N= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= ëÉåëçê= EmqNMMF= qbI= ÇáêÉÅíäó=
^ë=~å=çéíáçå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áë=~î~áä~ÄäÉ=ïáíÜ=~å=~íJ
ÇçïåëíêÉ~ã=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=çìíäÉíK
í~ÅÜÉÇ=EÉåÖáåÉ=ÇêáîÉåF=eq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=éìãéK=
fí=ëÉêîÉë=íç=ã~áåí~áå=íÜÉ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê= ^äíÉêå~íáîÉäó= ~äëç= ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ääó= ÇêáîÉå= eq= ÅççäáåÖ=
íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= Åçåëí~åíäó= ~í= VM=ø`= ~í= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= ï~íÉê=éìãéë=Å~å=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇK
çìíäÉí=Ó=ÉîÉå= áå= íÜÉ= Å~ëÉ= çÑ= ÑêÉèìÉåí= äç~Ç=
qÜÉ=ëí~åÇÄó=éìãé=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ääó=
ÅÜ~åÖÉë=Ó=~åÇ= íç= éêçíÉÅí= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= Ñêçã= ÉñJ
ÇêáîÉå=íóéÉK=
ÅÉëëáîÉ=íÜÉêã~ä=äç~ÇK
fí=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=íç=Åççä=Ççïå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Ñçê=~=éÉêáJ
cçê=~ÇàìëíáåÖ=íÜÉ=çìíäÉí=ï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=EÅçåJ
çÇ=çÑ=NR=ãáåìíÉë=~ÑíÉê=ëÜìí=ÇçïåK=cçê=íÜáë=éìêJ
ëí~åíäó=íç=VM=ø`F=íç=ÉåÖáåÉ=äç~Ç=~åÇ=ëéÉÉÇI=íÜÉ=
éçëÉ=íÜÉ=ëí~åÇÄó=éìãé=Å~å=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇK=få=íÜÉ=Å~ëÉ=
ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê= áåäÉí= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= áë= ÅçåíêçääÉÇK=
íÜ~í=åÉáíÜÉê=~å=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ääó=ÇêáîÉå=eq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~J
qÜÉ=ÉäÉÅíêçåáÅ=ï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÅçåíêçääÉê=êÉÅJ
íÉê= éìãé= åçê= ~å= ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ääó= ÇêáîÉå= ëí~åÇÄó=
çÖåáòÉë=ÇÉîá~íáçåë=Äó=ãÉ~åë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÉåëçê=~í=íÜÉ=
éìãé=áë=áåëí~ääÉÇ=EÉKÖK=ãìäíáJÉåÖáåÉ=éä~åíë=ïáíÜ=
ÉåÖáåÉ=çìíäÉí=~åÇ=~ÑíÉêï~êÇë=ÅçêêÉÅíë=íÜÉ=êÉÑÉêJ
ÉåÖáåÉ= ÇêáîÉå= eq= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê= éìãé= ïáíÜçìí=
ÉåÅÉ=î~äìÉ=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖäóK
ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ääó=ÇêáîÉå=eq=ëí~åÇÄó=éìãéI=áÑ=~ééäáÅ~J
qÜÉ=ÉäÉÅíêçåáÅ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÅçåíêçääÉê=áë=áåëí~ääÉÇ= ÄäÉ= Äó= íÜÉ= Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå= êìäÉëFI= áí= áë= éçëëáÄäÉ= íç=
áå=íÜÉ=ëïáíÅÜ=Å~ÄáåÉí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=êççãK Åççä=Ççïå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Äó=íÜÉ=ëÉé~ê~íÉ=ëã~ää=éêÉJ
cçê=~=ëí~ÄäÉ=Åçåíêçä=ãçÇÉI=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ÄçìåÇJ ÜÉ~íáåÖ= éìãé= ëÉÉ= ?q~ÄäÉ= SJNS= jáåáãìã= Ñäçï=
~êó=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=çÄëÉêîÉÇ=ïÜÉå=ÇÉëáÖåJ ê~íÉ=ÇìêáåÖ=éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=~åÇ=éçëíÅççäáåÖ?I=çê=áÑ=íÜÉ=
áåÖ=íÜÉ=eq=ÑêÉëÜï~íÉê=ëóëíÉãW çéíáçå~ä= éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ= ìåáí= EjlaJMMQF= ïáíÜ= áåíÉJ
Öê~íÉÇ= ÅáêÅìä~íáçå= éìãé= áë= áåëí~ääÉÇI= áí= áë= ~äëç=

√ qÜÉ= mqNMM= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= ëÉåëçê= áë= íç= ÄÉ= áåJ éçëëáÄäÉ=íç=Åççä=Ççïå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ïáíÜ=íÜáë=ëã~ää=
ëí~ääÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= ëìééäó= éáéÉ= íç= ëí~ÖÉ= N= çÑ= íÜÉ= éìãéK= eçïÉîÉêI= íÜÉ= éìãé= ìëÉÇ= íç= Åççä= Ççïå=
ÅÜ~êÖÉJ~áê= ÅççäÉêK= qç= ÉåëìêÉ= áåëí~åí~åÉçìë=
aJ_^ POLQQòI=QMLRQI==QULSMI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI==RNLSMacI=RULSQ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=QR

íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉI= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ= ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ääó= ÇêáîÉå= ~åÇ= íÉå~åÅÉ=éìêéçëÉëK

ëí~êíÉÇ=~ìíçã~íáÅ~ääó=~ÑíÉê=ÉåÖáåÉ=ëÜìí=ÇçïåK qÜáë=áë=åÉÅÉëë~êó=íç=ãÉÉí=íÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=ïáíÜ=
êÉÖ~êÇ= íç= ÉåîáêçåãÉåí~ä= éêçíÉÅíáçå= Eï~íÉê= Ü~ë=
kçåÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=éìãéë=áë=~=ëÉäÑJéêáãJ
ÄÉÉå=íêÉ~íÉÇ=ïáíÜ=ÅÜÉãáÅ~äëF=~åÇ=Åçêêçëáçå=áåÜáJ
áåÖ=ÅÉåíêáÑìÖ~ä=éìãéK
Äáíáçå=EêÉJìëÉ=çÑ=ÅçåÇáíáçåÉÇ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉêFK
aÉëáÖå= Ñäçï= ê~íÉë= ëÜçìäÇ= åçí= ÄÉ= ÉñÅÉÉÇÉÇ= Äó=
ãçêÉ=íÜ~å=NR=B=íç=~îçáÇ=Å~îáí~íáçå=áå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ= mJMPN=L=qê~åëÑÉê=éìãé=Eåçí=áåÇáÅ~íÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=Çá~J
~åÇ=áíë=ëóëíÉãëK=^=íÜêçííäáåÖ=çêáÑáÅÉ=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ÑáííÉÇ= Öê~ãF
Ñçê=~ÇàìëíáåÖ=íÜÉ=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=éçáåíK
qÜÉ= ÅçåíÉåí= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÅçääÉÅíáåÖ= í~åâ= Å~å= ÄÉ= ÇáëJ
ÅÜ~êÖÉÇ=áåíç=íÜÉ=Éñé~åëáçå=í~åâë=Äó=~=ÑêÉëÜï~J
cpeJMMO=L=`çåÇÉåë~íÉ=ãçåáíçêáåÖ=í~åâ=
íÉê=íê~åëÑÉê=éìãéK
Eåçí=áåÇáÅ~íÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=Çá~Öê~ãF
låäó=Ñçê=~ÅÅÉéí~åÅÉ=Äó=_ìêÉ~ì=sÉêáí~ëW SKPKNKQ jáëÅÉää~åÉçìë=áíÉãë
qÜÉ= ÅçåÇÉåë~íÉ= ÇÉéçëáíáçå= áå= íÜÉ= ÅÜ~êÖÉ= ~áê=
ÅççäÉê=áë=Çê~áåÉÇ=îá~=íÜÉ=ÅçåÇÉåë~íÉ=ãçåáíçêáåÖ= máéáåÖ
í~åâK=^=äÉîÉä=ëïáíÅÜ=êÉäÉ~ëÉë=~å=~ä~êã=ïÜÉå=ÅçåJ cçê= éáéáåÖI= Ää~Åâ= ëíÉÉä= éáéÉ= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= ìëÉÇK=
ÇÉåë~íÉ=áë=ÑäççÇáåÖ=íÜÉ=í~åâK qêÉ~íãÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê=~ë= ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=Äó=
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=ïáää=ë~ÑÉäó=éêçíÉÅí=íÜÉ=áååÉê=
qJMMO=L=eq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=Éñé~åëáçå=í~åâ éáéÉ=ï~ääë=~Ö~áåëí=ÅçêêçëáçåK
qÜÉ= Éñé~åëáçå= í~åâ= ÅçãéÉåë~íÉë= ÅÜ~åÖÉë= áå= d~äî~åáëÉÇ=ëíÉÉä=éáéÉ=ãìëí=åçí=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=
ëóëíÉã=îçäìãÉ=~åÇ=äçëëÉë=ÇìÉ=íç=äÉ~â~ÖÉëK=fí=áë= éáéáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=~ë=~ää=~ÇÇáíáîÉë=Åçåí~áåÉÇ=áå=
íç=ÄÉ=~êê~åÖÉÇ=áå=ëìÅÜ=~=ï~óI=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=í~åâ=ÄçíJ íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=~íí~Åâ=òáåÅK
íçã= áë= ëáíì~íÉÇ= ~ÄçîÉ= íÜÉ= ÜáÖÜÉëí= éçáåí= çÑ= íÜÉ=
ëóëíÉã= ~í= ~åó= ëÜáé= áåÅäáå~íáçåK= qÜÉ= Éñé~åëáçå= jçêÉçîÉêI=íÜÉêÉ=áë=íÜÉ=êáëâ=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ñçêã~íáçå=çÑ=äçJ
éáéÉ=ëÜçìäÇ=Éãéíó=áåíç=íÜÉ=ëìÅíáçå=éáéÉ=~ë=ÅäçëÉ= Å~ä=ÉäÉÅíêçäóíáÅ=ÉäÉãÉåí=ÅçìéäÉë=ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=òáåÅ=
íç=íÜÉ=éìãé=~ë=éçëëáÄäÉK=qÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=îçäìãÉ=çÑ= ä~óÉê=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=ïçêå=çÑÑI=~åÇ=íÜÉ=êáëâ=çÑ=~Éê~íáçå=
íÜÉ= í~åâ= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ= áåëí~ää~íáçå= Åçêêçëáçå= ïÜÉêÉ= íÜÉ= òáåÅ= ä~óÉê= áë= åçí= éêçéÉêäó=
ÜÉáÖÜí=áë=áåÇáÅ~íÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=í~ÄäÉ=?mä~ååáåÖ=Ç~í~=Ñçê= ÄçåÇÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ëìÄëíê~íÉK
Éãáëëáçå= ëí~åÇ~êÇ= fjl=qáÉê=ff=Ó=ëÉêîáÅÉ= í~åâë= mäÉ~ëÉ= ëÉÉ= íÜÉ= áåëíêìÅíáçåë= áå= çìê= tçêâ= Å~êÇ=
Å~é~Åáíó?K SSUO= MMMKNS= J= MNb= = Ñçê= ÅäÉ~åáåÖ= çÑ= ëíÉÉä= éáéÉë=
q~åâ=ÉèìáéãÉåíW ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÑáííáåÖK
√ páÖÜí=Öä~ëë=Ñçê=äÉîÉä=ãçåáíçêáåÖ máéÉ=Äê~åÅÜÉë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÑáííÉÇ=íç=ÇáëÅÜ~êÖÉ=áå=íÜÉ=
ÇáêÉÅíáçå= çÑ= Ñäçï= áå= ~= ÑäçïJÅçåÇìÅáîÉ= ã~ååÉêK=
√ içïJäÉîÉä=~ä~êã=ëïáíÅÜ sÉåíáåÖ=áë=íç=ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇ=~í=íÜÉ=ÜáÖÜÉëí=éçáåíë=çÑ=
√ lîÉêÑäçï=~åÇ=ÑáääáåÖ=ÅçååÉÅíáçå íÜÉ=éáéÉ=ëóëíÉã=~åÇ=Çê~áå=çéÉåáåÖë=~í=íÜÉ=äçïJ
Éëí=éçáåíëK
√ fåäÉí=Ñçê=Åçêêçëáçå=áåÜáÄáíçê
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=éáéÉë=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=~ÅÅçêÇJ
SKPKNKP `ççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê= ÅçääÉÅíáåÖ= ~åÇ= áåÖ=íç=éêÉëëìêÉ=Åä~ëë=mk=SI=Ñä~åÖÉë=~åÇ=ÉåÖáåÉ=
ÅçååÉÅíáçåë= ~êÉ= çÑíÉå= ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ= ~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ= íç=
ëìééäó=ëóëíÉã
mk=NMK
qJMTQ=L=`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÅçääÉÅíáåÖ=í~åâ=Eåçí=áåÇáJ
qìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=ï~ëÜáåÖ=ÉèìáéãÉåí
Å~íÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=Çá~Öê~ãF
qÜÉ= íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉêë= çÑ= ÉåÖáåÉë= çéÉê~íáåÖ= çå=
qÜÉ=í~åâ=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ÇáãÉåëáçåÉÇ=~åÇ=~êê~åÖÉÇ=áå=
ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ï~ëÜÉÇ=~í=êÉÖìä~ê=áåíÉêJ
ëìÅÜ=~=ï~ó=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÅçåíÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=
î~äëK=qÜáë=êÉèìáêÉë=íÜÉ=áåëí~ää~íáçå=çÑ=~=ÑêÉëÜï~íÉê=
ÅáêÅìáíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅóäáåÇÉêI=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=~åÇ=åçòòäÉ=
ëìééäó=äáåÉ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ë~åáí~êó=ëóëíÉã=íç=íÜÉ=íìêJ
ÅççäáåÖ=ëóëíÉãë=Å~å=ÄÉ=Çê~áåÉÇ=áåíç=áí=Ñçê=ã~áåJ
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=QS POLQQòI=QMLRQI==QULSMI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI==RNLSMacI=RULSQ aJ_^

ÄáåÉ= ï~ëÜáåÖ= ÉèìáéãÉåí= ~åÇ= íïç= ÇáêíóJï~íÉê= pÉ~=ï~íÉê=ÑáäíÉê

Çê~áå=éáéÉë=îá~=~=ÑìååÉä=EÑçê=îáëì~ä=áåëéÉÅíáçåF=íç=
fí= éêçíÉÅíë= íÜÉ= ëóëíÉã= ~Ö~áåëí= êçìÖÜ= ÇáêíK= cçê=
íÜÉ=ëäìÇÖÉ=í~åâK
îÉëëÉäë=ïáíÜ=çåäó=çåÉ=ëÉ~ï~íÉê=Äçñ=~=êÉîÉêëáÄäÉ=
qÜÉ=ä~åÅÉ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=êÉãçîÉÇ=~ÑíÉê=ÉîÉêó=ï~ëÜáåÖ= ÇìéäÉñ= ÑáäíÉê= áë= êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇK= qÜÉ= ãÉëÜ= ëáòÉ=
éêçÅÉëëK=qÜáë=áë=~=éêÉÅ~ìíáçå~êó=ãÉ~ëìêÉI=ïÜáÅÜ= ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=áå=~=ê~åÖÉ=çÑ=O=Ó=Q=ããK=cçê=ÇêÉÇÖÉêë=
ëÉêîÉë= íç= éêÉîÉåí= ~å= áå~ÇîÉêíÉåí= ~Çãáëëáçå= çÑ= çéÉê~íáåÖ= éêÉÇçãáå~åíäó= áå= ë~åÇó= ï~íÉêëI= ~=
ï~íÉê=íç=íÜÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉêK ãÉëÜ=ëáòÉ=çÑ=MKP=Ó=MKR=ãã=áë=êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇK
qÜÉ= ÅçãéêÉëëçê= ï~ëÜáåÖ= ÉèìáéãÉåí= áë= ÅçãJ
éäÉíÉäó=ãçìåíÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=~åÇ=áë=ëìéJ
éäáÉÇ=ïáíÜ=ÑêÉëÜï~íÉê=Ñêçã=~=ëã~ää=í~åâK
cçê= ÑìêíÜÉê= áåÑçêã~íáçå= ëÉÉ= íÜÉ= íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=
éêçàÉÅí= ÖìáÇÉK= vçì= Å~å= ~äëç= ÑáåÇ= íÜÉ= ä~íÉëí= ìéJ
Ç~íÉë=çå=çìê=ïÉÄëáíÉ=ïïïKã~åÇáÉëÉäíìêÄçKÅçã=
ìåÇÉêW?qìêÄçã~ÅÜáåÉêó= [= qìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê= [= ^ñá~ä=
cäçï=[=q`^=pÉêáÉë?=~åÇ=?qìêÄçã~ÅÜáåÉêó=[=qìêJ
ÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=[=o~Çá~ä=cäçï=[=qò=pÉêáÉë?K
pÉ~=ï~íÉê=éìãé
^=ëÉäÑJéêáãáåÖ=ëÉêîáÅÉ=~åÇ=ëí~åÇÄó=éìãéI=~åÇ=~=
Ü~êÄçìê= éìãé= Ñçê= íÜÉ= aáÉëÉä= dÉåpÉíë=ãìëí= ÄÉ=
áåëí~ääÉÇK= cçê= Å~äÅìä~íáåÖ= íÜÉ= ÇÉäáîÉêó= ê~íÉI= íÜÉ=
ÜÉ~í=íç=ÄÉ=Çáëëáé~íÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=iq=~åÇ=eq=ÅáêÅìáí=áë=
íç=ÄÉ=í~âÉå=áå=ÅçåëáÇÉê~íáçåK
aÉäáîÉêó=sçäìãÉ=sW
n
s = -----------------------------------------------------
 í2 – í1   Åé  1000
s= aÉäáîÉêó=îçäìãÉ =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=Kã³LÜ
n=qçí~ä=ÜÉ~í=íç=ÄÉ=Çáëëáé~íÉÇ=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K âgLÜ
íOJíN=qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉ =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= ø`
EÄÉíïÉÉå=ëÉ~ï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=~í=áåäÉíLçìíäÉí=çÑ===iq=ÅççäJ
áåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÅççäÉêKF
Åé=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=ÜÉ~í=Z= =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=KQKO==âgLâÖK=øh======
qÜÉ= ã~ñáãìã= éÉêãáëëáÄäÉ= ëÉ~ï~íÉê= íÉãéÉê~J
íìêÉ=~äëç=ÇÉéÉåÇë=çå=íÜÉ=íóéÉ=Eéä~íÉë=çê=íìÄÉëF=
~åÇ=íÜÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=êÉëáëí~åÅÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅççäÉêë=~åÇ=
Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=ÅççäÉê=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêK=
tÉ=êÉÅçããÉåÇ=íÜ~í=~=ëÉ~ï~íÉê=çìíäÉí=íÉãéÉê~J
íìêÉ=çÑ=QU=ø`=áë=åçí=ÉñÅÉÉÇÉÇK
aJ_^ POLQQòI=QMLRQI==QULSMI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI==RNLSMacI=RULSQ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=QT

=m~ÖÉ=S=J=QU POLQQòI=QMLRQI==QULSMI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI==RNLSMacI=RULSQ aJ_^

SKPKO=`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=Çá~Öê~ãë==
SKPKO `ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=Çá~Öê~ãë=
mäÉ~ëÉ=ëÉÉ=çîÉêäÉ~Ñ>
MSMPJMNMOj^|aá~Öê~ããÉKÑã
_J_^ POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_I=RULSQ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=QV

==
cáÖìêÉ=SJOO `ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉã=Ó=ëáåÖäÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=éä~åí
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=RM POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_I=RULSQ _J_^

`çãéçåÉåíë
NIOaJMMP ^ìñáäá~êó=ÉåÖáåÉ ebJMOS cêÉëÜ=ï~íÉê=ÖÉåÉê~íçê
NIOcfiJMNV pÉ~=ï~íÉê=ÑáäíÉê jlsJMMO eq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Åçåíêçä=
î~äîÉ
NIOcfiJMON píê~áåÉê=çÑ=ÅçããáëëáçåáåÖ jlsJMMP `Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Eè^q`lF
eJMOM mêÉÜÉ~íÉê=ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉ jlsJMMQ mêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=ãçÇìäÉ
eJMOT mêÉÜÉ~íÉê=~ìñK=ÉåÖáåÉ jlsJMMR kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ãçÇìäÉ
ebJMMO iìÄÉ=çáä=ÅççäÉê jlsJMNS iq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Åçåíêçä=
î~äîÉ
ebJMMP `ççäÉê=Ñçê=eq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê NmJMMO mìãé=Ñçê=eq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=EÉåÖáåÉ=
ÇêáîÉåF
ebJMMR kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÅççäÉê OmJMMO léíáçå~ä=éìãé=Ñçê=eq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=
EÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ÇêáîÉåF
ebJMMT aáÉëÉä=çáä=ÅççäÉê NIOmJMSO pÉ~=ï~íÉê=éìãé
ebJMMU `Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=Eëí~ÖÉ=NF NIOmJMTS mìãé=Ñçê=iq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê
ebJMNM `Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=Eëí~ÖÉ=OF NIOmlcJMMN pÜìí=çÑ=Ñä~é=Ñçê=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=
EÇÉéÉåÇáåÖ=çå=éä~åíF
ebJMOO `ççäÉê=Ñçê=ÖçîÉêåçê=çáä=EÇÉéÉåÇáåÖ= mlcJMMO pÜìí=çÑÑ=Ñä~é=Ñçê=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=
çå=éä~åíF EÇÉéÉåÇáåÖ=çå=éä~åíF
ebJMOP dÉ~êÄçñ=äìÄÉ=çáä=ÅççäÉê qJMMO eq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=Éñé~åëáçå=í~åâ
ebJMOQ `ççäÉê=Ñçê=iq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê qJMTR iq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=Éñé~åëáçå=í~åâ
j~àçê=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçåë
PNTN eq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=áåäÉí PQLTNLPQVV fåäÉíLçìíäÉí=åçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ
PNTO oÉëÉêîÉ=EÑçê=ÉäK=ÇêáîÉå=eq=éìãéF QNTTLQNUT fåäÉíLçìíäÉí=ÖçîÉêåçê=ÅççäÉê=
PNTTLPNUN `Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ QNTNLQNVV fåäÉíLçìíäÉí=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=Eëí~ÖÉ=OF
PNVV lìíäÉí=eq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê aê~áåë=~åÇ=îÉåíáåÖ=~êÉ=åçí=ëÜçïåK
`çååÉÅíáçåë=íç=íÜÉ=åçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ãçÇìäÉ
kNI=kO oÉíìêåLÑÉÉÇáåÖ=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ=åçåçòòäÉ=
ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê
kPI=kQ fåäÉíLçìíäÉí=iq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê
q~ÄäÉ=SJNT iÉÖÉåÇ=íç=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉã=Ó=ëáåÖäÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=éä~åí
_J_^ POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_I=RULSQ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=RN

cáÖìêÉ=SJOP `ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉã=Ó=íïáå=ÉåÖáåÉ=éä~åí=Eé~êí=NF=
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=RO POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_I=RULSQ _J_^

cáÖìêÉ=SJOQ `ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉã=Ó=íïáå=ÉåÖáåÉ=éä~åí=Eé~êí=OF
_J_^ POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_I=RULSQ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=RP

=m~ÖÉ=S=J=RQ POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_I=RULSQ _J_^

SKPKO=`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=Çá~Öê~ãë
SKPKOKN `äÉ~åáåÖ=çÑ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=EáåëáÇÉ=ÉåÖáåÉF=Äó=~=ìäíê~ëçåáÅ=ÇÉîáÅÉ
qÜÉ=ÅççäÉê=ÄìåÇäÉ=Å~å=ÄÉ=ÅäÉ~åÉÇ=ïáíÜçìí=ÄÉáåÖ= qÜÉ=Åçåí~ãáå~íÉÇ=ï~íÉê=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÅäÉ~åÉÇ=~ÑíÉê=
êÉãçîÉÇK= mêáçê= íç= ÑáääáåÖ= ïáíÜ= ÅäÉ~åáåÖ= ëçäîÉåíI= ÉîÉêó= ëÉèìÉåÅÉ= ~åÇ= ãìëí= ÄÉ= Çê~áåÉÇ= áåíç= íÜÉ=
íÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=~åÇ=áíë=~Çà~ÅÉåí=ÜçìëáåÖë= Çáêíó=ï~íÉê=ÅçääÉÅíáåÖ=í~åâK
ãìëí= ÄÉ= áëçä~íÉÇ= Ñêçã= íÜÉ= íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê= ~åÇ=
ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=éáéÉ=ìëáåÖ=ÄäáåÇ=Ñä~åÖÉëK aÉëáÖå~íáçå j~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉê
qÜÉ=Å~ëáåÖ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÑáääÉÇ=~åÇ=Çê~áåÉÇ=ïáíÜ=~=ÄáÖ= ^èì~ÄêÉ~â=mu råáíçê=pÜáé=pÉêîáÅÉ=^p
ÑáêÉÜçêëÉ=ïáíÜ=ëÜìíJçÑÑ=î~äîÉ=EëÉÉ=mCfFK j~ëíÉãóê
kJNQNM=hçäÄçíåLkçêï~ó
^ää=éáéáåÖ=ÇáãÉåëáçåë=ÉñÉÅìíÉ=áå=ak=UMK
båîáêçåÅäÉ~å råáíçê=pÜáé=pÉêîáÅÉ=^p
NK tÜÉå=Åçåí~ãáå~íáçå=ïáíÜ=çáäI=Ñáää=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ= j~ëíÉãóê
~áê=ÅççäÉê=Å~ëáåÖ=ïáíÜ=ÑêÉëÜ=ï~íÉê=~åÇ=~=äáèJ kJNQNM=hçäÄçíåLkçêï~ó
ìáÇ=ï~ëÜáåÖJìé=~ÇÇáíáîÉK båîáêçã~íÉ=OMMM aêÉï=`ÜÉãáÅ~ä=`çêéK
OK fåéìí=íÜÉ=ëçåç=éìëÜÉê=~ÑíÉê=~ÇÇáíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ= _ççåíçå
kÉï=gÉêëÉóLrp^
ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=~ÖÉåí=áå=ÇÉÑ~ìäí=ÇçëáåÖ=éçêíáçåK
bëâ~éÜçê=kSTTP e~ìÖ=`ÜÉãáÉ=dãÄe
PK cäìëÜáåÖ=ïáíÜ=ÑêÉëÜ=ï~íÉê=Enì~åíáíóW=~ééêçñK= _êÉáíÉ=pÉáíÉ=NQ=Ó=NS
Oñ=íç=Ñáää=áå=~åÇ=íç=Çê~áåFK TQUUV=páåëÜÉáãLdÉêã~åó
q~ÄäÉ=SJNU oÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=ãÉÇáìã
`äÉ~åáåÖ=éÉêáçÇÉ=EÖìáÇÉ=
fåÅêÉ~ëÉ=áå=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä=éêÉëëìêÉNF aÉÖêÉÉ=çÑ=ÑçìäáåÖ
î~äìÉF
Y=NMM=ãã=t` e~êÇäó=ÑçìäÉÇ `äÉ~åáåÖ=åçí=êÉèìáêÉÇ
NMM=Ó=OMM=ãã=t` päáÖÜíäó=ÑçìäÉÇ ~ééêçñK=N=Üçìê
OMM=Ó=PMM=ãã pÉîÉêÉäó=ÑçìäÉÇ ~ééêçñK=NKR=Üçìê
[=PMM=ãã bñíêÉãÉäó=ÑçìäÉÇ ~ééêçñK=O=Üçìê
NF=fåÅêÉ~ëÉ=áå=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä=éêÉëëìêÉ=Z=~Åíì~ä=ÅçåÇáíáçå=Ó=åÉï=ÅçåÇáíáçå=Eãã=t`FK
q~ÄäÉ=SJNV aÉÖêÉÉ=çÑ=ÑçìäáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=Ó=~áê=ÅççäÉê
kçíÉ>
tÜÉå=ìëáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=~ÖÉåíëW
qÜÉ= áåëíêìÅíáçåë= çÑ= íÜÉ= ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêë= ãìëí= ÄÉ=
çÄëÉêîÉÇK
^ííÉåíáçå= áë= íç= ÄÉ= é~áÇ= íç= íÜÉáê= ë~ÑÉíóJêÉäÉî~åí=
Ç~í~=ëÜÉÉíëK
qÜÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=éêçÇìÅíë=Ü~ë=Ó=ÇìÉ=íç=
íÜÉ=Ñ~Åí=íÜ~í=ëçãÉ=çÑ=íÜÉã=~êÉ=áåÑä~ãã~ÄäÉ=Ó=íç=
ÄÉ= Äó= NM=ø`= äçïÉê= íÜ~å= íÜÉ= êÉëéÉÅíáîÉ= Ñä~ëÜ=
éçáåíK
qÜÉ=ï~ëíÉ=Çáëéçë~ä=áåëíêìÅíáçåë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ã~åìÑ~ÅJ
íìêÉêë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=çÄëÉêîÉÇK
cçääçï=~ää=íÉêãë=~åÇ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=çÑ=íÜÉ=`ä~ëëáÑáÅ~J
íáçå=pçÅáÉíáÉëK
MSMPJMRMOjhKÑã
^J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=RR

cáÖìêÉ=SJOR mêáåÅáéäÉ=ä~óçìí
N fåëí~ää~íáçå=ìäíê~ëçåáÅ=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ
O cáêÉÜçëÉ=ïáíÜ=ëéê~Ö=åçòòäÉ
P cáêÉÜçëÉ
Q aáêíó=ï~íÉê=ÅçääÉÅíáåÖ=í~åâNF
R sÉåíáä~íáçå
^ fëçä~íáçå=ïáíÜ=ÄäáåÇ=Ñä~åÖÉë
NF=oÉèìáêÉÇ=ëáòÉ=çÑ=Çáêíó=ï~íÉê=ÅçääÉÅíáåÖ=í~åâW
====sçäìãÉ=~í=íÜÉ=äÉ~ëí=QJãìäíáéäÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=îçäìãÉ>
q~ÄäÉ=SJOM iÉÖÉåÇ=íç=éêáåÅáéäÉ=ä~óçìí
MSMPJMRMOjhKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=RS POLQQò ^J_^

SKPKOKO qìêÄáåÉ=ï~ëÜáåÖ=ÇÉîáÅÉI=eclJçéÉê~íáçå
MSMPJMPMOj^KÑã
cáÖìêÉ=SJOS `äÉ~åáåÖ=íìêÄáåÉ=
iJ^g POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI=RULSQ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=RT

MSMPJMPMOj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=RU POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI=RULSQ iJ^g

SKPKP=kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ëóëíÉã=~åÇ=Çá~Öê~ã==
SKPKP kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ëóëíÉã=~åÇ=Çá~Öê~ã
dÉåÉê~ä fÑ=íÜÉêÉ=áë=åçí=ÉåçìÖÜ=êççã=íç=áåëí~ää=íÜÉ=í~åâ=~í=
íÜÉ= éêÉëÅêáÄÉÇ= ÜÉáÖÜíI= ~å= ~äíÉêå~íáîÉ= éêÉëëìêÉ=
qÜÉ= åçòòäÉë= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÑìÉä= áåàÉÅíáçå= î~äîÉë= ~êÉ=
ëóëíÉã= çÑ= ãçÇìä~ê= ÇÉëáÖå= áë= ~î~áä~ÄäÉI= éÉêãáíJ
ÅççäÉÇ= Äó= ÑêÉëÜ= ï~íÉê= ÅáêÅìä~íáçåI= íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ= ~=
íáåÖ= áåëí~ää~íáçå= ~í= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= êççã= Ñäççê= äÉîÉä=
åçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉã=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇK=fí=áë=~=
åÉñí= íç= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= EëÉÉ= ëóëíÉã= Çê~ïáåÖ= çîÉêJ
ëÉé~ê~íÉ=~åÇ=ÅäçëÉÇ=ëóëíÉã=êÉÅççäÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=iq=
äÉ~ÑFK=
ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉãI=Äìí=åçí=ÇáêÉÅíäó=áå=Åçåí~Åí=
ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= iq= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉêK= qÜÉ= åçòòäÉ= ÅççäáåÖ= qÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ÅäçëÉÇ=ïáíÜ=~å=çîÉêJLìåÇÉêJ
ï~íÉê=áë=íç=ÄÉ=íêÉ~íÉÇ=ïáíÜ=Åçêêçëáçå=áåÜáÄáíçê=~ÅJ éêÉëëìêÉ=î~äîÉ=çå=í~åâ=íçé=íç=éêÉîÉåí=Ñä~ëÜáåÖ=íç=
ÅçêÇáåÖ= íç= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçå= ëíÉ~ãK
?`Ü~éíÉê= PKP= nì~äáíó= çÑ= ÉåÖáåÉ= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉêI=
é~ÖÉ=PJNP?K ebJMMR=L=`ççäÉê
kçíÉ> qÜÉ=ÅççäÉê=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=iq=ÅççäáåÖ=
ï~íÉê= ÅáêÅìáí= ~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ= íç= ëÅÜÉã~íáÅ= Çá~Öê~ãK=
få=aáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉë=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=íç=çéÉê~íÉ=éêÉî~äÉåíJ
`ççäáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=åçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=áë=ÉÑÑÉÅíÉÇ=
äó=çå=ecl=íÜÉ=áåàÉÅíáçå=î~äîÉë=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ=ÅççäÉÇ=
Äó=íÜÉ=iq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉêK
ÇìêáåÖ=çéÉê~íáçå=çå=eclK=få=íÜÉ=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=jdl=çê=
jal= çéÉê~íáçå= ÉñÅÉÉÇáåÖ= TO=ÜêëI= íÜÉ= åçòòäÉ= fÑ=~å=~åíáÑêÉÉòÉ=áë=~ÇÇÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉêI=íÜÉ=
ÅççäáåÖ=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ëïáíÅÜÉÇ=çÑÑ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ëìééäó=äáåÉ= êÉëìäíáåÖ=äçïÉê=ÜÉ~í=íê~åëÑÉê=ê~íÉ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=í~âÉå=
áë=íç=ÄÉ=ÅäçëÉÇK=qÜÉ=êÉíìêå=éáéÉI=ÜçïÉîÉêI=Ü~ë=íç= áåíç=ÅçåëáÇÉê~íáçåK=qÜÉ=ÅççäÉê=áë=íç=ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇ=
êÉã~áå=çéÉåK ïáíÜ=îÉåíáåÖ=~åÇ=Çê~áåáåÖ=Ñ~ÅáäáíáÉëK
få=aáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉë=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=íç=çéÉê~íÉ=ÉñÅäìëáîÉJ q`sJMMR=L=qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Åçåíêçä=î~äîÉ
äó=çå=jdl=çê=jal=Eåç=ecl=çéÉê~íáçå=éçëëáÄäÉFI=
åçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=áë=åçí=êÉèìáêÉÇK=qÜÉ=åçòòäÉ=ÅççäJ qÜÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Åçåíêçä=î~äîÉ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉêã~äJÉñJ
áåÖ=ëóëíÉã=áë=çãáííÉÇK é~åëáçå=ÉäÉãÉåíë=êÉÖìä~íÉë=íÜÉ=Ñäçï=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=
ÅççäÉê=íç=êÉ~ÅÜ=íÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=áåäÉí=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=
få=Çì~ä=ÑìÉä=ÉåÖáåÉë=EäáèìáÇ=ÑìÉä=~åÇ=Ö~ëF=íÜÉ=åçòJ íÜÉ= åçòòäÉ= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉêK= fí= Ü~ë= ~= êÉÖìä~íáåÖ=
òäÉë= ~êÉ= íç= ÄÉ= ÅççäÉÇ= ~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ= íç= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= ê~åÖÉ=Ñêçã=~ééêçñK=RM=ø`=Eî~äîÉ=ÄÉÖáåë=íç=çéÉå=
ÇÉëáÖåK íÜÉ=éáéÉ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ÅççäÉêF=íç=SM=ø`=EéáéÉ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=
ÅççäÉê=ÅçãéäÉíÉäó=çéÉåFK
mJMMR=L=`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=éìãé cfiJMON=L=píê~áåÉê
qÜÉ= ÅÉåíêáÑìÖ~ä= Eåçå= ëÉäÑJéêáãáåÖF= éìãé= ÇáëJ qç=éêçíÉÅí=íÜÉ=åçòòäÉë=Ñçê=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=ÅçããáëëáçåJ
ÅÜ~êÖÉë=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=îá~=ÅççäÉê=ebJMMR=~åÇ= áåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~=ëíê~áåÉê=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇK=
íÜÉ= ëíê~áåÉê= cfiJMON= íç= íÜÉ= ÜÉ~ÇÉê= éáéÉ= çå= íÜÉ= qÜÉ=ãÉëÜ=ëáòÉ=áë=MKOR=ããK
ÉåÖáåÉ= ~åÇ= íÜÉå= íç= íÜÉ= áåÇáîáÇì~ä= áåàÉÅíáçå=
î~äîÉëK=cêçã=ÜÉêÉI=áí=áë=éìãéÉÇ=íÜêçìÖÜ=~=ã~åáJ qb=L=qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ëÉåëçê
ÑçäÇ= áåíç= íÜÉ= Éñé~åëáçå= í~åâ= Ñêçã= ïÜÉêÉ= áí= êÉJ
íìêåë=íç=íÜÉ=éìãéK qÜÉ=ëÉåëçê=áë=ãçìåíÉÇ=ìéëíêÉ~ã=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=
~åÇ= áë= ÇÉäáîÉêÉÇ= äççëÉ= Äó= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄçK=
låÉ=ëóëíÉã=Å~å=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=Ñçê=íïç=ÉåÖáåÉëK táêáåÖ= íç= íÜÉ= Åçããçå= ÉåÖáåÉ= íÉêãáå~ä= Äçñ= áë=
éêÉëÉåíK
qJMTS=L=bñé~åëáçå=í~åâ
qÜÉ= áåëí~ää~íáçå= ÜÉáÖÜí= ~ÄçîÉ= íÜÉ= Åê~åâëÜ~Ñí=
MSMPJMOMNj^KÑã
ÅÉåíÉêäáåÉ=áë=ëÜçïå=áå=ÅÜ~éíÉê=?mä~ååáåÖ=Ç~í~=Ñçê=
Éãáëëáçå=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=fjl=qáÉê=ff?K
`J_^ POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI=RULSQ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=RV

kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ëóëíÉã
MSMPJMOMNj^KÑã
cáÖìêÉ=SJOT kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ëóëíÉã
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=SM POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI=RULSQ `J_^

aJMMN =aáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉ qJMTS kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=Éñé~åëáçå=í~åâ

cfiJMON píê~áåÉêI=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉãI=Ñçê=ÅçãJ q`sJMMR qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Åçåíêçä=î~äîÉ=Ñçê=åçòòäÉ=
ãáëëáçåáåÖ ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê
ebJMMR kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÅççäÉê c_sJMOM cäçï=Ä~ä~åÅáåÖ=î~äîÉ
mJMMR kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=éìãé PQTN= kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=áåäÉí
mJMPN cáääáåÖ=éìãé PQVR= kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=Çê~áå
qJMPV `ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëíçê~ÖÉ=í~åâ PQVV= kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=çìíäÉí
cáÖìêÉ=SJOU iÉÖÉåÇ=íç=åçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ëóëíÉã
MSMPJMOMNj^KÑã
`J_^ POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI=RULSQ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=SN

MSMPJMOMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=SO POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI=RULSQ `J_^

