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COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

EMERSON M. GONGORA JR.

BSIT-3C

CO IT 304 EMGJR
Table of contents

Pages

Computer Organization -----------------------------------

Table of Contents ---------------------------------------

Chapter 1: Computer Parts -------------------------------

 Mouse -----------------------------------------
 Monitor ---------------------------------------
 Different Printer -----------------------------
 Kinds of Keyboard/Speaker ---------------------
 Internal parts --------------------------------
 AMD Motherboard -------------------------------
 North/South Bridge ----------------------------
 Hard Disk/SATA/Power Supply -------------------
 Base Unit -------------------------------------
 Intel/Cyrix/AMD -------------------------------
 Computer CPU ----------------------------------
 IDE -------------------------------------------
 Compact Disk ----------------------------------

Chapter 2: How to Assemble and Disassemble of PC --------

Chapter 3: PC Problem and Possible Solution/Troubleshooting


Safety Tools and Healthy tips ---------------------------

Chapter 4: Operating System Installation ----------------

 Dual Operating System -------------------------


 How to Install the Different OS ---------------

Chapter 5: BIOS Setup -----------------------------------

Chapter 6: Basic Application Programs Installation ------

 Publisher -------------------------------------

Chapter 7: Defragmentation ------------------------------

Chapter 8: Network Configuration ------------------------

 How to make a UTP Cables ----------------------

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Chapter 9: Hardware Installation ------------------------

Chapter 10: References ----------------------------------

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COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

Computer organization deals with the hardware


components of a computer system, which include I/O devices,
the central processing unit, storage and primary memory
devices. Notably, many people find it difficult
distinguishing computer organization from computer
architecture, because they are significantly related to
each other. Essentially, computer architecture refers to
engineering considerations that are useful in coming up
with a desirable computer design. Computer Organization
refers to the Operational Units and there interconnections
that realize or recognize the specifications of Computer
Architecture.

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CHAPTER 1: COMPUTER PARTS

INPUT DEVICES

Mouse is the most popular pointing


device. It is a very famous cursor-
control device having a small palm
size box with a round ball at its
base, which senses the movement of
the mouse and sends corresponding
signals to the CPU when the mouse
buttons are pressed. Generally, it has two buttons called
the left and the right button and a wheel is present
between the buttons. A mouse can be used to control the
position of the cursor on the screen, but it cannot be used
to enter text into the computer.

KEYBOARD An input device used to


communicate with the computer,
similar to a typewriter keyboard.

SCANNER work like photocopier,


except the image is translated into
a digital image in your computer
rather than copied onto paper.

Webcam is a video camera that feeds


or streams its image in real time to
or through a computer to a computer
network. When captured by the
computer, the video stream may be
saved, viewed or sent on to other
networks via systems such as the internet, and emailed as
an attachment. When sent to a remote location, the video
stream may be saved, viewed or on sent there. Unlike an IP

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camera (which connects using Ethernet or Wi-Fi), a webcam
is generally connected by a USB cable, or similar cable, or
built into computer hardware, such as laptops.

OUTPUT DEVICES

MONITOR resembles a television set,


and is where the computer displays
information. It is a device that
services as the intermediary
between the computer and the user.

PRINTER is where a computer writes


down information to output, onto
paper or hardcopy.

SPEAKERS if visible, your


computer writes are no different
than those on a stereo and allow
your computer to play sound.

HEADPHONE a pair of head-mounted


speakers that are positioned over
the ears. For listening to music or
monitoring live performances, both
left and right channels are
required. Although often called
headphones, when a microphone is included for telephone or
video calls, the device is technically a "headset."

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STORAGE DEVICES

FDD is a drive that can read and write on a


removable magnetically coated floppy disk.
The rectangular disk is quite flexible so
it has been give the name ‘floppy’. It is a
type of storage medium and back up device.

COMPACT DISC This device is used for


storage. Some CDs hold information to be
loaded into a computer. Some are used to
hold information from the computer. It
depends on what type of CD it is.

