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No load combination, however se- based on constant risk for components, design load combinations are estimates
vere, will ensure that collapse will nev- therefore, some load combinations without much justification.
er occur because there is always a prob- were adjusted to account for satisfacto- Therefore, ASCE’s strength-design
ability, however small, that the design ry historical performance. load combinations (Section 2.3.2; see
loads will be exceeded or the strength This uniform reliability (or risk, to Section A, first set of load combinations
overestimated. The assumption on the pessimist) can be accomplished by in the accompanying box were used to
which the new API 650 load combina- adapting load combinations from ASCE develop the API load combinations.
tions is based is that the risk of failure 7. This has two sets of load combina- A 0.5 factor is allowed by ASCE 7
for any combination of loads is no tions, one intended for strength design 2.3.2 Note 1 when the live load is less
more or less than for any other. (in Section 2.3) and one for allowable than 100 psf (0.69 psi). The live load
API recognized, however, that tanks stress design (in Section 2.4). for tanks is internal pressure (limited to
built to recent API 650 editions have The ASCE 7 strength-design load 2.5 psi in 650 Appendix F) or external
performed satisfactorily. While the in- combinations are based on statistical pressure (limited to 5.2 psf). Since in-
tent was to align tank performance studies, whereas the allowable-stress- ternal pressures greater than 0.69 psi
C. API load combinations when ASCE load factors are divided by 1.4
Allowable stress; API load combinations Strength design; ASCE load combinations
1. DL + F 1. 1.4(DL + F)
2. 0.9(DL + F) + 1.1P + 0.4(Lr or S) 2. 1.2(DL + F) + 1.6P + 0.5(Lr or S)
3. 0.9 DL + 1.1(Lr or S) + (0.4P or 0.6W) 3. 1.2 DL + 1.6(Lr or S) + (0.5P or 0.8W)
4. 0.9 DL + 0.9 F + 1.1W + 0.4P + 0.4(Lr or S) 4. 1.2 (DL + F) + 1.6W + 0.5P + 0.5(Lr or S)
5. 0.9 DL + 0.9 F + 0.7E + 0.4P + 0.1S 5. 1.2 (DL + F) + 1.0E + 0.5P + 0.2S
3a. 0.9DL + 1.1(Lr or S) + (0.4Pi or 0.6W) Internal pressure and wind counteract roof loads.
3b. 0.9DL + 1.1(Lr or S) + (0.4Pe or 0.6W) Wind counteracts roof loads and external pressure.
4a. 0.9(DL + F) + 1.1W + 0.4Pi + 0.4(Lr or S) Roof gravity loads counteract wind and pressure uplift.
4b. 0.9(DL + F) + 1.1W + 0.4Pe + 0.4(Lr or S) Becomes two cases:
0.9 DL + 1.1W + 0.4Pe + 0.4(Lr or S) Roof loads don’t affect shell compression.
0.9 DL + 1.1W + 0.4Pe + 0.4(Lr or S) Wind uplift counteracts Pe and roof loads.
5a. 0.9 DL + 0.9 F + 0.7E + 0.4Pi + 0.1S Internal pressure and seismic add on anchors.
5b. 0.9 DL + 0.9 F + 0.7E + 0.4Pe + 0.1S External pressure is not a factor for vertical shell compression.
F. Resulting combinations
1. DL + F Shell - hoop tension
2a. 0.9 DL + 0.9F + 1.1Pi Shell - hoop tension
2b. 0.9 DL + 1.1Pe + 0.4(Lr or S) Roof - downward load; Shell - vertical compression.
3a. 0.9 DL + 1.1(Lr or S) Roof - downward load
3b. 0.9 DL + 1.1(Lr or S) + 0.4Pe Roof - downward load
4a. 0.9 DL + 1.1W + 0.4Pi Roof - uplift
4b1. 0.9 DL + 1.1W + 0.4Pe Shell - hoop compression
4b2. 0.9 DL + 0.4Pe + 0.4(Lr or S) Roof - downward load
5. 0.9 DL + 0.9 F + 0.7E + 0.4Pi + 0.1S Shell - vertical compression, Anchors - tension