SKPKQ=kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ãçÇìäÉ==
SKPKQ kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ãçÇìäÉ
mìêéçëÉ
qÜÉ= åçòòäÉ= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê= ãçÇìäÉ= ëÉêîÉë= Ñçê=
ÅççäáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=áåàÉÅíáçå=åçòòäÉë=çå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=
áå=~=ÅäçëÉÇ=åçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ÅáêÅìáíK=
aÉëáÖå=
qÜÉ=åçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ãçÇìäÉ=Åçåëáëíë=çÑ=~=
ëíçê~ÖÉ=í~åâI=çå=ïÜáÅÜ=~ää=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=
Ñçê=åçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=~êÉ=ãçìåíÉÇK=
aÉëÅêáéíáçå
_ó=ãÉ~åë=çÑ=~=ÅáêÅìä~íáåÖ=éìãéI=íÜÉ=åçòòäÉ=ÅççäJ
áåÖ= ï~íÉê= áë= éìãéÉÇ= Ñêçã= íÜÉ= ëÉêîáÅÉ= í~åâ=
íÜêçìÖÜ=~=ÜÉ~í=ÉñÅÜ~åÖÉê=~åÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=áåàÉÅJ
íáçå= åçòòäÉëK= qÜÉ= êÉíìêå= éáéÉ= áë= êçìíÉÇ= Ä~Åâ= íç=
íÜÉ=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâI=îá~=~=ëáÖÜí=Öä~ëëK=qÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=
ëáÖÜí= Öä~ëëI= íÜÉ= åçòòäÉ= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~íÉê= Å~å= ÄÉ=
ÅÜÉÅâÉÇ=Ñçê=Åçåí~ãáå~íáçåK=qÜÉ=ÜÉ~í=ÉñÅÜ~åÖÉê=
áë=áåíÉÖê~íÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=iq=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉãK=_ó=
ãÉ~åë=çÑ=~=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Åçåíêçä=î~äîÉI=íÜÉ=åçòòäÉ=
ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ìéëíêÉ~ã=çÑ=íÜÉ=åçòJ
òäÉë= áë= âÉéí= Åçåëí~åíK= qÜÉ= éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ=
ëÉêîáÅÉ=éìãé=áë=ãçåáíçêÉÇ=ïáíÜáå=íÜÉ=ãçÇìäÉ=Äó=
ãÉ~åë=çÑ=~=Ñäçï=ëïáíÅÜK=fÑ=êÉèìáêÉÇI=íÜÉ=çéíáçå~ä=
ëí~åÇÄó=éìãé=áåíÉÖê~íÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ãçÇìäÉI=áë=ëí~êíJ
ÉÇK
qÜêçìÖÜéìí= MKU=Ó=NMKM=ã³LÜ= åçòòäÉ= ÅççäáåÖ= ï~J
íÉêI=ëìáí~ÄäÉ=Ñçê=ÅççäáåÖ=çÑ=~ää=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=ÅóäáåÇÉêë=
çÑ= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= íóéÉë= POLQM=Ó=RULSQ= ~åÇ= ëáåÖäÉL=
ÇçìÄäÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=éä~åíëK
oÉèìáêÉÇ= Ñäçï= ê~íÉë= Ñçê= íÜÉ= êÉëéÉÅíáîÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ=
íóéÉë= ~åÇ= åìãÄÉê= çÑ= ÅóäáåÇÉêë= ëÉÉ= ÅÜ~éíÉê=
fjl=qáÉê=ff?K
MSMPJMOMQj^KÑã
_J_^ POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=SP

SKPKQ=kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ãçÇìäÉ==
MSMPJMOMQj^KÑã
cáÖìêÉ=SJOV kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ãçÇìäÉ
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=SQ POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ _J_^

SKQKN=j~êáåÉ=aáÉëÉä=láä=EjalF=íêÉ~íãÉåí=ëóëíÉã==
SKQ cìÉä=çáä=ëóëíÉã
SKQKN j~êáåÉ=aáÉëÉä=láä=EjalF=íêÉ~íãÉåí=ëóëíÉã
=
MSMQJMNMRj^KÑã
cáÖìêÉ=SJPM jal=íêÉ~íãÉåí=ëóëíÉã
aJ^c ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=SR
SKQKN=j~êáåÉ=aáÉëÉä=láä=EjalF=íêÉ~íãÉåí=ëóëíÉã==
`cJMMP jal=ëÉé~ê~íçê mJMTP jal=ëìééäó=éìãé
eJMNV jal=éêÉÜÉ~íÉê qJMNR jal=ëíçê~ÖÉ=í~åâ
jalJMMU cìÉä=ãçÇìäÉ qJMON päìÇÖÉ=í~åâ
mJMMU aáÉëÉä=çáä=ëìééäó=éìãé NI=O=qJMMP jal=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ
mJMRT aáÉëÉä=çáä=ÑáääáåÖ=éìãé
q~ÄäÉ=SJON iÉÖÉåÇ=íç=jal=íêÉ~íãÉåí=ëóëíÉã
MSMQJMNMRj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=SS aJ^c
SKQKO=j~êáåÉ=aáÉëÉä=láä=EjalF=ëìééäó=ëóëíÉã=Ñçê=ÇáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉë==
SKQKO j~êáåÉ=aáÉëÉä=láä=EjalF=ëìééäó=ëóëíÉã=Ñçê=ÇáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉë
MSMQJMNMPj^KÑã
cáÖìêÉ=SJPN cìÉä=ëìééäó=EjalF=Ó=ëáåÖäÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=éä~åí
_J_^ POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI=RULSQ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=ST

aJMMN aáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉ NIO=qJMMP jal=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ
cfiJMMP ^ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉê qJMMS iÉ~â~ÖÉ=çáä=ÅçääÉÅíáåÖ=í~åâ
cfiJMNN pí~åÇJÄó=ÑáäíÉê qJMNR aáÉëÉä=çáä=ëíçê~ÖÉ=í~åâ
cpeJMMN iÉ~â~ÖÉ=ÑìÉä=çáä=ãçåáíçêáåÖ=í~åâ qJMON päìÇÖÉ=í~åâ
ebJMMT jal=ÅççäÉê ROTN jal=áåäÉí
m`sJMMU mêÉëëìêÉ=êÉí~áåáåÖ=î~äîÉ ROVP iÉ~â~ÖÉ=ÑìÉä=éáéÉ=Ñêçã=ëìéÉêîáëáåÖ
NIO=mJMMU pìééäó=éìãéë ROQV iÉ~â~ÖÉ=ÑìÉä=Çê~áå
NIO=pqoJMNM píê~áåÉê ROVV jal=çìíäÉí
G=båÖáåÉë=POLQQòI=RULSQ=~åÇ=iQULSM_W=cpeJMMN=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉI=ROVP=ÇçïåëíêÉ~ã=çÑ=cpeJMMMNK=
q~ÄäÉ=SJOO iÉÖÉåÇ=íç=ÑìÉä=ëìééäó=EjalF=Ó=ëáåÖäÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=éä~åí
MSMQJMNMPj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=SU =POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI=RULSQ _J_^

MSMQJMNMPj^KÑã
cáÖìêÉ=SJPO cìÉä=ëìééäó=EjalF=Ó=íïáå=ÉåÖáåÉ=éä~åí
_J_^ POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI=RULSQ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=SV

`cJMMP jal=ëÉé~ê~íçê NIO=pqoJMNM píê~áåÉê
NIO=aJMMN aáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉ NIO=qJMMP jal=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ
NIO=c_sJMNM cäçï=Ä~ä~åÅáåÖ=î~äîÉ qJMMS iÉ~â~ÖÉ=çáä=ÅçääÉÅíáåÖ=í~åâ
cfiJMMP ^ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉê qJMNR jal=ëíçê~ÖÉ=í~åâ
cfiJMNP cìÉä=ÇìéäÉñ=ÑáäíÉê qJMON päìÇÖÉ=í~åâ
NIO=cpeJMMN iÉ~â~ÖÉ=ÑìÉä=çáä=ãçåáíçêáåÖ=í~åâ ROTN jal=áåäÉí
ebJMMT jal=ÅççäÉê ROVP iÉ~â~ÖÉ=ÑìÉä=éáéÉ=Ñêçã=ëìéÉêîáëáåÖ
m`sJMMU mêÉëëìêÉ=êÉí~áåáåÖ=î~äîÉ ROVQ iÉ~â~ÖÉ=ÑìÉä=Çê~áå
NIO=m`sJMNN péáää=î~äîÉ ROVV jal=çìíäÉí
NIO=mJMMU pìééäó=éìãéë
G=båÖáåÉë=POLQQòI=RULSQ=~åÇ=iQULSM_W=cpeJMMN=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉI=ROVP=ÇçïåëíêÉ~ã=çÑ=cpeJMMMNK=
GG=båÖáåÉ=POLQQòW=cfiJMNP=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉI=ROTN=ìéëíêÉ~ã=çÑ=cfiJMNPK=
q~ÄäÉ=SJOP iÉÖÉåÇ=íç=ÑìÉä=ëìééäó=EjalF=Ó=íïáå=ÉåÖáåÉ=éä~åí
MSMQJMNMPj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=TM =POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI=RULSQ _J_^

SKQKP=eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=EeclF=íêÉ~íãÉåí=ëóëíÉã==
SKQKP eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=EeclF=íêÉ~íãÉåí=ëóëíÉã=
^=éêÉêÉèìáëáíÉ=Ñçê=ë~ÑÉ=~åÇ=êÉäá~ÄäÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=çéÉêJ q~åâ=ÜÉ~íáåÖ
~íáçå=ïáíÜ=~=ãáåáãìã=çÑ=ëÉêîáÅáåÖ=áë=~=éêçéÉêäó=
qÜÉ=ÜÉ~íáåÖ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉë=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ëç=ÇáãÉåëáçåÉÇ=
ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=~åÇ=ïÉääJÑìåÅíáçåáåÖ=ÑìÉä=çáä=íêÉ~íãÉåí=
íÜ~í= íÜÉ= í~åâ= ÅçåíÉåí= Å~å= ÄÉ= ÉîÉåäó= ÜÉ~íÉÇ= íç=
ëóëíÉãK
TR=ø`=ïáíÜáå=S=íç=U=ÜçìêëK
qÜÉ=ëÅÜÉã~íáÅ=Çá~Öê~ã=ëÜçïë=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=ÅçãJ
éçåÉåíë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=ÑìÉä=íêÉ~íãÉåí=Ñçê=eclK qÜÉ=ëìééäó=çÑ=ÜÉ~í=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=~ìíçã~íáÅ~ääó=ÅçåJ
íêçääÉÇI=ÇÉéÉåÇáåÖ=ìéçå=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=çáä=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉK
_ìåâÉê
få=çêÇÉê=íç=~îçáÇ
cìÉä=Åçãé~íáÄáäáíó=éêçÄäÉãë=~êÉ=~îçáÇ~ÄäÉ=áÑ=ãáñJ
√ ~Öáí~íáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= ëäìÇÖÉ= ÇìÉ= íç= ÜÉ~íáåÖI= íÜÉ=
áåÖ= çÑ= åÉïäó= ÄìåâÉêÉÇ= ÑìÉä= ïáíÜ= êÉã~áåáåÖ= ÑìÉä=
ÜÉ~íáåÖ= Åçáäë= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= ~êê~åÖÉÇ= ~í= ~= ëìÑÑáJ
Å~å=ÄÉ=éêÉîÉåíÉÇ=Äó=~=ëìáí~ÄäÉ=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=ÄìåJ
ÅáÉåí=Çáëí~åÅÉ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=í~åâ=ÄçííçãK
âÉêëK
√ íÜÉ=Ñçêã~íáçå=çÑ=~ëéÜ~äíÉåÉëI=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=çáä=íÉãJ
eÉ~íáåÖ=Åçáäë=áå=ÄìåâÉêë=íç=ÄÉ=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=ëç=íÜ~í=
éÉê~íìêÉ= ëÜçìäÇ= åçí= ÄÉ= ~ääçïÉÇ= íç= ÉñÅÉÉÇ=
íÜÉ=ecl=áå=áí=áë=~í=~=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=~í=äÉ~ëí=NM=ø`=
TR=ø`K
ãáåáãìã=~ÄçîÉ=íÜÉ=éçìê=éçáåíK
√ íÜÉ=Ñçêã~íáçå=çÑ=Å~êÄçå=ÇÉéçëáíë=çå=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~íJ
mJMPU=L=qê~åëÑÉê=éìãé áåÖ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉëI=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~í=íê~åëÑÉêêÉÇ=éÉê=ìåáí=ëìêJ
Ñ~ÅÉ=ãìëí=åçí=ÉñÅÉÉÇ=NKN=tLÅã²K
qÜÉ=íê~åëÑÉê=éìãé=ÇáëÅÜ~êÖÉë=ÑìÉä=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ÄìåJ
âÉêë=áåíç=íÜÉ=ëÉííäáåÖ=í~åâëK=_ÉáåÖ=~=ëÅêÉï=éìãéI=
áí=Ü~åÇäÉë=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ÖÉåíäóI=íÜìë=éêÉîÉåí=ï~íÉê=ÄÉJ aÉëáÖå
áåÖ= ÉãìäëáÑáÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= ÑìÉäK= fíë= Å~é~Åáíó= ãìëí= ÄÉ= qÜÉ=í~åâ=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ÑáííÉÇ=ïáíÜ=Ä~ÑÑäÉ=éä~íÉë=áå=äçåJ
ëáòÉÇ=ëç=íÜ~í=ÅçãéäÉíÉ=ëÉííäáåÖ=í~åâ=Å~å=ÄÉ=ÑáääÉÇ= ÖáíìÇáå~ä=~åÇ=íê~åëîÉêëÉ=ÇáêÉÅíáçå=áå=çêÇÉê=íç=êÉJ
áå=O=ÜçìêëK ÇìÅÉ= ~Öáí~íáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÑìÉä= áå= íÜÉ= í~åâ= áå= êçìÖÜ=
ëÉ~ë=~ë=Ñ~ê=~ë=éçëëáÄäÉK=qÜÉ=ëìÅíáçå=éáéÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=
qJMNS=L=pÉííäáåÖ=í~åâ=Ñçê=ecl ëÉé~ê~íçê=ãìëí=åçí=êÉ~ÅÜ=áåíç=íÜÉ=ëäìÇÖÉ=ëé~ÅÉK=
qïç=ëÉííäáåÖ=í~åâë=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇI=áå=çêÇÉê=íç= låÉ=çê=ãçêÉ=ëäìÇÖÉ=Çê~áå=î~äîÉëI=ÇÉéÉåÇáåÖ=çå=
çÄí~áå= íÜçêçìÖÜ=éêÉÅäÉ~åáåÖ= ~åÇ= íç= ~ääçï= ÑìÉäë= íÜÉ=ëä~åí=çÑ=íÜÉ=í~åâ=Äçííçã=EéêÉÑÉê~Ääó=NMøFI=~êÉ=
çÑ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=çêáÖáå=íç=ÄÉ=âÉéí=ëÉé~ê~íÉK íç=ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇ=~í=íÜÉ=äçïÉëí=éçáåíK=q~åâë=êÉ~ÅÜJ
áåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=ëÜáé=Üìää=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÜÉ~í=äçëë=éêçíÉÅíÉÇ=
páòÉ Äó=~=ÅçÑÑÉêÇ~ãK=qÜÉ=ëÉííäáåÖ=í~åâ=áë=íç=ÄÉ=áåëìä~íJ
ÉÇ=~Ö~áåëí=íÜÉêã~ä=äçëëÉëK
mêÉÅäÉ~åáåÖ=Äó=ëÉííäáåÖ=áë=íÜÉ=ãçêÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=íÜÉ= päìÇÖÉ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=êÉãçîÉÇ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ëÉííäáåÖ=í~åâ=
äçåÖÉê=íÜÉ=ëçäáÇ=ã~íÉêá~ä=áë=ÖáîÉå=íáãÉ=íç=ëÉííäÉK= ÄÉÑçêÉ=íÜÉ=ëÉé~ê~íçêë=Çê~ï=ÑìÉä=Ñêçã=áíK
qÜÉ=ëíçê~ÖÉ=Å~é~Åáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÉííäáåÖ=í~åâ=ëÜçìäÇ=
ÄÉ=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=íç=ÜçäÇ=~í=äÉ~ëí=~=OQJÜçìê=ëìééäó=çÑ= qJMON=LpäìÇÖÉ=í~åâ
ÑìÉä= ~í= Ñìää= äç~Ç= çéÉê~íáçåI= áåÅäìÇáåÖ= ëÉÇáãÉåíë=
fÑ=Çáëéçë~ä=Äó=~å=áåÅáåÉê~íçê=éä~åí=áë=åçí=éä~ååÉÇI=
~åÇ=ï~íÉê=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=Åçåí~áåëK=
íÜÉ=í~åâ=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=ÇáãÉåëáçåÉÇ=ëç=íÜ~í=áí=áë=Å~J
qÜÉ=ãáåáãìã=îçäìãÉ=s=íç=ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇ=áëW é~ÄäÉ=íç=~ÄëçêÄ=~ää=êÉëáÇìÉë=ïÜáÅÜ=~ÅÅìãìä~íÉ=
ÇìêáåÖ=íÜÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=áå=íÜÉ=ÅçìêëÉ=çÑ=~=ã~ñáãìã=
Çìê~íáçå=çÑ=îçó~ÖÉK=få=çêÇÉê=íç=êÉåÇÉê=ÉãéíóáåÖ=
 7  m-
5------------------ çÑ= íÜÉ= í~åâ= éçëëáÄäÉI= áí= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ= ÜÉ~íÉÇK= qÜÉ=
s =
1000 ÜÉ~íáåÖ=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ÇáãÉåëáçåÉÇ=ëç=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ÅçåíÉåí=
MSMQJMNMQj^KÑã
çÑ=íÜÉ=í~åâ=Å~å=ÄÉ=ÜÉ~íÉÇ=íç=~ééêçñK=SM=ø`
s==jáåáãìã=îçäìãÉ =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= ã³
m==båÖáåÉ=ê~íáåÖ =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K ât
aJ_^ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=TN
mJMNR=L=eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=ëìééäó=éìãé qÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñäçï=ê~íÉ=n=Å~å=ÄÉ=êçìÖÜäó=ÇÉíÉêJ
ãáåÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=Éèì~íáçåW
qÜÉ= ëìééäó= éìãéë= ëÜçìäÇ= éêÉÑÉê~Ääó= ÄÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ=
ÑêÉÉJëí~åÇáåÖ=íóéÉI=áKÉK=åçí=ãçìåíÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ëÉéJ ==
~ê~íçêI= ~ë= íÜÉ=ÇÉäáîÉêó=îçäìãÉ=Å~å=ÄÉ=ã~íÅÜÉÇ= m  ÄÉ

ÄÉííÉê=íç=íÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=íÜêçìÖÜéìíK n = ----------------

eJMMU=L=mêÉÜÉ~íÉê=Ñçê=ecl
n=pÉé~ê~íçê=Ñäçï=ê~íÉ =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=äLÜ
qç=êÉ~ÅÜ=íÜÉ=ëÉé~ê~íáåÖ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=~=éêÉÜÉ~íÉê=
ã~íÅÜÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=îáëÅçëáíó=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇK m=båÖáåÉ=ê~íáåÖ =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= ât
ÄÉ=cìÉä=Åçåëìãéíáçå=EëÉÉ=ÄÉäçïF =K=K=K=K=K ÖLâtÜ
`cJMMO=L=pÉé~ê~íçê
=aÉåëáíó=~í=ëÉé~ê~íáåÖ=íÉãéK=~ééêçñK=MKVP=âÖLä
^ë=~=êìäÉI=éççê=èì~äáíóI=ÜáÖÜ=îáëÅçëáíó=ÑìÉä=áë=ìëÉÇK=
qïç= åÉï= ÖÉåÉê~íáçå= ëÉé~ê~íçêë= ãìëí= íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ= táíÜ=íÜÉ=Éî~äì~íÉÇ=Ñäçï=ê~íÉ=íÜÉ=ëáòÉ=çÑ=ëÉé~ê~íçê=
ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇK Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=ëÉäÉÅíÉÇ=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=Éî~äì~íáçå=
í~ÄäÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêK= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=
cêçã=^äÑ~=i~î~äW===^äÅ~éI=íóéÉ==pr ëíêáÅíäó=êÉÅçããÉåÇ=íç=ìëÉ=Éî~äì~íáçå=í~ÄäÉë=~ÅJ
cêçã=tÉëíÑ~äá~W==råáíêçäI=íóéÉ=lpa=çê=lpb ÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=~=?`ÉêíáÑáÉÇ=Ñäçï=ê~íÉ?=E`coFK=qÜÉ=ëÉéJ
~ê~íçê=ê~íáåÖ=ëí~íÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉê=ëÜçìäÇ=
pÉé~ê~íçêë=ãìëí=~äï~óë=ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇ=áå=ëÉíë=çÑ=O= ÄÉ= ÜáÖÜÉê= íÜ~å= íÜÉ= Ñäçï= ê~íÉ= n= Å~äÅìä~íÉÇ= ~ÅJ
çÑ=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=íóéÉ ÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=~ÄçîÉ=Ñçêãìä~K
J N=ëÉêîáÅÉ=ëÉé~ê~íçê _ó=ãÉ~åë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÉé~ê~íçê=Ñäçï=ê~íÉ=ïÜáÅÜ=ï~ë=
J N=ëí~åÇJÄó=ëÉé~ê~íçê= ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ=áå=íÜáë=ï~óI=íÜÉ=ëÉé~ê~íçê=íóéÉI=ÇÉJ
éÉåÇáåÖ= çå= íÜÉ= ÑìÉä= îáëÅçëáíóI= áë= ëÉäÉÅíÉÇ= Ñêçã=
çÑ=ëÉäÑJÅäÉ~åáåÖ=íóéÉK íÜÉ=äáëíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÉé~ê~íçê=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêëK
^ë=~=ã~ííÉê=çÑ=éêáåÅáéäÉI=~ää=ëÉé~ê~íçêë=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ= cçê=ÇÉíÉêãáåáåÖ=íÜÉ=ã~ñáãìã=ÑìÉä=Åçåëìãéíáçå=
ÉèìáééÉÇ=ïáíÜ=~å=~ìíçã~íáÅ=éêçÖê~ã=Åçåíêçä=Ñçê= EÄÉFI=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=íÜÉ=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=í~ÄäÉ=î~äìÉ=Äó=NR=BK
Åçåíáåìçìë=ÇÉëäìÇÖáåÖ=~åÇ=ãçåáíçêáåÖK
qÜáë=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=í~âÉë=áåíç=ÅçåëáÇÉê~íáçåW
jçÇÉ=çÑ=çéÉê~íáçå √ íêçéáÅ~ä=ÅçåÇáíáçåë
qÜÉ=ëí~åÇJÄó=ëÉé~ê~íçê=áë=~äï~óë=íç=ÄÉ=éìí=áåíç= √ íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉJãçìåíÉÇ=éìãéë
ëÉêîáÅÉI=íç=~ÅÜáÉîÉ=íÜÉ=ÄÉëí=éçëëáÄäÉ=ÑìÉä=ÅäÉ~åJ
áåÖ=ÉÑÑÉÅí=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ëÉé~ê~íçê=éä~åí=~ë=áåëí~ääÉÇK √ íÜÉ=Å~äçêáÑáÅ=î~äìÉ=ÑäìÅíì~íáçåë
qÜÉ=éáéáåÖ=çÑ=ÄçíÜ=ëÉé~ê~íçêë=áë=íç=ÄÉ=~êê~åÖÉÇ= √ íÜÉ=Åçåëìãéíáçå=íçäÉê~åÅÉ
áå=~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ã~âÉêë=~ÇîáÅÉI=éêÉÑÉê~J
Ääó=Ñçê=ÄçíÜ=é~ê~ääÉä=~åÇ=ëÉêáÉë=çéÉê~íáçåK táíÜÇê~ï~ä=éçáåíë=Ñçê=ë~ãéäÉë
qÜÉ=ÇáëÅÜ~êÖÉ=Ñäçï=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑêÉÉJëí~åÇáåÖ=Çáêíó=çáä= mçáåíë=Ñçê=Çê~ïáåÖ=ÑìÉä=çáä=ë~ãéäÉë=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ=éêçJ
éìãé=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ëéäáí=ìé=Éèì~ääó=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=íïç= îáÇÉÇ=ìéëíêÉ~ã=~åÇ=ÇçïåëíêÉ~ã=çÑ=É~ÅÜ=ëÉé~J
ëÉé~ê~íçêë=áå=é~ê~ääÉä=çéÉê~íáçåK ê~íçêI=íç=îÉêáÑó=íÜÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉåÉëë=çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=ëóëíÉã=
qÜÉ= ÑêÉëÜï~íÉê= ëìééäáÉÇ= ãìëí= ÄÉ= íêÉ~íÉÇ= ~ë= ÅçãéçåÉåíëK
ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=ëÉé~ê~íçê=ëìééäáÉêK
páòÉ
qÜÉ=ëÉé~ê~íçêë=~êÉ=ÇáãÉåëáçåÉÇ=áå=~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ=
MSMQJMNMQj^KÑã
ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ëÉé~ê~íçê=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêëD=ÖìáÇÉäáåÉëK
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=TO aJ_^
MSMQJMNMQj^KÑã
cáÖìêÉ=SJPP ecl=íêÉ~íãÉåí=ëóëíÉã
aJ_^ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=TP
NI=O=`cJMMO eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=ëÉé~ê~íçê=EN=ëÉêîáÅÉI=N= NI=O=mJMNU eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=Éáä=íê~åëÑÉê=éìãé

ëí~åÇÄóF
NI=O=eJMMU eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=Éáä=éêÉÜÉ~íÉê NI=O=qJMNS pÉííäáåÖ=í~åâ=Ñçê=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä
jalJMMU cìÉä=çáä=ãçÇìäÉ qJMON päìÇÖÉ=í~åâ
NI=O=mJMNR eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=ëìééäó=éìãé NI=O=qJMOO pÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ=Ñçê=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáäN=O=`cJMMO
q~ÄäÉ=SJOQ iÉÖÉåÇ=íç=ecl=íêÉ~íãÉåí=ëóëíÉã
MSMQJMNMQj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=TQ aJ_^
SKQKQ=eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=EeclF=ëìééäó=ëóëíÉã==
SKQKQ eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=EeclF=ëìééäó=ëóëíÉã
qç= ÉåëìêÉ= íÜ~í= ÜáÖÜJîáëÅçëáíó= ÑìÉä= çáäë= ~ÅÜáÉîÉ= ^= êÉãÉÇá~ä= ãÉ~ëìêÉ= áë= ~ÇçéíáåÖ= ~= éêÉëëìêáëÉÇ=
íÜÉ= ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ= áåàÉÅíáçå= îáëÅçëáíóI= ~= éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ= ëóëíÉã=áå=ïÜáÅÜ=íÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=ëóëíÉã=éêÉëëìêÉ=áë=
íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=áë=åÉÅÉëë~êóI=ïÜáÅÜ=ã~ó=Å~ìëÉ=ÇÉJ N=Ä~ê=~ÄçîÉ=íÜÉ=Éî~éçê~íáçå=éêÉëëìêÉ=çÑ=ï~íÉêK
Ö~ëëáåÖ=éêçÄäÉãë=áå=ÅçåîÉåíáçå~äI=éêÉëëìêÉäÉëë=
ëóëíÉãëK
qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=~ÑíÉê= bî~éçê~íáçå oÉèìáêÉÇ=ëóëíÉã=

cìÉä fåàÉÅíáçå=îáëÅçëáíóGF
Ñáå~ä=éêÉÜÉ~íÉê =éêÉëëìêÉ éêÉëëìêÉ
ãã²LRM=ø` ãã²Lë ø` Ä~ê Ä~ê
NUM NO NOS NKQ OKQ
POM NO NPU OKQ PKQ
PUM NO NQO OKT PKT
QOM NO NQQ OKV PKV
RMM NQ NQN OKT PKT
TMM NQ NQT PKO QKO

GF=cìÉä=îáëÅçëáíó=ÇÉéÉåÇáåÖ=çå=ÑìÉä=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=éäÉ~ëÉ=ëÉÉ= ?`Ü~éíÉê=PKV=sáëÅçëáíóJqÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=EsqF=Çá~Öê~ã=çÑ=ÜÉ~îó=
ÑìÉä=çáäI=é~ÖÉ=PJQN?K
q~ÄäÉ=SJOR fåàÉÅíáçå=îáëÅçëáíó=~åÇ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=~ÑíÉê=Ñáå~ä=éêÉÜÉ~íÉê
qÜÉ= áåÇáÅ~íÉÇ= éêÉëëìêÉë= ~êÉ= ãáåáãìã= êÉèìáêÉJ qÜÉ= ëäìÇÖÉ= ãìëí= ÄÉ= Çê~áåÉÇ= Ñêçã= íÜÉ= ëÉêîáÅÉ=
ãÉåíë=ÇìÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅK=kÉîÉêíÜÉJ í~åâ=~í=êÉÖìä~ê=áåíÉêî~äëK
äÉëëI= íç= ãÉÉí= íÜÉ= êÉèìáêÉÇ= ÑìÉä= éêÉëëìêÉ= ~í= íÜÉ=
qÜÉ=ÜÉ~íáåÖ=Åçáäë=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=Ñçê=~=í~åâ=
ÉåÖáåÉ= áåäÉí= EëÉÉ= ÅÜ~éíÉê?mä~ååáåÖ= Ç~í~= Ñçê=
íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=TR=ø`K
Éãáëëáçå=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=fjl=qáÉê=ff?=FI=íÜÉ=éêÉëëìêÉ=áå=
íÜÉ= ãáñáåÖ= í~åâ= ~åÇ= ÄççëíÉê= ÅáêÅìáí= ÄÉÅçãÉë= qÜÉ=êìäÉë=~åÇ=êÉÖìä~íáçåë=Ñçê=í~åâë=áëëìÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=
åçêã~ääó=ÜáÖÜÉê=~ë=áåÇáÅ~íÉÇ=áå=íÜáë=í~ÄäÉK Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=ëçÅáÉíáÉë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=çÄëÉêîÉÇK
=qJMOO=L=eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ qJMMP=L=jalLjdl=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ
qÜÉ= ÜÉ~îó= ÑìÉä= çáä= ÅäÉ~åÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= ëÉé~ê~íçê= áë= qÜÉ=Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=ëçÅáÉíáÉë=ëéÉÅáÑó=íÜ~í=~í=äÉ~ëí=
é~ëëÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâI=~åÇ=~ë=íÜÉ=ëÉé~ê~J íïç=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâë=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=çå=Äç~êÇK=
íçêë=~êÉ=áå=Åçåíáåìçìë=çéÉê~íáçåI=íÜÉ=í~åâ=áë=~äJ qÜÉ=ãáåáãìã=îçäìãÉ=çÑ=É~ÅÜ=í~åâ=ëÜçìäÇI=áå=~ÇJ
ï~óë= âÉéí= ÑáääÉÇK= qç= ÑìäÑáä= íÜáë= êÉèìáêÉãÉåí= áí= áë= Çáíáçå= íç= íÜÉ= jalLjdl= Åçåëìãéíáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ=
åÉÅÉëë~êó=íç=Ñáí=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ ÖÉåÉê~íáåÖ= ëÉíëI= Éå~ÄäÉ= ~å= ÉáÖÜíJÜçìê= Ñìää= äç~Ç=
qJMOO=ïáíÜ=çîÉêÑäçï=éáéÉëI=ïÜáÅÜ=~êÉ=ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ= çéÉê~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉK
ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ëÉííáåÖ=í~åâë=qJMNSK=qÜÉ=í~åâ=Å~é~Åáíó= `äÉ~åáåÖ= çÑ= íÜÉ= jalLjdl= Äó= ~å= ~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=
áë= íç= ÄÉ= ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ= Ñçê= ~í= äÉ~ëí= ÉáÖÜíJÜçìêëD= ÑìÉä= ëÉé~ê~íçê=ëÜçìäÇI=áå=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=éä~ÅÉI=ÄÉ=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=
ëìééäó=~í=Ñìää=äç~Ç=ëç=~ë=íç=éêçîáÇÉ=Ñçê=~=ëìÑÑáÅáÉåí= íç=ãÉÉí=íÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=aáÉëÉä=ÖÉåÉê~íçê=
éÉêáçÇ= çÑ= íáãÉ= Ñçê= ëÉé~ê~íçê= ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉK= qÜÉ= ëÉíë=çå=Äç~êÇK=qÜÉ=í~åâ=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇI=äáâÉ=
í~åâ= ëÜçìäÇ= Ü~îÉ= ~= ëäìÇÖÉ= ëé~ÅÉ= ïáíÜ= ~= í~åâ= íÜÉ= ÜÉ~îó= ÑìÉä= çáä= ëÉêîáÅÉ= í~åâI= ïáíÜ= ~= ëäìÇÖÉ=
Äçííçã=áåÅäáå~íáçå=çÑ=éêÉÑÉê~Ääó=NMøI=ïáíÜ=ëäìÇÖÉ= ëé~ÅÉ=ïáíÜ=ëäìÇÖÉ=Çê~áå=î~äîÉ=~åÇ=ïáíÜ=~å=çîÉêJ
MSMQJMOMNj^KÑã
Çê~áå= î~äîÉë= ~í= íÜÉ= äçïÉëí= éçáåíI= ~åÇ= áë= íç= ÄÉ= Ñäçï=éáéÉ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=jalLjdl=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ
ÉèìáééÉÇ=ïáíÜ=ÜÉ~íáåÖ=ÅçáäëK qJMMP=íç=íÜÉ=jalLjdl=ëíçê~ÖÉ=í~åâ=qJMNRK
`J_^ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=TR
`hJMMO=L=qÜêÉÉ=ï~ó=î~äîÉ mJMNU=L=pìééäó=éìãé
qÜáë=î~äîÉ=áë=ìëÉÇ=Ñçê=ÅÜ~åÖáåÖ=çîÉê=Ñêçã=jalL qÜÉ=îçäìãÉíêáÅ=Å~é~Åáíó=ãìëí=ÄÉ=~í=äÉ~ëí=NSM=B=
jdl=çéÉê~íáçå=íç=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çéÉê~íáçå=~åÇ=îáÅÉ= çÑ=ã~ñK=ÑìÉä=ÅçåëìãéíáçåK
îÉêë~K=kçêã~ääó=áí=áë=çéÉê~íÉÇ=ã~åì~ääóI=~åÇ=áí=áë=
ÉèìáééÉÇ=ïáíÜ=íïç=äáãáí=ëïáíÅÜÉë=Ñçê=êÉãçíÉ=áåJ
nmN=Z=mN=ñ=Äêfpl=ñ=ÑQ
ÇáÅ~íáçå=~åÇ=ëìééêÉëëáçå=çÑ=~ä~êãë=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=îáëJ
Åçëáíó= ãÉ~ëìêáåÖ= ~åÇ= Åçåíêçä= ëóëíÉã= ÇìêáåÖ= oÉèìáêÉÇ=ëìééäó=éìãé=ÇÉäáîÉêó= nm
äLÜ
jalLjdl=çéÉê~íáçåK Å~é~Åáíó=ïáíÜ=ecl=~í=VM=ø`W N
båÖáåÉ=çìíéìí=~í=NMM=B=jòW mN ât
pqoJMNM=L=vJíóéÉ=ëíê~áåÉê
péÉÅáÑáÅ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÑìÉä=Åçåëìãéíáçå= =Äêfpl ÖLâtÜ
qç=éêçíÉÅí=íÜÉ=ÑÉÉÇ=éìãéëI=~å=~ééêçñK=MKR=ãã= EfplF=~í=NMM=B=jò
Ö~ìÖÉ= EëéÜÉêÉJé~ëëáåÖ= ãÉëÜF= ëíê~áåÉê= áë= íç= ÄÉ=
áåëí~ääÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ëìÅíáçå=ëáÇÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=éìãéK c~Åíçê=Ñçê=éìãé=ÇáãÉåëáçåáåÖ
J cçê= aáÉëÉä= ÉåÖáåÉë= çéÉê~íáåÖ= çå=
ã~áå=ÑìÉä=eclW
ÑQ=Z=OKMM=ñ=NMÓP
ÑQ äLÖ
J cçê= aáÉëÉä= ÉåÖáåÉë= áåëí~ääÉÇ= áå=
ÇêÉÇÖÉêë= çéÉê~íáåÖ= çå= ã~áå= ÑìÉä=
eclW
ÑQ=Z=OKMO=ñ=NMÓP
kçíÉ>
qÜÉ=Ñ~Åíçê=ÑQ=áåÅäìÇÉë=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=é~ê~ãÉíÉêëW
J=NSM=B=ÑìÉä=Ñäçï
J=j~áå=ÑìÉäW=ecl=PUM=ããOLRM=ø`
J=^íí~ÅÜÉÇ=äìÄÉ=çáä=~åÇ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=éìãéë
J=qêçéáÅ~ä=ÅçåÇáíáçåë
J=oÉ~äáëíáÅ=äçïÉê=ÜÉ~íáåÖ=î~äìÉ
J=péÉÅáÑáÅ=ÑìÉä=ïÉáÖÜí=~í=éìãéáåÖ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ
J=qçäÉê~åÅÉ
få=Å~ëÉ=ãçêÉ=íÜ~å=çåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áë=ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=
ÑìÉä=ëóëíÉãI=íÜÉ=éìãé=Å~é~Åáíó=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=
~ÅÅçêÇáåÖäóK
q~ÄäÉ=SJOS páãéäáÑáÉÇ=ëìééäó=éìãé=ÇáãÉåëáçåáåÖ
qÜÉ=ÇÉäáîÉêó=ÜÉáÖÜí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëìééäó=éìãé=ëÜ~ää=ÄÉ=
ëÉäÉÅíÉÇ=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=ëóëíÉã=éêÉëJ
ëìêÉ= EëÉÉ= ?q~ÄäÉ= SJOR= fåàÉÅíáçå= îáëÅçëáíó= ~åÇ=
íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= ~ÑíÉê= Ñáå~ä= éêÉÜÉ~íÉê?F= íÜÉ= êÉèìáêÉÇ=
éêÉëëìêÉ=áå=íÜÉ=ãáñáåÖ=í~åâ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=êÉëáëí~åÅÉ=çÑ=
íÜÉ=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉêI=Ñäçï=ãÉíÉê=~åÇ=éáéáåÖ=ëóëJ
íÉãK
MSMQJMOMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=TS `J_^
`çåîÉåíáçå~ä=ÑìÉä=
`çããçå=ê~áä=
áåàÉÅíáçå=ëóëíÉã
áåàÉÅíáçå=ëóëíÉã
POLQMI=QMLRQI=
POLQQòI=QULSMò
QULSM_I=RULSQI=
mçëáíáîÉ=éêÉëëìêÉ=~í=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ãçÇìäÉ=áåäÉí=ÇìÉ=íç=í~åâ=
Ó MKNM MKNM
äÉîÉä=~ÄçîÉ=ÑìÉä=ãçÇìäÉ=äÉîÉä
mêÉëëìêÉ=äçëë=çÑ=íÜÉ=éáéÉë=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ÑìÉä=ãçÇìäÉ=áåäÉí=~åÇ=
H MKOM MKOM
ãáñáåÖ=í~åâ=áåäÉí
mêÉëëìêÉ=äçëë=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉê H MKUM MKUM
mêÉëëìêÉ=äçëë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=Ñäçï=ãÉ~ëìêáåÖ=ÇÉîáÅÉ H MKNM MKNM
mêÉëëìêÉ=áå=íÜÉ=ãáñáåÖ=í~åâ H RKTM SKTM
léÉê~íáåÖ=ÇÉäáîÉêó=ÜÉáÖÜí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëìééäó=éìãé Z SKTM TKTM
q~ÄäÉ=SJOT bñ~ãéäÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉñéÉÅíÉÇ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ÇÉäáîÉêó=ÜÉáÖÜí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëìééäó=éìãé
fí=áë=êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=íç=áåëí~ää=ëìééäó=éìãéë=ÇÉJ cáäJMMP=L=^ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉê
ëáÖåÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=éêÉëëìêÉëW
låäó= ÑáäíÉêë= Ü~îÉ= íç= ÄÉ= ìëÉÇI= ïÜáÅÜ= Å~ìëÉ= åç=
båÖáåÉë=ïáíÜ=ÅçåîÉåíáçå~ä=ÑìÉä=áåàÉÅíáçå=ëóëíÉãW= éêÉëëìêÉ=Çêçé=áå=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=ÇìêáåÖ=ÑäìëÜáåÖK=
aÉëáÖå= ÇÉäáîÉêó= ÜÉáÖÜí= TKM= Ä~êI= ÇÉëáÖå= çìíéìí=
éêÉëëìêÉ=TKM=Ä~ê=ÖK
`çåîÉåJ
båÖáåÉë=ò=áåàÉÅíáçå=ëóëíÉãW=aÉëáÖå= ÇÉäáîÉêó= íáçå~ä=ÑìÉä= `çããçå=ê~áä=
ÜÉáÖÜí=UKM=Ä~êI=ÇÉëáÖå=çìíéìí=éêÉëëìêÉ=UKM=Ä~ê=ÖK áåàÉÅíáçå=ëóëJ áåàÉÅíáçå=ëóëJ
íÉã íÉã
POLQMI=QMLRQI= POLQQòI
ebJMOR=L=cáååÉÇJíìÄÉ=ÅççäÉê
QULSM_I= QULSMò
fÑ= åç= ÑìÉä= áë= ÅçåëìãÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= ëóëíÉã= ïÜáäÉ= íÜÉ= RULSQI=
éìãé=áë=áå=çéÉê~íáçåI=íÜÉ=ÑáååÉÇJíìÄÉ=ÅççäÉê=éêÉJ cáäíÉê=ãÉëÜ=ïáÇíÜ=
îÉåíë=ÉñÅÉëëáîÉ=ÜÉ~íáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉäK= MKMPQ MKMNM
EããF
fíë= ÅççäáåÖ= ëìêÑ~ÅÉ= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ~ÇÉèì~íÉ= íç= ÇáëëáJ
aÉëáÖå=éêÉëëìêÉ mkNM mkNM
é~íÉ=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~í=íÜ~í=áë=éêçÇìÅÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=éìãé=íç=
íÜÉ=~ãÄáÉåí=~áêK q~ÄäÉ=SJOU oÉèìáêÉÇ=ÑáäíÉê=ãÉëÜ=ïáÇíÜ=EëéÜÉêÉ=é~ëëáåÖ=
ãÉëÜF
m`sJMMV=L=mêÉëëìêÉ=äáãáíáåÖ=î~äîÉ aÉëáÖå=ÅêáíÉêáçå=áë=íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉê=~êÉ~=äç~Ç=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=
qÜáë=î~äîÉ=áë=ìëÉÇ=Ñçê=ëÉííáåÖ=íÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=ëóëíÉã= Äó= íÜÉ= ÑáäíÉê= ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêK= qÜÉ= ~ìíçã~íáÅ= ÑáäíÉê=
éêÉëëìêÉ=~åÇ=âÉÉéáåÖ=áí=Åçåëí~åíK= Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=éä~åí=Eáë=åçí=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=
fí=êÉíìêåë=áå=íÜÉ=Å~ëÉ=çÑ çå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉFK
=J=ÉåÖáåÉ=ëÜìíÇçïå=NMM=BI=~åÇ=çÑ=
=J=ÉåÖáåÉ=Ñìää=äç~Ç=PTKR=B
çÑ= íÜÉ= èì~åíáíó= ÇÉäáîÉêÉÇ= Äó= íÜÉ= ëìééäó= éìãé=
Ä~Åâ=íç=íÜÉ=éìãé=ëìÅíáçå=ëáÇÉK
MSMQJMOMNj^KÑã
`J_^ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=TT
qJMNN=L=jáñáåÖ=í~åâ íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Éèì~äáë~íáçå=ïáíÜáå=R=ãáåìíÉë=áå=íÜÉ=
Å~ëÉ=çÑ=Ü~äÑJäç~Ç=ÅçåëìãéíáçåK
qÜÉ=ãáñáåÖ=í~åâ=ÅçãéÉåë~íÉë=éêÉëëìêÉ=ëìêÖÉë=
ïÜáÅÜ= çÅÅìê= áå= íÜÉ= éêÉëëìêáëÉÇ= é~êí= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÑìÉä= qÜÉ= í~åâ= ëÜ~ää= ÄÉ= ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ= Ñçê= íÜÉ= ã~ñáãìã=
ëóëíÉãK=cçê=íÜáë=éìêéçëÉI=íÜÉêÉ=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=~å=~áê= éçëëáÄäÉ= ëÉêîáÅÉ= éêÉëëìêÉI= ìëì~ääó= ~ééêçñK=
ÅìëÜáçå= áå= íÜÉ= í~åâK= ^ë= íÜáë= ~áê= ÅìëÜáçå= áë= ÉñJ NM=Ä~ê=~åÇ=áë=íç=ÄÉ=~ÅÅÉéíÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~J
Ü~ìëíÉÇ=ÇìêáåÖ=çéÉê~íáçåI=ÅçãéêÉëëÉÇ=~áê=Eã~ñK= íáçå=ëçÅáÉíó=áå=èìÉëíáçåK
NM=Ä~êF=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=êÉÑáääÉÇ=îá~=íÜÉ=Åçåíêçä=~áê=ÅçåJ
qÜÉ=ÉñéÉÅíÉÇ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=éêÉëëìêÉ=áå=íÜÉ=ãáñáåÖ=
åÉÅíáçå=Ñêçã=íáãÉ=íç=íáãÉK
í~åâ=ÇÉéÉåÇë=çå=íÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=ÑìÉä=çáä=éêÉëëìêÉ=~í=
_ÉÑçêÉ= éêçäçåÖÉÇ= ëÜìíÇçïåë= íÜÉ= ëóëíÉã= áë= íÜÉ= áåäÉí= EëÉÉ= ÅÜ~éíÉê= ?mä~ååáåÖ= Ç~í~= Ñçê= ÉãáëJ
ÅÜ~åÖÉÇ=çîÉê=íç=jalLjdl=çéÉê~íáçåK=qÜÉ=í~åâ= ëáçå=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=fjl=qáÉê=ff?=~åÇ=íÜÉ=éêÉëëìêÉ=äçëëJ
îçäìãÉ= ëÜ~ää= ÄÉ= ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ= íç= ~ÅÜáÉîÉ= Öê~Çì~ä= Éë=çÑ=íÜÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=~åÇ=éáéÉëFK
`çåîÉåíáçå~ä=ÑìÉä= `çããçå=ê~áä=
áåàÉÅíáçå=ëóëíÉã áåàÉÅíáçå=ëóëíÉã
POLQMI=QMLRQI= POLQQòX
QULSM_I=RULSQ QULSMò
Ä~ê
oÉèìáêÉÇ=ã~ñK=ÑìÉä=éêÉëëìêÉ=~í=ÉåÖáåÉ=áåäÉí H UKMM NOKMM
mêÉëëìêÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ÑìÉä=áåäÉí=~åÇ=çìíäÉí=ÉåÖáåÉ Ó OKMM RKMM
mêÉëëìêÉ=äçëë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=êÉíìêå=éáéÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ÉåÖáåÉ=çìíäÉí=
Ó MKPM MKPM
~åÇ=ãáñáåÖ=í~åâ=áåäÉí
mêÉëëìêÉ=äçëë=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ñäçï=Ä~ä~åÅáåÖ=î~äîÉ=Eíç=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=
Ó MKMM MKMM
çåäó=áå=ãìäíá=ÉåÖáåÉ=éä~åíëI=éêÉëëìêÉ=äçëë=~ééêçñK=MIR=Ä~êF
léÉê~íáåÖ=éêÉëëìêÉ=áå=íÜÉ=ãáñáåÖ=í~åâ Z RKTM SKTM
q~ÄäÉ=SJOV =bñ~ãéäÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉñéÉÅíÉÇ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=éêÉëëìêÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ãáñáåÖ=í~åâ
få= íÜáë= Éñ~ãéäÉ= íÜÉ= Å~äÅìä~íÉÇ= çéÉê~íáåÖ= éêÉëJ
ëìêÉ=áå=íÜÉ=ãáñáåÖ=í~åâ=áë=EÑçê=~ää=ecl=îáëÅçëáíáÉëF=
ÜáÖÜÉê=íÜ~å=íÜÉ=ãáåK=êÉèìáêÉÇ=ÑìÉä=éêÉëëìêÉ=~ÅJ
ÅçêÇáåÖ= íç= ?q~ÄäÉ= SJOR= fåàÉÅíáçå= îáëÅçëáíó= ~åÇ=
íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=~ÑíÉê=Ñáå~ä=éêÉÜÉ~íÉê?K
MSMQJMOMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=TU `J_^
mJMMP=L=_ççëíÉê=éìãéë
qÜÉ=éìãé=Å~é~Åáíó=íç=ÄÉ=~í=äÉ~ëí=PMM=B=çÑ=ã~ñJ
áãìã=ÑìÉä=çáä=Åçåëìãéíáçå=~í=áåàÉÅíáçå=îáëÅçëáíóK
nmO=Z=mN=ñ=Äêfpl=ñ=ÑR
oÉèìáêÉÇ=ÄççëíÉê=éìãé=ÇÉäáîÉêó= nmO
äLÜ
Å~é~Åáíó=ïáíÜ=ecl=~í=NQR=ø`W
båÖáåÉ=çìíéìí=~í=NMM=B=jòW mN âtÜ
péÉÅáÑáÅ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÑìÉä=Åçåëìãéíáçå= Äêfpl= ÖLâtÜ