Alternatively referred to as a flash memory


card, a Memory card is a type of storage
media that is often used to store photos,
videos, or other data in electronic
devices. Devices that commonly use a memory
card include digital cameras, digital
camcorders, handheld computers, MP3players, PDAs, cell
phones, game consoles, and printers. The picture to the
right is a MicroSD flash memory card, which is just one of
the types of memory cards available. There are a handful of
different types of memory cards on the market, each varying
in size, compatibility, and storage capacity. Links to more
information on the most commonly used types of memory cards
are listed below.
A hard disk drive (sometimes abbreviated
as Hard drive, HD, or HDD) is a non-
volatile memory hardware device that
permanently stores and retrieves data on a
computer.

A hard drive consists of one or


more platters to which data is written using a magnetic
head, all inside of an air-sealed casing. Internal hard
disks reside in a drive bay, connect to

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the motherboard using an ATA, SCSI, or SATA cable, and are
powered by a connection to the PSU (power supply unit).

INTERNAL PARTS

CPU refers as the central processor,


but more commonly called processor,
the CPU is the brains of the
computer where most calculations
take place.

MOTHERBOARD, or logic board as it is


known in Macintosh computers, is the
main circuit board in the computer.
The Motherboard contains many
components like the RAM, CPU,
expansion slots and the heat sink.
The Motherboard connects all these
peripherals together.

RAM or Random Accessing Memory is the


main memory that stores data on the
computer. RAM is a type of volatile
memory which means it requires
electricity to store data, so when
the computer is powered down all the
memory is wiped.

POWER SUPPLY it supplies all the


computer components which power
(electricity). The Power Supply Units
changes AC from the mains supply into
DC which is used by the components.

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FANS one of the main problems with
computers, especially laptops, are
that they can overheat easily. To
stop this problem fans are added to
cool the computer down. The main fan
is positioned on the CPU because the
CPU is prone to overheating. Firstly
a thermal compound is put on top of the CPU followed by the
heat sink, and the fan is placed on the top if this.

SOUND CARD is an adapter card that


allows the computer to have extended
sound capabilities, and for sound
components to be used, for example,
headphones.

VIDEO CARD or GRAPHICS CARD is an


adapter card that allows the
computer to show graphics on the
monitor.

The NIC is an adapter card that


allows the computer to connect to a
network. The Wireless Network
Interface Card allows the computer
access the network wirelessly. It
uses radio signals to do so.

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IDE is more commonly known as ATA or
PATA. It is a standard interface for
IBM compatible hard drives and CD or
DVD drive. IDE is different than
ESDI because its controllers are on
each drive, meaning the drive can
connect directly to the motherboard or controller.

NORTHBRIDGE the Northbridge is


an integrated circuit responsible
for communications between
the CPU interface, AGP, and
the memory. Unlike the Southbridge
the Northbridge is directly
connected to these components and
acts like a "bridge" for the Southbridge chip to
communicate with the CPU, RAM, and graphics controller.

SOUTHBRIDGE is a reference to a
chipset on a PC motherboard. It is a
group of microchips designed for a
single function and manufactured as a
single unit. This chipset controls or
manages input and output (I/O).
Examples of I/O interface connections
controlled by Southbridge are USB,
serial, IDE and ISA. These are the slower capabilities of
the motherboard. It is located on the Northbridge of the
PCI bus and is not directly connected to the CPU, but
connected to the CPU through the Northbridge.

CMOS is an on-board, battery powered


semiconductor chip inside computers
that stores information. This
information ranges from the system
time and date to system hardware
settings for your computer.

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COMPACT DISC This device is used for
storage. Some CDs hold information to
be loaded into a computer. Some are
used to hold information from the
computer. It depends on what type of
CD it is.

OPTICAL DRIVES

There are two types of optical drives.

The DVD Drive is a DVD player built in


to the base unit. The DVD drive allows
the computer to run DVD’s. The other
optical drive is the CD-ROM drive,
which allows the computer to run CD-
ROMs. These have, however mostly been replaced by DVD
drives.

HDD is a drive that can read and write


on a magnetically coated platter, which
spins at a high speed. There can be
more than one patter (disk) in the hard
drive.

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CHAPTER 2: HOW TO ASSEMBLE AND DISASSEMBLE OF PC

Steps to a Safe and Successful Disassembly and Assembly of


a System Unit

To Disassemble

1. Prepare all your tools.

a. Long Philip Screw Driver.


b. Rubber Eraser
c. Soft Wide Bristle Brush
d. Paper and Pen for documentation

2. Before opening the system case, be sure to turn off the


system unit. Turn off and unplug the AVR from the wall
socket as well. After that, unplug all the cables
connecting to the back of the system unit. After clearing
all the connected cables, put the system unit on an empty
working table.