EfplF=~í=NMM=B=jò
c~Åíçê=Ñçê=éìãé=ÇáãÉåëáçåáåÖ
J cçê= aáÉëÉä= ÉåÖáåÉë= çéÉê~íáåÖ= çå=
ã~áå=ÑìÉä=eclW
ÑR=Z=PKVM=ñ=NMÓP
ÑR äLÖ
J cçê= aáÉëÉä= ÉåÖáåÉë= áåëí~ääÉÇ= áå=
ÇêÉÇÖÉêë= çéÉê~íáåÖ= çå= ã~áå= ÑìÉä=
eclW
ÑR=Z=PKVQ=ñ=NMÓP
kçíÉ>
qÜÉ=Ñ~Åíçê=ÑR=áåÅäìÇÉë=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=é~ê~ãÉíÉêëW
J=PMM=B=ÑìÉä=Ñäçï
J=j~áå=ÑìÉäW=ecl=PUM=ããOLRM=ø`
J=^íí~ÅÜÉÇ=äìÄÉ=çáä=~åÇ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=éìãéë
J=qêçéáÅ~ä=ÅçåÇáíáçåë
J=oÉ~äáëíáÅ=äçïÉê=ÜÉ~íáåÖ=î~äìÉ
J=péÉÅáÑáÅ=ÑìÉä=ïÉáÖÜí=~í=éìãéáåÖ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ
J=qçäÉê~åÅÉ
få=Å~ëÉ=ãçêÉ=íÜ~å=çåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áë=ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=
ÑìÉä=ëóëíÉãI=íÜÉ=éìãé=Å~é~Åáíó=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=
~ÅÅçêÇáåÖäóK
q~ÄäÉ=SJPM páãéäáÑáÉÇ=ÄççëíÉê=éìãé=ÇáãÉåëáçåáåÖ=
qÜÉ=ÇÉäáîÉêó=ÜÉ~Ç=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÄççëíÉê=éìãé=áë=íç=ÄÉ=
~ÇàìëíÉÇ= íç= íÜÉ= íçí~ä= êÉëáëí~åÅÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÄççëíÉê=
ëóëíÉãK
MSMQJMOMNj^KÑã
`J_^ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=TV
`çåîÉåíáçå~ä=ÑìÉä= `çããçå=ê~áä=
áåàÉÅíáçå=ëóëíÉã áåàÉÅíáçå=ëóëíÉã
POLQMI=QMLRQI= POLQQòI
QULSM_I=RULSQ QULSMò
Ä~ê
mêÉëëìêÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ÑìÉä=áåäÉí=~åÇ=çìíäÉí=ÉåÖáåÉ H OKMM RKMM
mêÉëëìêÉ=äçëë=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ñäçï=Ä~ä~åÅáåÖ=î~äîÉ=Eíç=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=
H MKMM MKMM
çåäó=áå=ãìäíá=ÉåÖáåÉ=éä~åíëI=éêÉëëìêÉ=äçëë=~ééêçñK=MKR=Ä~êF
mêÉëëìêÉ=äçëë=çÑ=íÜÉ=éáéÉëI=ãáñáåÖ=í~åâ=Ó=ÉåÖáåÉ=ãáñáåÖ=
H MKRM MKRM
í~åâ
mêÉëëìêÉ=äçëë=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ñáå~ä=éêÉÜÉ~íÉê=ã~ñK H MKUM MKUM
mêÉëëìêÉ=äçëë=çÑ=íÜÉ=áåÇáÅ~íçê=ÑáäíÉê H MKUM MKUM
léÉê~íáåÖ=ÇÉäáîÉêó=ÜÉáÖÜí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÄççëíÉê=éìãé Z QKNM TKNM
q~ÄäÉ=SJPN =bñ~ãéäÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉñéÉÅíÉÇ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ÇÉäáîÉêó=ÜÉáÖÜí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÄççëíÉê=éìãé
fí=áë=êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=íç=áåëí~ää=ÄççëíÉê=éìãéë=ÇÉJ cáäJMNP=L=aìéäÉñ=ÑáäíÉê
ëáÖåÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=éêÉëëìêÉëW
qÜáë=ÑáäíÉê=áë=íç=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=ìéëíêÉ~ã=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåJ
båÖáåÉë=ïáíÜ=ÅçåîÉåíáçå~ä=ÑìÉä=áåàÉÅíáçå=ëóëíÉãW= ÖáåÉ=~åÇ=~ë=ÅäçëÉ=~ë=éçëëáÄäÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉK
aÉëáÖå= ÇÉäáîÉêó= ÜÉáÖÜí= TKM=Ä~êI= ÇÉëáÖå= çìíéìí= qÜÉ=ÉãéíóáåÖ=éçêí=çÑ=É~ÅÜ=ÑáäíÉê=ÅÜ~ãÄÉê=áë=íç=ÄÉ=
éêÉëëìêÉ=NMKM=Ä~ê=ÖK ÑáííÉÇ=ïáíÜ=~=î~äîÉ=~åÇ=~=éáéÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ëäìÇÖÉ=í~åâK=
fÑ= íÜÉ= ÑáäíÉê= ÉäÉãÉåíë= ~êÉ= êÉãçîÉÇ= Ñçê= ÅäÉ~åáåÖI=
båÖáåÉë= ò= áåàÉÅíáçå= ëóëíÉãW= aÉëáÖå= ÇÉäáîÉêó=
íÜÉ= ÑáäíÉê= ÅÜ~ãÄÉê= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ÉãéíáÉÇK= qÜáë= éêÉJ
ÜÉáÖÜí= NMKM=Ä~êI= ÇÉëáÖå= çìíéìí= éêÉëëìêÉ=
îÉåíë=íÜÉ=Çáêí=é~êíáÅäÉë=êÉã~áåáåÖ=áå=íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉê=Å~ëJ
NQKM=Ä~ê=ÖK
áåÖ= Ñêçã= ãáÖê~íáåÖ= íç= íÜÉ= ÅäÉ~å= çáä= ëáÇÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ=
eJMMQ=L=cáå~ä=éêÉÜÉ~íÉê ÑáäíÉêK
qÜÉ=Å~é~Åáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ñáå~äJéêÉÜÉ~íÉê=ëÜ~ää=ÄÉ=ÇÉJ aÉëáÖå=ÅêáíÉêáçå=áë=íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉê=~êÉ~=äç~Ç=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=
íÉêãáåÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=Ä~ëáë=çÑ=íÜÉ=áåàÉÅíáçå=íÉãéÉê~J Äó=íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉê=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêK
íìêÉ=~í=íÜÉ=åçòòäÉI=íç=ïÜáÅÜ=Q=h=ãìëí=ÄÉ=~ÇÇÉÇ=
íç=ÅçãéÉåë~íÉ=Ñçê=ÜÉ~í=äçëëÉë=áå=íÜÉ=éáéáåÖK=
qÜÉ=éáéáåÖ=Ñçê=ÄçíÜ=ÜÉ~íÉêë=ëÜ~ää=ÄÉ=~êê~åÖÉÇ=Ñçê=
ëÉé~ê~íÉ=~åÇ=ëÉêáÉë=çéÉê~íáçåK
m~ê~ääÉä=çéÉê~íáçå=ïáíÜ=Ü~äÑ=íÜÉ=íÜêçìÖÜéìí=ãìëí=
ÄÉ=~îçáÇÉÇ=ÇìÉ=íç=íÜÉ=êáëâ=çÑ=ëäìÇÖÉ=ÇÉéçëáíëK
sfJMMN=L=sáëÅçëáíó=ãÉ~ëìêáåÖ=~åÇ=Åçåíêçä=ÇÉîáÅÉ
qÜáë=ÇÉîáÅÉ=êÉÖìä~íÉë=~ìíçã~íáÅ~ääó=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~íáåÖ=
çÑ=íÜÉ=Ñáå~äJéêÉÜÉ~íÉê=ÇÉéÉåÇáåÖ=çå=íÜÉ=îáëÅçëáíó=
çÑ=íÜÉ=ÄìåâÉêÉÇ=ÑìÉä=çáäI=ëç=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ïáää=êÉ~ÅÜ=
íÜÉ=åçòòäÉë=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=îáëÅçëáíó=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=áåàÉÅJ
íáçåK
MSMQJMOMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=UM `J_^
`çåîÉåíáçå~ä=ÑìÉä=áåàÉÅíáçå=
ëóëíÉã `çããçå=ê~áä= `çããçå=ê~áä=
POLQMI=QMLRQI= áåàÉÅíáçå=ëóëíÉã áåàÉÅíáçå=ëóëíÉã
QULSM_I= QULSMò POLQQò
RULSQ
cáäíÉê=ãÉëÜ=ïáÇíÜ= MKMOR=ÑáäíÉê=ÉåÖáåÉ=
MKMPQ MKMOR
EããF ãçìåíÉÇ
aÉëáÖå=éêÉëëìêÉ mkNS
oÉèìáêÉÇ=ÑáäíÉê=ãÉëÜ=ïáÇíÜ=EëéÜÉêÉ=é~ëëáåÖ=ãÉëÜFK
q~ÄäÉ=SJPO oÉèìáêÉÇ=ÑáäíÉê=ãÉëÜ=ïáÇíÜ=EëéÜÉêÉ=é~ëëáåÖ=ãÉëÜF
äÉÅíáåÖ= í~åâK= qÜÉ= Ñäç~í= ëïáíÅÜ= ãçìåíÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ=
í~åâ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=~ä~êã=ëóëíÉãK
qç=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=áå= ^ää=é~êíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ãçåáíçêÉÇ=äÉ~â~ÖÉ=ëóëíÉã=EéáéÉë=
^íí~ÅÜÉÇ=çå=
båÖáåÉ=qóéÉ íÜÉ=éä~åí=ÅäçëÉ=íç= ~åÇ=ãçåáíçêáåÖ=í~åâF=Ü~îÉ=íç=ÄÉ=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=Ñçê=~=
íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ
íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ
ÑìÉä=ê~íÉ=çÑ=SKT=äLEãáåñ`óäKFK=qÜÉ=Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=ëçJ
iPOLQM J u ÅáÉíáÉë= êÉèìáêÉ= íÜÉ= áåëí~ää~íáçå= çÑ= ~= ãçåáíçêáåÖ=
í~åâ=Ñçê=ìåã~ååÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉ=êççãëK=iäçóÇDë=oÉÖJ
sPOLQM J u
áëíÉê=ëéÉÅáÑó=~=ãçåáíçêáåÖ=í~åâ=Ñçê=ã~ååÉÇ=ÉåJ
iPOLQQò u J ÖáåÉ=êççãë=~ë=ïÉääK
sPOLQQò u J
QMLRQ J u iÉ~â~ÖÉ=ÑìÉä=
iÉ~â~ÖÉ=ÑìÉä=ãçåáJ
ãçåáíçêáåÖ=
båÖáåÉ= íçêáåÖ=í~åâ=íç=ÄÉ=
iQULSM_ J u í~åâ=
qóéÉ áåëí~ääÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=éä~åí=
~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=çå=
sQULSM_ J u ÅäçëÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ
íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ
iQULSMò J u iPOLQM J u
sQULSMò J u sPOLQM J u
RULSQ J u iPOLQQò u J
q~ÄäÉ=SJPP mçëáíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÇìéäÉñ=ÑáäíÉê sPOLQQò u J
c_sJMNM=L=cäçï=Ä~ä~åÅáåÖ=î~äîÉ=EíÜêçííäÉ=î~äîÉF QMLRQ J u
qÜÉ=Ñäçï=Ä~ä~åÅáåÖ=î~äîÉ=~í=ÉåÖáåÉ=çìíäÉí=áë=íç=ÄÉ= iQULSM_ u J
áåëí~ääÉÇ=çåäó=EçåÉ=éÉê=ÉåÖáåÉF=áå=ãìäíá=ÉåÖáåÉ=~êJ sQULSM_ J u
ê~åÖÉãÉåíë=ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=ÑìÉä=ëóëíÉãK=
fí=áë=ìëÉÇ=íç=Ä~ä~åÅÉ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=Ñäçï=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=ÉåJ iQULSMò u J
ÖáåÉëK=b~ÅÜ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=ÑÉÉÇ=ïáíÜ=áíë=ÅçêJ sQULSMò u J
êÉÅíI=áåÇáîáÇì~ä=ÑìÉä=ÑäçïK
RULSQ u J
cpeJMMN=L=iÉ~â~ÖÉ=ÑìÉä=ãçåáíçêáåÖ=í~åâ q~ÄäÉ=SJPQ mçëáíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=äÉ~â~ÖÉ=ÑìÉä=ãçåáíçêáåÖ=í~åâ
fÑ= ~å= áåàÉÅíáçå= éáéÉ= ÄìêëíëI= íÜÉ= ÉëÅ~éáåÖ= ÑìÉä= áë=
MSMQJMOMNj^KÑã
Å~êêáÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=à~ÅâÉí=éáéÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ãçåáíçêáåÖ=í~åâ=
Ñêçã=ïÜáÅÜ=áí=áë=Çê~áåÉÇ=áåíç=íÜÉ=äÉ~â~ÖÉ=çáä=ÅçäJ
`J_^ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=UN
qJMMS=L=iÉ~â~ÖÉ=çáä=ÅçääÉÅíáåÖ=í~åâ=Ñçê=ÑìÉä=~åÇ=
äìÄÉ=çáä
båÖáåÉ=íóéÉ `çååÉÅíáçå
iÉ~â=ÑìÉä=~åÇ=äÉ~â=çáä=~êÉ=ÅçääÉÅíÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=äÉ~â~ÖÉ=
iPOLQQò RNQNI=RNQP
çáä= ÅçääÉÅíáåÖ= í~åâK= fí= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ÉãéíáÉÇ= áåíç= íÜÉ=
ëäìÇÖÉ=í~åâK sPOLQQò RNQNI=RNQOI=RNQPI=RNQQ
iQULSMò RSVPI=RSVQ
båÖáåÉ=íóéÉ iÉ~â=ê~íÉ=Ñçê= iÉ~â=ê~íÉ=Ñçê= sQULSMò RSVPI=RSUUI=RSVQI=RSVN
ecl jdl
q~ÄäÉ=SJPS `çååÉÅíáçåë=ÑìÉä=çáä=äÉ~â~ÖÉ=í~åâ
äLÅóäK=ñ=Ü äLÅóäK=ñ=Ü
POLQM MKR=KKK=NKM MKS=Á=NKN táíÜÇê~ï~ä=éçáåíë=Ñçê=ë~ãéäÉë

POLQQò MKS=KKK=NKN MKT=Á=NIP mçáåíë=Ñçê=Çê~ïáåÖ=ÑìÉä=çáä=ë~ãéäÉë=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ=éêçJ
îáÇÉÇ=ìéëíêÉ~ã=~åÇ= ÇçïåëíêÉ~ã=çÑ=É~ÅÜ=ÑáäíÉêI=
QMLRQ MKR=KKK=NKM MKS=Á=NIN íç=îÉêáÑó=íÜÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉåÉëë=çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=ëóëíÉã=ÅçãJ
QULSM_ MKU=KKK=NKP MKV=Á=NKR éçåÉåíëK
QULSMò MKS=Á=NIP MKV=Á=OKM ebJMMTL`hJMMP
RULSQ NKM=KKK=NKR NKN=Á=NKT jalLjdl=ÅççäÉêLíÜêÉÉ=ï~ó=ÅçÅâ
q~ÄäÉ=SJPR iÉ~â=ê~íÉ=EÑìÉä=~åÇ=äìÄÉ=çáä=íçÖÉíÜÉêF qÜÉ=éêçéçëÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=jal=L=jdl=ÅççäÉê=áë=íç=ÉåJ
ëìêÉ= íÜ~í= íÜÉ= îáëÅçëáíó= çÑ= jal= L= jdl= ïáää= åçí=
qÜÉ=ÅçåíÉåí=çÑ=qJMMS=ãìëí=åçí=ÄÉ=~ÇÇÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=
ÄÉÅçãÉ=íçç=ÑäìáÇ=áå=ÉåÖáåÉ=áåäÉíK
ÉåÖáåÉ= ÑìÉä>= fí= Å~å= ÄÉ= ÄìêåÉÇ= Ñçê= áåëí~åÅÉ= áå= ~=
ï~ëíÉ=çáä=ÄçáäÉêÑìÉäK táíÜ=íÜÉëÉ=ÑáííáåÖ=`hJMMPI=íÜÉ=jalLjdl=ÅççäÉê=
ebJMMT=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=çéÉåÉÇ=ïÜÉå=íÜÉ=éä~åí=ÉåÖáåÉ=
qÜÉ= ÑìÉä= ÅçåíÉåí= çÑ= íÜÉ= äÉ~â~ÖÉ= çáä= áë= ~ééêçñK=
áë=ëïáíÅÜÉÇ=çîÉê=íç=jalLjdl=çéÉê~íáçåK=qÜ~í=
OMB=Ó=RMBK=qÜÉêÑçêÉI=Ñçê=ò=ÉåÖáåÉë=çåäóI=áí=ÄÉJ
ï~óI= íÜÉ= jalLjdlI= ïÜáÅÜ= ï~ë= ÜÉ~íÉÇ= ïÜáäÉ=
ÅçãÉë=éçëëáÄäÉ=~ë=~å=çéíáçå=íç=êÉÅçîÉê=íÜáë=ÑìÉä=
ÅáêÅìä~íáåÖ= îá~= íÜÉ= áåàÉÅíáçå= éìãéëI= áë= êÉÅççäÉÇ=
Äó=áåëí~ääáåÖ=~å=~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=ÑìÉä=çáä=äÉ~â~ÖÉ=í~åâK=
ÄÉÑçêÉ= áí= áë= êÉíìêåÉÇ= íç= íÜÉ= ãáñáåÖ= í~åâ= qJMNNK=
iÉ~â~ÖÉ=ÑìÉä=Ñäçïë=éêÉëëìêÉ=äÉëë=EÄó=Öê~îáíó=çåäóF=
pïáíÅÜáåÖ= çîÉê= çÑ= íÜÉëÉ= ÑáííáåÖë= íç= íÜÉ= jalL
Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áåíç=íÜáë=í~åâ=Eíç=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=ÄÉJ
jdl=ÅççäÉê=ã~ó=ÄÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíÉÇ=çåäó=~ÑíÉê=ÑäìëÜáåÖ=
äçï=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçåëFK=máéÉ=ÅäçÖÖáåÖ=ãìëí=
íÜÉ=éáéÉë=ïáíÜ=jalLjdlK
ÄÉ=~îçáÇÉÇ=Äó=íê~ÅÉ=ÜÉ~íáåÖ=~åÇ=Äó=~=ëìÑÑáÅáÉåí=
qÜÉ=jalLjdl=ÅççäÉê=áë=ÅççäÉÇ=Äó=iq=ÅççäáåÖ=
Ççïåï~êÇ= ëäçéÉK= cêçã= ÜÉêÉ= íÜÉ= äÉ~â~ÖÉ= ÑìÉä=
ï~íÉêK
ãìëí=ÄÉ=éìãéÉÇ=áå=~=ÑìÉä=çáä=í~åâ=äçÅ~íÉÇ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=
íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=çáä=ëÉé~ê~íçêI=ìëì~ääó=íÜÉ=ëÉííáåÖ=í~åâK=fí= qÜÉ= ÇÉëáÖå= éêÉëëìêÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= jal= ÅççäÉê= áë=
ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÉåëìêÉÇ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=äÉ~â~ÖÉ=ÑìÉä=áë=ïÉää=ÇáJ mk=NSK
äìíÉÇ=ïáíÜ=ÑêÉëÜ=ÑìÉä=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÉåíÉêáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=
~Ö~áåK=kÉîÉêíÜÉäÉëëI=í~åâ=qJMMS=áë=ëíáää=êÉèìáêÉÇ=
íç=ÅçääÉÅí=äìÄÉ=çáä=äÉ~â~ÖÉë=Ñêçã=äìÄÉ=çáä=Çê~áåë=
E~åÇ=çíÜÉêFK
få=Å~ëÉ=íÜÉ=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=ÑìÉä=çáä=äÉ~â~ÖÉ=
í~åâ=áë=áåëí~ääÉÇI=äÉ~â~ÖÉë=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ÉåJ
ÖáåÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçåë= ~êÉ= íç= ÄÉ=ÅçåÇìÅíÉÇ=áåíç= íÜÉ=
í~åâW
MSMQJMOMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=UO `J_^
= qÜÉ= ÅççäÉê= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ= ÇáãÉåëáçåÉÇ= Ñçê= ~= jal=

m`=Z=mN=ñ=Äêfpl=ñ=ÑN çìíäÉí=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=QR=øÌ=Ñçê=îÉêó=äáÖÜí=jdl=
n`=Z=mN=ñ=Äêfpl=ñ=ÑO Öê~ÇÉë= ÉîÉå= äçïÉê= çìíäÉí= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë= ~êÉ= êÉJ
`ççäÉê=çìíäÉí=íÉãéK=jalLjdl=GW èìáêÉÇK
qçìí ø`
J qçìí=Z=QR=ø`
m`sJMNN=L=mêÉëëìêÉ=äáãáíáåÖ=î~äîÉ
aáëëáé~íÉÇ=ÜÉ~í=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅççäÉê m` ât
få=Å~ëÉ=íïç=ÉåÖáåÉë=~êÉ=çéÉê~íÉÇ=ïáíÜ=çåÉ=ÑìÉä=
jal=Ñäçï=Ñçê=íÜÉêã~ä=ÇáãÉåëáçåáåÖ=çÑ=
nÅ äLÜ ãçÇìäÉI= áí= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ= éçëëáÄäÉ= íç= ëÉé~ê~íÉ= çåÉ=
íÜÉ=ÅççäÉê=GG
ÉåÖáåÉ=~í=~=íáãÉ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ÅáêÅìáí=Ñçê=ã~áåíÉJ
båÖáåÉ=çìíéìí=~í=NMM=B=jò mN ât å~åÅÉ=éìêéçëÉëK=få=çêÇÉê=íç=~îçáÇ=~=éêÉëëìêÉ=áåJ
péÉÅáÑáÅ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÑìÉä=Åçåëìãéíáçå= Äêfpl= ÖLâtÜ
ÅêÉ~ëÉ=áå=íÜÉ=éêÉëëìêáëÉÇ=ëóëíÉãI=íÜÉ=ÑìÉäI=ïÜáÅÜ=
EfplF=~í=NMM=B=jòW Å~ååçí=ÅáêÅìä~íÉ=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=ëÜìíJçÑÑ=ÉåÖáåÉI=Ü~ë=
íç=ÄÉ=êÉêçìíÉÇ=îá~=íÜáë=î~äîÉ=áåíç=íÜÉ=êÉíìêå=éáéÉK=
c~Åíçê=Ñçê=Çáëëáé~íÉÇ=ÜÉ~í âtÜLÖ qÜáë=î~äîÉ=áë=íç=ÄÉ=~ÇàìëíÉÇ=ëç=íÜ~í=êÉêçìíáåÖ=áë=
ÑN
J ÑN=Z=OKMN=ñ=NMÓR
ÉÑÑÉÅíÉÇ=çåäó=ïÜÉå=íÜÉ=éêÉëëìêÉI=áå=Åçãé~êáëçå=
c~Åíçê=Ñçê=jalLjdl=Ñäçï
ÑO äLÖ
íç=åçêã~ä=çéÉê~íáçå=EãìäíáJÉåÖáåÉ=çéÉê~íáçåFI=áë=
J ÑO=Z=OKUM=ñ=NMÓP ÉñÅÉÉÇÉÇK
GF=qÜáë=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=åçêã~ääó=ã~ñK=QR=ø`K=låäó=
Ñçê=îÉêó=äáÖÜí=jdl=ÑìÉä=íóéÉë=íÜáë=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ= sJMMO=L=pÜìíJçÑÑ=ÅçÅâ
ÉîÉå=äçïÉê=áå=çêÇÉê=íç=éêÉëÉêîÉ=íÜÉ=ãáåK=~ÇãáëëáÄäÉ=ÑìÉä=
qÜÉ=ëíçé=ÅçÅâ=áë=ÅäçëÉÇ=ÇìêáåÖ=åçêã~ä=çéÉê~íáçå=
îáëÅçëáíó= áå= ÉåÖáåÉ= áåäÉí= EëÉÉ= ?`Ü~éíÉê= PKV= sáëÅçëáíóJ
qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= EsqF= Çá~Öê~ã= çÑ= ÜÉ~îó= ÑìÉä= çáäI= é~ÖÉ= EãìäíáJÉåÖáåÉ= çéÉê~íáçåFK= tÜÉå= çåÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= áë=
PJQN?FK ëÉé~ê~íÉÇ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ÅáêÅìáí=Ñçê=ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ=
GGF=qÜÉ=ã~ñK=jalLjdl=íÜêçìÖÜéìí=áë=áÇÉåíáÅ~ä=íç=íÜÉ=ÇÉ= éìêéçëÉëI=íÜáë=ÅçÅâ=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=çéÉåÉÇ=ã~åì~ääóK
äáîÉêó=èì~åíáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=ÄççëíÉê=éìãéK
qJMMU=L=mêÉëëìêÉ=éÉ~âë=ÅçãéÉåë~íáçå=í~åâ
kçíÉ>
få=Å~ëÉ=ãçêÉ=íÜ~å=çåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áë=ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ= qÜÉ= áåàÉÅíáçå= åçòòäÉë= Å~ìëÉ= éêÉëëìêÉ= éÉ~âë= áå=
ÑìÉä=ëóëíÉãI=íÜÉ=ÅççäÉê=Å~é~Åáíó=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=~ÅJ íÜÉ=éêÉëëìêáëÉÇ=é~êí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ëóëíÉãK=få=çêÇÉê=
ÅçêÇáåÖäóK
íç= éêçíÉÅí= íÜÉ= îáëÅçëáíó= ãÉ~ëìêáåÖ= ~åÇ= Åçåíêçä=
q~ÄäÉ=SJPT páãéäáÑáÉÇ=jalJÅççäÉê=ÇáãÉåëáçåáåÖ=Ñçê= ìåáíI=íÜÉëÉ=éêÉëëìêÉ=éÉ~âë=Ü~îÉ=íç=ÄÉ=Éèì~äáëÉÇ=
ÉåÖáåÉë=ïáíÜçìí=Åçããçå=ê~áä=EPOLQMI=QMLRQI= Äó= ~= ÅçãéÉåë~íáçå= í~åâK= qÜÉ= îçäìãÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ=
QULSM_I=RULSQF éêÉëëìêÉ=éÉ~âë=ÅçãéÉåë~íáçå=í~åâ=áë=OM=fK
båÖáåÉ=íóéÉ `ççäÉê=Å~é~Åáíó
máéáåÖ
POLQQò PKM=âtLÅóäK
tÉ=êÉÅçããÉåÇ=íç=ìëÉ=éáéÉë=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=mkNS=
Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ëóëíÉã=EãçêÉ=áåÑçêã~íáçå=ëÉÉ=?`Ü~éJ
QULSMò TKM=âtLÅóäK íÉê=SKNKN=máéÉ=ÇáãÉåëáçåáåÖI=é~ÖÉ=SJP?FK=
qÜÉ=ã~ñK=jalLjdl=íÜêçìÖÜéìí=áë=~ééêçñK=áÇÉåíáÅ~ä=íç=
íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áåäÉí=ÑìÉä=Ñäçï=EZÇÉäáîÉêó=èì~åíáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ= j~íÉêá~ä
áåëí~ääÉÇ=ÄççëíÉê=éìãé=áå=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=ëáåÖäÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=éä~åíëFK
qÜÉ=Å~ëáåÖ=ã~íÉêá~ä=çÑ=éìãéë=~åÇ=ÑáäíÉêë=ëÜçìäÇ=
q~ÄäÉ=SJPU aáãÉåëáçåáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=jalJÅççäÉê=Ñçê=Åçããçå= ÄÉ=bkJdgp=EåçÇìä~ê=Å~ëí=áêçåFI=áå=~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ=íç=
ê~áä=ÉåÖáåÉë íÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=ëçÅáÉíáÉëK=
MSMQJMOMNj^KÑã
`J_^ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=UP
båÖáåÉ= çéÉê~íáçå= ÇìêáåÖ= ëÜçêí= Ä~Åâ= çìíI= ÑìÉä=

ëìééäó=~ëéÉÅíë
båÖáåÉë=ïáíÜ=ÅçåîÉåíáçå~ä=ÑìÉä=áåàÉÅíáçå=ëóëíÉãW=
qÜÉ= ~áê= éêÉëëìêÉ= ÅìëÜáçå= áå= íÜÉ= ãáñáåÖ= í~åâ= áë=
ëìÑÑáÅáÉåí= íç= éêÉëë= ÑìÉä= Ñêçã= íÜÉ= ãáñáåÖ= í~åâ= áå=
íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= Ñçê= ~= ëÜçêí= íáãÉK= ^ÇÇáíáçå~ä= ÉèìáéJ
ãÉåí=áë=åçí=êÉèìáêÉÇK=
båÖáåÉë=ïáíÜ=ò=áåàÉÅíáçå=ëóëíÉãW=qÜÉ=ÄççëíÉê=
éìãé=Ü~ë= íç=ÄÉ= ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ= íç=~=ë~ÑÉ=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=
ÖêáÇI=çê=~å=~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=~áê=ÇêáîÉå=ÄççëíÉê=éìãé=áë=
íç=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇK
pí~êíáåÖ=ÇìêáåÖ=Ää~Åâ=çìíI=ÑìÉä=ëìééäó=~ëéÉÅíë
båÖáåÉë=ïáíÜ=ÅçåîÉåíáçå~ä=ÑìÉä=áåàÉÅíáçå=ëóëíÉãW=
qÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Å~å=ëí~êí=Äó=ìëÉ=çÑ=~=Öê~îáíó=ÑìÉä=çáä=
í~åâ=Ejal=L=jdlFK
båÖáåÉë= ïáíÜ= ò= áåàÉÅíáçå= ëóëíÉãW= pìééäó= ~åÇ=
ÄççëíÉê= éìãé= ~êÉ= íç= ÄÉ= ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ= íç= ~= ë~îÉ=
ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ÖêáÇI=çê=ÄçíÜ=éìãéë=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ=~áê=ÇêáîJ
ÉåK=^ë=~å=~äíÉêå~íáîÉ=áí=áë=~äëç=éçëëáÄäÉ=íç=áåëí~ää=
áå=é~ê~ääÉä=íç=íÜÉ=ã~áå=cl=ëóëíÉã=~å=jal=Ljdl=
ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó=éìãéK=qÜáë=éìãé=ëÜ~ää=ÄÉ=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~äJ
äó=ÇêáîÉå=~åÇ=ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ=íç=~=ë~îÉ=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ÖêáÇI=
çê=áí=ëÜ~ää=ÄÉ=~áê=ÇêáîÉåK
MSMQJMOMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=UQ `J_^
=ecl=ëìééäó=ëóëíÉã
MSMQJMOMNj^KÑã
cáÖìêÉ=SJPQ ecl=ëìééäó=ëóëíÉã=
`J_^ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=UR
`cJMMO eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=ëÉé~ê~íçê NIOmJMMP _ççëíÉê=éìãé
`cJMMP aáÉëÉä=ÑìÉä=çáä=ëÉé~ê~íçê NIOmJMNU ecl=ëìééäó=éìãé
`hJMMO pïáíÅÜáåÖ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=jal=~åÇ=ecl m`sJMMV mêÉëëìêÉ=äáãáíáåÖ=î~äîÉ
`hJMMP pïáíÅÜáåÖ=íç=jal=ÅççäÉê NIOpqoJMNM píê~áåÉê
aJMMN aáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉ NIOqJMMP aáÉëÉä=çáä=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ
cfiJMMP cìÉä=çáä=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉê qJMMS iÉ~â=çáä=í~åâ
cfiJMNP cìÉä=ÇìéäÉñ=ÑáäíÉê qJMMU cìÉä=çáä=ÇìãéÉê=í~åâ
cnJMMP cäçïãÉíÉê=ÑìÉä=çáä qJMNN cìÉä=çáä=ãáñáåÖ=í~åâ
cpeJMMN iÉ~â~ÖÉ=ÑìÉä=çáä=ãçåáíçêáåÖ=í~åâ qJMNR jalLjdl=ëíçê~ÖÉ=í~åâ
NIOeJMMQ cáå~ä=ÜÉ~íÉê=ecl qJMNS ecl=ëÉííäáåÖ=í~åâ
ebJMMT aáÉëÉä=çáäLÖ~ëçáä=ÅççäÉê qJMON päìÇÖÉ=í~åâ
ebJMOR `ççäÉê=Ñçê=ÅáêÅìä~íáçå=ÑìÉä=çáä=ÑÉÉÇáåÖ= NIOqJMOO ecl=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ

é~êí
jlaJMMU cìÉä=çáä=ãçÇìäÉ sfJMMN sáëÅçëáãÉíÉê
G=båÖáåÉë=POLQQòI=RULSQ=~åÇ=iQULSM_W=cpeJMMN=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉI=RSVP=ÇçïåëíêÉ~ã=çÑ=cpeJMMNK=
GG=båÖáåÉ=POLQQò=cfiJMNP=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉI=RSTN=ìéëíêÉ~ã=çÑ=cfiJMNPK
q~ÄäÉ=SJPV iÉÖÉåÇ=íç=ecl=ëìééäó=ëóëíÉã
MSMQJMOMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=US `J_^
SKQKR=eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=EeclF=ëìééäó=ëóëíÉã=Ó=íïáå=ÉåÖáåÉ=éä~åí==
SKQKR eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=EeclF=ëìééäó=ëóëíÉã=Ó=íïáå=ÉåÖáåÉ=éä~åí
mäÉ~ëÉ=ëÉÉ=çîÉêäÉ~Ñ>
MSMQJMOMQj^KÑã
_J_^ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=UT
MSMQJMOMQj^KÑã
cáÖìêÉ=SJPR ecl=ëìééäó=ëóëíÉã=Ó=íïáå=ÉåÖáåÉ=éä~åí
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=UU _J_^
`cJMMO eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=ëÉé~ê~íçê NIO=mJMNU ecl=ëìééäó=éìãé
`cJMMP aáÉëÉä=ÑìÉä=çáä=ëÉé~ê~íçê m`sJMMV mêÉëëìêÉ=äáãáíáåÖ=î~äîÉ
`hJMMO pïáíÅÜáåÖ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=jal=~åÇ=ecl m`sJMNN péáää=áå=ëáåÖäÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=çéÉê~íáçå
`hJMMP pïáíÅÜáåÖ=íç=jal=ÅççäÉê NIO=pqoJMNM píê~áåÉê
NIO=c_sJMNM cäçï=Ä~ä~åÅáåÖ=î~äîÉ NIO=qJMMP aáÉëÉä=çáä=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ
cfiJMMP cìÉä=çáä=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉê qJMMS iÉ~â=çáä=í~åâ
NIO=cfiJMNP cìÉä=ÇìéäÉñ=ÑáäíÉê qJMMU cìÉä=çáä=ÇìãéÉê=í~åâ
cnJMMP cäçïãÉíÉê=ÑìÉä=çáä qJMNN cìÉä=çáä=ãáñáåÖ=í~åâ
NIO=cpeJMMN iÉ~â~ÖÉ=ÑìÉä=çáä=ãçåáíçêáåÖ=í~åâ qJMNR aáÉëÉä=çáä=ëíçê~ÖÉ=í~åâ
NIO=eJMMQ cáå~ä=ÜÉ~íÉê=ecl qJMNS ecl=ëÉííáåÖ=í~åâ
ebJMMT aáÉëÉä=çáäLÖ~ë=çáä=ÅççäÉê qJMON päìÇÖÉ=í~åâ=Ñçê=ecl=ëÉé~ê~íçê
ebJMOR `ççäÉê=Ñçê=ÅáêÅìä~íáçå=ÑìÉä=çáä=ÑÉÉÇáåÖ= NIO=qJMOO ecl=ëÉêîáÅÉ=í~åâ

é~êí
jlaJMMU cìÉä=çáä=ãçÇìäÉ sJMMO pÜìíJçÑÑ=ÅçÅâ
NIO=mJMMP _ççëíÉê=éìãé sfJMMN sáëÅçëáãÉíÉê
G=båÖáåÉë=POLQQòI=RULSQ=~åÇ=iQULSM_W=cpeJMMN=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉI=RSVP=ÇçïåëíêÉ~ã=çÑ=cpeJMMNK=
GG=båÖáåÉ=POLQQò=cfiJMNP=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉI=RSTN=ìéëíêÉ~ã=çÑ=cfiJMNPK
q~ÄäÉ=SJQM iÉÖÉåÇ=íç=ecl=ëìééäó=ëóëíÉã=Ó=íïáå=ÉåÖáåÉ=éä~åí
MSMQJMOMQj^KÑã
_J_^ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=UV
MSMQJMOMQj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=VM _J_^
SKRKN=pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=ëóëíÉã==
SKR `çãéêÉëëÉÇ=~áê=ëóëíÉã
SKRKN pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=ëóëíÉã
j~êáåÉ=ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉë îÉëëÉäëI= áÑ= ëìééäáÉÇ= Äó= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄçI=
ãìëí=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=ïáíÜ=~=Ççïåï~êÇ=ëäçéÉ=çÑ=NMø=
qÜÉ=ÅçãéêÉëëÉÇ=~áê=ëìééäó=íç=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=éä~åí=
íçï~êÇë=íÜÉ=Äçííçã=ÉåÇK
êÉèìáêÉë=~áê=îÉëëÉäë=~åÇ=~áê=ÅçãéêÉëëçêë=çÑ=~=Å~J
é~Åáíó=~åÇ=~áê=ÇÉäáîÉêó=ê~íáåÖ=ïÜáÅÜ=ïáää=ãÉÉí=íÜÉ= qÜÉ=áåëí~ää~íáçå=ëáíì~íáçå=~äëç=Ü~ë=íç=ÉåëìêÉ=íÜ~í=
êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=êÉäÉî~åí=Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=ëçÅáJ ÇìêáåÖ= ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó= ÇáëÅÜ~êÖáåÖ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ë~ÑÉíó=
Éíó=EëÉÉ=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ÅÜ~éíÉê=?pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëJ î~äîÉ=åç=éÉêëçåë=Å~å=ÄÉ=ÅçãéêçãáëÉÇK=
ëÉäëI=ÅçãéêÉëëçêë?FK
fí=áë=åçí=~ääçïÉÇ=íç=ïÉäÇ=ëìééçêíë=Eçê=çíÜÉêF=çå=
íÜÉ=~áê=îÉëëÉäëK=qÜÉ=çêáÖáå~ä=ÇÉëáÖå=ãìëí=åçí=ÄÉ=
N=`JMMNI=O=`JMMNI=P=`JMMN=L=^áê=ÅçãéêÉëëçê
~äíÉêÉÇK=^áê=îÉëëÉäë=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ=ÄÉÇÇÉÇ=~åÇ=ÑáñÉÇ=
N ëÉêîáÅÉ=ÅçãéêÉëëçê=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K N=`JMMN Äó=ìëÉ=çÑ=ÉñíÉêå~ä=ëìééçêíáåÖ=ëíêìÅíìêÉëK
N ~ìñáäá~êó=ÅçãéêÉëëçê =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K O=`JMMN
N gÉí=^ëëáëí=ÅçãéêÉëëçê=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K P=`JMMN qJMNU=L=^áê=îÉëëÉä=Ñçê=gÉí=^ëëáëí
qÜÉëÉ= ~êÉ= ãìäíáJëí~ÖÉ= ÅçãéêÉëëçê= ëÉíë= ïáíÜ= qÉÅÜåáÅ~ä= åçíÉë= áÇÉåíáÅ~ä= íç= N= qJMMTI= O= qJMMT= L=
ë~ÑÉíó= î~äîÉëI= ÅççäÉê= Ñçê= ÅçãéêÉëëÉÇ= ~áê= ~åÇ= ëí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉäëK
ÅçåÇÉåë~íÉ=íê~éëK
^ë=~å=~äíÉêå~íáîÉ=áí=áë=éçëëáÄäÉ=íç=çãáí=íÜÉ=ëÉé~J
qÜÉ= çéÉê~íáçå~ä= ÅçãéêÉëëçê= áë= ëïáíÅÜÉÇ= çå= Äó= ê~íÉ=~áê=îÉëëÉä=Ñçê=gÉí=^ëëáëí=EqJMNUFK=få=íÜáë=Å~ëÉI=
íÜÉ=éêÉëëìêÉ=Åçåíêçä=~í=äçï=éêÉëëìêÉI=êÉëéÉÅíáîÉJ íÜÉ=îçäìãÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉäë=EN=qJMMTI=O=
äó=ëïáíÅÜÉÇ=çÑÑ=~í=ã~ñK=ëÉêîáÅÉ=éêÉëëìêÉK qJMMTF=ãìëí=ÄÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖäóK
^= ã~ñK= ëÉêîáÅÉ= éêÉëëìêÉ= çÑ= PM=Ä~ê= áë= êÉèìáêÉÇK=
máéáåÖ
qÜÉ=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=ÇÉëáÖå=éêÉëëìêÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëí~êíáåÖ=~áê=
îÉëëÉäë=áë=PM=Ä~ê=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÇÉëáÖå=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=áë= qÜÉ= ã~áå= ëí~êíáåÖ= éáéÉ= EÉåÖáåÉ= ÅçååÉÅíáçå=
RM=ø`K TNTNFI= ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ= íç= ÄçíÜ= ~áê= îÉëëÉäëI= äÉ~Çë= íç=
íÜÉ=ã~áå=ëí~êíáåÖ=î~äîÉ=EjpsJ=MMNF=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉK
qÜÉ=ëÉêîáÅÉ=ÅçãéêÉëëçê=áë=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ääó=ÇêáîÉåI=íÜÉ=
~ìñáäá~êó= ÅçãéêÉëëçê= ã~ó= ~äëç= ÄÉ= ÇêáîÉå= Äó= ~= ^=ëÉÅçåÇ=PM=Ä~ê=éêÉëëìêÉ=äáåÉ=EÉåÖáåÉ=ÅçååÉÅJ
aáÉëÉä= ÉåÖáåÉK= qÜÉ= Å~é~Åáíó= çÑ= ÄçíÜ= ÅçãéêÉëJ íáçå=TNTOF=ïáíÜ=ëÉé~ê~íÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçåë=íç=ÄçíÜ=~áê=
ëçêë=EN=`JMMN=~åÇ=O=`JMMNF=áë=áÇÉåíáÅ~äK îÉëëÉäë=ëìééäáÉë=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ïáíÜ=Åçåíêçä=~áêK=qÜáë=
ÇçÉë=åçí=êÉèìáêÉ=ä~êÖÉê=~áê=îÉëëÉäëK
qÜÉ=íçí~ä=Å~é~Åáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅçãéêÉëëçêë=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=
áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=áÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áë=ÉèìáééÉÇ=ïáíÜ=gÉí=^ëJ ^= äáåÉ= Äê~åÅÜÉë= çÑÑ= íÜÉ= ~ÑçêÉãÉåíáçåÉÇ= Åçåíêçä=
ëáëíK=qÜáë=Å~å=ÄÉ=ãÉí=ÉáíÜÉê=Äó=éêçîáÇáåÖ=~=ä~êÖÉê= ~áê= éáéÉ= íç= ëìééäó= çíÜÉê= ~áêJÅçåëìãáåÖ= ÉåÖáåÉ=
ëÉêîáÅÉ= ÅçãéêÉëëçêI= çê= Äó= ~å= ~ÇÇáíáçå~ä= ÅçãJ ~ÅÅÉëëçêáÉë=EÉKÖK=äìÄÉ=çáä=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉêI=ÑìÉä=çáä=
éêÉëëçê=EP=`JMMNFK ÑáäíÉêF= ïáíÜ= ÅçãéêÉëëÉÇ= ~áê= íÜêçìÖÜ= ~= ëÉé~ê~íÉ=
PMLU=Ä~ê=éêÉëëìêÉ=êÉÇìÅáåÖ=ëí~íáçåK
cçê= ëéÉÅá~ä= çéÉê~íáåÖ= ÅçåÇáíáçåë= ëìÅÜ= ~ëI= ÉKÖKI=
ÇêÉÇÖáåÖ=ëÉêîáÅÉI=íÜÉ=Å~é~Åáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅçãéêÉëJ ^=íÜáêÇ=PM=Ä~ê=éáéÉ=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=ÉåÖáåÉë=ïáíÜ=
ëçêë= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ= ~ÇàìëíÉÇ= íç= íÜÉ= êÉëéÉÅíáîÉ= êÉJ gÉí=^ëëáëí=EÉåÖáåÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçå=TNTTFK=aÉéÉåÇáåÖ=
èìáêÉãÉåíë=çÑ=çéÉê~íáçåK çå=íÜÉ=~áê=îÉëëÉä=~êê~åÖÉãÉåíI=íÜáë=éáéÉ=Å~å=ÄÉ=
Äê~åÅÜÉÇ=çÑÑ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ëí~êíáåÖ=~áê=éáéÉ=åÉ~ê=ÉåJ
N=qJMMTI=O=qJMMT=L=pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉäë ÖáåÉ=çê=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ=ëÉé~ê~íÉäó=íç=íÜÉ=~áê=
MSMRJMNMNj^KÑã
îÉëëÉä=Ñçê=gÉí=^ëëáëíK
qÜÉ=áåëí~ää~íáçå=ëáíì~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=~áê=îÉëëÉäë=ãìëí=
ÉåëìêÉ=~=ÖççÇ=Çê~áå~ÖÉ=çÑ=ÅçåÇÉåëÉÇ=ï~íÉêK=^áê=
aJ_^ POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=VN

^ÇÇáíáçå~ä= ÅçååÉÅíáçåë= çå= íÜÉ= ~áê= îÉëëÉäë= ~êÉ= qÜÉ= ëáòÉë= çÑ= íÜÉ= ëí~êíáåÖ= ~áê= îÉëëÉäë= Ñçê= íÜÉ= êÉJ
éêçîáÇÉÇ=Ñçê=~áê=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÜáé=~åÇ=Ñçê= ëéÉÅíáîÉ=ÉåÖáåÉë=~êÉ=äáëíÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~éíÉê=?pí~êíJ
íÜÉ=ÜçêåK=qÜÉ=éáéÉë=íç=ÄÉ=ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=ëÜáéJ áåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉäëI=ÅçãéêÉëëçêë?K=
ó~êÇ=Ü~îÉ=íç=ÄÉ=ëìééçêíÉÇ=áããÉÇá~íÉäó=ÄÉÜáåÇ=
aáÉëÉäJãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉW
íÜÉáê=ÅçååÉÅíáçå=íç=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉK=cìêíÜÉê=ëìééçêíë=
~êÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=~í=ëìÑÑáÅáÉåíäó=ëÜçêí=Çáëí~åÅÉK cçê= É~ÅÜ= åçåJêÉîÉêëáÄäÉ= ã~áå= ÉåÖáåÉ= ÇêáîáåÖ= ~=
`KmKJéêçéÉääÉêI=çê=ïÜÉêÉ=ëí~êíáåÖ=ïáíÜçìí=ÅçìåíÉê=
d~äî~åáëÉÇ=ëíÉÉä=éáéÉ=ãìëí=åçí=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=
íçêèìÉ= áë= éçëëáÄäÉI= íÜÉ= ëíçêÉÇ= ëí~êíáåÖ= ~áê= ãìëí=
éáéáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉãK
ÄÉ=ëìÑÑáÅáÉåí=Ñçê=~=ÅÉêí~áå=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=ëí~êíáåÖ=ã~J
åçÉìîêÉëI= åçêã~ääó= S= éÉê= ÉåÖáåÉK= qÜÉ= Éñ~Åí=
dÉåÉê~ä=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=çÑ=Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=ëçÅáÉíáÉë
åìãÄÉê= çÑ= êÉèìáêÉÇ= ëí~êíáåÖ= ã~åçÉìîêÉë= ÇÉJ
qÜÉ=ÉèìáéãÉåí=éêçîáÇÉÇ=Ñçê=ëí~êíáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉë= éÉåÇë= çå= íÜÉ= ~êê~åÖÉãÉåí= çÑ= íÜÉ= éêçéìäëáçå=
ãìëí=Éå~ÄäÉ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉë=íç=ÄÉ=ëí~êíÉÇ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ= ëóëíÉã=~åÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ëéÉÅá~ä=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=
çéÉê~íáåÖ=ÅçåÇáíáçå=DòÉêçD=ïáíÜ=ëÜáéÄç~êÇ=Ñ~ÅáäáJ Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=ëçÅáÉíóK
íáÉëI=áKÉK=ïáíÜçìí=çìíëáÇÉ=~ëëáëí~åÅÉK
aáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=~ìñáäá~êó=ÉåÖáåÉW
`çãéêÉëëçêë cçê=~ìñáäá~êó=ã~êáåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉëI=ëÉé~ê~íÉ=~áê=í~åâë=
ëÜ~ää=çåäó=ÄÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=áå=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=íìêÄáåÉJÇêáîÉå=
qïç= çê= ãçêÉ= ëí~êíáåÖ= ~áê= ÅçãéêÉëëçêë= ãìëí= ÄÉ=
îÉëëÉäëI=çê=áÑ=íÜÉ=~ìñáäá~êó=ëÉíë=áå=ÉåÖáåÉJÇêáîÉå=
éêçîáÇÉÇK= ^í= äÉ~ëí= çåÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ~áê= ÅçãéêÉëëçêë=
îÉëëÉäë=~êÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇ=Ñ~ê=~ï~ó=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ã~áå=éêçJ
ãìëí= ÄÉ= ÇêáîÉå= áåÇÉéÉåÇÉåíäó= çÑ= íÜÉ= ã~áå= ÉåJ
éìäëáçå=éä~åíK
ÖáåÉ= ~åÇ= ãìëí= ëìééäó= ~í= äÉ~ëí= RM=B= çÑ= íÜÉ= êÉJ
èìáêÉÇ=íçí~ä=Å~é~ÅáíóK aáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉW
qÜÉ= íçí~ä= Å~é~Åáíó= çÑ= íÜÉ= ëí~êíáåÖ= ~áê= ÅçãéêÉëJ cçê=É~ÅÜ=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉ=íÜÉ=ëíçêÉÇ=
ëçêë= áë= íç= ÄÉ= Å~äÅìä~íÉÇ= ëç= íÜ~í= íÜÉ= ~áê= îçäìãÉ= ëí~êíáåÖ= ~áê= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ëìÑÑáÅáÉåí= Ñçê= ~= ÅÉêí~áå=
åÉÅÉëë~êó= Ñçê= íÜÉ= êÉèìáêÉÇ= åìãÄÉê= çÑ= ëí~êíë= áë= åìãÄÉê=çÑ=ëí~êíáåÖ=ã~åçÉìîêÉëI=åçêã~ääó=S=éÉê=
íçééÉÇ= ìé= Ñêçã= ~íãçëéÜÉêáÅ= éêÉëëìêÉ= ïáíÜáå= ÉåÖáåÉK= qÜÉ= Éñ~Åí= åìãÄÉê= çÑ= êÉèìáêÉÇ= ëí~êíáåÖ=
çåÉ=ÜçìêK ã~åçÉìîêÉë=ÇÉéÉåÇë=çå=íÜÉ=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉë=
~åÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ëéÉÅá~ä=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=Åä~ëëáÑáJ
qÜÉ= ÅçãéêÉëëçê= Å~é~ÅáíáÉë= ëí~íÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= í~ÄäÉ=
Å~íáçå=ëçÅáÉíóK
?dÉåÉê~ä=ÇêáîÉ?==áå=ÅÜ~éíÉê=?pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉäëI=
ÅçãéêÉëëçêë?=~êÉ=Å~äÅìä~íÉÇ=~ë=ÑçääçïëW=
s  30
m = ---------------
1000
m= qçí~ä=îçäìãÉíêáÅ=Å~é~Åáíó =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K ã³LÜ
===çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅçãéêÉëëçêë
s= qçí~ä=îçäìãÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉäëK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K äáíêÉ
===~í=PM=Ä~ê=ëÉêîáÅÉ=éêÉëëìêÉ
^ë= ~= êìäÉI= ÅçãéêÉëëçêë= çÑ= áÇÉåíáÅ~ä= ê~íáåÖë=
ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇK=^å=ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó=ÅçãéêÉëëçêI=
áÑ=éêçîáÇÉÇI=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ÇáëêÉÖ~êÇÉÇ=áå=íÜáë=êÉëéÉÅíK
pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉäë
qÜÉ=ëí~êíáåÖ=~áê=ëìééäó=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ëéäáí=ìé=áåíç=åçí=
äÉëë= íÜ~å= íïç= ëí~êíáåÖ= ~áê= îÉëëÉäë= çÑ= ~Äçìí= íÜÉ=
ë~ãÉ=ëáòÉI=ïÜáÅÜ=Å~å=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=áåÇÉéÉåÇÉåíäó=çÑ=
MSMRJMNMNj^KÑã
É~ÅÜ=~åçíÜÉêK=
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=VO POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ aJ_^

`~äÅìä~íáçå=Ñçêãìä~=Ñçê=ëí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉäë=ëÉÉ=ÄÉäçïW
V Jet
V =  V st  f drive   z st + z safe  + ---------  z Jet  t Jet + V sl  z sl  f drive   p max – p min 
5 sec
s oÉèìáêÉÇ=îÉëëÉä=Å~é~Åáíó=K=K=K=K=K=K=KäáíêÉ==
sëí ^áê=Åçåëìãéíáçå=éÉê=åçãáå~ä=ëí~êíNF= K=K=K=K=K äáíêÉ
ÑÇêáîÉ Ñ~Åíçê=Ñçê=ÇêáîÉ=íóéÉ K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=J
ENKM=Z=aáÉëÉäJãÉÅÜ~åáÅI=
NKR=Z=ÖÉåÉê~íçê=ÇêáîÉF
òëí kçK=çÑ=ëí~êíë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=
Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=ëçÅáÉíó=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=J
òë~ÑÉ kìãÄÉê=çÑ=ëí~êíë=~ë=ë~ÑÉíó=ã~êÖáå =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=J
sgÉí =^ëëáëí=^áê=Åçåëìãéíáçå=éÉê=gÉí=^ëëáëíNF =K=K äáíêÉ
ògÉí kìãÄÉê=çÑ=gÉí=^ëëáëí=éêçÅÉÇìêÉëOF= K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=J
ígÉí aìê~íáçå=çÑ=gÉí=^ëëáëí=éêçÅÉÇìêÉë K=K=K=K=K=K= ëÉÅK
sëä ^áê=Åçåëìãéíáçå=éÉê=ëäçï=íìêå =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K äáíêÉ
òëä kìãÄÉê=çÑ=ëäçï=íìêå=ã~åçÉìîêÉë K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=J
éã~ñ j~ñáãìã=ëí~êíáåÖ=~áê=éêÉëëìêÉ =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=Ä~ê
éãáå jáåáãìã=ëí~êíáåÖ=~áê=éêÉëëìêÉ K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=Ä~ê
NF=OF=q~Äìä~íÉÇ=î~äìÉë=ëÉÉ=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ÅÜ~éíÉê=?pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=
îÉëëÉäëI=ÅçãéêÉëëçêë?K
fÑ=çíÜÉê=ÅçåëìãÉêë=EáKÉK=~ìñáäá~êó=ÉåÖáåÉëI=ëÜáé=~áê=
ÉíÅKF=ïÜáÅÜ=~êÉ=åçí=äáëíÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=Ñçêãìä~=~êÉ=ÅçåJ
åÉÅíÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ëí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉäI=íÜÉ=Å~é~Åáíó=çÑ=
ëí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉä=ãìëí=ÄÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖJ
äóI=çê=~å=~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=ëÉé~ê~íÉ=~áê=îÉëëÉä=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=
áåëí~ääÉÇK=
MSMRJMNMNj^KÑã
aJ_^ POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=VP

=pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=ëóëíÉã
MSMRJMNMNj^KÑã
cáÖìêÉ=SJPS pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=ëóëíÉã=
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=VQ POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ aJ_^

N=`JMMN pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=ÅçãéêÉëëçê=EëÉêîáÅÉF qJMNU sÉëëÉä=Ñçê=àÉí=~ëëáëí=çåäó

O=`JMMN pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=ÅçãéêÉëëçê=Eëí~åÇJÄóF qoJMMR t~íÉê=íê~é
P=`JMMN `çãéêÉëëçê=Ñçê=àÉí=~ëëáëí P=qoJMMS ^ìíçã~íáÅ=ÅçåÇÉåë~íÉ=íê~é
cfiJMMN iìÄÉJçáä=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉê TNTN båÖáåÉ=áåäÉí=Eã~áå=ëí~êíáåÖ=î~äîÉF
cfiJMMP cìÉä=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉê TNTO `çåíêçä=~áê=~åÇ=ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó=ëíçé
jJMNV s~äîÉ=Ñçê=áåíÉêäçÅâáåÖ=ÇÉîáÅÉ TNTT gÉí=~ëëáëí=Eçéíáçå~äF
jpsJMMN j~áå=ëí~êíáåÖ=î~äîÉ TQRN `çåíêçä=~áê=Ñêçã=ëïáíÅÜ=ÖÉ~ê
O=qJMMT pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉä TQSN `çåíêçä=~áê=íçëïáíÅÜ=ÖÉ~ê
qvJMMN qóéÜçå
q~ÄäÉ=SJQN iÉÖÉåÇ=íç=ëí~êíáåÖ=~áê=ëóëíÉã
MSMRJMNMNj^KÑã
aJ_^ POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=VR

MSMRJMNMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=VS POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_I=QULSMòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ aJ_^

SKRKO=pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉäëI=ÅçãéêÉëëçêë=
SKRKO pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉäëI=ÅçãéêÉëëçêë
dÉåÉê~ä
qÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=êÉèìáêÉë=ÅçãéêÉëëÉÇ=~áê=Ñçê=ëí~êíáåÖI= éêÉëëìêÉ= ~áê= îÉëëÉä= ÇáêÉÅíäó= ÇÉéÉåÇë= çå= íÜÉ= ~áê=
ëí~êíJíìêåáåÖI=Ñçê=íÜÉ=gÉí=^ëëáëí=ÑìåÅíáçå=~ë=ïÉää= Åçåëìãéíáçå=~åÇ=íÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=Åä~ëëáJ
~ë=ëÉîÉê~ä=éåÉìã~íáÅ=ÅçåíêçäëK=qÜÉ=ÇÉëáÖå=çÑ=íÜÉ= ÑáÅ~íáçå=ëçÅáÉíáÉëK
kìãÄÉê=çÑ=ÅóäáåÇÉêë Si Ti Ui Vi NMi NOs NQs NSs NUs OMs

pïÉéí=îçäìãÉ=çÑ= ä
ONO OQU OUP PNU PRQ QOQ QVS RSS SPT TMU
ÉåÖáåÉ
^áê=Åçåëìãéíáçå=éÉê= kã³
OKR OKTR OKTR PKM PKM RKM RKOR RKR RKTR SKM
ëí~êí EOM=ø`F
^áê=Åçåëìãéíáçå=éÉê=
PKS PKS RKOR RKOR RKOR TKMR TKMR NMKR NMKR NMKR
gÉí=^ëëáëí=~Åíáî~íáçå
^áê=Åçåëìãéíáçå=éÉê=
RKM RKR RKR SKM SKM NMKM NMKR NNKM NNKR NOKM
ëäçï=íìêå=ã~åçÉîêÉ
q~ÄäÉ=SJQO pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=Åçåëìãéíáçå=POLQQò
√ qÜÉ=~áê=Åçåëìãéíáçå=éÉê=ëí~êíáåÖ=ã~åçÉìîêÉ=
ÇÉéÉåÇë= çå= íÜÉ= áåÉêíá~= ãçãÉåí= çÑ= íÜÉ= ìåáíK=
cçê= ÖÉåÉê~íçê= éä~åíëI= NKR= íáãÉë= íÜÉ= ~áê= ÅçåJ
ëìãéíáçå= éÉê= ëí~êíáåÖ= ã~åçÉìîêÉ= Ü~ë= íç= ÄÉ=
ÉñéÉÅíÉÇK
√ qÜÉ= ~ÄçîÉJãÉåíáçåÉÇ= ~áê= Åçåëìãéíáçå= éÉê=
gÉí=^ëëáëí=~Åíáî~íáçå=áë=î~äáÇ=Ñçê=~=àÉí=Çìê~íáçå=
çÑ=R=ëÉÅçåÇëK=qÜÉ=àÉí=Çìê~íáçå=ã~ó=î~êó=ÄÉJ
íïÉÉå= P=ëÉÅ= ~åÇ= NM=ëÉÅI= ÇÉéÉåÇáåÖ= çå= íÜÉ=
äç~ÇáåÖ= E~îÉê~ÖÉ= àÉí= Çìê~íáçå= R=ëÉÅFK= qÜÉ= ~áê=
Åçåëìãéíáçå= áë= ëìÄëí~åíá~ääó= ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ= Äó=
íÜÉ=êÉëéÉÅíáîÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=ÇÉëáÖåK
cçê= ãçêÉ= áåÑçêã~íáçå= ÅçåÅÉêåáåÖ= gÉí= ^ëëáëí=
ëÉÉ=?`Ü~éíÉê=SKRKP=gÉí=~ëëáëíI=é~ÖÉ=SJNMN?K
√ qÜÉ=~áê=Åçåëìãéíáçå=éÉê=ëäçïJíìêå=~Åíáî~íáçå=
ÇÉéÉåÇë=çå=íÜÉ=áåÉêíá~=ãçãÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ìåáíK
pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉäëW
pÉêîáÅÉ=éêÉëëìêÉ K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K ã~ñK=PM=Ä~ê
jáåáãìã=ëí~êíáåÖ=~áê=éêÉëëìêÉ =K=K=K= ãáåK=NM=Ä~ê
pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=ÅçãéêÉëëçêëW
qÜÉ= íçí~ä= Å~é~Åáíó= çÑ= íÜÉ= ëí~êíáåÖ= ~áê= ÅçãéêÉëJ
ëçêë=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=Å~é~ÄäÉ=íç=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=íÜÉ=~áê=êÉÅÉáîJ
Éêë= Ñêçã= íÜÉ= ~íãçëéÜÉêáÅ= éêÉëëìêÉ= íç= Ñìää=
MSMRJMOMNjnÅêffKÑã
éêÉëëìêÉ=çÑ=PM=Ä~ê=ïáíÜáå=çåÉ=ÜçìêK
bJ^g POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=VT

mêçéìäëáçå=éä~åí=ïáíÜ=N=ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉ
NK=dÉåÉê~ä=ÇêáîÉ
pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉäë=~åÇ=ÅçãéêÉëëçê=Å~é~ÅáíáÉë=ES=ëí~êíë=H=N=ë~ÑÉíó=ëí~êíI=M=gÉí=^ëëáëíI=M=ëäçï=íìêåF
båÖáåÉ=POLQQò Si Ti Ui Vi NMi NOs NQs NSs NUs OMs
jáåK=êÉèìáêÉÇ=îÉëëÉä= ä
UTR VSM VSM NIMRM NIMRM NITRM NIUQM NIVPM OIMNM OINMM
Å~é~Åáíó
oÉèìáêÉÇ=îÉëëÉäë ä OñRMM OñRMM OñRMM OñTNM OñTNM OñNIMMM OñNIMMM OñNIMMM OñNIMMM OñNIORM
jáåK=êÉèìáêÉÇ=ÅçãJ ã³LÜ
PM PM PM QP QP SM SM SM SM TR
éêÉëëçê=Å~é~Åáíó
q~ÄäÉ=SJQP dÉåÉê~ä=ÇêáîÉ
OK=aáÉëÉäJãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=ÇêáîÉ=ïáíÜçìí=ëÜáÑíáåÖ=ÅäìíÅÜ
pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉäë=~åÇ=ÅçãéêÉëëçê=Å~é~ÅáíáÉë=ES=ëí~êíë=H=N=ë~ÑÉíó=ëí~êíI=M=gÉí=^ëëáëíI=M=ëäçï=íìêåF
jáåK=êÉèìáêÉÇ=îÉëëÉä= ä
UTR VSM VSM NIMRM NIMRM NITRM NIUQM NIVPM OIMNM OINMM
Å~é~Åáíó
oÉèìáêÉÇ=îÉëëÉäë ä OñRMM OñRMM OñRMM OñTNM OñTNM OñNIMMM OñNIMMM OñNIMMM OñNIMMM OñNIORM
PM PM PM QP QP SM SM SM SM TR
q~ÄäÉ=SJQQ aáÉëÉäJãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=ÇêáîÉ=ïáíÜçìí=ëÜáÑíáåÖ=ÅäìíÅÜ
PK=aáÉëÉäJãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=ÇêáîÉ=ïáíÜ=ëÜáÑíáåÖ=ÅäìíÅÜ==
pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉäë=~åÇ=ÅçãéêÉëëçê=Å~é~ÅáíáÉë=ES=ëí~êíë=H=N=ë~ÑÉíó=ëí~êíI=P=ñ=R=ëÉÅK=gÉí=^ëëáëíI=M=ëäçï=íìêåF
jáåK=êÉèìáêÉÇ=îÉëëÉä= ä NIQOM NIRMM NITRM NIUQM NIUQM OIUNM OIVMM PIRMM PIRVM PISUM
Å~é~Åáíó
oÉèìáêÉÇ=îÉëëÉäë ä OñTNM OñNIMMM OñNIMMM OñNIMMM OñNIMMM OñNIRMM OñNIRMM OñNITRM OñOIMMM OñOIMMM
QP SM SM SM SM VM VM NMR NOM NOM
q~ÄäÉ=SJQR aáÉëÉäJãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=ÇêáîÉ=ïáíÜ=ëÜáÑíáåÖ=ÅäìíÅÜ
QK=aáÉëÉäJãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=ÇêáîÉ=ïáíÜ=ëÜ~ÑíJÇêáîÉå=~äíÉêå~íçê=E[=RM=B=mê~íÉÇF=
pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉäë=~åÇ=ÅçãéêÉëëçê=Å~é~ÅáíáÉë=ES=ëí~êíë=H=N=ë~ÑÉíó=ëí~êíI=R=ñ=R=ëÉÅK=gÉí=^ëëáëíI=M=ëäçï=íìêåF
jáåK=êÉèìáêÉÇ=îÉëëÉä= ä NITUM NIUSM OIOUM OIPSM OIPSM PIRNM PISMM QIRRM QISQM QITPM
Å~é~Åáíó
oÉèìáêÉÇ=îÉëëÉäë ä OñNIMMM OñNIMMM OñNIORM OñNIORM OñNIORM OñNITRM OñOIMMM OñOIORM OñOIRMM OñOIRMM
SM SM TR TR TR NMR NOM NPR NRM NRM
q~ÄäÉ=SJQS aáÉëÉäJãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=ÇêáîÉ=ïáíÜ=ëÜ~ÑíJÇêáîÉå=~äíÉêå~íçê
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=VU POLQQò bJ^g

RK=aáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ÇêáîÉ=
pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉäë=~åÇ=ÅçãéêÉëëçê=Å~é~ÅáíáÉë=ES=ëí~êíë=H=N=ë~ÑÉíó=ëí~êíI=NM=ñ=R=ëÉÅK=gÉí=^ëëáëíI=N=ëäçï=íìêåF
jáåK=êÉèìáêÉÇ=îÉëëÉä= ä PIQVM PISSM QIQUM QISRM QISRM SIUMM TIMTM UIVSM VINPM VIPMM
Å~é~Åáíó
oÉèìáêÉÇ=îÉëëÉäë ä OñNITRM OñOIMMM OñOIRMM OñOIRMM OñOIRMM OñPIRMM OñPIRMM OñQIRMM OñQIRMM OñQITRM
NMR NOM NRM NRM NRM ONM ONM OTM OTM OUR
q~ÄäÉ=SJQT aáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ÇêáîÉ
SK=aáÉëÉäJãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=ÇêáîÉ=ïáíÜ=ÑêÉèìÉåí=äç~Ç=ÅÜ~åÖÉë=ÉKÖK=ÑÉêêáÉë=ÉíÅK=
pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉäë=~åÇ=ÅçãéêÉëëçê=Å~é~ÅáíáÉë=ES=ëí~êíë=H=N=ë~ÑÉíó=ëí~êíI=NM=ñ=R=ëÉÅK=gÉí=^ëëáëíI=M=ëäçï=íìêåF
jáåK=êÉèìáêÉÇ=îÉëëÉä= ä OISUM OITSM PIRVM PISUM PISUM RIOUM RIPSM TINUM TIOSM TIPRM
Å~é~Åáíó
oÉèìáêÉÇ=îÉëëÉäë ä OñNIRMM OñNIRMM OñOIMMM OñOIMMM OñOIMMM OñOITRM OñOTRM OñPITRM OñPITRM OñPITRM
VM VM NOM NOM NOM NSR NSR OOR OOR OOR
q~ÄäÉ=SJQU aáÉëÉäJãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=ÇêáîÉ=ïáíÜ=ÑêÉèìÉåí=äç~Ç=ÅÜ~åÖÉë
TK=aêÉÇÖÉê=~åÇ=ÜáÖÜ=íçêèìÉ=~ééäáÅ~íáçåë=
pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉäë=~åÇ=ÅçãéêÉëëçê=Å~é~ÅáíáÉë=ES=ëí~êíë=H=N=ë~ÑÉíó=ëí~êíI=O=ñ=OM=ëÉÅK=gÉí=^ëëáëíI=M=ëäçï=íìêåF
jáåK=êÉèìáêÉÇ=îÉëëÉä= ä OIPOM OIQMM PIMSM PINRM PINRM QIRTM QISSM SINPM SIONM SIPMM
Å~é~Åáíó
oÉèìáêÉÇ=îÉëëÉäë ä OñNIORM OñNIORM OñNIRMM OñNITRM OñNITRM OñOIORM OñOIRMM OñPIORM OñPIORM OñPIORM
TR TR VM NMR NMR NPR NRM NVR NVR NVR
q~ÄäÉ=SJQV aêÉÇÖÉê=~åÇ=ÜáÖÜ=íçêèìÉ=~ééäáÅ~íáçåë
jìäíáéäÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=éä~åíë
få=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=ãìäíáJÉåÖáåÉ=éä~åíëI=íÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=îçäJ
ìãÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëí~êíáåÖ=~áê=ëìééäó=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ÑáñÉÇ=áå=~ÖJ
ÖêÉãÉåí= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= êÉëéÉÅíáîÉ= Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=
ëçÅáÉíóK=
få=íÜáë=ÅçååÉÅíáçåI=íÜÉ=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=ëí~êíë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=
Ñçê=É~ÅÜ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áë=ÖÉåÉê~ääó=êÉÇìÅÉÇK
bJ^g POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=VV