3. Touch the unpainted part of your system unit with your


bare hands to remove the ESD of your body. This is an
important part before opening your system case. You might
destroy your RAM, Chipsets and other components of your
motherboard.
4. Remove the screws of the side cover opposite to the side
where the ports are. By most system cases, if you are
facing the back of the system unit the right side cover is
to be removed. Return the screws back to the screw holes to
avoid losing them.

5. Once the side cover is removed, turn your system side


down where the opened side of the system unit should be
facing upward where you can comfortably look down on the
inside of your system case.

6. We are now ready to remove the components inside of the


computer. The first thing we need to do is remove the power
supply. To be able to remove the power supply, remove first
the molex connectors (the white plastic connector at the
tip of the wires of the power supply) or the motherboard
power connector, drive power connectors, the floppy drive
power connector, the sata power connectors and the four pin

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12-volt motherboard connector. With all power connectors
are removed from the motherboard and drives, the power
supply is now ok to be removed as well. Always have the
removed components placed in a remote and safe place away
from where you are performing computer disassembly.

7. With the power supply removed, the data cable should be


removed next. This includes IDE, SATA, and floppy drive
cables. Secure the removed data cables.

8. Next to remove are the RAM, Video Card and other card
peripheral components. Again have them secured in a safe
place and put the screws back. Clean the connector edges of
the card peripherals by rubbing the gold colored edge
moderately with a rubber eraser then brushing off the
shredding. Do not attempt to clean the edge by blowing or
brushing it off with your fingers. Our body is acidic and
you might only cause the edges to tarnish faster.

9. Remove all drives. This will include your hard drive,


cd/dvd drives, and the floppy drive.

10. Since all peripherals where removed, the next thing to


do is to remove the front panel connectors. This will
include the USB, Front Panel (FP) and Audio header. If you
are not sure of which connector is being match to, write
down or document the connections and orientation of the
connectors before removing them from the headers. Remember
that not all motherboards have the same header
configuration so be careful and watchful while documenting.

11. After removing the header connectors, we are now ready


to remove the motherboard. To remove the motherboard,
locate first all the screws and lightly unscrew all screws
alternately. With this technique, we are reducing the risk
of warping or bending our motherboard. It may not have a
large impact on the bending of the motherboard but still it
does have even a little. Upon lightly loosening all screws,
remove all screws then. Remove the motherboard by carefully
and lightly pulling it away from the I/O shield. Why?
Because we need to free the ports that are fitted from the

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holes in the I/O shield. After freeing the motherboard
ports from the I/O shield holes, lift up the motherboard
and put it on the safe place.

12. Clean the system unit chassis with your brush also
clean your motherboard and the rest of the peripherals
being removed.

To Assemble

1. Provided that all peripherals are clean and ready. We


are now going to assemble your computer. In
assembling back your computer, what we have done
during disassembling is just doing the reverse order
to assemble it. Since the motherboard was last to be
removed, it should then be the first to put back.
Remove the retaining screws from the standoff screws
of the motherboard and let the motherboard seat on it
with the ports facing out towards the I/O shield.
Lightly push the motherboard to set its ports to the
holes of the I/O shield. Put the retaining screws on
the motherboard screw holes but do not tighten it
yet. Now be careful in doing this one and if this is
your first time doing it, it is best if you lend a
hand for assistance. Lightly push the motherboard
towards to I/O shield and lightly tighten the
motherboard retaining screws alternately until all
screws are tight enough but not too tight. This is to
ensure that your ports are protruding correctly out
of the I/O shield.

2. Once the motherboard is secured, put back the FP,


Audio, and USB header connectors as you will be using
your documentation for reference.

3. Put back the drives to the correct drive bays.

4. Connect back the RAM, Video Card and other card


peripherals to its proper slot inserting it properly
and some cards will require screws to be secured.

5. The data cables (IDE, SATA, floppy cable) should

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be connected to its proper headers and drives.
Remember the proper configuration of the placement of
the cables especially if you are dealing with the IDE
cables.

6. After the data cables are properly connected, put


back the power supply and secure it with the screws
you removed earlier. After securing the PSU to the
chassis, connect the power connectors to the drives
and the motherboard.

7. Once all peripherals are connected properly, have


a final inspection by visually checking for loose
connection or improper connection. Once the system
units connections are thoroughly checked and verified
connect the keyboard; the monitor, and the power
connector then power up the computer. This initial
powering up of the computer while the side cover is
open ensures us that everything is ok before putting
back the side cover. In case something goes wrong, we
can accessibly correct the problem right away. If
everything is fine shutdown the computer, unplugged
the AVR and remove the cables connected to the back
of your computer. Put the side cover back.

8. Put the assembled computer back to its place and


connect the rest of the cables and connectors. Power
it up and see if there are unusual effects of your
disassembling/assembling procedure done earlier.

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Chapter 3: PC Problem and Possible Solution

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CHAPTER 4: OPERATING SYSTEM INSTALLATION

Installing an operating system is as follows:

Start your computer. Press f2 or delete at start up to


enter the bios menu. Select First boot device as ‘CD ROM’
if you installing from DVD ROM. Second boot device as ‘Hard
Disk’ so that the computer boots from Hard disk if OS is
not in DVD ROM. Press f10 to save your settings and select
yes to restart your computer.

Insert the installation disc for Windows 7 and start your


computer. The computer will ask you to ‘Press any key to
boot from CD/DVD’. Press any key on your keyboard and it
will start loading the operating system from the CD.

After loading windows 7 successfully, it opens an install


window. Enter the Language time & currency format and
keyboard or input method. Click ‘Next’. The ‘Install
windows 7’ screen will appear.

Click ‘Install now’. Setup will start and you will see a
message on the screen ‘Set up is starting…’

Now it will show the License agreement screen. Check the ‘I


accept the License terms’ and click ‘Next’. The ‘Install
windows’ wizard will appear.

Select Custom (Advanced) option. The screen will prompt you


to select the location to install windows. Click drive
option (Advanced menu). Click on ‘New’, you are then asked
to allot a size on the disk for installation. Enter the
appropriate volume size and then click ‘Apply’ to create
partitions for the installation, click ‘Next’. Windows will
start the installation. Now the installation status screen
appears. You will have to wait for the following tasks to
get complete.

Copying Windows

Expanding Windows files

Installing features

Installing updates

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Completing Installation

The computer will restart several times during this process


so do not worry.

After successful installation of Windows 7 it will ask you


to specify the computer name. It will also ask you enter a
User account and Password. Enter the password in the
respective field and also the password hint, click next.

The setup key will open the Product Key option. Enter the
correct product key, make sure that automatically activate
windows when I am online check box is selected and click
next.

Now a window to set time on your computer will be


displayed. Set the correct time zone, date and click ‘Next’
option.

The computer network location option will be displayed if


your computer is already connected to a network. Select
network type and click next.

Windows will now finalize the setup and start to prepare


your Windows 7 Desktop.

Installation of Windows 7
The three basic types of clean installation procedures are
as follows:

• Install on a brand new disk or computer system

• Erase the disk, format it, and install

• Install into a new directory for dual-booting (see the


multiboot discussion later)

If you intend to use either of the first two methods, be


sure your computer can boot from a DVD (most new computers
support booting from a DVD drive). Doing so might require
changing the drive boot order in the BIOS or CMOS, but try
it first as-is. With no floppy disk inserted and a clean
hard disk, try the DVD drive next. The Windows 7 DVD is
bootable and should run the Setup program automatically.

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Installation takes 15 to 30 minutes, depending on the speed
of your machine. Refer to the following sections if you
have questions about any steps in this process.

Note: Windows 7 automatically applies the NTFS format to


any disk partition upon which it is installed during a
clean installation.

Typical Clean Setup Procedure


If you're installing into an empty partition and you can
boot an operating system that is supported for the purpose
of Setup (Windows Vista or XP), just boot up, insert the
DVD and choose Install Now from the resulting dialog box.
Then you can follow the installation step-by-step
procedure.

If Windows doesn't detect the DVD automatically upon


insertion, you must run the Setup program, setup.exe, from
the Start, Run dialog box (after opening the Run dialog
box, type D:/setup.exe; on Vista use the Start menu Search
box instead [using the correct letter for your DVD drive if
it isn't D]). The setup.exe application is located in the
Sources directory on the DVD. After the Setup routine
starts, you can follow the installation procedure step by
step.