=m~ÖÉ=S=J=NMM POLQQò bJ^g

SKRKP=gÉí=~ëëáëí==
SKRKP gÉí=~ëëáëí
dÉåÉê~ä dÉåÉê~ä=Ç~í~
gÉí=^ëëáëí=áë=~=ëóëíÉã=Ñçê=~ÅÅÉäÉê~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=íìêJ gÉí=^ëëáëí=~áê=éêÉëëìêÉ=EçîÉêéêÉëëKFKKKKKKKKKK Q=Ä~ê
ÄçÅÜ~êÖÉêK= _ó= ãÉ~åë= çÑ= åçòòäÉë= áå= íÜÉ= íìêÄçJ
^í=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçå=íÜÉ=éêÉëëìêÉ=áë=ã~ñK
ÅÜ~êÖÉêI= ÅçãéêÉëëÉÇ= ~áê= áë= ÇáêÉÅíÉÇ= íç=
PM=Ä~êK=qÜÉ=~áê=éêÉëëìêÉ=ïáää=êÉÇìÅÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ÉåJ
~ÅÅÉäÉê~íÉ= íÜÉ= ÅçãéêÉëëçê= ïÜÉÉäK= qÜáë= Å~ìëÉë=
ÖáåÉ=Äó=~å=çêáÑáÅÉ=íç=ã~ñK=Q=Ä~ê=EçîÉêéêÉëëFK
íÜÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=íç=~Ç~éí=ãçêÉ=ê~éáÇäó=íç=~=åÉï=
äç~Ç=ÅçåÇáíáçå=~åÇ=áãéêçîÉë=íÜÉ=êÉëéçåëÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ= ^Åíáî~íáçå=ÄÉäçï=RM=B=äç~ÇW
ÉåÖáåÉK √ ~í=Åçåëí~åí=ëéÉÉÇ=ãçÇÉ=ïÜÉå=ëéÉÉÇ=Çêçéë=
èìáÅâäó=~åÇ=ÑìÉä=~Çãáëëáçå=êáëÉë
^áê=Åçåëìãéíáçå
√ ~í=ÅçãÄáå~íçê=ãçÇÉ=íÜÉ=éçïÉê=Åçãã~åÇ=äÉJ
qÜÉ=~áê=Åçåëìãéíáçå=Ñçê=gÉí=^ëëáëí=áëI=íç=~=ÖêÉ~í=
îÉê=áå=íÜÉ=Åçåíêçä=êççã=áë=ÅÜ~åÖÉÇ=èìáÅâäó=Ñçê=
ÉñíÉåíI=ÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=çå=íÜÉ=äç~Ç=éêçÑáäÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÜáéK=
äç~Ç=êÉèìÉëí
få=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=ÑêÉèìÉåíäó=~åÇ=èìáÅâäó=ÅÜ~åÖáåÖ=äç~Ç=
ëíÉéëI= gÉí= ^ëëáëí= ïáää= ÄÉ= ~Åíì~íÉÇ= ãçêÉ= çÑíÉå= gÉí=^ëëáëí=~Åíáî~íáåÖ=íáãÉW
íÜ~å=íÜáë=ïáää=ÄÉ=íÜÉ=Å~ëÉ=ÇìêáåÖ=äçåÖ=êçìíÉë=~í= P=ëÉÅ=íç=NM=ëÉÅ=ER=ëÉÅ=áå=~îÉê~ÖÉF
ä~êÖÉäó=Åçåëí~åí=äç~ÇK
^áê=Åçåëìãéíáçå=EäáíêÉF=ëÉÉ=ÅÜ~éíÉê=?pí~êíáåÖ=~áê= aÉ~Åíáî~íáçå=çÑ=gÉí=^ëëáëíW
îÉëëÉäëI=ÅçãéêÉëëçêë?K √ ~ÑíÉê=NM=ëÉÅ=~Åíáî~íáåÖ=íáãÉ=çê
√ ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=éêÉëëìêÉ=[N=Ä~ê
EZ=ÉåÖáåÉ=äç~Ç=[=~ééêçñK=RM=BF
dìáÇáåÖ=î~äìÉë=Ñçê=íÜÉ=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=gÉí=^ëëáëí=ã~åçÉìîêÉë=ÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=çå=~ééäáÅ~íáçå
kçK=çÑ=ã~åçÉìîêÉëI=
kçK=çÑ=ã~åçÉìîêÉë=éÉê=Üçìê=L= ïÜáÅÜ=í~âÉ=éä~ÅÉ=áå=
^ééäáÅ~íáçå
~îÉê~ÖÉ=Çìê~íáçå ê~éáÇ=ëìÅÅÉëëáçåI=áÑ=
åÉÅÉëë~êó
aáÉëÉäJãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=ÇêáîÉ=ïáíÜçìí=ëÜáÑíáåÖ=ÅäìíÅÜ gÉí=^ëëáëí=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇ
aáÉëÉäJãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=ÇêáîÉ=ïáíÜ=ëÜáÑíáåÖ=ÅäìíÅÜ ~ééêçñK=P=íáãÉëI=R=ëÉÅ ~ééêçñK=O=íáãÉë
aáÉëÉäJãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=ÇêáîÉ=ïáíÜ=ëÜ~ÑíJÇêáîÉå=~äíÉêå~íçê=
~ééêçñK=R=íáãÉëI=R=ëÉÅ ~ééêçñK=P=íáãÉë
E[=RM=B=jòF=
aáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=ã~êáåÉ=ÇêáîÉ ~ééêçñK=NM=íáãÉëI=R=ëÉÅ ~ééêçñK=R=íáãÉë
^ìñáäá~êó=ÉåÖáåÉë ~ééêçñK=P=íáãÉëI=R=ëÉÅ ~ééêçñK=P=íáãÉë
pÜáéë=ïáíÜ=ÑêÉèìÉåí=äç~Ç=ÅÜ~åÖÉë=EÉKÖK=ÑÉêêáÉëFNF= ~ééêçñK=NM=íáãÉëI=R=ëÉÅ ~ééêçñK=R=íáãÉë
aêÉÇÖÉêI=ÜáÖÜJíçêèìÉ=~ééäáÅ~íáçåëNF= ~ééêçñK=O=íáãÉëI=OM=ëÉÅ ~ééêçñK=O=íáãÉë

NF=^Ç~éí~íáçå=êÉèìáêÉÇ=áå=ëéÉÅá~ä=Å~ëÉëK
q~ÄäÉ=SJRM gÉí=^ëëáëí=ã~åçÉìîêÉë=ÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=çå=~ééäáÅ~íáçå
MSMRJMPMNj^KÑã
aJ_^ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=NMN
SKRKP=gÉí=~ëëáëí==
bñ~ãéäÉW=^ééäáÅ~íáçå=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=ã~êáåÉ=ÇêáîÉ
cçääçïáåÖ=ÑáÖìêÉ=Éñéä~áåë=Üçï=íÜÉ=ÑáîÉ=gÉí=^ëëáëí=
ã~åçÉìîêÉë= áå= ê~éáÇ= ëìÅÅÉëëáçå= ~åÇ= ÑáîÉ= êÉJ
ã~áåáåÖ=gÉí=^ëëáëí=ã~åçÉìîêÉë=áå=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=~ÅíáJ
î~íáçå= Å~å= çÅÅìê= ÇìêáåÖ= çåÉ= Üçìê= ÉåÖáåÉ=
çéÉê~íáçåK
cáÖìêÉ=SJPT bñ~ãéäÉW=^ééäáÅ~íáçå=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=ã~êáåÉ=ÇêáîÉ
cçê= íÜÉ= ÇÉëáÖå= çÑ= íÜÉ= ëí~êíáåÖ= ~áê= îÉëëÉäë= ~åÇ=

ÅçãéêÉëëçêë=áí=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ=íÜ~í=~ÑíÉê=
ÑáåáëÜáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑáîÉ=gÉí=^ëëáëí=ã~åçÉìîêÉë=ïáíÜáå=
ëÜçêí= íáãÉ= íÜÉ= åÉñí= gÉí= ^ëëáëí= ã~åçÉìîêÉ=
Eã~êâÉÇF=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÉñÉÅìí~ÄäÉK
aóå~ãáÅ=éçëáíáçåáåÖ=Ñçê=ÇêáääáåÖ=îÉëëÉäëI=Å~ÄäÉJ
ä~óáåÖ=îÉëëÉäëI=çÑÑJëÜçêÉ=~ééäáÅ~íáçåë
tÜÉå= ~ééäóáåÖ= Çóå~ãáÅ= éçëáíáçåáåÖI= éìäë~íáåÖ=
äç~Ç=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=[=OR=B=ã~ó=çÅÅìê=ÑêÉèìÉåíäóI=
ìé=íç=PM=íáãÉë=éÉê=ÜçìêK=få=íÜÉëÉ=Å~ëÉëI=íÜÉ=éçëJ
ëáÄáäáíó= çÑ= ~= ëéÉÅá~ääó= ~Ç~éíÉÇI= ëÉé~ê~íÉ= ÅçãJ
éêÉëëÉÇ=~áê=ëóëíÉã=Ü~ë=~äï~óë=íç=ÄÉ=ÅÜÉÅâÉÇK
^áê=ëìééäó
dÉåÉê~ääóI=ä~êÖÉê=~áê=ÄçííäÉë=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇ=Ñçê=
íÜÉ=~áê=ëìééäó=çÑ=íÜÉ=gÉí=^ëëáëíK
fÑ=íÜÉ=éä~ååÉÇ=äç~Ç=éêçÑáäÉ=áë=ÉñéÉÅíáåÖ=~=ÜáÖÜ=êÉJ
èìáêÉãÉåí= çÑ= gÉí= ^ëëáëíI= áí= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= ÅÜÉÅâÉÇ=
ïÜÉíÜÉê= ~å= ~áê= ëìééäó= Ñêçã= íÜÉ=ïçêâáåÖ= ~áê=ÅáêJ
ÅìáíI=~=ëÉé~ê~íÉ=~áê=ÄçííäÉ=çê=~=ëéÉÅá~ääó=~Ç~éíÉÇI=
ëÉé~ê~íÉ=ÅçãéêÉëëÉÇ=~áê=ëóëíÉã=áë=åÉÅÉëë~êó=çê=
êÉ~ëçå~ÄäÉK
få=É~ÅÜ=Å~ëÉ=íÜÉ=ÇÉäáîÉêó=Å~é~Åáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅçãJ
éêÉëëçêë= áë= íç= ÄÉ= ~Ç~éíÉÇ= íç= íÜÉ= ÉñéÉÅíÉÇ= gÉí=
^ëëáëí=êÉèìáêÉãÉåí=éÉê=ìåáí=çÑ=íáãÉK=
MSMRJMPMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=NMO aJ_^
SKS=båÖáåÉ=êççã=îÉåíáä~íáçå=~åÇ=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=~áê==
SKS båÖáåÉ=êççã=îÉåíáä~íáçå=~åÇ=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=~áê
dÉåÉê~ä=áåÑçêã~íáçå qÜÉ= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉêë= ~êÉ= ÑáíJ

íÉÇ=ïáíÜ=~å=~áê=áåí~âÉ=ëáäÉåÅÉê=~åÇ=Å~å=~ÇÇáíáçåJ
båÖáåÉ=êççã=îÉåíáä~íáçå=ëóëíÉã ~ääó= ÄÉ= ÉèìáééÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ~å= ~áê= ÑáäíÉê= íç= ãÉÉí= ïáíÜ=
ëéÉÅá~ä=ÅáêÅìãëí~åÅÉëI=áå=ïÜáÅÜ=Å~ëÉ=íÜÉ=ÅäÉ~åJ
fíë=éìêéçëÉ=áëW
áåÖ=áåíÉêî~äë=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÅçãéêÉëëçê=áãéÉääÉê=çÑ=íÜÉ=
√ pìééäóáåÖ= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉë= ~åÇ= ~ìñáäá~êó= ÄçáäÉêë= íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê= ~åÇ= Ñçê= íÜÉ= ÅÜ~êÖÉ= ~áê= ÅççäÉê= Å~å=
ïáíÜ=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=~áê ÄÉ=ÉñíÉåÇÉÇK
qÜáë=~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=~áê=áåí~âÉ=ÑáäíÉê=ïáää=êÉí~áå=VR=B=çÑ=
√ `~êêóáåÖ=çÑÑ=íÜÉ=ê~Çá~åí=ÜÉ~í=Ñêçã=~ää=áåëí~ääÉÇ=
íÜÉ=é~êíáÅäÉë=ä~êÖÉê=íÜ~å=NM=”ãK
ÉåÖáåÉë=~åÇ=~ìñáäá~êáÉë
få=íêçéáÅ~ä=ëÉêîáÅÉ=~=ëìÑÑáÅáÉåí=îçäìãÉ=çÑ=~áê=ãìëí=
`çãÄìëíáçå=~áê ÄÉ=ëìééäáÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉêEëF=~í=çìíëáÇÉ=~áê=
íÉãéÉê~íìêÉK=cçê=íÜáë=éìêéçëÉ=íÜÉêÉ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=~å=
qÜÉ=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=~áê=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÑêÉÉ=Ñêçã=ëéê~ó=ï~J
~áê=ÇìÅí=áåëí~ääÉÇ=Ñçê=É~ÅÜ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉêI=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=
íÉêI=Çìëí=~åÇ=çáä=ãáëíK
çìíäÉí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÇìÅí=Ñ~ÅáåÖ=íÜÉ=êÉëéÉÅíáîÉ=áåí~âÉ=~áê=
qÜáë=áë=~ÅÜáÉîÉÇ=ÄóW ëáäÉåÅÉêI=ëÉé~ê~íÉÇ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ä~ííÉê=Äó=~=ëé~ÅÉ=çÑ=
NKR=ãK= kç= ï~íÉê= çÑ= ÅçåÇÉåë~íáçå= Ñêçã= íÜÉ= ~áê=
√ içìîêÉëI= éêçíÉÅíÉÇ= ~Ö~áåëí= íÜÉ= ÜÉ~Ç= ïáåÇI=
ÇìÅí=ãìëí=ÄÉ=~ääçïÉÇ=íç=ÄÉ=Çê~ïå=áå=Äó=íÜÉ=íìêJ
ïáíÜ=Ä~ÑÑäÉë=áå=íÜÉ=Ä~Åâ=~åÇ=çéíáã~ääó=ÇáãÉåJ
ÄçÅÜ~êÖÉêK
ëáçåÉÇ=ëìÅíáçå=ëé~ÅÉ=ëç=~ë=íç=êÉÇìÅÉ=íÜÉ=~áê=
qÜÉ=~áê=ëíêÉ~ã=ãìëí=åçí=ÄÉ=ÇáêÉÅíÉÇ=çåíç=íÜÉ=ÉñJ
Ñäçï=îÉäçÅáíó=íç=N=Ó=NKR=ãLëK
Ü~ìëí=ã~åáÑçäÇK
√ pÉäÑJÅäÉ~åáåÖ=~áê=ÑáäíÉê=áå=íÜÉ=ëìÅíáçå=ëé~ÅÉ=EêÉJ
få= áåíÉêãáííÉåíäó= çê= éÉêã~åÉåíäó= ~êÅáíáÅ= ëÉêîáÅÉ=
èìáêÉÇ= Ñçê= Çìëíä~ÇÉå= ~áêI= ÉKÖK= ÅÉãÉåíI= çêÉ= çê=
EÇÉÑáåÉÇ=~ëW=~áê=áåí~âÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=
Öê~áå=Å~êêáÉêFI=ïáíÜ=~=ãÉÇáìã=ÇÉÖêÉÉ=çÑ=ëÉé~J
ÄÉäçï= HRø=`F= ëéÉÅá~ä= ãÉ~ëìêÉë= ~êÉ= åÉÅÉëë~êó=
ê~íáçåI=~í=äÉ~ëí=dQ=~ÅÅK=afk=bk=TTVK
ÇÉéÉåÇáåÖ= çå= íÜÉ= éçëëáÄäÉ= ãáåáãìã= ~áê= áåí~âÉ=
√ pìÑÑáÅáÉåí=ëé~ÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=áåí~âÉ=éçáåí=~åÇ= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉK==cçê=ÑìêíÜÉê=áåÑçêã~íáçå=ëÉÉ=?`Ü~éJ
íÜÉ= çéÉåáåÖë= çÑ= ÉñÜ~ìëí= ~áê= ÇìÅíë= Ñêçã= íÜÉ= íÉê= OKNKU= båÖáåÉ= çéÉê~íáçå= ìåÇÉê= ~êÅíáÅ= ÅçåÇáJ
ÉåÖáåÉ= ~åÇ= ëÉé~ê~íçê= êççã= ~ë= ïÉää= ~ë= îÉåí= íáçåëI=é~ÖÉ=OJRV?K=fÑ=åÉÅÉëë~êóI=ëíÉ~ã=ÜÉ~íÉÇ=~áê=
éáéÉë=Ñêçã=äìÄÉ=çáä=~åÇ=ÑìÉä=çáä=í~åâë=~åÇ=íÜÉ= éêÉÜÉ~íÉêë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇK
~áê= áåí~âÉ= äçìîêÉëK= EqÜÉ= áåÑäìÉåÅÉ= çÑ= ïáåÇë=
cçê= íÜÉ= êÉèìáêÉÇ= ÅçãÄìëíáçå= ~áê= èì~åíáíóI= ëÉÉ=
ãìëí=ÄÉ=í~âÉå=áåíç=ÅçåëáÇÉê~íáçåFK
ÅÜ~éíÉê= ?mä~ååáåÖ= Ç~í~= Ñçê= Éãáëëáçå= ëí~åÇ~êÇ=
√ mçëáíáçåáåÖ= çÑ= ÉåÖáåÉ= êççã= Çççêë= çå= íÜÉ= fjl=qáÉê=ff?K=`êçëëJëÉÅíáçåë=çÑ=~áê=ëìééäó=ÇìÅíë=
ëÜáéDë=ÇÉÅâ=ëç=íÜ~í=åç=çáäJä~ÇÉå=~áê=~åÇ=ï~êã= ~êÉ= íç= ÄÉ= ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ= íç= çÄí~áå= íÜÉ= ÑçääçïáåÖ= ~áê=
ÉåÖáåÉ= êççã= ~áê= ïáää= ÄÉ= Çê~ïå= áå= ïÜÉå= íÜÉ= Ñäçï=îÉäçÅáíáÉëW
Çççêë=~êÉ=çéÉåK
J j~áå=ÇìÅíë=U=Ó=NO=ãLë
√ ^êê~åÖáåÖ= íÜÉ= ëÉé~ê~íçê= ëí~íáçå= ~í= ~= ëìÑÑáJ
J pÉÅçåÇ~êó=ÇìÅíë=ã~ñK=U=ãLëK
ÅáÉåíäó=ä~êÖÉ=Çáëí~åÅÉ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉêëK
^áê=Ñ~åë=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=ëç=~ë=íç=ã~áåí~áå=~=
qÜÉ=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=~áê=áë=åçêã~ääó=Çê~ïå=áå=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=
éçëáíáîÉ=~áê=éêÉëëìêÉ=çÑ=RM=m~=ER=ããt`F=áå=íÜÉ=
ÉåÖáåÉ=êççãK
ÉåÖáåÉ=êççãK
MSMSJMNMNj^KÑã
aJ_^ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=NMP
SKS=båÖáåÉ=êççã=îÉåíáä~íáçå=~åÇ=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=~áê==
o~Çá~åí=ÜÉ~í
qÜÉ= ÜÉ~í= ê~Çá~íÉÇ= Ñêçã= íÜÉ= ã~áå= ~åÇ= ~ìñáäá~êó=
ÉåÖáåÉëI=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=ã~åáÑçäÇëI=ï~ëíÉ=ÜÉ~í=
ÄçáäÉêëI= ëáäÉåÅÉêëI= ÖÉåÉê~íçêëI= ÅçãéêÉëëçêëI=
ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä= ÉèìáéãÉåíI= ëíÉ~ã= ~åÇ= ÅçåÇÉåë~íÉ=
éáéÉëI=ÜÉ~íÉÇ=í~åâë=~åÇ=çíÜÉê=~ìñáäá~êáÉë=áë=~ÄJ
ëçêÄÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=êççã=~áêK
qÜÉ=~ãçìåí=çÑ=~áê=s=êÉèìáêÉÇ=íç=Å~êêó=çÑÑ=íÜáë=ê~J
Çá~åí=ÜÉ~í=Å~å=ÄÉ=Å~äÅìä~íÉÇ=~ë=ÑçääçïëW
n
s = -------------------------------
í  Åé  í
s ^áê=êÉèìáêÉÇ=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K ã³LÜ
n eÉ~í=íç=ÄÉ=Çáëëáé~íÉÇ=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= âgLÜ
í ^áê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=êáëÉ=áå=ÉåÖáåÉ=êççã=ENM=Ó=NOKRF =K=K=K ø`
Åé péÉÅáÑáÅ=ÜÉ~í=Å~é~Åáíó=çÑ=~áê=ENKMNF=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=âgLâÖâ
í ^áê=ÇÉåëáíó=~í=PR=ø`=ENKNRF K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=âÖLã³
sÉåíáä~íçê=Å~é~Åáíó
qÜÉ=Å~é~Åáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=~áê=îÉåíáä~íçêë=EïáíÜçìí=ëÉé~J
ê~íçê=êççãF=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ä~êÖÉ=ÉåçìÖÜ=íç=ÅçîÉêW
√ qÜÉ=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=~áê=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=çÑ=~ää=ÅçåJ
ëìãÉêëK
√ qÜÉ= ~áê= êÉèìáêÉÇ= Ñçê= Å~êêóáåÖ= çÑÑ= íÜÉ= ê~Çá~åí=
ÜÉ~íK
^= êìäÉJçÑJíÜìãÄ= ~ééäáÅ~ÄäÉ= íç= éä~åíë= çéÉê~íáåÖ=
çå=ÜÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=áë=OM=Ó=OQ=ãPLâtÜK
MSMSJMNMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=NMQ aJ_^
SKTKN=dÉåÉê~ä=áåÑçêã~íáçå==
SKT bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=ëóëíÉã
SKTKN dÉåÉê~ä=áåÑçêã~íáçå
i~óçìí √ qÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=éáéáåÖ=áë=íç=ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇ=ïáíÜ=ï~J
íÉê= Çê~áåëI= ïÜáÅÜ= ~êÉ= íç= ÄÉ= âÉéí= Åçåëí~åíäó=
^ë=íÜÉ=Ñäçï=êÉëáëí~åÅÉ=áå=íÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=ëóëíÉã=Ü~ë=
çéÉåÉÇ=Ñçê=Çê~áåáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÅçåÇÉåë~íáçå=ï~íÉê=
~= îÉêó= ä~êÖÉ= áåÑäìÉåÅÉ= çå= íÜÉ= ÑìÉä= Åçåëìãéíáçå=
çê=éçëëáÄäÉ=äÉ~â=ï~íÉê=Ñêçã=ÄçáäÉêëK
~åÇ=íÜÉ=íÜÉêã~ä=äç~Ç=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉI=íÜÉ=íçí~ä=êÉJ
ëáëí~åÅÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=ëóëíÉã=ãìëí=åçí=ÉñJ √ aìêáåÖ= ÅçããáëëáçåáåÖ= ~åÇ= ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ=
ÅÉÉÇ=PM=ãÄ~êK ïçêâI= ÅÜÉÅâáåÖ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÉñÜ~ìëí= Ö~ë= ÅçìåíÉê=
éêÉëëìêÉ=Äó=ãÉ~åë=çÑ=~=íÉãéçê~êáäó=ÅçååÉÅíJ
mÉêãáëëáÄäÉ=î~äìÉë=Ñçê=ëéÉÅá~ä=Å~ëÉë=éäÉ~ëÉ=ÅçåJ
ÉÇ= ãÉ~ëìêáåÖ= ÇÉîáÅÉ= ã~ó= ÄÉÅçãÉ= åÉÅÉëJ
í~Åí=j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄçK
ë~êóK=cçê=íÜáë=éìêéçëÉI=~=ãÉ~ëìêáåÖ=ëçÅâÉí=áë=
qÜÉ= éáéÉ= Çá~ãÉíÉê= íç= ÄÉ= ëÉäÉÅíÉÇ= ÇÉéÉåÇë= çå= íç=ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇ=~ééêçñK=N=Ó=O=ã=~ÑíÉê=íÜÉ=ÉñJ
íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=çìíéìíI=íÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=îçäìãÉI=íÜÉ= Ü~ìëí= Ö~ë= çìíäÉí= çÑ= íÜÉ= íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê= ~í= ~å=
äÉåÖíÜ=~åÇ=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=éáéáåÖ=~ë=ïÉää=~ë= É~ëáäó= ~ÅÅÉéí~åÅÉ= éä~ÅÉK= rëì~ä= éêÉëëìêÉ=
íÜÉ=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=ÄÉåÇëK=pÜ~êé=ÄÉåÇë=êÉëìäí=áå=îÉêó= ãÉ~ëìêáåÖ=ÇÉîáÅÉë=êÉèìáêÉ=~=ãÉ~ëìêáåÖ=ëçÅâJ
ÜáÖÜ= Ñäçï= êÉëáëí~åÅÉ= ~åÇ= ëÜçìäÇ= íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ= ÄÉ= Éí=ëáòÉ=çÑ=NLO?K=qÜáë=ãÉ~ëìêáåÖ=ëçÅâÉí=áë=íç=ÄÉ=
~îçáÇÉÇK=fÑ=åÉÅÉëë~êóI=éáéÉ=ÄÉåÇë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=éêçJ éêçîáÇÉÇ=~ë=íç=ÉåëìêÉ=ìíáäáë~íáçå=ïáíÜçìí=~åó=
îáÇÉÇ=ïáíÜ=Å~ëÅ~ÇÉëK Ç~ã~ÖÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=éáéÉ=áåëìä~íáçåK
tÉ=êÉÅçããÉåÇ=~=ÖìáÇÉäáåÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=
îÉäçÅáíó=áå=íÜÉ=éáéÉ=çÑ=QM=ãLëK
fåëí~ää~íáçå
tÜÉå=áåëí~ääáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=ëóëíÉãI=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïJ
áåÖ=éçáåíë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=çÄëÉêîÉÇW
√ qÜÉ= ÉñÜ~ìëí= éáéÉë= çÑ= íïç= çê= ãçêÉ= ÉåÖáåÉë=
ãìëí=åçí=ÄÉ=àçáåÉÇK
√ qÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=éáéÉë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=~ÄäÉ=íç=Éñé~åÇK=
qÜÉ=Éñé~åëáçå=àçáåíë=íç=ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜáë=
éìêéçëÉ= ~êÉ= íç= ÄÉ= ãçìåíÉÇ= ÄÉíïÉÉå= ÑáñÉÇJ
éçáåí=éáéÉ=ëìééçêíë=áåëí~ääÉÇ=áå=ëìáí~ÄäÉ=éçëáJ
íáçåëK=låÉ=ëíìêÇó=ÑáñÉÇJéçáåí=ëìééçêí=ãìëí=ÄÉ=
éêçîáÇÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=Éñé~åëáçå=àçáåí=çå=íÜÉ=íìêÄçJ
ÅÜ~êÖÉêK=fí=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=éçëáíáçåÉÇI=áÑ=éçëëáÄäÉI=
áããÉÇá~íÉäó=~ÄçîÉ=íÜÉ=Éñé~åëáçå=àçáåí=áå=çêJ
ÇÉê= íç= éêÉîÉåí= íÜÉ= íê~åëãáëëáçå= çÑ= ÑçêÅÉë= íç=
íÜÉ= íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉêI= êÉëìäíáåÖ= Ñêçã= íÜÉ= ïÉáÖÜíI=
íÜÉêã~ä=Éñé~åëáçå=çê=ä~íÉê~ä=Çáëéä~ÅÉãÉåí=çÑ=
íÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=éáéáåÖK
√ qÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=éáéáåÖ=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=Éä~ëíáÅ~ääó=ÜìåÖ=
çê=ëìééçêíÉÇ=Äó=ãÉ~åë=çÑ=Ç~ãéÉêë=áå=çêÇÉê=
íç= âÉÉé= íÜÉ= íê~åëãáëëáçå= çÑ= ëçìåÇ= íç= çíÜÉê=
MSMTJMNMNj^KÑã
é~êíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÜáé=íç=~=ãáåáãìãK
aJ^b ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=NMR
SKTKN=dÉåÉê~ä=áåÑçêã~íáçå==
MSMTJMNMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=NMS aJ^b
SKTKO=`çãéçåÉåíë=~åÇ=~ëëÉãÄäáÉë==
SKTKO `çãéçåÉåíë=~åÇ=~ëëÉãÄäáÉë
jçÇÉ=çÑ=çéÉê~íáçå
qÜÉ=ëáäÉåÅÉê=çéÉê~íÉë=çå=íÜÉ=~Äëçêéíáçå=éêáåÅáJ
éäÉ=ïÜáÅÜ=ãÉ~åë=íÜ~í=áí=áë=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=áå=~=ïáÇÉ=ÑêÉJ
èìÉåÅó=Ä~åÇK=qÜÉ=Ñäçï=é~íÜI=ïÜáÅÜ=êìåë=íÜêçìÖÜ=
íÜÉ=ëáäÉåÅÉê=áå=~=ëíê~áÖÜí=äáåÉI=ÉåëìêÉë=çéíáãìã=
åçáëÉ=êÉÇìÅíáçå=ïáíÜ=ãáåáãìã=Ñäçï=êÉëáëí~åÅÉK
fåëí~ää~íáçå
fÑ= éçëëáÄäÉI= íÜÉ= ëáäÉåÅÉê= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= áåëí~ääÉÇ= íçJ
ï~êÇë=íÜÉ=ÉåÇ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=äáåÉX=íÜÉ=Éñ~Åí=éçJ
ëáíáçå= Å~å= ÄÉ= ~Ç~éíÉÇ= íç= íÜÉ= ëé~ÅÉ= ~î~áä~ÄäÉ=
EÑêçã=îÉêíáÅ~ä=íç=Üçêáòçåí~äFK=få=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=ëáäÉåÅÉêë=
ïáíÜ=ëé~êâ=~êêÉëíÉêI=áí=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÉåëìêÉÇ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=
ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=éçêíë=~êÉ=~ÅÅÉëëáÄäÉK
fåëìä~íáçå
qÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=éáéÉ=ëóëíÉã=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=áåëìä~íÉÇ=
íç=êÉÇìÅÉ=íÜÉ=ã~ñáãìã=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=íç=
íÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=äÉîÉä=~åÇ=íç=~îçáÇ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=ÄÉJ
äçï=íÜÉ=ÇÉï=éçáåíK=pç=íÜÉ=ÅçãéäÉíÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=
ëóëíÉã= EÑêçã= çìíäÉí= çÑ= íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉêI= ëáäÉåÅÉêI=
ÄçáäÉê=íç=çìíäÉí=ëí~ÅâF=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ëìÑÑáÅáÉåíäó=áåëìJ
ä~íÉÇI= é~êíáÅìä~êäó= ïÜÉå= ÄìêåáåÖ= çå= ÑìÉäë= ïáíÜ=
ÜáÖÜ=ëìäéÜìê=ÅçåíÉåíK
^äëç=íç=~îçáÇ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=ÄÉäçï=íÜÉ=ÇÉï=éçáåíI=
íÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=éáéáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=çìíëáÇÉI=áåÅäìÇáåÖ=
ÄçáäÉê=~åÇ=ëáäÉåÅÉêI=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=áåëìä~íÉÇ=íç=~îçáÇ=
áåíÉåëáÑáÉÇ= Åçêêçëáçå= ~åÇ= ëççí= ÇÉéçëáíë= çå= íÜÉ=
áåíÉêáçê=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=éáéÉK=få=Å~ëÉ=
çÑ=Ñ~ëí=äç~Ç=ÅÜ~åÖÉëI=ëìÅÜ=ÇÉéçëáíë=ãáÖÜí=Ñä~âÉ=
çÑÑ=~åÇ=ÄÉ= Éåíê~áåÉÇ= Äó=ÉñÜ~ìëí=áå=íÜÉ=Ñçêã=çÑ=
ëççí=Ñä~âÉëK
qÜÉ=êÉÅí~åÖìä~ê=Ñä~åÖÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçå=çå=íÜÉ=íìêÄçJ
ÅÜ~êÖÉê= çìíäÉíI= ~ë= ïÉää= ~ë= íÜÉ= ~ÇàÉÅÉåí= êçìåÇ=
Ñä~åÖÉë= çÑ= íÜÉ= ~Ç~éíçêI= ãìëí= ~äëç= ÄÉ= ÅçîÉêÉÇ=
ïáíÜ=áåëìä~íáåÖ=Åçää~êëI=Ñçê=êÉ~ëçåë=çÑ=ë~ÑÉíóK
fåëìä~íáçå=~åÇ=ÅçîÉêáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅçãéÉåë~íçê=ã~ó=
åçí=êÉëíêáÅí=áíë=ÑêÉÉÇçã=çÑ=ãçîÉãÉåíK
qÜÉ= êÉäÉî~åí= éêçîáëáçåë= ÅçåÅÉêåáåÖ= ~ÅÅáÇÉåí=
éêÉîÉåíáçå=~åÇ=íÜçëÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=ëçÅáÉJ
íáÉë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=çÄëÉêîÉÇK
MSMTJMOMNj^KÑã
aJâ ==m~ÖÉ=S=J=NMT
SKTKO=`çãéçåÉåíë=~åÇ=~ëëÉãÄäáÉë==
MSMTJMOMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=S=J=NMU aJâ
T ^ìñáäá~êó=ãçÇìäÉë=~åÇ=ëóëíÉã=ÅçãéçåÉåíë
h~éáíÉäíáíÉä=T=jKÑã
= m~ÖÉ=T=J=N
=m~ÖÉ=T=J=O
h~éáíÉäíáíÉä=T=jKÑã
^ìñáäá~êó=ãçÇìäÉë=~åÇ=ëóëíÉã=ÅçãéçåÉåíë
TKNKN=kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ãçÇìäÉ=
TKN ^ìñáäá~êó=ãçÇìäÉë
TKNKN kçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ãçÇìäÉ
MTMSJMNMNj^KÑã
cáÖìêÉ=TJPU bñ~ãéäÉ=W=`çãé~Åí=åçòòäÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ãçÇìäÉ
eJ^f ==m~ÖÉ=T=J=P
TKNKO=mêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=ãçÇìäÉ=
TKNKO mêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=ãçÇìäÉ
cáÖìêÉ=TJPV bñ~ãéäÉ=W=`çãé~Åí=éêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ãçÇìäÉ
MTMSJMNMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=T=J=Q =eJ^f
TKOKN=iìÄÉ=çáä=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉê=
TKO póëíÉã=ÅçãéçåÉåíë
TKOKN iìÄÉ=çáä=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉê
cáÖìêÉ=TJQM bñ~ãéäÉ=W=iìÄÉ=çáä=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÑáäíÉê
MTMSJMNMNj^KÑã
eJ^f ==m~ÖÉ=T=J=R
TKOKO=iìÄÉ=çáä=ÇçìÄäÉ=ÑáäíÉê=
TKOKO iìÄÉ=çáä=ÇçìÄäÉ=ÑáäíÉê
cáÖìêÉ=TJQN bñ~ãéäÉ=W=iìÄÉ=çáä=ÇçìÄäÉ=ÑáäíÉê=
MTMSJMNMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=T=J=S =eJ^f
U båÖáåÉ=êççã=éä~ååáåÖ
h~éáíÉäíáíÉä=V=jKÑã
m~ÖÉ=U=J=N
m~ÖÉ=U=J=O
h~éáíÉäíáíÉä=V=jKÑã
båÖáåÉ=êççã=éä~ååáåÖ
UKNKN=dÉåÉê~ä=ÇÉí~áäë=
UKN fåëí~ää~íáçå=~åÇ=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí
UKNKN dÉåÉê~ä=ÇÉí~áäë
^é~êí=Ñêçã=~=ÑìåÅíáçå~ä=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅçãJ kçíÉ>
éçåÉåíëI=íÜÉ=ëÜáéó~êÇ=áë=íç=éêçîáÇÉ=Ñçê=~å=ÉåÖáåÉ=
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=ëìééäáÉÇ=ëÅçéÉ=áë=íç=ÄÉ=~êJ
êççã= ä~óçìí= ÉåëìêáåÖ= ÖççÇ= ~ÅÅÉëëáÄáäáíó= çÑ= íÜÉ=
ê~åÖÉÇ=~åÇ=ÑáñÉÇ=Äó=éêçîÉå=íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅJ
ÅçãéçåÉåíë=Ñçê=ëÉêîáÅáåÖK
Éë=~ë=éÉê=ëí~íÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=~êíK=qÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=íÜÉ=íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=
qÜÉ=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅççäÉê=íìÄÉ=ÄìåÇäÉI=íÜÉ=ÉãéJ êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=Ü~îÉ=íç=ÄÉ=í~âÉå=áå=ÅçåëáÇÉê~íáçå=
íóáåÖ=çÑ=ÑáäíÉê=ÅÜ~ãÄÉêë=~åÇ=ëìÄëÉèìÉåí=ÅäÉ~åJ ~ë=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ÇçÅìãÉåíë=ëìÄëÉJ
áåÖ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ëíê~áåÉê= ÉäÉãÉåíëI= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ÉãéíóáåÖ= èìÉåíá~äW
~åÇ=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=çÑ=í~åâë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=éçëëáÄäÉ=ïáíÜçìí=
√ lêÇÉê=êÉä~íÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉÉêáåÖ=ÇçÅìãÉåíëK
~åó=éêçÄäÉã=ïÜÉåÉîÉê=êÉèìáêÉÇK
√ fåëí~ää~íáçå= ÇçÅìãÉåíë= çÑ= çìê= ëìÄëìééäáÉêë=
^ää=çÑ=íÜÉ=çéÉåáåÖë=Ñçê=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=çå=íÜÉ=ÉåíáêÉ=ìåáíI=
Ñçê=îÉåÇçê=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=ÉèìáéãÉåíK
áåÅäìÇáåÖ= íÜçëÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÉñÜ~ìëí= ëáäÉåÅÉêëI= ãìëí=
ÄÉ=~ÅÅÉëëáÄäÉK √ léÉê~íáåÖ= ã~åì~äë= Ñçê= ÇáÉëÉä= ÉåÖáåÉë= ~åÇ=
~ìñáäá~êáÉëK
qÜÉêÉ=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ëìÑÑáÅáÉåí=ÑêÉÉ=ëé~ÅÉ=Ñçê=íÉãéçJ
ê~êó=ëíçê~ÖÉ=çÑ=éáëíçåëI=Å~ãëÜ~ÑíëI=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë= √ mêçàÉÅí=dìáÇÉë=çÑ=j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄçK
íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉêë=ÉíÅK=ÇáëãçìåíÉÇ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉK= ^åó= ÇÉîá~íáçåë= Ñêçã= íÜÉ= éêáåÅáéäÉë= ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ= áå=
^ÇÇáíáçå~ä=ëé~ÅÉ=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ= íÜÉ= ~KãK= ÇçÅìãÉåíë= éêçîáÇÉë= ~= éêÉîáçìë= ~éJ
éÉêëçååÉäK=qÜÉ=é~åÉäë=áå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ëáÇÉë=Ñçê=áåJ éêçî~ä=Äó=ìëK
ëéÉÅíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÄÉ~êáåÖë=~åÇ=êÉãçî~ä=çÑ=ÅçãéçJ
åÉåíë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=~ÅÅÉëëáÄäÉ=ïáíÜçìí=í~âáåÖ=ìé=Ñäççê= ^êê~åÖÉãÉåíë=Ñçê=Ñáñáí~íáçå=~åÇLçê=ëìééçêíáåÖ=çÑ=
éä~íÉë=çê=ÇáëÅçååÉÅíáåÖ=ëìééäó=äáåÉë=~åÇ=éáéáåÖK= éä~åí=êÉä~íÉÇ=ÉèìáéãÉåí=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ëÅçéÉ=
cêÉÉ=ëé~ÅÉ=Ñçê=áåëí~ää~íáçå=çÑ=~=íçêëáçå~ä=îáÄê~íáçå= ëìééäáÉÇ=Äó=ìëI=åçí=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=~KãK=ÇçÅìJ
ãÉíÉê=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇ=~í=íÜÉ=Åê~åâëÜ~Ñí=ÉåÇK ãÉåíë=~åÇ=åçí=~ÖêÉÉÇ=ïáíÜ=ìë=~êÉ=åçí=~ääçïÉÇK=
^= îÉêó= áãéçêí~åí= éçáåí= áë= íÜ~í= íÜÉêÉ= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= cçê=Ç~ã~ÖÉë=ÇìÉ=íç=ëìÅÜ=~êê~åÖÉãÉåíë=ïÉ=ïáää=
ÉåçìÖÜ=êççã=Ñçê=ëíçêáåÖ=~åÇ=Ü~åÇäáåÖ=îáí~ä=ëé~êÉ= åçí=í~âÉ=çîÉê=~åó=êÉëéçåëáÄáäáíóK
é~êíë=ëç=íÜ~í=êÉéä~ÅÉãÉåíë=Å~å=ÄÉ=ã~ÇÉ=ïáíÜçìí=
äçëë=çÑ=íáãÉK
få=éä~ååáåÖ=ã~êáåÉ=áåëí~ää~íáçåë=ïáíÜ=íïç=çê=ãçêÉ=
ÉåÖáåÉë= ÇêáîáåÖ= çåÉ= éêçéÉääÉê= ëÜ~Ñí= íÜêçìÖÜ= ~=
ãìäíáJÉåÖáåÉ= íê~åëãáëëáçå= ÖÉ~êI= éêçîáëáçå= ãìëí=
ÄÉ=ã~ÇÉ=Ñçê=~=ãáåáãìã=ÅäÉ~ê~åÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=
ÉåÖáåÉë=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=íÜÉ=Åê~åâÅ~ëÉ=é~åÉäë=çÑ=É~ÅÜ=
ãìëí= ÄÉ= ~ÅÅÉëëáÄäÉK= jçêÉçîÉêI= íÜÉêÉ= ãìëí= ÄÉ=
ÑêÉÉ=ëé~ÅÉ=çå=ÄçíÜ=ëáÇÉë=çÑ=É~ÅÜ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Ñçê=êÉJ
ãçîáåÖ=éáëíçåë=çê=ÅóäáåÇÉê=äáåÉêëK
MVMNJMNMNj^KÑã
dJ^c ==m~ÖÉ=U=J=P
UKNKN=dÉåÉê~ä=ÇÉí~áäë=
MVMNJMNMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=U=J=Q dJ^c
UKNKO=fåëí~ää~íáçå=Çê~ïáåÖë=
UKNKO fåëí~ää~íáçå=Çê~ïáåÖë
båÖáåÉ=SiPOLQQò
MVMNJMNMPjnÅêffKÑã
cáÖìêÉ=UJN fåëí~ää~íáçå=Çê~ïáåÖ=SiPOLQQò=Ó=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=çå=ÇêáîáåÖ=ÉåÇ
^J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=U=J=R

båÖáåÉ=SiPOLQQò
cáÖìêÉ=UJO fåëí~ää~íáçå=Çê~ïáåÖ=SiPOLQQò=Ó=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=çå=ÑêÉÉ=ÉåÇ
=m~ÖÉ=U=J=S POLQQò ^J_^

båÖáåÉ=TiI=UiI=ViI=NMiPOLQQò
cáÖìêÉ=UJP fåëí~ää~íáçå=Çê~ïáåÖ=iPOLQQ=ò=Ó=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=çå=ÇêáîáåÖ=ÉåÇ
^J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=U=J=T

båÖáåÉ=TiI=UiI=ViI=NMiPOLQQò
=
cáÖìêÉ=UJQ fåëí~ää~íáçå=Çê~ïáåÖ=iPOLQQò=Ó=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=çå=ÑêÉÉ=ÉåÇ
=m~ÖÉ=U=J=U POLQQò ^J_^

båÖáåÉ=NOsPOLQQò
cáÖìêÉ=UJR fåëí~ää~íáçå=Çê~ïáåÖ=NOsPOLQQò=Ó=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=çå=ÇêáîáåÖ=ÉåÇ
^J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=U=J=V

båÖáåÉ=NOsPOLQQò=
=
cáÖìêÉ=UJS fåëí~ää~íáçå=Çê~ïáåÖ=NOsPOLQQò=Ó=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=çå=ÑêÉÉ=ÉåÇ
=m~ÖÉ=U=J=NM POLQQò ^J_^

båÖáåÉ=NQsI=NSsI=NUsI=OMsPOLQQò=
cáÖìêÉ=UJT fåëí~ää~íáçå=Çê~ïáåÖ=sPOLQQò=Ó=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=çå=ÇêáîáåÖ=ÉåÇ
^J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=U=J=NN

båÖáåÉ=NQsI=NSsI=NUsI=OMsPOLQQò=
cáÖìêÉ=UJU fåëí~ää~íáçå=Çê~ïáåÖ=sPOLQQò=Ó=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=çå=ÑêÉÉ=ÉåÇ
=m~ÖÉ=U=J=NO POLQQò ^J_^