If your computer has a blank hard disk or your current OS


isn't supported, this process changes. You must launch the
installation process from the Windows 7 DVD (this works
only if you can boot from the DVD drive). Setup
automatically runs if you boot from the DVD.

Yet another setup method involves the network. To initiate


a network installation, you must create a network share of
the distribution DVD or a copy of the DVD on a hard drive.
The destination system must have network access, and the
user account must have at least read access to the
installation files. Initiate Setup by executing setup.exe
from the network share. For example, from the Start, Run
command, or the Vista Start menu Search box, types this
path: \\\ \sources\Setup. Setup recognizes an over-the-
network installation and automatically copies all files

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from the network share to the local system before the first
reboot.

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CHAPTER 7:

Defragmentation is the process of locating the


noncontiguous fragments of data into which a
computer file may be divided as it is stored on a hard
disk, and rearranging the fragments and restoring them into
fewer fragments or into the whole file. Defragmentation
reduces data access time and allows storage to be used more
efficiently. Some operating systems automatically
defragment storage periodically; others require that the
user occasionally use a special utility for this
purpose. Windows 98 comes with a built-in defragmenter as a
"system tool" that the user can run. Windows NT did not
come with a defragmenter because its file system, NTFS, was
designed to minimize fragmentation; however, NT users often
find one necessary and several vendors provide
defragmenters. Windows 2000 comes with a "light" version of
the Diskeeper defragmenter; some users (especially
corporate users) use Diskeeper or some other full-function
defragmentation program to manage storage efficiency and
performance. Windows XP comes with a utility called "Disk
Defragmenter." Fragments happen when the file system allows
gaps to develop between the different pieces of a file. If
you know anything about file systems in general, you may
have already guessed that the file system was the culprit
in this fragmentation business, but why?

Sometimes fragmentation happens because the file system


reserved too much space for the file when it was first
created, and therefore left open areas around it.

Previously deleted files are also another reason the file


system fragments data when written. When a file is removed,
it's previously occupied space is now open for new files to
be saved to it. As you can imagine, if that now open space
isn't large enough to support the whole size of the new
file, then only a part of it can be saved there.

The rest must be positioned somewhere


else, hopefully, nearby but not always.

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Having some pieces of a file in one place while the others
are located elsewhere is going to require the hard drive to
look through the gaps or spaces occupied by other files
until it can gather all the necessary pieces to bring the
file together for you.

This method of storing data is completely normal and likely


won't ever change. The alternative would be for the file
system to constantly reshuffle all existing data on the
drive each and every time a file is changed, which would
bring the data writing process to a crawl, slowing down
everything else with it.

So, while it's frustrating that fragmentation exists, which


slows the computer down a little bit, I think about it a
"necessary evil" in a sense - this small problem instead of
a much larger one.

Defragmentation to the Rescue!

As you know from all the discussion thus far, files on a


storage device can be accessed much faster, at least on a
traditional hard drive, when the pieces that make them up
are close together.

Over time, as more and more fragmentation occurs, there can


be a measurable, even noticeable, slowdown. You might
experience it as general computer sluggishness but,
assuming excessive fragmentation has occurred, much of that
slowness may be due to the time it takes your hard drive to
access file after file, each in any number of different
physical places on the drive.

So, on occasion, defragmentation, or the act of reversing


fragmentation (i.e. gathering all the pieces closer
together) is a smart computer maintenance task. This is
usually just referred to as defragging.

The defragging process isn't something you do manually.


Like I mentioned above, your experience with your files is
consistent, so there's no rearranging needed on your end.

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Fragmentation isn't just a disorganized collection of files
and folders.

A dedicated defragging tool is what you need. Disk


Defragmenter is one such defragged and is included for free
in the Windows operating system. That said there are many
third-party options as well, the better of which do
a considerably better job at the defragmentation process
than Microsoft's built-in tool.

See my List of Free Defrag Software for full, updated


reviews of the best ones out there. Defragged is hands down
my favorite one.

Defragging is pretty straightforward and all of those tools


have similar interfaces. For the most part, you simply
select the drive you want to defrag and tap or click
the Defragment or Defrag button. The time it takes to
defrag a drive depends mostly on the size of the drive and
the level of fragmentation but expect most modern computers
and large hard drives to take an hour or more to fully
defrag.