UKNKP=oÉãçî~ä=ÇáãÉåëáçåë=çÑ=éáëíçå=~åÇ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=äáåÉê=
UKNKP oÉãçî~ä=ÇáãÉåëáçåë=çÑ=éáëíçå=~åÇ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=äáåÉê=
eÉ~îáÉëí=é~êí=Z=SMM=âÖ=EÅóäáåÇÉê=ÜÉ~Ç=ÅçãéäÉíÉF
iáÑíáåÖ=Å~é~Åáíó=çÑ=Åê~åÉ=Z=NIMMM=âÖ
cáÖìêÉ=UJV iáÑíáåÖ=çÑÑ=íÜÉ=êçÅâÉê=~êã=Å~ëáåÖ=iPOLQQò
PMTT tÜÉå=Å~êêóáåÖ=íÜÉ=é~êíë=~ï~ó=~äçåÖ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~ñáë=çîÉê=íÜÉ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=ÜÉ~ÇëK
OVON tÜÉå=Å~êêóáåÖ=íÜÉ=é~êíë=íçï~êÇë=íÜÉ=ÅçìåíÉê=ÉñÜ~ìëí=ëáÇÉ=çê=ÉñÜ~ìëí=ëáÇÉK
OVTS
q~ÄäÉ=UJRN iÉÖÉåÇ=íç=äáÑíáåÖ=çÑÑ=íÜÉ=êçÅâÉê=~êã=Å~ëáåÖ=iPOLQQò
MVMNJMNMRjnÅêffKÑã
`J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=U=J=NP

cáÖìêÉ=UJNM iáÑíáåÖ=çÑÑ==íÜÉ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=ÜÉ~Ç=iPOLQQò
PPOO tÜÉå=Å~êêóáåÖ=íÜÉ=é~êíë=~ï~ó=~äçåÖ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~ñáë=çîÉê=íÜÉ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=ÜÉ~ÇëK
PNTM tÜÉå=Å~êêóáåÖ=íÜÉ=é~êíë=íçï~êÇë=íÜÉ=ÅçìåíÉê=ÉñÜ~ìëí=ëáÇÉ=çê=ÉñÜ~ìëí=ëáÇÉK
PMQR
q~ÄäÉ=UJRO iÉÖÉåÇ=íç=äáÑíáåÖ=çÑÑ=íÜÉ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=ÜÉ~Ç=iPOLQQò
=m~ÖÉ=U=J=NQ POLQQò `J_^

cáÖìêÉ=UJNN máëíçå=êÉãçî~ä=iPOLQQò
PSUM tÜÉå=Å~êêóáåÖ=~ï~ó=~äçåÖ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~ñáë=çîÉê=íÜÉ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=ÜÉ~ÇëK
OUUM tÜÉå=êÉîçãáåÖ=íçï~êÇë=íÜÉ=ÅçìåíÉê=ÉñÜ~ìëí=ëáÇÉ=çê=íÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=ëáÇÉK
PQNM
q~ÄäÉ=UJRP iÉÖÉåÇ=íç=éáëíçå=êÉãçî~ä=iPOLQQò
`J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=U=J=NR

cáÖìêÉ=UJNO `óäáåÇÉê=äáåÉê=êÉãçî~ä=iPOLQQò
PNPM tÜÉå=Å~êêóáåÖ=~ï~ó=~äçåÖ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~ñáë=çîÉê=íÜÉ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=ÜÉ~ÇëK
OVSR tÜÉå=êÉîçãáåÖ=íçï~êÇë=íÜÉ=ÅçìåíÉê=ÉñÜ~ìëí=ëáÇÉ=çê=íÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=ëáÇÉK
OURO
q~ÄäÉ=UJRQ iÉÖÉåÇ=íç=ÅóäáåÇÉê=äáåÉê=êÉãçî~ä=iPOLQQò
=m~ÖÉ=U=J=NS POLQQò `J_^

cáÖìêÉ=UJNP oÉãçî~ä=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=iPOLQQò
`J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=U=J=NT

cáÖìêÉ=UJNQ iáÑíáåÖ=çÑÑ=íÜÉ=êçÅâÉê=~êã=Å~ëáåÖ=~åÇ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=ÜÉ~Ç=sPOLQQò
OUMM tÜÉå=Å~êêóáåÖ=íÜÉ=é~êíë=~ï~ó=~äçåÖ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~ñáë=çîÉê=íÜÉ=êçÅâÉê=~êã=Å~ëáåÖK
PMMM
ORSM tÜÉå=êÉãçîáåÖ=íÜÉ=é~êíë=íçï~êÇë=íÜÉ=ëáÇÉK
OUMM
q~ÄäÉ=UJRR iÉÖÉåÇ=íç=äáÑíáåÖ=çÑÑ=íÜÉ=êçÅâÉê=~êã=Å~ëáåÖ=~åÇ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=ÜÉ~Ç=sPOLQQò
=m~ÖÉ=U=J=NU POLQQò `J_^

cáÖìêÉ=UJNR máëíçå=êÉãçî~ä=sPOLQQò
PQMM tÜÉå=Å~êêóáåÖ=~ï~ó=~äçåÖ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~ñáë=çîÉê=íÜÉ=êçÅâÉê=~êã=Å~ëáåÖK
OSTM tÜÉå=êÉîçãáåÖ=íçï~êÇë=íÜÉ=ëáÇÉK
PMSM eÉáÖÜí=Åê~åÉ=Üççâ
OSTM jáåáãìã=ÜÉáÖÜí=Åê~åÉ=Üççâ
q~ÄäÉ=UJRS iÉÖÉåÇ=íç=éáëíçå=êÉãçî~ä=sPOLQQò
`J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=U=J=NV

cáÖìêÉ=UJNS `óäáåÇÉê=äáåÉê=êÉãçî~ä=sPOLQQò
PPMM tÜÉå=Å~êêóáåÖ=~ï~ó=~äçåÖ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~ñáë=çîÉê=íÜÉ=êçÅâÉê=~êã=Å~ëáåÖK
PMSM tÜÉå=êÉîçãáåÖ=íçï~êÇë=íÜÉ=ëáÇÉK
q~ÄäÉ=UJRT iÉÖÉåÇ=íç=ÅóäáåÇÉê=äáåÉê=êÉãçî~ä=sPOLQQò
=m~ÖÉ=U=J=OM POLQQò `J_^

cáÖìêÉ=UJNT `óäáåÇÉê=äáåÉê=êÉãçî~ä==ÅçåÑáåÉÇ=ëé~ÅÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=sPOLQQò
OSTM tÜÉå=êÉãçîáåÖ=íçï~êÇë=íÜÉ=ëáÇÉ=Eíïç=ÅóäáåÇÉê=ÜÉ~Ç=Äçäíë=~êÉ=êÉãçîÉÇFK
q~ÄäÉ=UJRU iÉÖÉåÇ=íç=ÅóäáåÇÉê=äáåÉê=êÉãçî~ä=ÅçåÑáåÉÇ=ëé~ÅÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=sPOLQQò
`J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=U=J=ON

cáÖìêÉ=UJNU oÉãçî~ä=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=sPOLQQò
PQMM tÜÉå=Å~êêóáåÖ=~ï~ó=~äçåÖ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~ñáë=çîÉê=íÜÉ=êçÅâÉê=~êã=Å~ëáåÖK
OSTM tÜÉå=êÉîçãáåÖ=íçï~êÇë=íÜÉ=ëáÇÉK
q~ÄäÉ=UJRV iÉÖÉåÇ=íç=êÉãçî~ä=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=sPOLQQò
=m~ÖÉ=U=J=OO POLQQò `J_^

UKNKQ=`çãé~êáëçå=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~êê~åÖÉãÉåíë=
UKNKQ `çãé~êáëçå=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~êê~åÖÉãÉåíë
cáÖìêÉ 8-19a CÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=êÉãçî~ä=ëáÇÉï~êÇë=Ó=ìéï~êÇëX=iPOLQQò

MVMNJMNMTjnÅêffKÑã
`J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=U=J=OP

==
Figure8-19b `Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=êÉãçî~ä=ëáÇÉï~êÇë=Ó=ìéï~êÇëX=sPOLQQò
=m~ÖÉ=U=J=OQ POLQQò `J_^

==
cáÖìêÉ=UJOM `Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=êÉãçî~ä=ëáÇÉï~êÇë=Ó=ìéï~êÇëX=sPOLQQò
`J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=U=J=OR

=m~ÖÉ=U=J=OS POLQQò `J_^

UKNKR=iáÑíáåÖ=~ééäá~åÅÉ==
UKNKR iáÑíáåÖ=~ééäá~åÅÉ
iáÑíáåÖ=ÖÉ~ê=ïáíÜ=î~êóáåÖ=äáÑíáåÖ=Å~é~ÅáíáÉë=~êÉ=íç= åÉåí=íÜ~í=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=äáÑíÉÇ=ÇìêáåÖ=ëÉêîáÅáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=
ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇ=Ñçê=ëÉêîáÅáåÖ=~åÇ=êÉé~áê=ïçêâ=çå=íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉK
ÉåÖáåÉI=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=~åÇ=ÅÜ~êÖÉJ~áê=ÅççäÉêK qÜÉ= çîÉêÜÉ~Ç= íê~îÉääáåÖ= Åê~åÉ= Å~å= ÄÉ= ÅÜçëÉå=
ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=~áÇ=çÑ=íÜÉ=?q~ÄäÉ=UJN=iáÑíáåÖ=Å~é~Åáíó?K
båÖáåÉ
iáÑíáåÖ=Å~é~Åáíó
^å= çîÉêÜÉ~Ç= íê~îÉääáåÖ= Åê~åÉ= áë= êÉèìáêÉÇ= ïÜáÅÜ=
Ü~ë=~=äáÑíáåÖ=éçïÉê=Éèì~ä=íç=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~îáÉëí=ÅçãéçJ
båÖáåÉ=íóéÉ QULSM_
POLQQò POLQM QMLRQ QULSMò RULSQ
RNLSMac
`óäáåÇÉê=ÜÉ~Ç=ïáíÜ=î~äîÉë RSU RSS TUR NINOQ OIOMM
máëíçå=ïáíÜ=ÅçååÉÅíáåÖ=ëÜ~ÑíLÜÉ~Ç OPU OPM PVP TMT VRQ
`óäáåÇÉê=äáåÉê âÖ OMR OMR QSS SSP NINTU
oÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=äáÑíáåÖ=Å~é~Åáíó=çÑ= iZOIMMM
NIMMM NIMMM NIRMM PIMMM
íê~îÉääáåÖ=Åê~åÉ sZOIRMM
q~ÄäÉ=UJN iáÑíáåÖ=Å~é~Åáíó
`ê~åÉ=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí mä~ÅÉë=çÑ=ëíçê~ÖÉ
qÜÉ=ê~áäë=Ñçê=íÜÉ=Åê~åÉ=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ=~êê~åÖÉÇ=áå=ëìÅÜ= få=éä~ååáåÖ=íÜÉ=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=Åê~åÉI=~=ëíçêJ
~=ï~ó=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=Åê~åÉ=Å~å=ÅçîÉê=íÜÉ=ïÜçäÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ= ~ÖÉ=ëé~ÅÉ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=êççã=
ÉåÖáåÉ=ÄÉÖáååáåÖ=~í=íÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=éáéÉK=qÜÉ=Üççâ= Ñçê= íÜÉ= Çáëã~åíäÉÇ= ÉåÖáåÉ= ÅçãéçåÉåíë= ïÜáÅÜ=
éçëáíáçå=ãìëí=êÉ~ÅÜ=~äçåÖ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~ñáëI=é~ëí= Å~å=ÄÉ=êÉ~ÅÜÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=Åê~åÉK=fí=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=Å~é~J
íÜÉ=ÅÉåíêÉäáåÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ä~ëí=ÅóäáåÇÉêI=ëç= ÄäÉ=çÑ=ÜçäÇáåÖ=íïç=êçÅâÉê=~êã=Å~ëáåÖëI=íïç=ÅóäJ
íÜ~í= î~äîÉë= Å~å= ÄÉ= Çáëã~åíäÉÇ= ~åÇ= áåëí~ääÉÇ= áåÇÉê=ÅçîÉêë=~åÇ=íïç=éáëíçåëK=fÑ=íÜÉ=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=~åÇ=
ïáíÜçìí=éìääáåÖ=~í=~å=~åÖäÉK=páãáä~êäóI=íÜÉ=Åê~åÉ= ëÉêîáÅÉ=ïçêâ=áë=íç=ÄÉ=Å~êêáÉÇ=çìí=ÜÉêÉI=~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=
ãìëí=ÄÉ=~ÄäÉ=íç=êÉ~ÅÜ=íÜÉ=íáÉ=êçÇ=~í=íÜÉ=ÉåÇë=çÑ= ëé~ÅÉ= Ñçê= ÅäÉ~åáåÖ= íêçìÖÜë= ~åÇ= ïçêâ= ëìêÑ~ÅÉë=
íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉK=få=Åê~ãéÉÇ=ÅçåÇáíáçåëI=ÉóÉäÉíë=ãìëí= ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=éä~ååÉÇ=ÑçêK
ÄÉ=ïÉäÇÉÇ=ìåÇÉê=íÜÉ=ÇÉÅâ=~ÄçîÉI=íç=~ÅÅçããçJ
Ç~íÉ=~=äáÑíáåÖ=éìääÉóK qê~åëéçêí=íç=íÜÉ=ïçêâëÜçé
qÜÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Åê~åÉ=Å~é~Åáíó=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ= dêáåÇáåÖ=çÑ=î~äîÉ=ÅçåÉë=~åÇ=î~äîÉ=ëÉ~íë=áë=Å~êJ
Äó=íÜÉ=Åê~åÉ=ëìééäáÉêK êáÉÇ= çìí= áå= íÜÉ= ïçêâëÜçé= çê= áå= ~= åÉáÖÜÄçìêáåÖ=
êççãK
`ê~åÉ=ÇÉëáÖå
qê~åëéçêí=ê~áäë=~åÇ=~ééêçéêá~íÉ=äáÑíáåÖ=í~ÅâäÉ=~êÉ=
fí=áë=åÉÅÉëë~êó=íÜ~íW íç= ÄÉ= éêçîáÇÉÇ= Ñçê= íÜÉ= ÑìêíÜÉê= íê~åëéçêí= çÑ= íÜÉ=
ÅçãéäÉíÉ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=ÅçîÉê=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ëíçê~ÖÉ=ëé~ÅÉ=
√ qÜÉêÉ=áë=~å=~êêÉëíáåÖ=ÇÉîáÅÉ=Ñçê=ëÉÅìêáåÖ=íÜÉ=
íç=íÜÉ=ïçêâëÜçéK=cçê=íÜÉ=åÉÅÉëë~êó=ÇÉÅâ=çéÉåJ
Åê~åÉ=ïÜáäÉ=ÜçáëíáåÖ=áÑ=íÜÉêÉ=áë=~=ëÉ~ï~óK
áåÖëI=ëÉÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=Å~ëáåÖK
√ qÜÉêÉ=áë=~=íïçJëí~ÖÉ=äáÑíáåÖ=ëéÉÉÇK
mêÉÅáëáçå=ÜçáëíáåÖ=Z=MKR=ãLãáå
MVMNJMOMNj^KÑã
kçêã~ä=ÜçáëíáåÖ===Z=O=Ó=Q=ãLãáå
dJ^d ==m~ÖÉ=U=J=OT
qìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê
eçáëíáåÖ=ê~áä
^=ÜçáëíáåÖ=ê~áä=ïáíÜ=~=ãçÄáäÉ=íêçääÉó=áë=íç=ÄÉ=éêçJ äáÑíáåÖ= íÜÉ= ~ÄçîÉJãÉåíáçåÉÇ= é~êíë= EëÉÉ= íÜÉ= ÑçäJ
îáÇÉÇ= çîÉê= íÜÉ= ÅÉåíêÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê= êìåJ äçïáåÖ= í~ÄäÉëFI= íç= Å~êêó= çìí= íÜÉ= çéÉê~íáçåë= ~ÅJ
åáåÖ=é~ê~ääÉä=íç=áíë=~ñáëI=áåíç=ïÜáÅÜ=~=äáÑíáåÖ=í~ÅâäÉ= ÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ=ëÅÜÉÇìäÉK
áë=ëìëéÉåÇÉÇ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=êÉäÉî~åí=äáÑíáåÖ=éçïÉê=Ñçê=
qìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê ko=OVLp ko=PQLp k^=PQLp k^=QMLp k^=QULp k^=RTLqV

páäÉåÅÉê UR PMM PMM QUM TRM NIMNR
`çãéêÉëëçê=Å~ëáåÖ âÖ NMR PQM PQM QSM SUR TOM
oçíçê=éäìë=ÄÉ~êáåÖ=Å~ëáåÖ NVM OQR OTM QUR TUM NIMQM
pé~ÅÉ=Ñçê=êÉãçî~ä=çÑ=ëáäÉåÅÉê ãã NNM=H=NMM OPM=H=NMM OMM=H=NMM RM=H=NMM RM=H=NMM ORM=H=NMM
q~ÄäÉ=UJO eçáëíáåÖ=ê~áä=Ñçê=koLk^=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê
qìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê q`^=RR q`^=SS q`^=TT q`^=UU

páäÉåÅÉê QPM UMM NITTM OIMNM
âÖ
`çãéêÉëëçê=Å~ëáåÖ RRM UPM NIQRM OIRMM
pé~ÅÉ=Ñçê=êÉãçî~ä=çÑ=ëáäÉåÅÉê ãã NNM=H=NMM NOM=H=NMM NRM=H=NMM OMM=H=NMM
q~ÄäÉ=UJP eçáëíáåÖ=ê~áä=Ñçê=q`^=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê
qìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê qò=OM qò=OO

páäÉåÅÉê TS NRS
`çãéêÉëëçê=Å~ëáåÖ âÖ NPO OTT
oçíçê=éäìë=ÄÉ~êáåÖ=Å~ëáåÖ NRO PPT
pé~ÅÉ=Ñçê=êÉãçî~ä=çÑ=ëáäÉåÅÉê ãã NPM=H=NMM NRM=H=NMM
q~ÄäÉ=UJQ eçáëíáåÖ=ê~áä=Ñçê=qò=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê
táíÜÇê~ï~ä=ëé~ÅÉ=ÇáãÉåëáçåë j~âÉ=ëìêÉ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ëáäÉåÅÉê=Å~å=ÄÉ=êÉãçîÉÇ=ÉáJ
íÜÉê=Ççïåï~êÇë=çê=ìéï~êÇë=çê=ä~íÉê~ääó=~åÇ=ëÉí=
qÜÉ=ïáíÜÇê~ï~ä=ëé~ÅÉ=ÇáãÉåëáçåë=ëÜçïå=áå=çìê=
~ëáÇÉI=íç=ã~âÉ=íÜÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=~ÅÅÉëëáÄäÉ=Ñçê=
ÇáãÉåëáçåÉÇ=ëâÉíÅÜ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~í=íÜÉ=ÄÉÖáåJ
ÑìêíÜÉê=ëÉêîáÅáåÖK=máéÉë=ãìëí=åçí=ÄÉ=ä~áÇ=áå=íÜÉëÉ=
åáåÖ=çÑ=íÜáë=ÅÜ~éíÉê=~åÇ=áå=íÜÉ=~ÄçîÉ=í~ÄäÉë=~êÉ=
ÑêÉÉ=ëé~ÅÉëK
åÉÉÇÉÇ= áå= çêÇÉê= íç= ÄÉ= ~ÄäÉ= íç= ëÉé~ê~íÉ= íÜÉ= ëáJ
äÉåÅÉê=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉêK=qÜÉ=ëáäÉåÅÉê=ãìëí=
c~å=ëÜ~Ñíë
ÄÉ=ëÜáÑíÉÇ=~ñá~ääó=Äó=íÜáë=Çáëí~åÅÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=áí=Å~å=
ÄÉ=ãçîÉÇ=ä~íÉê~ääóK qÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=~áê=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ëìééäáÉÇ=íçJ
få=~ÇÇáíáçå=íç=íÜáë=ãÉ~ëìêÉI=~åçíÜÉê=NMM=ãã=~êÉ= ï~êÇë=íÜÉ=áåí~âÉ=ëáäÉåÅÉê=áå=~=ÇìÅí=ÉåÇáåÖ=~í=~=
êÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=~ëëÉãÄäó=ÅäÉ~ê~åÅÉK éçáåí=NKR=ã=~ï~ó=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ëáäÉåÅÉê=áåäÉíK=fÑ=íÜáë=
ÇìÅí= áãéÉÇÉë= íÜÉ= ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ= çéÉê~íáçåëI= Ñçê=
qÜáë= áë= íÜÉ= ãáåáãìã= Çáëí~åÅÉ= íÜ~í= íÜÉ= ëáäÉåÅÉê=
áåëí~åÅÉ= íÜÉ= êÉãçî~ä= çÑ= íÜÉ= ëáäÉåÅÉêI= íÜÉ= ÉåÇ=
ãìëí=ÄÉ=Ñêçã=~=ÄìäâÜÉ~Ç=çê=~=íïÉÉåJÇÉÅâK=tÉ=
ëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÇìÅí=ãìëí=ÄÉ=êÉãçî~ÄäÉK=pìáí~ÄäÉ=
MVMNJMOMNj^KÑã
êÉÅçããÉåÇ= íÜ~í= ~= ÑìêíÜÉê= PMM=Ó=QMM=ãã= ÄÉ=

ëìëéÉåëáçå=äìÖë=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ÇÉÅâ=
éä~ååÉÇ=Ñçê=~ë=ïçêâáåÖ=ëé~ÅÉK
~åÇ=ÇìÅíK
=m~ÖÉ=U=J=OU dJ^d
d~ääÉêó `Ü~êÖÉJ~áê=ÅççäÉê
fÑ=éçëëáÄäÉ=íÜÉ=ëÜáé=ÇÉÅâ=ëÜçìäÇ=êÉ~ÅÜ=ìé=íç=ÄçíÜ= cçê=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=ÄìåÇäÉI=áí=
ëáÇÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=EÅäÉ~ê~åÅÉ=RM=ããF=íç= ãìëí= ÄÉ= éçëëáÄäÉ= íç= äáÑí= áí= îÉêíáÅ~ääó= çìí= çÑ= íÜÉ=
çÄí~áå=É~ëó=~ÅÅÉëë=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ=éÉêëçåJ ÅççäÉê=Å~ëáåÖ=~åÇ=ä~ó=áí=áå=~=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=Ä~íÜK
åÉäK= tÜÉêÉ= ÇÉÅâ= äÉîÉäë= ~êÉ= ìåÑ~îçìê~ÄäÉI= ëìëJ
bñÅÉéíáçå= POLQMW= íÜÉ= ÅççäÉê= ÄìåÇäÉ= çÑ= íÜáë= ÉåJ
éÉåÇÉÇ=Ö~ääÉêáÉë=~êÉ=íç=ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇK
ÖáåÉ=áë=Çê~ïå=çìí=~í=íÜÉ=ÉåÇK=páãáä~êäóI=íê~åëéçêí=
çåíç=ä~åÇ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=éçëëáÄäÉK
båÖáåÉ=íóéÉ tÉáÖÜí iÉåÖíÜ táÇíÜ eÉáÖÜí

âÖ ãã ãã ãã
iPOLQM SRM QPM NITMR UPM
iPOLQQò QRM ROM TNO NIMNQ
iQMLRQ RRM QUQ TUS NISUM
iQULSM VRM TPM NIMRO NIUTQ
iQULSM_I=iQULSMò
NIMMM TPM NIMRO NIVMQ
iRNLSMac
iRULSQ NIORM TUR NINNS NIUSO
q~ÄäÉ=UJR tÉáÖÜíë=~åÇ=ÇáãÉåëáçåë=çÑ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê=ÄìåÇäÉ
cçê=äáÑíáåÖ=~åÇ=íê~åëéçêí~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÄìåÇäÉI=~=äáÑíJ íç= íÜÉ= ~î~áä~ÄäÉ= ëíçê~ÖÉ= éä~ÅÉFI= çîÉê= íÜÉ= ÅÉåJ

áåÖ=ê~áä=áë=íç=ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇ=ïÜáÅÜ=êìåë=áå=íê~åëîÉêëÉ= íêÉäáåÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉêI=Ñêçã=ïÜáÅÜ=~=íêçäJ
çê=äçåÖáíìÇáå~ä=ÇáêÉÅíáçå=íç=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=E~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ= äÉó=ïáíÜ=ÜçáëíáåÖ=í~ÅâäÉ=Å~å=ÄÉ=ëìëéÉåÇÉÇK
cáÖìêÉ=UJON ^áê=ÇáêÉÅíáçå
MVMNJMOMNj^KÑã
dJ^d ==m~ÖÉ=U=J=OV
MVMNJMOMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=U=J=PM dJ^d
UKNKS=oÉèìÉëí=ëé~ÅÉ=Ñçê=ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ=
UKNKS oÉèìÉëí=ëé~ÅÉ=Ñçê=ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ
MUMNJMRMMjnKÑã
cáÖìêÉ=UJOO oÉèìÉëí=ëé~ÅÉ=Ñçê=ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ
`J^_ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=U=J=PN

UKNKS=oÉèìÉëí=ëé~ÅÉ=Ñçê=ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ=
MUMNJMRMMjnKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=U=J=PO POLQQò `J^_

UKNKT=j~àçê=ëé~êÉ=é~êíë=
UKNKT j~àçê=ëé~êÉ=é~êíë
båÖáåÉ=POLQQò=
cáÖìêÉ=UJOP j~àçê=ëé~êÉ=é~êíë 1
MOMOJNQMNjnKÑã
eJ^d POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=U=J=PP

j~àçê=ëé~êÉ=é~êíë
båÖáåÉ=POLQQò
MOMOJNQMNjnKÑã
cáÖìêÉ=UJOQ j~àçê=ëé~êÉ=é~êíë 2
=m~ÖÉ=U=J=PQ POLQQò eJ^d

båÖáåÉ=POLQQò
cáÖìêÉ=UJOR j~àçê=ëé~êÉ=é~êíë 3 =
MOMOJNQMNjnKÑã
eJ^d POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=U=J=PR

båÖáåÉ=POLQQò
cáÖìêÉ=UJOS j~àçê=ëé~êÉ=é~êíë 4
MOMOJNQMNjnKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=U=J=PS POLQQò eJ^d

UKNKU=bñ~ãéäÉW=éêçéìäëáçå=ëóëíÉã=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí==
UKNKU bñ~ãéäÉW=éêçéìäëáçå=ëóëíÉã=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí
=
MVMNJMOMUj^KÑã
cáÖìêÉ=UJOT bñ~ãéäÉW=éêçéìäëáçå=ëóëíÉã=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí
^J_^ ==m~ÖÉ=U=J=PT
UKNKU=bñ~ãéäÉW=éêçéìäëáçå=ëóëíÉã=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí==
MVMNJMOMUj^KÑã
cáÖìêÉ=UJOU bñ~ãéäÉW=ÉåÖáåÉ=êççã=~åÇ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~êê~åÖÉãÉåíX=íçé=îáÉï=
=m~ÖÉ=U=J=PU ^J_^
UKOKN=bñ~ãéäÉW=ÇìÅíáåÖ=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí==
UKO bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=ÇìÅíáåÖ
UKOKN bñ~ãéäÉW=ÇìÅíáåÖ=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí
cáÖìêÉ=UJOV bñ~ãéäÉW=bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=ÇìÅíáåÖ=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí
MVMOJMNMNj^KÑã
aJâ ==m~ÖÉ=U=J=PV
UKOKN=bñ~ãéäÉW=ÇìÅíáåÖ=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí==
MVMOJMNMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=U=J=QM aJâ
UKOKO=mçëáíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=çìíäÉí=Å~ëáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=
UKOKO mçëáíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=çìíäÉí=Å~ëáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê
pí~åÇ~êÇ=ÇÉëáÖå
=
cáÖìêÉ=UJPM pí~åÇ~êÇ=ÇÉëáÖå=sJÉåÖáåÉ
kìãÄÉê=çÑ=ÅóäáåÇÉêë NOs NQs NSs NUs OMs

qìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê O=ñ=qò=OM O=ñ=qò=OO
^ RNQ STN
_ OM
`G ãã PTO PST
`GG NMMQ NMSP NNPM
a SNM TNN UNP
G=Z=cçê=êáÖáÇäó=ãçìåíÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉëK====GG=Z=cçê=êÉëáäáÉåíäó=ãçìåíÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉëK
MVMOJMNMPjnÅêffKÑã
q~ÄäÉ=UJS mçëáíáçå=çÑ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=çìíäÉí=Å~ëáåÖ=sPOLQQò
^J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=U=J=QN

oáÖáÇäó=ãçìåíÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉ
aÉëáÖå=~í=äçï=ÉåÖáåÉ=êççã=ÜÉáÖÜí
cáÖìêÉ=UJPN aÉëáÖå=~í=äçï=ÉåÖáåÉ=êççã=ÜÉáÖÜí=Ó=êáÖáÇäó=ãçìåíÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉ

^ RNQ STN
_ OM
` PTO PST
ãã
a SNM TNN UNP
b NMMM NNMM NOMM
c SRM TMM TRM
q~ÄäÉ=UJT mçëáíáçå=çÑ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=çìíäÉí=Å~ëáåÖ=sPOLQQò
=m~ÖÉ=U=J=QO POLQQò ^J_^

oÉëáäáÉåíäó=ãçìåíÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉ
cáÖìêÉ=UJPO pí~åÇ~êÇ=ÇÉëáÖå=iJÉåÖáåÉ=Ó=êÉëáäáÉåíäó=ãçìåíÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉ
qìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê qò=OM qò=OO
^ RNQ STN
_ OM
ãã
` NMMQ NMSP NNPM
a SNM TNN UNP
q~ÄäÉ=UJU mçëáíáçå=çÑ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=çìíäÉí=Å~ëáåÖ=iPOLQQò
^J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=U=J=QP

aÉëáÖå=~í=äçï=ÉåÖáåÉ=êççã=ÜÉáÖÜí
cáÖìêÉ=UJPP aÉëáÖå=~í=äçï=ÉåÖáåÉ=êççã=ÜÉáÖÜí=Ó=êÉëáäáÉåíäó=ãçìåíÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉ

^ RNQ STN
_ OM
` NMMQ NMSP NNPM
ãã
a SNM TNN UNP
b NRUM NTMM NUOM
c QMM QOM QPR
q~ÄäÉ=UJV mçëáíáçå=çÑ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=çìíäÉí=Å~ëáåÖ=sPOLQQò
=m~ÖÉ=U=J=QQ POLQQò ^J_^

bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=éáéÉ=êçìíáåÖ
cáÖìêÉ=UJPQ bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=éáéÉ=êçìíáåÖ=Ó=iJÉåÖáåÉ
qìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê qò=OM qò=OO qò=OO qò=OO qò=OO
^ RNQ STN
_ OM
`G PTO PST
`GG NIMMQ NIMSP NINPM
ãã
a SNM TNN UNP
b OIRUR OISPQ
c NIMQM NINQQ
d VVR
G==Z=Ñçê=êáÖáÇäó=ãçìåíÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉë
GG=Z=Ñçê=êÉëáäáÉåíäó=ãçìåíÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉë
q~ÄäÉ=UJNM mçëáíáçå=çÑ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=çìíäÉí=Å~ëáåÖ=iPOLQQò
^J_^ POLQQò ==m~ÖÉ=U=J=QR

bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=éáéÉ=êçìíáåÖ
cáÖìêÉ=UJPR bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=éáéÉ=êçìíáåÖ=Ó=sJÉåÖáåÉ

qìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê O=ñ=qò=OM O=ñ=qò=OO O=ñ=qò=OO O=ñ=qò=OO O=ñ=qò=OO
^ RNQ STN
_ OM
`G PTO PST
`GG ãã NIMMQ NIMSP NINPM
a SNM TNN UNP
b OIPOT OIPVP
c NITUM
G==Z=Ñçê=êáÖáÇäó=ãçìåíÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉë
GG=Z=Ñçê=êÉëáäáÉåíäó=ãçìåíÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉë
q~ÄäÉ=UJNN mçëáíáçå=çÑ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=çìíäÉí=Å~ëáåÖ=sPOLQQò
=m~ÖÉ=U=J=QS POLQQò ^J_^

h~éáíÉäíáíÉä=NM=jKÑã
V
^ååÉñ
=
m~ÖÉ=V=J=N
=m~ÖÉ=V=J=O
h~éáíÉäíáíÉä=NM=jKÑã
^ååÉñ
VKN=mêçÖê~ããÉ=Ñçê=c~Åíçêó=^ÅÅÉéí~åÅÉ=qÉëí=Ec^qF=çÑ=ÑçìêJëíêçâÉ=ã~êáåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉë=
VKN mêçÖê~ããÉ=Ñçê=c~Åíçêó=^ÅÅÉéí~åÅÉ=qÉëí=Ec^qF=çÑ=ÑçìêJ
ëíêçâÉ=ã~êáåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉë
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=
qìêÄç=éêçJ
gd= Öê~ããÉ=ïáíÜ=
léÉê~íáåÖ=éçáåíë ^_p _s aks di io ofk~ f^`p
EkhF ~ÅÅÉéí~åÅÉ=Äó=
Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=
ëçÅáÉíó
pí~êíáåÖ=~ííÉãéíë u u JJ u u u u u u
^ää=ÉåÖáåÉë
dçîÉêåçê=íÉëí u u u u u u u u u
léÉê~íáçå~ä=íÉëí=çÑ u u u u u u u u u
íÜÉ=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ
ë~ÑÉíó=ÇÉîáÅÉë
`çåíáåìçìë=ê~íáåÖ= péÉÉÇW=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=éêçéÉääÉê=ÅìêîÉ=çê=Åçåëí~åí=
EjòF
NMM=BNF SMÛ SMÛ PMÛ SMÛ SMÛ SMÛ OMÛ=ESMÚF SMÛ SMÛ
NNM=B PMÛ PMÛ PMÛ PMÛ PMÛ PMÛ OMÛ=EPMÚF PMJQRÛ PMÛ
j~êáåÉ=ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉë
VMB j j jOF j j j JJ j PMÛOF