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CHAPTER 5:

1. Short for Basic Input/Output System,


the BIOS (pronounced bye-loss) is a ROM chip found
on motherboards that allows you to access and set up your
computer system at the most basic level. In the picture
below, is an example of what a BIOS chip may look like on
your computer motherboard. In this example, this is a
picture of an early AMIBIOS, a type of BIOS manufactured by
the AMI. Another good example of a BIOS manufacturer
is Phoenix.

The BIOS includes instructions on how to load basic


computer hardware and includes a test referred to as
a POST (Power on Self-Test) that helps verify the computer
meets requirements to boot up properly. If the computer
does not pass the POST, you will receive a combination of
beeps indicating what is malfunctioning within the
computer.
The four main functions of a PC BIOS

 POST - Test the computer hardware and make sure no


errors exist before loading the operating system.
Additional information on the POST can be found on
our POST and Beep Codes page.
 Bootstrap Loader - Locate the operating system. If a
capable operating system is located, the BIOS will
pass control to it.
 BIOS drivers - Low level drivers that give the
computer basic operational control over your
computer's hardware.
 BIOS or CMOS Setup - Configuration program that allows
you to configure hardware settings including system
settings such as computer passwords, time, and date.

The BIOS software has a number of different roles, but its


most important role is to load the operating system. When
you turn on your computer and the microprocessor tries to
execute its first instruction, it has to get that
instruction from somewhere. It cannot get it from the
operating system because the operating system is located on

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a hard disk, and the microprocessor cannot get to it
without some instructions that tell it how. The BIOS
provides those instructions. Some of the other common tasks
that the BIOS perform include:

 A power-on self-test (POST) for all of the different


hardware components in the system to make sure
everything is working properly
 Activating other BIOS chips on different cards
installed in the computer - For example, SCSI and
graphics cards often have their own BIOS chips.
 Providing a set of low-level routines that the
operating system uses to interface to different
hardware devices - It is these routines that give the
BIOS its name. They manage things like the keyboard,
the screen, and the serial and parallel ports,
especially when the computer is booting.
 Managing a collection of settings for the hard disks,
clock, etc.

The BIOS is special software that interfaces the major


hardware components of your computer with the operating
system. It is usually stored on a Flash memory chip on
the motherboard, but sometimes the chip is another type
of ROM.
When you turn on your computer, the BIOS does several
things. This is its usual sequence:

1. Check the CMOS Setup for custom settings


2. Load the interrupt handlers and device drivers
3. Initialize registers and power management
4. Perform the power-on self-test (POST)
5. Display system settings
6. Determine which devices are bootable
7. Initiate the bootstrap sequence

The first thing the BIOS do is check the information stored


in a tiny (64 bytes) amount of RAM located on
a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chip. The
CMOS Setup provides detailed information particular to your
system and can be altered as your system changes. The BIOS

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uses this information to modify or supplement its default
programming as needed. We will talk more about these
settings later.
Interrupt handlers are small pieces of software that act as
translators between the hardware components and the
operating system. For example, when you press a key on your
keyboard, the signal is sent to the keyboard interrupt
handler, which tells the CPU what it is and passes it on to
the operating system. The device drivers are other pieces
of software that identify the base hardware components such
as keyboard, mouse, hard drive and floppy drive. Since the
BIOS is constantly intercepting signals to and from the
hardware, it is usually copied, or shadowed, into RAM to
run faster
Primary Function of the BIOS

BIOS Drivers
The BIOS's first task is to configure all the system
hardware with basic drivers so the system can get up and
running. These drivers will set up and prepare the system
memory and configure any peripheral devices for use such as
the hard drives, optical drives, and video card. The BIOS
loads a basic system that's able to read the devices that
contain the system operating system.
BIOS Boot
The BIOS typically displays a splash screen when loading
the initial CMOS settings and the hardware drivers. BIOS
initiate the operating system boot process after all the
drivers are loaded and configured. The operating system
contains more robust versions of the system drivers and
replaces them with the BIOS versions once they're loaded.
The BIOS boot process is like the ignition on a car, it
gets the system ready for use.
PURPOSE OF BIOS FOR A COMPUTER
BIOS enable computers to perform certain operations as soon
as they are turned on. The principal job of a computer's
BIOS is to govern the early stages of the startup process,

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ensuring that the operating system is correctly loaded into
memory. BIOS are vital to the operation of most modern
computers, and knowing some facts about it could help you
troubleshoot issues with your machine.