URB JJ JJ jPF JJ JJ JJ JJ JJ PMÛPF
TRB j j jOF j j j OMÛ=EPMÚF j PMÛ
RM=B j j j j j j OMÛ=EPMÚF j PMÚ
OR=B j j JJ j j j OMÛ=EPMÚF j PMÚ
içï=ëéÉÉÇ=~åÇLçê=
áÇäáåÖ j j JJ j j j JJ j PMÛ
`çåíáåìçìë `çåëí~åí=ëéÉÉÇ=
j~êáåÉ=~ìñK=ÉåÖáåÉë
ê~íáåÖ
NMM=BNF SMÛ SMÛ PMÛ SMÛ SMÛ SMÛ OMÚESMÛF SMÛ SMÛ
NNM=B PMÛ PMÛ PMÛ PMÛ PMÛ PMÛ OMÚEPMÛF PMÛ PMÛ
TR=B j j j j j j OMÚEPMÛF j PMÛ
RM=B j j j j j j OMÚEPMÛF j PMÛ
OR=B j j JJ j j j OMÚEJJF j PMÛ
áÇäáåÖ=Z=MB j j JJ j j j JJ j PMÛ
NF=qïç=ëÉêîáÅÉ=êÉÅçêÇáåÖë=~í=~å=áåíÉêî~ä=çÑ=PM=ãáåK
OF=`çìäÇ=ÄÉ=êÉéä~ÅÉÇ=Äó=jò=äç~Çéçáåí=URBK
PF=oÉéä~ÅÉãÉåí=Ñçê=OFK
q~ÄäÉ=VJN qÉëí=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=çÑ=QJëíêçâÉ=j~êáåÉ=ÇáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉë=ïÜáÅÜ=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ=ÇìêáåÖ=c^q=ÇÉéÉåÇáåÖ=çå=íÜÉ=
Åä~ëáÑáÅ~íáçå=ëçÅáÉíóK
^_p Z= ^ãÉêáÅ~å=_ìêÉ~ì=çÑ=pÜáééáåÖ qÜÉ= ëÉäÉÅíáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= ãÉ~ëìêáåÖ= éçáåíë= ~åÇ= íÜÉ=
aks Z= aÉí=kçêëâÉ=sÉêáí~ë ãÉ~ëìêáåÖ=ãÉíÜçÇ=~êÉ=ÑáñÉÇ=áå=~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ=ïáíÜ=
di= Z= dÉêã~åáëÅÜÉê=iäçóÇ fpl=pí~åÇ~êÇ=PMQSÓN=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåë=çÑ=
f^`p= Z= fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=^ëëçÅá~íáçå=çÑ= íÜÉ=Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=ëçÅáÉíáÉëK
`ä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=pçÅáÉíáÉë
qÜÉ= ÉñÉÅìíáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= c^q= ~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ= íç= íÜáë=
f_s= Z= _ìêÉ~ì=sÉêáí~ë
ÖìáÇÉäáåÉë= ïáää= ÄÉ= ÅçåÑáêãÉÇ= áå= ïêáíáåÖ= Äó= íÜÉ=
gd Z g~é~åÉëÉ=ÖçîÉêåãÉåí
ÅìëíçãÉê= çê= Üáë= êÉéêÉëÉåí~íáîÉI= Äó= íÜÉ= ~ìíÜçêJ
io= Z= iäçóÇÛë=oÉÖáëíÉê=çÑ=pÜáééáåÖ
áëÉÇ=êÉéêÉëÉåí~íáîÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=ëçÅáÉíó=
NMMNJNMMNj^KÑã
j= Z jÉ~ëìêÉãÉåí=~í=~=ëíÉ~Çó=ëí~íÉ
~åÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=éÉêëçå=áå=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=íÉëíëK
kh Z káééçå=h~áàá=hóçâ~á
ofk~= Z= oÉÖáëíêç=fí~äá~åç=k~î~äÉ
gJ^f = m~ÖÉ=V=J=P
^ååÉñ
VKN=mêçÖê~ããÉ=Ñçê=c~Åíçêó=^ÅÅÉéí~åÅÉ=qÉëí=Ec^qF=çÑ=ÑçìêJëíêçâÉ=ã~êáåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉë=
^ÑíÉê=íÜÉ=c^qI=íÜÉ=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=ïáää=ÄÉ=áåëéÉÅíÉÇI=
~ë= Ñ~ê= ~ë= íÜáë= áë= éçëëáÄäÉ= ïáíÜçìí= Çáë~ëëÉãÄäóK=
låäó=áå=ÉñÅÉéíáçå~ä=Å~ëÉë=EÉKÖK=áÑ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=
ÅìëíçãÉêLíÜÉ= Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå= ëçÅáÉíóFI= ÅçãéçJ
åÉåíë=ïáää=ÄÉ=Çáëã~åíäÉÇK
qÜÉ=ïçêâë=íÉëí=ïáää=ÄÉ=~ÅÅçãéäáëÜÉÇ=ïáíÜ=jdl=
çê=jalK=eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=áë=åçí=~î~áä~ÄäÉ=~í=íÜÉ=ëÉJ
êá~ä=íÉëí=ÄÉÇëK
NMMNJNMMNj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=V=J=Q gJ^f
^ååÉñ
VKO=båÖáåÉ=êìååáåÖJáå=
VKO båÖáåÉ=êìååáåÖJáå
mêÉêÉèìáëáíÉë léÉê~íáåÖ=ãÉÇá~
båÖáåÉë=êÉèìáêÉ=~=êìåJáå=éÉêáçÇW …qÜÉ=êìåJáå=éÉêáçÇ=ã~ó=ÄÉ=Å~êêáÉÇ=çìí=éêÉÑÉê~Ääó=
ìëáåÖ=aáÉëÉä=ÑìÉä=çê=Ö~ë=çáäK=qÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ìëÉÇ=ãìëí=
√ ïÜÉå=éìí=áåíç=çéÉê~íáçå=çåJëáíÉI= áÑ= ~ÑíÉê=íÉëí=
ãÉÉí=íÜÉ=èì~äáíó=ëí~åÇ~êÇë=?`Ü~éíÉê=PKS=nì~äáíó=
êìå=íÜÉ=éáëíçåë=çê=ÄÉ~êáåÖë=ïÉêÉ=Çáëã~åíäÉÇ=
çÑ=Ö~ë=çáäLã~êáåÉ=Ö~ë=çáä=EjdlFI=é~ÖÉ=PJOR?=~åÇ=
Ñçê=áåëéÉÅíáçå=çê=áÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ï~ë=é~êíá~ääó=çê=
íÜÉ=ÇÉëáÖå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ëóëíÉãK
Ñìääó=Çáëã~åíäÉÇ=Ñçê=íê~åëéçêíK
cçê= íÜÉ= êìåJáå= çÑ= Ö~ë= ÑçìêJëíêçâÉ= ÉåÖáåÉë= áí= áë=
√ ~ÑíÉê=ÑáííáåÖ=åÉï=ÇêáîÉ=íê~áå=ÅçãéçåÉåíëI=ëìÅÜ=
ÄÉëí=íç=ìëÉ=íÜÉ=Ö~ë=ïÜáÅÜ=áë=íç=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=ä~íÉê=áå=
~ë= ÅóäáåÇÉê= äáåÉêëI= éáëíçåëI= éáëíçå= êáåÖëI=
çéÉê~íáçåK= aáÉëÉäJÖ~ë= ÉåÖáåÉë= ~êÉ= êìå= áå= ìëáåÖ=
Åê~åâëÜ~Ñí= ÄÉ~êáåÖëI= ÄáÖJÉåÇ= ÄÉ~êáåÖë= ~åÇ=
ÇáÉëÉä=çéÉê~íáçå=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=áåíÉåÇÉÇ=~ë=íÜÉ=áÖJ
éáëíçå=éáå=ÄÉ~êáåÖëK
åáíáçå=çáäK
√ ~ÑíÉê=íÜÉ=ÑáííáåÖ=çÑ=ìëÉÇ=ÄÉ~êáåÖ=ëÜÉääëK
√ ~ÑíÉê= äçåÖJíÉêã= äçïJéçïÉê= çéÉê~íáçå= E[=RMM= iìÄÉ=çáä
çéÉê~íáåÖ=ÜçìêëFK qÜÉ=êìåJáå=äìÄÉ=çáä=ãìëí=ã~íÅÜ=íÜÉ=èì~äáíó=ëí~åÇJ
~êÇëI=ïáíÜ=êÉÖ~êÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=èì~äáíóK
pìééäÉãÉåí~êó=áåÑçêã~íáçå
båÖáåÉ=êìåJáå
léÉê~íáåÖ=fåëíêìÅíáçåë
aìêáåÖ=íÜÉ=êìåJáå=éêçÅÉÇìêÉ=íÜÉ=ìåÉîÉååÉëë=çÑ= `óäáåÇÉê=äìÄêáÅ~íáçå
íÜÉ= éáëíçåJêáåÖ= ëìêÑ~ÅÉë= ~åÇ= ÅóäáåÇÉê= Åçåí~Åí= qÜÉ= ÅóäáåÇÉê= äìÄêáÅ~íáçå= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ëïáíÅÜÉÇ= íç=
ëìêÑ~ÅÉë=áë=êÉãçîÉÇK=qÜÉ=êìåJáå=éÉêáçÇ=áë=ÅçãJ ?oìååáåÖ= få?= ãçÇÉ= ÇìêáåÖ= ÅçãéäÉíáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ=
éäÉíÉÇ=çåÅÉ=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=éáëíçå=êáåÖ=éÉêÑÉÅíäó=ëÉ~äë= êìåJáå= éêçÅÉÇìêÉK= qÜáë= áë= ÇçåÉ= ~í= íÜÉ= Åçåíêçä=
íÜÉ=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=ÅÜ~ãÄÉêK=fKÉK=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=éáëíçå=êáåÖ= Å~ÄáåÉí= çê= ~í= íÜÉ= Åçåíêçä= é~åÉä= EìåÇÉê= ?j~åì~ä=
ëÜçìäÇ=ëÜçï=~å=ÉîÉåäó=ïçêå=Åçåí~Åí=ëìêÑ~ÅÉK=fÑ= léÉê~íáçå?FK=qÜáë=ÉåëìêÉë=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=äìÄêáJ
íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=áë=ëìÄàÉÅíÉÇ=íç=ÜáÖÜÉê=äç~ÇëI=éêáçê=íç= Å~íáçå=áë=~äêÉ~Çó=~Åíáî~íÉÇ=çîÉê=íÜÉ=ïÜçäÉ=äç~Ç=
Ü~îáåÖ=ÄÉÉå=êìåJáåI=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=Üçí=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ëÉë= ê~åÖÉ=ïÜÉå=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ëí~êíëK=qÜÉ=êìåJáå=éêçÅJ
ïáää=é~ëë=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=éáëíçå=êáåÖë=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÅçåJ Éëë=çÑ=íÜÉ=éáëíçå=êáåÖë=~åÇ=éáëíçåë=ÄÉåÉÑáíë=Ñêçã=
í~Åí=ëìêÑ~ÅÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅóäáåÇÉêK=qÜÉ=çáä=Ñáäã=ïáää=ÄÉ= íÜÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=ëìééäó=çÑ=çáäK=`óäáåÇÉê=äìÄêáÅ~íáçå=
ÇÉëíêçóÉÇ=áå=ëìÅÜ=äçÅ~íáçåëK=qÜÉ=êÉëìäí=áë=ã~íÉJ ãìëí= ÄÉ= êÉíìêåÉÇ= íç= ?kçêã~ä= jçÇÉ?= çåÅÉ= íÜÉ=
êá~ä=Ç~ã~ÖÉ=EÉKÖK=Äìêå=ã~êâëF=çå=íÜÉ=Åçåí~Åí=ëìêJ êìåJáå=éÉêáçÇ=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=ÅçãéäÉíÉÇK
Ñ~ÅÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= éáëíçå= êáåÖë= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ÅóäáåÇÉê= äáåÉêK=
i~íÉêI=íÜáë=ã~ó=êÉëìäí=áå=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ïÉ~ê= `ÜÉÅâë
~åÇ=ÜáÖÜ=çáä=ÅçåëìãéíáçåK
fåëéÉÅíáçåë= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÄÉ~êáåÖ= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= ~åÇ=
qÜÉ=íáãÉ=ìåíáä=íÜÉ=êìåJáå=éêçÇÉÇìêÉ=áë=ÅçãéäÉíÉÇ= Åê~åâÅ~ëÉ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÅçåÇìÅíÉÇ=Çìêáå=íÜÉ=êìåJáå=
áë= ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ= Äó= íÜÉ= éêçéÉêíáÉë= ~åÇ= èì~äáíó= çÑ= éÉêáçÇW
íÜÉ= ëìêÑ~ÅÉë=çÑ= íÜÉ= ÅóäáåÇÉê=äáåÉêI= íÜÉ= èì~äáíó=çÑ=
íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=~åÇ=äìÄÉ=çáäI=~ë=ïÉää=~ë=Äó=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ…ë= √ qÜÉ=Ñáêëí=áåëéÉÅíáçå=ãìëí=í~âÉ=éä~ÅÉ=~ÑíÉê=NM=
äç~Ç=~åÇ=ëéÉÉÇK=qÜÉ=êìåJáå=éÉêáçÇë=áåÇáÅ~íÉÇ=áå= ãáåìíÉë=çÑ=çéÉê~íáçå=~í=ãáåáãìã=ëéÉÉÇK
ÑçääçïáåÖ=ÑáÖìêÉë=ã~ó=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=çåäó=ÄÉ=êÉÖ~êÇÉÇ= √ ^å=áåëéÉÅíáçå=ãìëí=í~âÉ=éä~ÅÉ=~ÑíÉê=çéÉê~íáçå=
~ë=~ééêçñáã~íÉ=î~äìÉëK ~í=Ñìää=äç~Ç=êÉëéÉÅíáîÉäó=~ÑíÉê=çéÉê~íáçå~ä=çìíJ
NMMNJMNMOjnÅêffKÑã
éìí=äÉîÉä=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=êÉ~ÅÜÉÇK
qÜÉ= ÄÉ~êáåÖ= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë= EÅ~ãëÜ~Ñí= ÄÉ~êáåÖëI=
ÄáÖJÉåÇ=~åÇ=ã~áå=ÄÉ~êáåÖëF=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ=
^J_^ POLQQò= m~ÖÉ=V=J=R

^ååÉñ
áå= Åçãé~êáëçå= ïáíÜ= ~ÇàçáåáåÖ= ÄÉ~êáåÖK= cçê= íÜáë= oìååáåÖJáå=~ÑíÉê=êÉÑáííáåÖ=ìëÉÇ=çê=åÉï=ÄÉ~êáåÖ=

éìêéçëÉ=~å=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ëÉåëçê=íÜÉêãçãÉíÉê=ã~ó= äáåÉêë=EÅê~åâëÜ~ÑíI=ÅçååÉÅíáåÖ=êçÇ=~åÇ=éáëíçå=éáå=
ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=~ë=~=ãÉ~ëìêáåÖ=ÇÉîáÅÉK ÄÉ~êáåÖëF
^í=UR==B=äç~Ç=~åÇ=çå=êÉ~ÅÜáåÖ=çéÉê~íáçå~ä=çìíJ tÜÉå=ìëÉÇ=ÄÉ~êáåÖ=ëÜÉääë=~êÉ=êÉìëÉÇI=çê=ïÜÉå=
éìí=äÉîÉäI=íÜÉ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=Ç~í~=EáÖåáíáçå=éêÉëëìêÉëI= åÉï=ÄÉ~êáåÖ=ëÜÉääë=~êÉ=áåëí~ääÉÇI=íÜÉëÉ=ÄÉ~êáåÖë=
ÉñÜ~ìëí= Ö~ë= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉëI= ÅÜ~êÖÉ= éêÉëëìêÉI= Ü~îÉ=íç=ÄÉ=êìå=áåK=qÜÉ=êìåJáå=éÉêáçÇ=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=P=
ÉíÅKF=ãìëí=ÄÉ=íÉëíÉÇ=~åÇ=Åçãé~êÉÇ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=~ÅJ íç= R= Üçìêë= ìåÇÉê= éêçÖêÉëëáîÉ= äç~ÇëI= ~ééäáÉÇ= áå=
ÅÉéí~åÅÉ=êÉéçêíK ëí~ÖÉëK= qÜÉ= áåëíêìÅíáçåë= áå= íÜÉ= éêÉÅÉÇáåÖ= íÉñí=
ëÉÖãÉåíëI= é~êíáÅìä~êäó= íÜÉ= çåÉë= êÉÖ~êÇáåÖ= íÜÉ=
pí~åÇ~êÇ=êìååáåÖJáå=éêçÖê~ããÉ ?fåëéÉÅíáçåë?I=~åÇ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ÑáÖìêÉë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=çÄJ
ëÉêîÉÇK
aÉéÉåÇÉåí= çå= íÜÉ= ~ééäáÅ~íáçå= íÜÉ= êìåJáå= éêçJ
Öê~ããÉ=Å~å=ÄÉ=ÇÉêáîÉÇ=Ñêçã=ÑáÖìêÉ=NM=Ó=N=íç fÇäáåÖ=~í=ÜáÖÉê=ëéÉÉÇë=Ñçê=äçåÖ=éÉêáçÇë=çÑ=çéÉê~J
NM=Ó=QK= aìêáåÖ= íÜÉ= ÉåíáêÉ= êìåJáå= éÉêáçÇI= íÜÉ= ÉåJ íáçå=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=~îçáÇÉÇ=áÑ=~í=~ää=éçëëáÄäÉK
ÖáåÉ=çìíéìí=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=ïáíÜáå=íÜÉ=ã~êâÉÇ=çìíéìí=
ê~åÖÉK=`êáíáÅ~ä=ëéÉÉÇ=ê~åÖÉë=~êÉ=íÜìë=~îçáÇÉÇK oìååáåÖJáå=~ÑíÉê=äçï=äç~Ç=çéÉê~íáçå
`çåíáåìçìë=çéÉê~íáçå=áå=íÜÉ=äçï=äç~Ç=ê~åÖÉ=ã~ó=
oìååáåÖJáå=ÇìêáåÖ=ÅçããáëëáçåáåÖ=çå=ëáíÉ êÉëìäí=áå=ëìÄëí~åíá~ä=áåíÉêå~ä=éçääìíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåJ
_~êêáåÖ= ÉñÅÉéíáçåëI= ÑçìêJëíêçâÉ= ÉåÖáåÉë= ~êÉ= ~äJ ÖáåÉK=oÉëáÇìÉ=Ñêçã=ÑìÉä=~åÇ=äìÄÉ=çáä=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=
ï~óë=ëìÄàÉÅíÉÇ=íç=~=íÉëí=êìå=áå=íÜÉ=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêJ ã~ó=Å~ìëÉ=ÇÉéçëáíë=çå=íÜÉ=íçéJä~åÇ=êáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=
Éê…ë= éêÉãáëÉëK= ^ë= ëìÅÜI= íÜÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= Ü~ë= ìëì~ääó= éáëíçå=ÉñéçëÉÇ=íç=ÅçãÄìëíáçåI=áå=íÜÉ=éáëíçå=êáåÖ=
ÄÉÉå=êìå=áåK=kçåÉíÜÉäÉëëI=~ÑíÉê=áåëí~ää~íáçå=áå=íÜÉ= ÅÜ~ååÉäë=~ë=ïÉää=~ë=áå=íÜÉ=áåäÉí=ÅÜ~ååÉäëK=jçêÉJ
Ñáå~ä=äçÅ~íáçåI=~åçíÜÉê=êìåJáå=éÉêáçÇ=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=áÑ= çîÉêI= áí= áë= éçëëáÄäÉ= íÜ~í= íÜÉ= ÅÜ~êÖÉ= ~áê= ~åÇ= ÉñJ
íÜÉ= éáëíçåë= çê= ÄÉ~êáåÖë= ïÉêÉ= Çáë~ëëÉãÄäÉÇ= Ñçê= Ü~ìëí= éáéÉI= íÜÉ= ÅÜ~êÖÉ= ~áê= ÅççäÉêI= íÜÉ=
áåëéÉÅíáçå=~ÑíÉê=íÜÉ=íÉëí=êìåI=çê=áÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ï~ë= íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=í~åâ=ã~ó=ÄÉ=
é~êíá~ääó=çê=Ñìääó=Çáë~ëëÉãÄäÉÇ=Ñçê=íê~åëéçêíK éçääìíÉÇ=ïáíÜ=çáäK
páåÅÉ=íÜÉ=éáëíçå=êáåÖë=Ü~îÉ=~Ç~éíÉÇ=íÜÉãëÉäîÉë=
oìååáåÖJáå=~ÑíÉê=ÑáííáåÖ=åÉï=ÇêáîÉ=íê~áå=ÅçãéçJ íç= íÜÉ= ÅóäáåÇÉê= äáåÉê= ~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ= íç= íÜÉ= êìååáåÖ=
åÉåíë äç~ÇI=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=ïÉ~ê=êÉëìäíáåÖ=Ñêçã=èìáÅâ=~ÅÅÉêJ
fÑ= ÇìêáåÖ= êÉîáëáçå= ïçêâ= íÜÉ= ÅóäáåÇÉê= äáåÉêëI= éáëJ äÉê~íáçå= ~åÇ= éçëëáÄäó= ïáíÜ= çíÜÉê= ÉåÖáåÉ= íêçìÄäÉ=
íçåëI= çê= éáëíçå= êáåÖë= ~êÉ= êÉéä~ÅÉÇI= íÜÉå= ~= åÉï= EäÉ~âáåÖ=éáëíçå=êáåÖëI=éáëíçå=ïÉ~êF=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ÉñJ
êìåJáå=éÉêáçÇ=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇK=^=êìåJáå=éÉêáçÇ=áë=~äëç= éÉÅíÉÇK
êÉèìáêÉÇ=áÑ=íÜÉ=éáëíçå=êáåÖë=~êÉ=êÉéä~ÅÉÇ=áå=çåäó= qÜÉêÉÑçêÉI=~ÑíÉê=~=äçåÖÉê=éÉêáçÇ=çÑ=äçï=äç~Ç=çéJ
çåÉ=éáëíçåK=qÜÉ=êìåJáå=éÉêáçÇ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÅçåÇìÅíJ Éê~íáçå=E=RMM=Üçìêë=çÑ=çéÉê~íáçåF=~=êìåJáå=éÉêáçÇ=
ÉÇ=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ÑáÖìêÉë=çê=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= éÉêÑçêãÉÇ= ~Ö~áåI= ÇÉéÉåÇáåÖ= çå= íÜÉ=
íÜÉ=~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=Éñéä~å~íáçåëK éçïÉêI=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ÑáÖìêÉëK
qÜÉ=ÅóäáåÇÉê=äáåÉê=ã~ó=ÄÉ=êÉÜçåÉÇ=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç= ^äëç= ëÉÉ= áåëíêìÅíáçå= áå= ?`Ü~éíÉê= OKNKTKP= içï=
tçêâ=`~êÇ=MRMKMRI=áÑ=áí=áë=åçí=êÉéä~ÅÉÇK=^=íê~åëJ äç~Ç=çéÉê~íáçåI=é~ÖÉ=OJQP?K
éçêí~ÄäÉ= ÜçåáåÖ= ã~ÅÜáåÉ= ã~ó= ÄÉ= êÉèìÉëíÉÇ=
Ñêçã=çåÉ=çÑ=çìê=pÉêîáÅÉ=~åÇ=pìééçêí=içÅ~íáçåëK kçíÉ>
cçê= ÑìêíÜÉê= áåÑçêã~íáçåI= óçì= ã~ó= Åçåí~Åí= íÜÉ=
j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= ÅìëíçãÉê= ëÉêîáÅÉ= çê= íÜÉ=
ÅìëíçãÉê=ëÉêîáÅÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=äáÅÉåëÉÉK
=m~ÖÉ=V=J=S POLQQò= ^J_^

^ååÉñ
^=båÖáåÉ=ëéÉÉÇ=åj
_=båÖáåÉ=çìíéìí=EëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=
ê~åÖÉF
a=oìååáåÖJáå=éÉêáçÇ=áå=xÜz
b=båÖáåÉ=ëéÉÉÇ=~åÇ=çìíéìí=áå=
xBz
cáÖìêÉ=VJN pí~åÇ~êÇ=êìååáåÖJáå=éêçÖê~ããÉ=Ñçê=ã~êáåÉ=~ìñáäá~êó=ÉåÖáåÉë=EÅçåëí~åí=ëéÉÉÇF=çÑ=íÜÉ=POLQMI=POLQQò=
ÉåÖáåÉ=íóéÉë
^=båÖáåÉ=ëéÉÉÇ=åj
_=båÖáåÉ=çìíéìí=EëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=
ê~åÖÉF
xBz
cáÖìêÉ=VJO pí~åÇ~êÇ=êìååáåÖJáå=éêçÖê~ããÉ=Ñçê=ã~êáåÉ=~ìñáäá~êó=ÉåÖáåÉë=EÅçåëí~åí=ëéÉÉÇF=çÑ=íÜÉ=POLQQòI=QMLRQI
QULSM_I=QULSMòI=RULSQI=POLQQò=ÉåÖáåÉ=íóéÉë
^J_^ POLQQò= m~ÖÉ=V=J=T

^ååÉñ
^=`çåíêçää~ÄäÉJéáíÅÜ=éêçéÉääÉê=
EÉåÖáåÉ=ëéÉÉÇF
_=cáñÉÇJéáíÅÜ=éêçéÉääÉê=
`=båÖáåÉ=çìíéìí=EëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=
ê~åÖÉF
xBz
cáÖìêÉ=VJP pí~åÇ~êÇ=êìååáåÖJáå=éêçÖê~ããÉ=Ñçê=ã~êáåÉ=éêçéìäëáçå=ÉåÖáåÉë=Eî~êá~ÄäÉ=ëéÉÉÇF=çÑ=íÜÉ=POLQMI=POLQQò
ÉåÖáåÉ=íóéÉ=
^=`çåíêçää~ÄäÉJéáíÅÜ=éêçéÉääÉê=
_=cáñÉÇJéáíÅÜ=éêçéÉääÉê=
`=båÖáåÉ=çìíéìí=EëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=
ê~åÖÉF
xBz
cáÖìêÉ=VJQ pí~åÇ~êÇ=êìååáåÖJáå=éêçÖê~ããÉ=Ñçê=ã~êáåÉ=éêçéìäëáçå=ÉåÖáåÉë=Eî~êá~ÄäÉ=ëéÉÉÇF=çÑ=íÜÉ=POLQQòI=QMLRQI
QULSM_I=QULSMòI=RULSQ=ÉåÖáåÉ=íóéÉë=
=m~ÖÉ=V=J=U POLQQò= ^J_^

^ååÉñ
VKP=bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=çÑ=ãÉÇáìã=ëéÉÉÇ=ÑçìêJëíêçâÉ=ÇáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉë=
VKP bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=çÑ=ãÉÇáìã=ëéÉÉÇ=ÑçìêJëíêçâÉ=
ÇáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉë=
qÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=áë=ÅçãéçëÉÇ=çÑ=åìãÉêçìë=ÅçåJ qÜÉ=í~ÄäÉ=ÄÉäçï=ëÜçïë=íÜÉ=íóéáÅ~ä=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=
ëíáíìÉåíë=ïÜáÅÜ=~êÉ=ÑçêãÉÇ=ÉáíÜÉê=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ÅçãJ Åçãéçëáíáçå= çÑ= ~= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= ÑçìêJ
Äìëíáçå=~áêI=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=~åÇ=äìÄÉ=çáä=ìëÉÇ=çê=ïÜáÅÜ= ëíêçâÉ= ÉåÖáåÉ= ïáíÜçìí= ~åó= ÉñÜ~ìëí= Ö~ë= íêÉ~íJ
~êÉ= ÅÜÉãáÅ~ä= êÉ~Åíáçå= éêçÇìÅíë= ÑçêãÉÇ= ÇìêáåÖ= ãÉåí=ÇÉîáÅÉëK==
íÜÉ=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=éêçÅÉëëK=låäó=ëçãÉ=çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=~êÉ=
íç=ÄÉ=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ=~ë=Ü~êãÑìä=ëìÄëí~åÅÉëK
j~áå=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=ÅçåëíáíìÉåíë ~ééêçñK=xB=Äó=îçäìãÉz ~ééêçñK=xÖLâtÜz

káíêçÖÉå=kO TQKM=Ó=TSKM RIMOM=Ó=RINSM
lñóÖÉå=lO NNKS=Ó=NPKO VMM=Ó=NIMPM
`~êÄçå=ÇáçñáÇÉ=`lO RKO=Ó=RKU= RSM=Ó=SOM
píÉ~ã=eOl RKV=Ó=UKS OSM=Ó=PTM
fåÉêí=Ö~ëÉë=^êI=kÉI=eÉKKK MKV= TR
qçí~ä [=VVKTR TIMMM
^ÇÇáíáçå~ä=Ö~ëÉçìë=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=ÅçåJ
~ééêçñK=xB=Äó=îçäìãÉz ~ééêçñK=xÖLâtÜz
ëíáíìÉåíë=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ=~ë=éçääìí~åíë
pìäéÜìê=çñáÇÉë=plñNF MKMT NMKM
káíêçÖÉå=çñáÇÉë=klñOF= MKMT=Ó=MKNR UKM=Ó=NSKM
PF
`~êÄçå=ãçåçñáÇÉ=`l MKMMS=Ó=MKMNN= MKQ=Ó=MKU
eóÇêçÅ~êÄçåë=e`QF MKN=Ó=MKMQ MKQ=Ó=NKO
qçí~ä Y=MKOR OS
^ÇÇáíáçå~ääó=ëìëéÉåÇÉÇ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë= ~ééêçñK ~ééêçñK
ÅçåëíáíìÉåíëI=mjRF =xãÖLkãPz =xãÖLkãPz
çéÉê~íáåÖ=çå çéÉê~íáåÖ=çå
jdlSF= eclTF jdlSF= eclTF
pççí=EÉäÉãÉåí~ä=Å~êÄçåFUF RM= RM MKP MKP
cìÉä=~ëÜ Q QM MKMP MKOR
iìÄÉ=çáä=~ëÜ P U MKMO MKMQ
NF=pl =~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=fplJUNTU=çê=rp=bm^=ãÉíÜçÇ=SÌ=ïáíÜ=~=ëìäéÜìê=ÅçåíÉåí=áå=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=çáä=çÑ=OKR=B=Äó=ïÉáÖÜíK
ñ
OF=kl =~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=fplJUNTU=çê=rp=bm^=ãÉíÜçÇ=TbI=íçí~ä=kl =Éãáëëáçå=Å~äÅìä~íÉÇ=~ë=kl K
ñ ñ O
PF=
`l=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=fplJUNTU=çê=rp=bm^=ãÉíÜçÇ=NMK
QF=e`=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=fplJUNTU=çê=rp=bm^=ãÉíÜçÇ=OR^K
RF=mj=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=safJOMSSI=bkJNPOUQIfplJVMVS=çê=rp=bm^=ãÉíÜçÇ=NTX=áåJëí~Åâ=Ñáäíê~íáçåK
SF=j~êáåÉ=Ö~ë=çáä=ajJ^=Öê~ÇÉ=ïáíÜ=~å=~ëÜ=ÅçåíÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=çáä=çÑ=MKMN=B=~åÇ=~å=~ëÜ=ÅçåíÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=çÑ=NKR=BK
TF=eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=ojJ_=Öê~ÇÉ=ïáíÜ=~å=~ëÜ=ÅçåíÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=çáä=çÑ=MKN=B=~åÇ=~å=~ëÜ=ÅçåíÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=äìÄÉ=çáä=çÑ=QKM=BK
UF=mìêÉ=ëççíI=ïáíÜçìí=~ëÜ=çê=~åó=çíÜÉê=é~êíáÅäÉJÄçêåÉ=ÅçåëíáíìÉåíëK
kçíÉ>=
^í=ê~íÉÇ=éçïÉê=~åÇ=ïáíÜçìí=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=íêÉ~íãÉåíK
q~ÄäÉ=VJO bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=ÅçåëíáíìÉåíë=Eçåäó=Ñçê=ÖìáÇ~åÅÉF
NMMNJMNMPj^KÑã
eJ^f ==m~ÖÉ=V=J=V
^ååÉñ
VKP=bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=çÑ=ãÉÇáìã=ëéÉÉÇ=ÑçìêJëíêçâÉ=ÇáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉë=
`~êÄçå=ÇáçñáÇÉ=`lO m~êíáÅìä~íÉ=j~ííÉê=mj
`~êÄçå=ÇáçñáÇÉ=E`lOF=áë=~= éêçÇìÅí=çÑ= ÅçãÄìëJ m~êíáÅìä~íÉ= ã~ííÉê= EmjF= Åçåëáëíë= çÑ= ëççí= EÉäÉJ
íáçå=çÑ=~ää=Ñçëëáä=ÑìÉäëK= ãÉåí~ä=Å~êÄçåF=~åÇ=~ëÜK
^ãçåÖ=~ää=áåíÉêå~ä=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=ÉåÖáåÉë=íÜÉ=aáÉJ
ëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉ=Ü~ë=íÜÉ=äçïÉëí=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=`lO=Éãáëëáçå=
Ä~ëÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=ÑìÉä=èì~äáíóI=ÇìÉ=íç=áíë=ëìéÉJ
êáçê=ÉÑÑáÅáÉåÅóK
pìäéÜìê=çñáÇÉë=plñ
pìäéÜìê=çñáÇÉë=EplñF=~êÉ=ÑçêãÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=ÅçãÄìëJ
íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëìäéÜìê=Åçåí~áåÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ÑìÉäK=
^ãçåÖ=~ää=éêçéìäëáçå=ëóëíÉãë=íÜÉ=aáÉëÉä=éêçÅJ
Éëë=êÉëìäíë=áå=íÜÉ=äçïÉëí=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=plñ=Éãáëëáçå=
Ä~ëÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=ÑìÉä=èì~äáíóI=ÇìÉ=íç=áíë=ëìéÉJ
êáçê=ÉÑÑáÅáÉåÅóK
káíêçÖÉå=çñáÇÉë=klñ=Ekl=H=klOF
qÜÉ=ÜáÖÜ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=éêÉî~áäáåÖ=áå=íÜÉ=ÅçãÄìëJ
íáçå=ÅÜ~ãÄÉê=çÑ=~å=áåíÉêå~ä=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=ÉåÖáåÉ=
Å~ìëÉë=íÜÉ= ÅÜÉãáÅ~ä= êÉ~Åíáçå= çÑ= åáíêçÖÉå= EÅçåJ
í~áåÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=~áê=~ë=ïÉää=~ë=áå=ëçãÉ=
ÑìÉä=Öê~ÇÉëF=~åÇ=çñóÖÉå=EÅçåí~áåÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ÅçãJ
Äìëíáçå=~áêF=íç=åáíêçÖÉå=çñáÇÉë=EklñFK
`~êÄçå=ãçåçñáÇÉ=`l
`~êÄçå=ãçåçñáÇÉ=E`lF=áë=ÑçêãÉÇ=ÇìêáåÖ=áåÅçãJ
éäÉíÉ=ÅçãÄìëíáçåK
få= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç= ÑçìêJëíêçâÉ= ÇáÉëÉä= ÉåJ
ÖáåÉëI=çéíáãáë~íáçå=çÑ=ãáñíìêÉ=Ñçêã~íáçå=~åÇ=íìêJ
ÄçÅÜ~êÖáåÖ= éêçÅÉëë= ëìÅÅÉëëÑìääó= êÉÇìÅÉë= íÜÉ=
`l=ÅçåíÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=íç=~=îÉêó=äçï=äÉîJ
ÉäK=
eóÇêçÅ~êÄçåë=e`
qÜÉ=ÜóÇêçÅ~êÄçåë=Ee`F=Åçåí~áåÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=
Ö~ë=~êÉ=ÅçãéçëÉÇ=çÑ=~=ãìäíáíìÇÉ=çÑ=î~êáçìë=çêJ
Ö~åáÅ= ÅçãéçìåÇë= ~ë= ~= êÉëìäí= çÑ= áåÅçãéäÉíÉ=
ÅçãÄìëíáçåK=
aìÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ÉÑÑáÅáÉåí=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=éêçÅÉëëI=íÜÉ=e`=
ÅçåíÉåí= çÑ= ÉñÜ~ìëí= Ö~ë= çÑ= j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç=
ÑçìêJëíêçâÉ=aáÉëÉä=ÉåÖáåÉë=áë=~í=~=îÉêó=äçï=äÉîÉäK
NMMNJMNMPj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=V=J=NM eJ^f
^ååÉñ
VKQ=aÉÑáåáíáçåë=
VKQ aÉÑáåáíáçåë
aÉëáÖå~íáçå=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ëáÇÉë=
`çìéäáåÖ=ëáÇÉI=`p=EhpF
qÜÉ=ÅçìéäáåÖ=ëáÇÉ=áë=íÜÉ=ã~áå=ÉåÖáåÉ=çìíéìí=ëáÇÉ=
~åÇ=áë=íÜÉ=ëáÇÉ=íç=ïÜáÅÜ=íÜÉ=éêçéÉääÉêI=íÜÉ=ÖÉåÉêJ
~íçê=çê=çíÜÉê=ïçêâáåÖ=ã~ÅÜáåÉ=áë=ÅçìéäÉÇK
cêÉÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÉåÇ=L=ÅçìåíÉê=ÅçìéäáåÖ=ëáÇÉI=``p=
EhdpF
qÜÉ=ÑêÉÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÉåÇ=áë=íÜÉ=Ñêçåí=Ñ~ÅÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåJ
ÖáåÉ=çééçëáíÉ=íÜÉ=ÅçìéäáåÖ=ëáÇÉK
iÉÑí=ëáÇÉ
lå=~=äÉÑíJÜ~åÇ=ÉåÖáåÉI=íÜÉ=äÉÑí=ëáÇÉ=áë=íÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=
ëáÇÉ=~åÇ=çå=~=s=ÉåÖáåÉ=áí=áë=ÅóäáåÇÉê=Ä~åâ=^K
oáÖÜí=ëáÇÉ
lå=~=êáÖÜíJÜ~åÇ=ÉåÖáåÉI=íÜÉ=êáÖÜí=ëáÇÉ=áë=íÜÉ=ÉñJ
Ü~ìëí= ëáÇÉ= ~åÇ= çå= ~= s= ÉåÖáåÉ= áí= áë= ÅóäáåÇÉê=
Ä~åâ=_K
aÉëáÖå~íáçå=çÑ=ÅóäáåÇÉêë
qÜÉ=ÅóäáåÇÉêë=~êÉ=åìãÄÉêÉÇ=áå=ëÉèìÉåÅÉI=Ñêçã=
íÜÉ=ÅçìéäáåÖ=ëáÇÉI=NI=OI=P=ÉíÅK=få=s=ÉåÖáåÉëI=äççâJ
áåÖ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ÅçìéäáåÖ=ëáÇÉI=íÜÉ=äÉÑí=Ü~åÇ=êçï=çÑ=
ÅóäáåÇÉêë=áë=ÇÉëáÖå~íÉÇ=Î=~åÇ=íÜÉ=êáÖÜí=Ü~åÇ=êçï=
áë= ÇÉëáÖå~íÉÇ= _K= ^ÅÅçêÇáåÖäóI= íÜÉ= ÅóäáåÇÉêë= ~êÉ=
êÉÑÉêêÉÇ=íç=~ë=^NJÔJ^P=çê=_NJ_OJ_PI=ÉíÅK
=
NMMNJNMMSj^KÑã
cáÖìêÉ=VJR aÉëáÖå~íáçå=çÑ=ÅóäáåÇÉêë
^J_^ m~ÖÉ=V=J=NN
^ååÉñ
=VKQ=aÉÑáåáíáçåë=
aÉëáÖå~íáçåW=ÇáêÉÅíáçå=çÑ=êçí~íáçå
=
cáÖìêÉ=VJS aÉëáÖå~íáçåW=ÇáêÉÅíáçå=çÑ=êçí~íáçå
NMMNJNMMSj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=V=J=NO ^J_^
^ååÉñ
VKR=lìíéìí=
VKR lìíéìí
fplJëí~åÇ~êÇJçìíéìí= kçãáå~ä=lìíéìí
E~ë=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ=áå=afk=fpl=PMQSJNF
Z=ê~íÉÇ=éçïÉê
j~ñáãìã=Åçåíáåçìë=ê~íáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~í=åçãJ
áå~ä=ëéÉÉÇ=ìåÇÉê=fplJÅçåÇáíáçåëI=éêçîáÇÉÇ=íÜ~í= jò
ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ=áë=Å~êêáÉÇ=çìí=~ë=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇK j~ñáãìã=Åçåíáåçìë=ê~íáåÖ=Z=ê~íÉÇ=éçïÉê
léÉê~íáåÖJëí~åÇ~êÇJçìíéìí= bò
bÅçåçãáÅ=Åçåíáåçìë=ê~íáåÖ=Z=çìíéìí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåJ
j~ñáãìã=Åçåíáåçìë=ê~íáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~í=åçãJ ÖáåÉ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=äçïÉëí=ÑìÉä=ÅçåëìãéíáçåK
áå~ä=ëéÉÉÇ=í~âáåÖ=áå=~ÅÅçìåí=íÜÉ=âáåÇ=çÑÑ=~ééäáÅ~J
íáçå=~åÇ=íÜÉ=äçÅ~ä=~ãÄáÉåí=ÅçåÇáíáçåëI=éêçîáÇÉÇ=
íÜ~í=ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ=áë=Å~êêáÉÇ=çìí=~ë=ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇK=cçê=
ã~êáåÉ= ~ééäáÅ~íáçåë= íÜáë= áë= ëí~íÉÇ= çå= íÜÉ= íóéÉ=
éä~íÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉK
cìÉä=ëíçé=éçïÉê=
cìÉä=ëíçé=éçïÉê=ÇÉÑáåÉë=íÜÉ=ã~ñáãìã=ê~íáåÖ=çÑ=
íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=íÜÉçêÉíáÅ~ä=éçëëáÄäÉI=áÑ=íÜÉ=ã~ñáãìã=
éçëëáÄäÉ=ÑìÉä=~ãçìåí=áë=ìëÉÇ=EÄäçÅâáåÖ=äáãáíFK
o~íÉÇ=éçïÉê=Eáå=~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ=íç=êìäÉë=çÑ=dÉêã~J
åáëÅÜÉê=iäçóÇF
j~ñáãìã= éçëëáÄäÉ= Åçåíáåçìë= éçïÉê= ~í= ê~íÉÇ=
ëéÉÉÇ=~åÇ=~í=ÇÉÑáåÉÇ=~ãÄáÉåí=ÅçåÇáíáçåëI=éêçJ
îáÇÉÇ= íÜ~í= ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉë= Å~êêáÉÇ= çìí= ~ë= ëéÉÅáJ
ÑáÉÇK
lîÉêäç~Ç=éçïÉê=Eáå=~ÅÅçêÇ~åÅÉ=íç=êìäÉë=çÑ=dÉêJ
ã~åáëÅÜÉê=iäçóÇF
NNM=B=çÑ=ê~íÉÇ=éçïÉêI=íÜ~í=Å~å=ÄÉ=ÇÉãçåëíê~íJ
ÉÇ=Ñçê=ã~êáåÉ=ÉåÖáåÉë=Ñçê=~å=ìåáåíÉêêìéíÉÇ=éÉêáJ
çÇ=çÑ=çåÉ=ÜçìêK
lìíéìí
mçïÉê=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~í=ÇáëíáåÅí=ëéÉÉÇ=~åÇ=ÇáëJ
íáåÅí=íçêèìÉK
NMM=B=lìíéìí
NMM=B=lìíéìí=áë=Éèì~ä=íç=íÜÉ=ê~íÉÇ=éçïÉê=çåäó=~í=
NMMNJNMMUj^KÑã
ê~íÉÇ=ëéÉÉÇK=NMM=B=lìíéìí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=Å~å=ÄÉ=
êÉ~ÅÜÉÇ=~í=äçïÉê=ëéÉÉÇ=~äëç=áÑ=íÜÉ=íçêèìÉ=áë=áåJ
ÅêÉ~ëÉÇK
iJ^b = m~ÖÉ=V=J=NP
^ååÉñ
VKR=lìíéìí=
NMMNJNMMUj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=V=J=NQ iJ^b
^ååÉñ
VKS=póãÄçäë=
VKS póãÄçäë
kçíÉ>
qÜÉ=ëóãÄçäë=ëÜçïå=ëÜçìäÇ=çåäó=ÄÉ=ëÉÉå=~ë=ÉñJ
~ãéäÉë= ~åÇ= Å~å= ÇáÑÑÉê= Ñêçã= íÜÉ= ëóãÄçäë= áå= íÜÉ=
Çá~Öê~ããëK
cáÖìêÉ=VJT póãÄçäë=ìëÉÇ=áå=ÑìåÅíáçå~ä=~åÇ=éáéÉäáåÉ=Çá~Öê~ãë=N
NMMNJNMMTj^KÑã
hJ^g ==m~ÖÉ=V=J=NR
^ååÉñ
VKS=póãÄçäë=
cáÖìêÉ=VJU póãÄçäë=ìëÉÇ=áå=ÑìåÅíáçå~ä=~åÇ=éáéÉäáåÉ=Çá~Öê~ãë=O
NMMNJNMMTj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=V=J=NS hJ^g
^ååÉñ
VKS=póãÄçäë=
cáÖìêÉ=VJV póãÄçäë=ìëÉÇ=áå=ÑìåÅíáçå~ä=~åÇ=éáéÉäáåÉ=Çá~Öê~ãë=P
NMMNJNMMTj^KÑã
hJ^g ==m~ÖÉ=V=J=NT
^ååÉñ
VKS=póãÄçäë=
cáÖìêÉ=VJNM póãÄçäë=ìëÉÇ=áå=ÑìåÅíáçå~ä=~åÇ=éáéÉäáåÉ=Çá~Öê~ãë=Q
NMMNJNMMTj^KÑã
=m~ÖÉ=V=J=NU hJ^g
^ååÉñ
VKT=båÖáåÉ=éêÉëÉêî~íáçå=
VKT båÖáåÉ=éêÉëÉêî~íáçå
qÜÉêÉ=~êÉ=íÜêÉÉ=éçëëáÄäÉ=çéíáçåë=Ñçê=ÉåÖáåÉ=éêÉëÉêî~íáçåW
√ m~ÅâáåÖ= Ñçê= ä~åÇ= íê~åëéçêíW= aìê~Äáäáíó= íáää=
S=ãçåíÜëK
√ pÉ~ïçêíÜó=é~ÅâáåÖW=aìê~Äáäáíó=íáää=NO=ãçåíÜë=
Eëí~åÇ~êÇ=éêÉëÉêî~íáçåFK
√ péÉÅá~ä=é~Åâ~ÖáåÖW=aìê~Äáäáíó=íáää=NO=ãçåíÜëK
MUMSJMMMMjÔKÑã
_J^g m~ÖÉ=V=J=NV
^ååÉñ
VKT=båÖáåÉ=éêÉëÉêî~íáçå=
MUMSJMMMMjÔKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=V=J=OM _J^g
^ååÉñ
VKUKN=oî=Åçäçìê=Öêçìé=N=Eëí~åÇ~êÇ=ÅçäçìêF==
VKU båÖáåÉ=Åçäçìê
qÜÉêÉ=~êÉ=íÜêÉÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=Åçäçìê=Öêçìéë=Ñçê=ÅçäçìêáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉW
kçíÉ>
qÜáë= Åçäçìê= í~ÄäÉë= ~êÉ= çåäó= Ñçê= çîÉêîáÉïI= íÜÉêÉ=
~êÉ=åç=é~ó~ÄäÉë=áå=êÉÖ~êÇ=íç=íÜÉ=Åçäçìê=ëÜ~ÇÉK=
cçê=íÜÉ=~ÅÅìê~íÉ=Åçäçìê=ëÜ~ÇÉë=éäÉ~ëÉ=ëÉÉ=oî=
Åçäçìê=í~ÄäÉK
VKUKN oî=Åçäçìê=Öêçìé=N=Eëí~åÇ~êÇ=ÅçäçìêF
RAL 9006
MUMTJMMMMjÔKÑã
_J^g m~ÖÉ=V=J=ON
^ååÉñ
VKUKN=oî=Åçäçìê=Öêçìé=N=Eëí~åÇ~êÇ=ÅçäçìêF==
MUMTJMMMMjÔKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=V=J=OO _J^g
MUMTJMOMMjÔKÑã
_J^g
^ååÉñ
VKUKO
RAL 3007
RAL 5000 RAL 5001 RAL 5002 RAL 5003 RAL 5004 RAL 5005 RAL 5007 RAL 5008 RAL 5009
RAL 5020 RAL 5021 RAL 5022 RAL 5023 RAL 5024
VKUKO=oî=Åçäçìê=Öêçìé=O=EëéÉÅá~ä=êÉèìÉëíF==
RAL 6028 RAL 6029 RAL 6032 RAL 6033 RAL 6034
oî=Åçäçìê=Öêçìé=O=EëéÉÅá~ä=êÉèìÉëíF
RAL 7024 RAL 7026 RAL 7030 RAL 7031 RAL 7032 RAL 7033 RAL 7034 RAL 7036
m~ÖÉ=V=J=OP
^ååÉñ
VKUKO=oî=Åçäçìê=Öêçìé=O=EëéÉÅá~ä=êÉèìÉëíF==
MUMTJMOMMjÔKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=V=J=OQ _J^g
MUMTJMPMMjÔKÑã
_J^g
^ååÉñ
VKUKP
RAL 1023 RAL 1024 RAL 1027 RAL 1028 RAL 1032 RAL 1033 RAL 1034
VKUKP=oî=Åçäçìê=Öêçìé=P=EëéÉÅá~ä=ä~ÅèìÉêáåÖF==
RAL 3031
oî=Åçäçìê=Öêçìé=P=EëéÉÅá~ä=ä~ÅèìÉêáåÖF
RAL 9017 RAL 9018
m~ÖÉ=V=J=OR
^ååÉñ
VKUKP=oî=Åçäçìê=Öêçìé=P=EëéÉÅá~ä=ä~ÅèìÉêáåÖF==
MUMTJMPMMjÔKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=V=J=OS _J^g
^ååÉñ
VKV=cçêã=Ó=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éêçéìäëáçå=éä~åí=ä~óçìí=Ç~í~==
VKV cçêã=Ó=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éêçéìäëáçå=éä~åí=ä~óçìí=Ç~í~
få=çêÇÉê=íç=éêçîáÇÉ=óçì=ïáíÜ=~ééêçéêá~íÉ=éêçàÉÅí=ã~íÉêá~ä=~åÇ=íç=Å~êêó=çìí=éêçéçë~äë=éêçãéíäó=~åÇ=
~ÅÅìê~íÉäóI=ïÉ=ïçìäÇ=âáåÇäó=êÉèìÉëí=óçì=íç=Ñáää=áå=~ë=ã~åó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ÇÉí~áäë=~ë=éçëëáÄäÉ=~åÇ=
êÉíìêå=áí=ïáíÜ=~=ÅçãéäÉíÉ=ëÉí=çÑ=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí=Çê~ïáåÖë=íç=óçìê=ë~äÉë=êÉéêÉëÉåí~íáîÉK=
dÉåÉê~ä=Ç~í~
k~ãÉW ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
^ÇÇêÉëëW ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
mÜçåÉW ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
bJã~áäW ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
mêçàÉÅíW |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
qóéÉ=çÑ=îÉëëÉäW |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
mêçéìäëáçå=éêáåÅáéäÉW
===aáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=ëÉí=====`laiâ===`lai^d===|||||||||||||||||||||||||
j~áå=é~êíáÅìä~êëW ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
iÉåÖíÜI=çîÉê~ää=xãzW ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
iÉåÖíÜI=éé=xãzW ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
_êÉ~ÇíÜI=ãçìäÇÉÇ=xãzW ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
aÉéíÜI=ãçìäÇÉÇ=xãzW ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
aê~ìÖÜíI=ÇÉëáÖå=xãzW ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
aê~ìÖÜíI=ëÅ~åíäáåÖ=xãzW ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
atqI=~í=ëÅí=Çê~ìÖÜí=xízW ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
dêçëë=íçåå~ÖÉ=xdoqzW ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
`êÉï=H=m~ëëÉåÖÉêëW ||||||||||||||||H=|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
`ä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=ëçÅáÉíóW |||||||||||||||||`ä~ëë=åçí~íáçåW= ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
^ÇÇáíáçå~ä=Åä~ëë=åçí~íáçåëW= oÉÇìåÇ~åÅóW ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
== ================================fÅÉ=Åä~ëëW ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||=
^ãÄáÉåí=ÅçåÇáíáçåëW
j~ñKã~ÅÜáåÉêó=êççã=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=xø`zW |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
MUMUJMMMMjÔKÑã
j~ñKëÉ~=ï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=xø`zW |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
j~ñKÑêÉëÜ=ï~íÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=xø`zW= |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
aJ_^ OULPPaI=POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_LòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ ==m~ÖÉ=V=J=OT

^ååÉñ
péÉÉÇ=~åÇ=ã~êÖáåë
péÉÉÇW
pÜáé=ÇÉëáÖå=ëéÉÉÇ=xâåzW |||||||||||||||||E~í=ã~ñáãìã=éêçéìäëáçå=ëÜ~Ñí=éçïÉêF||||||||||
pÉ~=ã~êÖáå=xBzW ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
j~ñK=~ääçïÉÇ=äç~Ç=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉë=xBzW= ||||||||||||B=jò
EqÜÉ=ïçêâáåÖ=ã~áå=ÖÉåÉê~íçê=Å~é~Åáíó=ÇçÉë=åçí=ÉñÅÉÉÇ=íÜ~í=î~äìÉ=ïáíÜ=éêçéìäëáçå=ãçíçêë=çå=Ñìää=
äç~Ç=éçïÉê=éäìë=ÜçíÉä=C=~ìñáäá~êó=äç~ÇF
mêçéìäëáçå=ëóëíÉã=~åÇ=éçïÉê=ÇÉã~åÇ
j~áå=mêçéìäëáçåW
=pÜ~Ñí=éêçéìäëáçåW =páåÖäÉ=ëÅêÉïW =páåÖäÉ=áå=Ó=ëáåÖäÉ=çìí
=q~åÇÉã
=qïáå=áå=Ó=ëáåÖäÉ=çìí
=qïáå=ëÅêÉïW =qïç=ëÜ~Ñí=äáåÉë
=O=ñ=qïáå=áå=Ó=ëáåÖäÉ=çìí=
=píÉÉê~ÄäÉ=êìÇÇÉê=éêçéÉääÉêë=EZ^òáãìíÜ=íÜêìëíÉêëF
= =mçÇë=
=  |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a~í~=Ñçê=ã~áå=éêçéìäëáçåW
=cmmW kìãÄÉêW |||||||||||||||
j~ñK=ëÜ~Ñí=éçïÉê=çå=éêçéìäëáçå=bJãçíçêEéÉê=éêçéÉääÉêX=áåÅäìÇáåÖ=ëÉ~=ã~êÖáåF
xâtzW= ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
mêçéÉääÉê=êÉîçäìíáçå=xomjzW==||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
fåéìí=ëéÉÉÇ=EZ=bJãçíçê=omjFW==|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
oÉÇìÅíáçå=ÖÉ~êÄçñW===óÉë========åç==
`mm kìãÄÉêK |||||||||||||||

j~ñK=ëÜ~Ñí=éçïÉê=çå=éêçéìäëáçå=bJãçíçêEéÉê=éêçéÉääÉêX=áåÅäìÇáåÖ=ëÉ~=ã~êÖáåF
xâtzW= ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
oÉÇìÅíáçå=ÖÉ~êÄçñW==óÉë========åç=
MUMUJMMMMjÔKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=V=J=OU OULPPaI=POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_LòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ aJ_^

^ååÉñ
=^òáK=íÜêìëíÉêW kìãÄÉêW |||||||||||||||

j~ñK=ëÜ~Ñí=éçïÉê=çå=éêçéìäëáçå=bJãçíçêEéÉê=íÜêìëíÉêX=áåÅäìÇáåÖ=ëÉ~=ã~êÖáåF
xâtzW ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
mçÇW kìãÄÉêW |||||||||||||||

j~ñK=ëÜ~Ñí=éçïÉê=çå=éêçéìäëáçå=bJãçíçêEéÉê=éçÇX=áåÅäìÇáåÖ=ëÉ~=ã~êÖáåF
xâtzW ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
bJãçíçê=ëéÉÉÇ=xomjzW==|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
=||||||||||||||| kìãÄÉêW |||||||||||||||

j~ñK=ëÜ~Ñí=éçïÉê=çå=éêçéìäëáçå=bJãçíçêEÉ~ÅÜX=áåÅäìÇáåÖ=ëÉ~=ã~êÖáåF
xâtzW ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
oÉÇìÅíáçå=ÖÉ~êÄçñW===óÉë========åç=
a~í~=Ñçê=ã~åçÉìîÉêáåÖ=éêçéìäëçêëW
=_çï=íÜêìëíÉêW kìãÄÉêW |||||||||||||||
xâtzW ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
mêçéÉääÉê=íóéÉW==cmm|||=======`mm
=píÉêå=íÜêìëíÉêW= kìãÄÉêW |||||||||||||||
xâtzW ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
=||||||||||||||| kìãÄÉêW ||||||||||||||| 
j~ñK=ëÜ~Ñí=éçïÉê=çå=éêçéìäëáçå=bJãçíçêEÉ~ÅÜX=áåÅäìÇáåÖ=ëÉ~=ã~êÖáå
xâtzW ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
MUMUJMMMMjÔKÑã
aJ_^ OULPPaI=POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_LòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ ==m~ÖÉ=V=J=OV

^ååÉñ
bäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=äç~Ç=Ä~ä~åÅÉ
j~ñK=íçí~ä=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=éçïÉê=ÇÉã~åÇ=~í=ëÉ~W
Ñçê=ã~áå=éêçéìäëáçå=xâtÉäzW ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ñçê=îÉëëÉä…ë=ÅçåëìãÉêë=xâtÉäzW |||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
j~ñK=íçí~ä=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=éçïÉê=ÇÉã~åÇ=~í=ã~åçÉìîÉêáåÖW
Ñçê=ã~áå=éêçéìäëáçå=xâtÉäzW ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||=
Ñçê=ã~åçÉìîÉêáåÖ=éêçéìäëçêë=xâtÉäzW ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||=
Ñçê=îÉëëÉä…ë=ÅçåëìãÉêë=xâtÉäzW |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||=
j~ñK=íçí~ä=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=éçïÉê=ÇÉã~åÇ=~í=éçêíW
Ñçê=îÉëëÉä…ë=ÅçåëìãÉêë=xâtÉäzW |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||=
qÜÉ=ÑáîÉ=ÄáÖÖÉëí=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ÅçåëìãÉêë=çÑ=íÜÉ=îÉëëÉä
=E~é~êí=Ñêçã=ã~áå=éêçéìäëáçå=~åÇ=ã~åçÉìîÉêáåÖ=éêçéìäëçêëFW
k~ãÉW |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| âtÉäW|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
k~ãÉW |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| âtÉäW|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
k~ãÉW |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| âtÉäW|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
k~ãÉW |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| âtÉäW|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
k~ãÉW |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| âtÉäW|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
mäÉ~ëÉ=éêçîáÇÉ=ìë=ïáíÜ=~=ÅçãéäÉíÉ=bJiç~ÇJ_~ä~åÅÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=îÉëëÉäK
MUMUJMMMMjÔKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=V=J=PM OULPPaI=POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_LòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ aJ_^

^ååÉñ
bäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ëóëíÉã=~åÇ=ãçíçêë
kìãÄÉê=çÑ=ÖÉåÉê~íçêëW= |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
`~é~Åáíó=éÉê=ÖÉåÉê~íçê=xâtzW= ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
mçïÉê=Ñ~ÅíçêW=||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
oÉîçäìíáçå=çÑ=ÖÉåÉê~íçêë=xomjzW= |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
cêÉèìÉåÅó=xeòzW=||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
sçäí~ÖÉ=äÉîÉä=çÑ=ÖÉåÉê~íçê=~åÇ=jp_=xszW=|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
sçäí~ÖÉ=äÉîÉäë=çÑ=ëìÄJëïáíÅÜÄç~êÇë=xszW= |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
póëíÉã=ÖêçìåÇáåÖ=çÑ=jp_W PJéÜ~ëÉI=PJïáêÉI=áëçä~íÉÇ=Ñêçã=Üìää
PJéÜ~ëÉI=PJïáêÉI=áëçä~íÉÇ=îá~=ÜáÖÜJêÉëáëíáîÉ=êÉëáëíçê
 ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
j~áå=éêçéìäëáçå=bJãçíçêëW
kìãÄÉê=çÑ=ïáåÇáåÖ=ëóëíÉãëW= =N ==O
péÉÉÇ=ÅçåíêçäW =î~êá~ÄäÉ=ëéÉÉÇ=îá~=ÑêÉèìÉåÅó=ÅçåîÉêíÉê
 |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
j~åçÉìîÉêáåÖ=bJãçíçêë=EáKÉK=Äçï=íÜêìëíÉêëFW =î~êá~ÄäÉ=ëéÉÉÇ=îá~=ÑêÉèìÉåÅó=ÅçåîÉêíÉê
=Åçåëí~åí=ëéÉÉÇ=Eëí~êí=îá~=vLJìåáíF
=Åçåëí~åí=ëéÉÉÇ=Eëí~êí=îá~=pçÑíëí~êíÉêF
=|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||=
MUMUJMMMMjÔKÑã
aJ_^ OULPPaI=POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_LòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ ==m~ÖÉ=V=J=PN

^ååÉñ
aáãÉåëáçåáåÖ=çÑ=ÑêÉèìÉåÅó=ÅçåîÉêíÉê=~åÇ=éêçéìäëáçå=bJãçíçê
qÜÉ=ÇÉëáÖå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑêÉèìÉåÅó=ÅçåîÉêíÉêë=~åÇ=íÜÉ=íçêèìÉ=Å~é~Äáäáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=éêçéìäëáçå=bJãçíçêë=áë=ìëìJ
~ääó=ê~íÉÇ=íç=~=Åçåëí~åí=éçïÉê=ê~åÖÉ=çÑ==VMB=ÁNMMB=çÑ=íÜÉ=éêçéÉääÉê=êÉîçäìíáçå=EáKÉK=Ñçê=~=cmmJÇêáîÉå=
îÉëëÉäFK
cáÖìêÉ=VJNN mçïÉê=ê~åÖÉ
qçêèìÉ=Å~é~Äáäáíó =pí~åÇ~êÇW=`çåëí~åí=éçïÉê=Ñêçã=VMBKKKNMMB=çÑ=éêçéÉääÉê=omj
=fåÇáîáÇì~äW=`çåëí~åí=éçïÉê=Ñçêã=||||||||B==íç=NMMB=çÑ=éêçéÉääÉê=omj
=fåÇáîáÇì~äW=j~ñK=çîÉêJíçêèìÉ=Å~é~Äáäáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=bJãçíçêW=||||||||||||||B
páåÖäÉ=äáåÉ=Çá~Öê~ã
mäÉ~ëÉ=éêçîáÇÉ=ìë=ïáíÜ=~=ÅçãéäÉíÉ=ëáåÖäÉ=äáåÉÇá~Öê~ã=çÑ=íÜÉ=îÉëëÉäK
MUMUJMMMMjÔKÑã
=m~ÖÉ=V=J=PO OULPPaI=POLQMI=POLQQòI=QMLRQI=QULSM_LòI=RNLSMacI=RULSQ aJ_^

fåÇÉñ
^ `çåëìãéíáçå
^áê=çÑ=àÉí=~ëëáëí=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=SJNMN
^ÅÅÉäÉê~íáçå=íáãÉë =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K OJPPI=OJPV cìÉä=çáä =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJSN
iìÄÉ=çáäK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJSO
^ÇÇáíáçå~ä=ÉèìáéãÉåí=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=ÉåÖáåÉ K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNN
`ççäÉê
^ÖáåÖK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJSQ
cäçï=ê~íÉëK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJSRI=OJST
^áê eÉ~í=íç=ÄÉ=Çáëëáé~íÉÇ K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJSRI=OJST
`çåëìãéíáçå=EàÉí=~ëëáëíF =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= SJNMN qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Ä~ëáë K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJSS
cäçï=ê~íÉI=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJSS
`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê
pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉäëI=ÅçãéêÉëëçêë K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= SJVT
nì~äáíó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=PJNP
^áê=îÉëëÉä nì~äáíó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=Ñçê=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=PJOP
`çåÇÉåë~íÉ=~ãçìåí =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= SJV nì~äáíó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=Ñçê=áåëéÉÅíáåÖ K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=PJON
^ãÄáÉåí=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=Å~ìëÉë=ÇÉJê~íáåÖK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNR `óäáåÇÉê=äáåÉê
^åÖäÉ=çÑ=áåÅäáå~íáçå K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJV oÉãçîÉ =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=UJNP
^êê~åÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=éìãéë=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNMN
^î~áä~ÄäÉ=çìíéìíë a
aÉéÉåÇÉåí=çå=ÑêÉèìÉåÅó=ÇÉîá~íáçåë K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJRO
oÉä~íÉÇ=êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNQ aÉJê~íáåÖI=ÇìÉ=íç=~ãÄáÉåí=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJNR
aá~Öê~ã
_ iìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëíÉã =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=SJOR
pìééäó=ëóëíÉã=Ñçê=ÑìÉä=çáä=EeclFK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=SJUR
_~ä~åÅáåÖ=çÑ=ã~ëëÉë =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJVN pìééäó=ëóëíÉã=Ñçê=ÑìÉä=çáä=EjalF=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=SJST
_ä~ÅâJëí~êí=Å~é~Äáäáíó=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJPT aáÉëÉä=ÑìÉä

nì~äáíó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=PJOR
_äçïáåÖ=çÑÑ=íÜÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNN
aáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=çéÉê~íáçå K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJPTI=OJQR
_óJé~ëë =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNN
` b
b~êíÜáåÖ=ãÉ~ëìêÉëK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJRT
`~é~ÅáíáÉë=EéìãéëFK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K OJSRI=OJST
bãáëëáçåë
`Ü~êÖÉ=~áê
fjl=ëí~åÇ~êÇ K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJTR
_äçï=çÑÑ K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNN
_óJé~ëë K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNN båÖáåÉ
mêÉÜÉ~íáåÖ K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNN ^ÇÇáíáçå~ä=ÉèìáéãÉåí=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=ÉåÖáåÉK=K=K=K=OJNN
qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Åçåíêçä =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNN aÉÑáåáíáçå=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ê~íáåÖ =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJNP
kçáëÉ =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJUN
`Ü~êÖÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉê
oççã=ä~óçìí K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=UJP
`çåÇÉåë~íÉ=~ãçìåí =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= SJV
oìååáåÖJáå=EaáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=çéÉê~íáçåF =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=VJR
`ÜçÅâáåÖ=ïáíÜ=ëóåíÜÉíáÅ=êÉëáåK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNNN q~ÄäÉ=çÑ=ê~íáåÖë =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJNP
`äÉ~ê~åÅÉ=EéêçéÉääÉêFK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= RJT båÖáåÉ=~ìíçã~íáçå
OMMVMTOUJPOJQQò=fjl=qáÉê=ffpfuKÑã
`çãÄìëíáçå=~áê póëíÉã=çîÉêîáÉï =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJNOR

nì~äáíó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= PJQP båÖáåÉ=ê~íáåÖë
`çããçå=ê~áä=áåàÉÅíáçå=ëóëíÉã =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= NJP mçïÉêI=çìíéìíëI=ëéÉÉÇë K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJNP
bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë
bãáëëáçåK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJTR
cäçï=ê~íÉëI=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJSSI=OJSU
kçáëÉ =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJUN
POLQQò fåÇÉñ=J=f
c f
c~Åíçêó=^ÅÅÉéí~åÅÉ=qÉëí=Ec^qF =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= VJP fjl=qáÉê=ff
cäçï=ê~íÉë aÉÑáåáíáçå =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJSN
`ççäÉê =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K OJSRI=OJST bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=Éãáëëáçå =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJTR
cäçï=ê~íÉë=Eéä~ååáåÖ=Ç~í~F =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= SJP fåëí~ää~íáçå=Çê~ïáåÖë=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=UJR
cäóïÜÉÉä fåí~âÉ=kçáëÉK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJUN
^êê~åÖÉãÉåí=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJVT fpl
j~ëëI=ãçãÉåíë=çÑ=áåÉêíá~ =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJUV oÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=`çåÇáíáçåëK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJNP
cçìåÇ~íáçå pí~åÇ~êÇ=çìíéìí K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJNP
`ÜçÅâáåÖ=ïáíÜ=ëóåíÜÉíáÅ=êÉëáå K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNNN
`çåáÅ~ä=ãçìåíáåÖ =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K OJNNRI=OJNOO g
dÉåÉê~ä=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNMP
oÉëáäáÉåí=ëÉ~íáåÖ =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNNR gÉí=^ëëáëí K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNNI=SJNMN
oáÖáÇ=ëÉ~íáåÖ=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNMR ^áê=Åçåëìãéíáçå K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=SJNMN
cêÉèìÉåÅó=ÇÉîá~íáçå K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJRO
cìÉä=çáä i
`çåëìãéíáçå K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJSN
aá~Öê~ã=çÑ=ecl=ëìééäó=ëóëíÉã =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= SJUR i~óçìí=Ç~í~=EéêçéÉääÉêF =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=RJR
aá~Öê~ã=çÑ=jal=ëìééäó=ëóëíÉã K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= SJST i~óçìí=çÑ=éáéÉë=J[=máéÉ=ÇáãÉåëáçåáåÖ =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=SJP
jal=ëìééäóK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= SJST iç~Ç
jal=íêÉ~íãÉåí=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= SJSR içï=äç~Ç=çéÉê~íáçå =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJQP
nì~äáíó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=EeclF K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= PJOV oÉÇìÅíáçå K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJRP
nì~äáíó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=EjalF =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= PJOT
iç~Ç=~ééäáÅ~íáçå
nì~äáíó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=çÑ=Ö~ë=çáäI
`Ü~åÖÉ=çÑ=äç~Ç=ëíÉéë K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJOS
ã~êáåÉ=Ö~ë=çáä=EjdlFK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= PJOR
aáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éä~åíë=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJPT
pìééäó=ëóëíÉã=EeclFK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= SJTR
pÜáé=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ëóëíÉãë =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJQR
sáëÅçëáíóJÇá~Öê~ã=EsqFK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= PJQN
içï=äç~Ç=çéÉê~íáçå=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJQP
d iìÄÉ=çáä
`çåëìãéíáçå=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJSO
d~ë=çáä nì~äáíó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=EeclF=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=PJT
nì~äáíó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= PJOR nì~äáíó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=EjdlLjalF K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=PJP
póëíÉã=ÇÉëÅêáéíáçå =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=SJNR
dÉåÉê~ä=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=Ñçê=éáíÅÜ=ÅçåíêçäK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJOR
póëíÉã=Çá~Öê~ã K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=SJOR
dÉåÉê~íçê=EêÉîÉêëÉ=éçïÉê=éêçíÉÅíáçåFK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJRR
j
e
jal=EÑìÉä=çáäF
eÉ~í=íç=ÄÉ=Çáëëáé~íÉÇ K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJSRI=OJSTI=OJSVI=OJTM aá~Öê~ã=çÑ=ëìééäó=ëóëíÉã K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=SJST
eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä nì~äáíó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=PJOT
nì~äáíó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= PJOV pìééäó =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=SJST
ecl=EÑìÉä=çáäF qêÉ~íãÉåí K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=SJSR
aá~Öê~ã=çÑ=ëìééäó=ëóëíÉãK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= SJUR jal=EäìÄÉ=çáäF

nì~äáíó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= PJOV nì~äáíó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=PJP
pìééäó=ëóëíÉã K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= SJTR jdl=EÑìÉä=çáäF
ecl=EäìÄÉ=çáäF nì~äáíó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=PJOR
nì~äáíó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= PJT
fåÇÉñ=J=ff POLQQò=
jdl=EäìÄÉ=çáäF mêçéÉääÉê
nì~äáíó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= PJP `äÉ~ê~åÅÉ K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=RJT
jçãÉåíë=çÑ=áåÉêíá~=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJUV dÉåÉê~ä=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=Ñçê=éáíÅÜ=Åçåíêçä =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJOR
i~óçìí=Ç~í~ =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=RJR
jçìåíáåÖK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNOO
léÉê~íáåÖ=ê~åÖÉ=`mm K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJOP
léÉê~íáåÖ=ê~åÖÉ=cmm=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJOV
k léÉê~íáçå K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJOP
mìãé=ÇêáîÉ
kçáëÉ
léÉê~íáåÖ=ê~åÖÉ K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJPN
bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJUN
mìãéë
klñ=êÉÇìÅíáçå=ãÉ~ëìêÉë=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= NJQ
^êê~åÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=éìãéë K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJNMN
`~é~ÅáíáÉë =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJSRI=OJST
l
léÉê~íáåÖ=ê~åÖÉ n
`mm K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJOP
nì~äáíó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë
cmm =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJOV
`äÉ~åáåÖ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=áåëéÉÅíáåÖ K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=PJON
mìãéÉ=ÇêáîÉ =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJPN
`çãÄìëíáçå=~áêK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=PJQP
léÉê~íáçå `ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉã=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=PJOP
^ÅÅÉäÉê~íáçå=íáãÉë K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K OJPPI=OJPV båÖáåÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=PJNP
iç~Ç=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=Ñçê=ëÜáé=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ëóëíÉãë K=K=K=K= OJQR cìÉä=çáä=EeclF=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=PJOV
oìååáåÖJáå=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ=EaáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=çéÉê~íáçåF K=K= VJR cìÉä=çáä=EjalFK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=PJOT
léÉê~íáçå=Eäçï=äç~Ç=FK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJQP d~ë=çáäI=ã~êáåÉ=Ö~ë=çáä=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=PJOR
lìíéìí eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=PJOV
^î~áä~ÄäÉ=çìíéìíëI=êÉä~íÉÇ=êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçå=K=K= OJNQ iìÄÉ=çáä=EeclF =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=PJT
aÉéÉåÇÉåí=çå=ÑêÉèìÉåÅó=ÇÉîá~íáçåë K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJRO j~êáåÉ=aáÉëÉä=ÑìÉäK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=PJOT
fpl=pí~åÇ~êÇK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNP sáëÅçëáíóJÇá~Öê~ã =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=PJQN
lìíéìíë
båÖáåÉ=ê~íáåÖëI=éçïÉêI=ëéÉÉÇë =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNP o
m oÉîÉêëÉ=éçïÉê=éêçíÉÅíáçå K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJRR
oáÖáÇ=ëÉ~íáåÖ=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJNMR
m~êí=äç~Ç=çéÉê~íáçå K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJQP oççã=ä~óçìí =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=UJP
máéÉ=ÇáãÉåëáçåáåÖ =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= SJP oìååáåÖJáå K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=VJR
máëíçåI=êÉãçî~ä=çÑK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= UJNP
mä~ååáåÖ=Ç~í~=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJSR p
cäçï=ê~íÉë=çÑ=ÅççäÉêK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K OJSRI=OJST
p~`çpçåÉ
mçëíäìÄêáÅ~íáçå=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= SJOV
`çåíêçä=ìåáíK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJNOS
mçïÉê fåàÉÅíáçå=ìåáíK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJNOS
båÖáåÉ=ê~íáåÖëI=çìíéìíëI=ëéÉÉÇë=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNP póëíÉã=lîÉêîáÉï K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJNOR
mçïÉê=ÇêáîÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçå=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJUT p~ÑÉíó=ÅçåÅÉéí =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=NJP
mêÉäìÄêáÅ~íáçå=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= SJOV páåÖäÉ=ëÜ~Ñí=îÉëëÉäK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJOV
mêáãáåÖ=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= SJOV päçï=íìêå K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=OJNN

pé~êÉ=é~êíë=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=UJPP
POLQQò fåÇÉñ=J=fff
péÉÉÇ
^ÇàìëíáåÖ=ê~åÖÉ K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNV
aêççéK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNV
båÖáåÉ=ê~íáåÖë=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNT
péÉÉÇë
båÖáåÉ=ê~íáåÖëI=éçïÉêI=çìíéìíë K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNP
pí~åÇJÄó=çéÉê~íáçåK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJPT
pí~êíáåÖ=~áê=îÉëëÉäëI=ÅçãéêÉëëçêë =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= SJVT
pí~êíáåÖ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJPT
pí~íáÅ=íçêèìÉ=ÑäìÅíì~íáçå K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJVP
píçééáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJRP
pìÇÇÉå=äç~Ç=ÇêçéK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJRP
pìééäó=ëóëíÉã=EeclF=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= SJTR
póëíÉã=ÇÉëÅêáéíáçå=EiìÄÉ=çáäF K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= SJNR
póëíÉã=çîÉêîáÉï
båÖáåÉ=~ìíçã~íáçå =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNOR
p~`çpçåÉ K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNOR
q
q~ÄäÉ=çÑ=ê~íáåÖë K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNP
qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Åçåíêçä K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJNN
qáãÉ=äáãáíë=Ñçê=äçï=äç~Ç=çéÉê~íáçå =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJQQ
qçêëáçå~ä=îáÄê~íáçå =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJTT
r
råäç~ÇáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJRP
s
sáÄê~íáçåI=íçêëáçå~ä=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJTT
sáëÅçëáíóJÇá~Öê~ã
nì~äáíó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= PJQN
t
t~íÉê
nì~äáíó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=Ñçê=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=K=K= PJNP
tÉáÖÜíëK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJT
tÉäÇáåÖ=EÉ~êíÜáåÖFK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= OJRU
fåÇÉñ=J=fs POLQQò=
falzen falzen
Four-stroke diesel engines compliant with IMO Tier II

L+V32/44CR
D2366456EN Printed in Germany GMC2-05100.5
Copyright © MAN Diesel & Turbo · Subject to modification in the interest of technical progress.
L+V32/44CR
Four-stroke diesel engines
MAN Diesel & Turbo compliant with IMO Tier II
MAN Diesel & Turbo
86224 Augsburg, Germany
Phone +49 821 322-0
Fax +49 821 322-3382
marineengines-de@mandieselturbo.com
www.mandieselturbo.com
10-056_PPG_L+V3244CR_Marine_IMO_TII.indd 4 21.04.2010 16:09:05

falzen falzen

32 44cr Imo Tier II Marine

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

32 44cr Imo Tier II Marine

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

falzen falzen

Four-stroke diesel engines compliant with IMO Tier II

10-056_PPG_L+V3244CR_Marine_IMO_TII.indd U4 05.05.2010 11:10:46

pí~íìë sÉêëáçå `ÜÉÅâÉÇ a~íÉ `ÜÉÅâÉÇ a~íÉ

For latest updates on Project Guides, visit our website www.mandieselturbo.com:

NKO= =j~êáåÉ=éä~åíë=Äó=j^k=aáÉëÉä=C=qìêÄç KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===N=J=R

OKNKTKQ iç~Ç=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=Ñçê=ëÜáé=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ëóëíÉãë= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O=J=QR

OKNKU båÖáåÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=ìåÇÉê=~êÅíáÅ=ÅçåÇáíáçåëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==O=J=RV

OKO= =båÖáåÉ=~ìíçã~íáçå=== KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===O=J=NOR

PKP= =nì~äáíó=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===P=J=NP

PKQ= =`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=áåëéÉÅíáåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===P=J=ON

PKR= =`ççäáåÖ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉã=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ= KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===P=J=OP

PKS= =nì~äáíó=çÑ=Ö~ë=çáäLã~êáåÉ=Ö~ë=çáä=EjdlF KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===P=J=OR

PKNM= =nì~äáíó=çÑ=áåí~âÉ=~áê=EÅçãÄìëíáçå=~áêF KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===P=J=QP

QKP= =dÉåÉê~íçê=éêçíÉÅíáçå=~åÇ=ëóåÅÜêçåáò~íáçå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===Q=J=T

QKQ= =mçïÉê=ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí=ëóëíÉã KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===Q=J=U

QKS= =^êê~åÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=ÇáÉëÉäJÉäÉÅíêáÅ=éêçéìäëáçå=éä~åíë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===Q=J=NN

SKO= =iìÄÉ=çáä=ëóëíÉã KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===S=J=NR

SKP= =t~íÉê=ëóëíÉãë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===S=J=QN

SKQ= =cìÉä=çáä=ëóëíÉã KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===S=J=SR

SKQKR eÉ~îó=ÑìÉä=çáä=EeclF=ëìééäó=ëóëíÉã=Ó=íïáå=ÉåÖáåÉ=éä~åíKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ==S=J=UT

SKR= =`çãéêÉëëÉÇ=~áê=ëóëíÉã KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===S=J=VN

SKS= =båÖáåÉ=êççã=îÉåíáä~íáçå=~åÇ=ÅçãÄìëíáçå=~áê KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===S=J=NMP

SKT= =bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=ëóëíÉã KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===S=J=NMR

TKO= =póëíÉã=ÅçãéçåÉåíë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===T=J=R

UKO= =bñÜ~ìëí=Ö~ë=ÇìÅíáåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===U=J=PV

VKO= =båÖáåÉ=êìååáåÖJáå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===V=J=R

VKQ= =aÉÑáåáíáçåë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===V=J=NN

VKR= =lìíéìí KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===V=J=NP

VKS= =póãÄçäë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===V=J=NR

VKT= =båÖáåÉ=éêÉëÉêî~íáçå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===V=J=NV

VKU= =båÖáåÉ=Åçäçìê KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK===V=J=ON

eJ^g POLQQ`o ==m~ÖÉ=N=J=P

√ oÉÇìåÇ~åí= ÜáÖÜ= éêÉëëìêÉ= éìãéë= Öì~ê~åíÉÉ= eáÖÜ=éêÉëëìêÉ=ê~íáç=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê

=m~ÖÉ=N=J=Q POLQQ`o eJ^g

eJ^d POLQQ`o ==m~ÖÉ=N=J=T

=m~ÖÉ=N=J=U POLQQ`o eJ^d

eJ^d POLQQ`o ==m~ÖÉ=N=J=V

=m~ÖÉ=N=J=NM POLQQ`o eJ^d

eJ^g POLQQ`o =m~ÖÉ=O=J=P

=m~ÖÉ=O=J=Q POLQQ`o =eJ^g

m~ê~ãÉíÉê ^ÄÄêÉîá~íáçåë råáí

m~ê~ãÉíÉê s~äìÉ råáí

_J^g POLQQ`o m~ÖÉ=O=J=R

=m~ÖÉ=O=J=S =POLQQ`o _J^g

_J_^ POLQQ`o m~ÖÉ=O=J=T

=m~ÖÉ=O=J=U POLQQ`o _J_^

eÉÉä=íç=É~ÅÜ= oçääáåÖ=íç=É~ÅÜ= qêáã=Eëí~íáÅFOF máíÅÜáåÖ

cçê= ÜáÖÜÉê= êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë= Åçåí~Åí=

_J_^ POLQQ`o m~ÖÉ=O=J=V

=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NM POLQQ`o _J_^

_J_^ POLQQ`o= ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=NN

=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NO =POLQQ`o _J_^

_J_^ POLQQ`o m~ÖÉ=O=J=NP

=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NQ POLQQ`o _J_^

^áê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=íìêÄçÅÜ~êÖÉê=qñ =PNU=h=EQR=ø`F PPP==h=ESM=ø`F

_J_^ POLQQ`o m~ÖÉ=O=J=NR

l =  é bñÜ~ìëí ~ÑíÉê qìêÄáåÉ [mbar] – 30ãÄ~ê   0 25 h/mbar with O  0

=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NS POLQQ`o _J_^

råáí RM=eò SM=eò

aJ^g POLQQ`o m~ÖÉ=O=J=NT

=m~ÖÉ=O=J=NU POLQQ`o aJ^g

eJ^g POLQQ`oI=RNLSMacI=QULSM`o ==m~ÖÉ=O=J=NV

=m~ÖÉ=O=J=OM POLQQ`oI=RNLSMacI=QULSM`o= eJ^g

båÖáåÉë= íÜ~í= ~êÉ= åçêã~ääó= çéÉê~íÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ÜÉ~îó= √ pÉ~äáåÖ=çáä=çÑ=áåàÉÅíáçå=éìãéë=~Åíáî~íÉÇ

Engine output [%] Torque, BMEP [%]