POST
The first job of the BIOS after you switch your computer on
is to perform the Power on Self-Test. During the POST, the
BIOS check the computer's hardware in order to ensure that
it is able to complete the startup process. If the POST is
completed successfully, the system usually emits a beep. If
the test fails, however, the system generally emits a
series of beeps. You can use the number, duration and
pattern of these beeps to identify the cause of the test
failure.
Startup
With the POST completed, the BIOS then attempts to load the
operating system through a program known as a bootstrap
loader, which is designed to locate any available operating
systems; if a legitimate OS is found, it is loaded into
memory. BIOS drivers are also loaded at this point. These
are programs designed to give the computer basic control
over hardware devices such as mice, keyboards, network
hardware and storage devices.
Security
The BIOS can also play a role in computer security. Most
BIOS software versions have the option to password-protect
the boot process, which means that you must enter a
password before any BIOS activity can take place. With the
BIOS performing virtually all of its functions during
startup, this effectively password-protects the operation
of the whole computer. However, resetting a lost BIOS
password can be time-consuming and involve working on some
of the computer's most sensitive components.
Hardware
The BIOS software itself generally resides on a Read-Only
Memory, or ROM, or a flash memory chip attached to your
computers motherboard. The location of the BIOS software on

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the chip is important, as it is the first software to take
control of your computer when you turn it on. If the BIOS
was not always located in the same place on the same chip,
your computer's microprocessor would not know where to
locate it, and the boot process could not take place.

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Chapter 8: HOW TO MAKE A UTP CABLE

What you'll need:

 Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) patch cable


 Modular connector (8P8C plug, aka RJ45)
 Crimping tool
 Cable tester (optional, but recommended)

Step 1: Strip the cable jacket about 1.5 inch down from the end.

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Step 2: Spread the four pairs of twisted wire apart. For
Cat 5e, you can use the pull string to strip the jacket
farther down if you need to, then cut the pull string. Cat
6 cables have a spine that will also need to be cut.

Step 3: Untwist the wire pairs and neatly align them in the T568B
orientation. Be sure not to untwist them any farther down the cable than
where the jacket begins; we want to leave as much of the cable twisted as
possible.

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Step 4: Cut the wires as straight as possible, about 0.5
inch above the end of the jacket.

Step 5: Carefully insert the wires all the way into the
modular connector, making sure that each wire passes
through the appropriate guides inside the connector

Step 6: Push the connector inside the crimping tool and


squeeze the crimper all the way down.

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Step 7: Repeat steps 1-6 for the other end of the cable.

Step 8: To make sure you've successfully terminated each


end of the cable, use a cable tester to test each pin.

When you're all done, the connectors should look like this:

That's it. For crossover cables, simply make one end of the
cable a T568A and the other end a T568B. Now you can make
Ethernet cables of any length, fix broken connectors, or
make yourself a crossover cable.

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REFERENCES

http://www.oocities.org/gkmsr007/co_intro.htm

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/comput
er_output_devices.htm

https://www.slideshare.net/DanielAtkinson96/internal-
components-of-the-computer

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2297/southbridge

https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/cmos.htm

http://clhidohsr.blogspot.com/2010/11/steps-for-safe-and-
successful-system.html

https://www.slideshare.net/DanielAtkinson96/internal-
components-of-the-computer

http://computer.howstuffworks.com/bios2.htm

http://smallbusiness.chron.com/purpose-bios-computer-
69278.html

https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/b/bios.htm

https://www.google.com.ph/search?sclient=psy-
ab&q=cpu+definition&oq=cpu+&gs_l=serp.3.0.0i67k1l4.1824.182
4.0.3748.1.1.0.0.0.0.202.202.2-1.1.0....0...1.1.64.psy-
ab..0.1.186.es-FlQDN2qM&pbx=1

http://searchwindowsserver.techtarget.com/definition/defrag
mentation

https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-fragmentation-
defragmentation-2625884

https://www.cnet.com/how-to/how-to-make-your-own-ethernet-
cable/

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