Abby Zoller-Gritz

February 4th 2019

Allmann Updyke, Erin and Welsh, Erin. “Hit Me With Your Best (Polio) Shot.” Audio blog post.
This Podcast Will Kill You. December 11, 2017.
Summary:
This starts off with a girl who talks about her experience with having polio. The hosts then
explain the way the virus works, like it is a virus and uses RNA to duplicate It is a fecal spread
disease. There are three strains, polio 1, polio 2, and polio 3. It is a childhood disease, usually in
children under the age of 5. About 75% of people with polio are asymptomatic. People with
polio are then immune to polio, so they can not get it again. Poliomyelitis is the one that is a
paralytic as it attacks the gray matter in the brain as well as motor neurons, so they were
paralyzed. They then go into the history of the virus and it goes back to Egypt in 1400 BC. Polio
season was summer and children were separated from each other. Scientists were confused
because wealthy people were being affected more, which was strange because it was usually
spread from a lack of sanitation. FDR had polio, and since he was such a huge person in the US,
there was a lot of research to cure/ vaccine it at that time. Creating the vaccine of polio was
different was very difficult as there are three strains and they thought they could only grow in
nervous tissue, though they then found out that was untrue. Sulk and Saben were the two
scientists that really created the polio vaccine, where they conducted an experiment where
millions of children were vaccinated.
Application to Research:
I really like this podcast in general and wanted it to be one of my sources. It also gives a lot a of
information about the virus. It was one of the first vaccines and has almost been eradicated.
These are the kinds of vaccines we do not generally think about or have to worry about, and i
want to make sure that we never have to worry about it ever again. I also think that this should be
a lot more global in this goal to have polio be completely eradicated forever.

"... And another study suggests vaccination isn't causing the epidemic of autism." ​Child Health
Alert​, Feb. 2008, p. 3+. ​Science In Context
Summary: Article
Since autism is on the rise, many scientists, doctors, and parents are trying to figure out the
reasons why. One theory is that thimerosal, a common preservative in vaccines that contains
mercury is the culprit. That theory is incorrect as they took out the mercury in vaccines in 2001,
so the children currently getting vaccinated and have autism would not be getting the vaccines
that contained any mercury. Autism rates rose after thimerosal was taken out of vaccines,
therefore it is definitely not causing autism. Autism Speaks, an organization about autism
awareness, is saying that more research needs to go into the causes of autism, genetic and
environmental to get to the bottom of why autism rates are high.
Application to Research:
This is the second article I have read about thimerosal. It has been taken out of vaccines, so I
think this goes to educating parents about what is in the vaccines. I am also curious now to the
replacement preservative to see if that is also an issue. This is also one of the many articles I
have read that suggest that there is no correlation between vaccines and autism, but organizations
keep pushing that there is a correlation.
Boslaugh, Sarah. "Vaccines, Infectious Diseases, and Immunity in Children." Encyclopedia of
Lifestyle Medicine & Health, edited by James M. Rippe, vol. 2, SAGE Reference, 2012,
pp. 1097-1098. Gale Virtual Reference Library
Summary: Article
Herd immunity is when so many people are immune to a disease that people who are not
immune to the disease will not get the disease as no one has the disease to spread it. This is an
extremely important concept to public health. Governments are trying to reach a nation of herd
immunity because then public health is increased and health costs can go down. It is impractical
for everyone to get vaccines as some people can not because of their reactions to vaccines, so
herd immunity is truly an important concept. Since immunization has gone down in recent years,
herd immunity has stopped and infectious diseases are starting to be seen again.
Application to Research:
I learned about herd immunity and how not everyone needed to be vaccinated. This also goes to
show how less people being vaccinated really hurts the whole community, not just the
unvaccinated person. I'm interested in asking parents what they think about herd immunity and
the government implementing that vaccines be mandatory.

"Breaking the fever; Curbing online misinformation." ​The Economist​, 28 July 2018, p. 8(US).
Student Resources in Context
Summary:
The article is about how misinformation is detrimental to society. When false information is
spread, then people could die, like they did in India when people were wrongfully accused of
kidnapping children and were subsequently lynched. To curb the spread of misinformation,
various social media sites, especially WhatsApp, are making the process of sharing information a
bit slower so that it can make users think before they share. Other social media platforms, like
Instagram, are not sharing information with other people expect for posts about themselves. They
seem to be making money and prove that sharing is not a necessity. If someone wants to share
something, the process to post is longer and give people plenty of time to think about the
accuracy of the information.
Application to Research:
I want to stop the spread of misinformation about vaccines. I have not thought about creating
anything over social media, but that might be a good idea as the people currently having children
spend a lot of time on the Internet. An instagram about vaccines or a Twitter could be a helpful
source for parents who are unsure about vaccinating their children.

Carson-DeWitt, Rosalyn. "Whooping cough." ​The Gale Encyclopedia of Science​, edited by K.

Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, 5th ed., Gale, 2014. ​Science In Context
Summary:
The article was about the disease Whooping Cough, also known as pertussis. It is pathogen that
creates intense spasmodic coughing in children as well as making them take sharp breathes. The
pathogen itself is only found in humans. It attacks the cilia in the lungs that allows the lungs to
be free of bacteria and mucus. There are 4 stages of this pathogen, and it can be fatal. Since the
main symptom is a cough, it can appear as if it was just a common cold, so many kids do not get
proper treatment. Treatment can include the antibiotic erythromycin in the early stages. The
vaccine is very widespread as this disease is lethal to many children. The vaccine is apart of a set
of three different diseases. One for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis called DTP is used for many
children to save them from these life threatening diseases.
Application to Research:
I now know more about a common disease that can be prevented easily by vaccines. I know
more about combining the vaccines for different diseases into one vaccine to increase the
effectiveness of the vaccine without having more than one vaccine. I now also know one more of
the common, and live saving vaccines that children need. It also lend so insight as to how I can
help persuade parents to vaccinate children, by showing the effects of the disease and how
deadly it can be. If they still do not want to vaccinate, then the question really can become which
is worse, a possibility of having an autistic child, or a dead child at the hand of a preventable
disease.

Cohen, Elizabeth. “Doctors' Son Died 10 Days before Flu Shot Appointment. Now, They Want
to Save Your Child.” ​CNN,​ Cable News Network, 2 Nov. 2018
Summary:
A boy was killed by influenza after not getting a flu vaccine. He was scheduled to get one 10
days after he died. He had been completely healthy before he got the flu, and then died 48 hours
later. Dr. Flor Muñoz says that children have a hard time getting the vaccines as their parents
may have already gotten it at work and children can not just go to a clinic to get them. There is
also legislation that prohibits pharmacists from giving children vaccines. It is important to get the
flu shot before the holidays as flu season peaks in December, and no one wants to be sick during
the holidays. Any time before the end of October is a great time to get vaccinated for the flu.
Application to Research:
This really goes to show how important vaccines are. He was supposed to get a flu shot, but got
the flu and died as he had no immunity. His parents were doctors, and they knew he had to get
vaccinated. It shows that diseases are deadly and they can affect anyone. This also puts a priority
on the flu shot itself. Every year, people get the flu vaccines, and it is honestly easier for an adult
then a child. This article just brings up questions about how policies can change to help vaccinate
children.

Coghlan, Andy. “Tough Vaccines Last Even If Heat Is On.” ​New Scientist​, vol. 184, no. 2470,
Oct. 2004, p. 9. ​EBSCOhost
Summary:
Vaccines could be made with “stable liquid” technology that is helping to preserve them so that
when vaccines are sent to third world countries in need of vaccines, they are still viable. The
vaccine ingredients are coated in a sugary substance made from simple natural sugars, and an
amino acid. That creates a sphere like structure around the vaccine, which is then inserted into
perfluorocarbon, which helps the vaccine resist bacteria. When the vaccine is injected, the sugar
dissolves and only the active ingredients are inserted into the body, and perfluorocarbon is
exhaled. This technique could be used to help combine vaccines as well as create vaccines for a
biological weapon, as they would be able to remain viable for years. The World Health
Organization says that it looks promising, but will require many clinical trials and possibly the
need to switch out the perfluorocarbon as it damages the Ozone.
Application to Research:
I found this article interesting. I know know that amino acids, especially glutamine, can be in
vaccines and not compromise them. Parents might like the idea of putting amino acids in the
vaccines that help stimulate brain activity so that their risk of any neurological disease is
lessened. I also now understand that vaccine ingredients can be coated.

Doctors, The, director. ​Autism Debate with Jenny McCarthy on 'The Doctors'​. ​YouTube,​
YouTube, 7 May 2009
Summary: Video
This was a debate about vaccines with the Doctors and a father in the audience. Jenny McCarthy,
an avid anti-Vaxxer, was present to talk about her perspective on how vaccines cause autism, but
only says that some vaccines should be up to the parents discretion, like chicken pox and the flu.
She also states that flu vaccines still have mercury in them. The debate is really with the Doctors,
from the television show ​The Doctors​, and the audience member. The father seemed so right in
his answer that vaccines are the only cause at autism that he would not let the doctors explain
how they were there to discuss all possibilities of autism. The doctors were frustrated as they
were rarely allowed to give their medical opinion. He mentioned how all we want to do is save
children.
Application to Research:
Everything that I want to show is in this video. The frustration on both side from not being heard
and understood. I personally sided with the doctors, but it brought up a point about people being
so sure in their opinion that they have not explored different option. I also kind of think that the
point of not having all vaccines be necessary may be a bit valid. I think that all diseases should
be vaccinated for if we can, but if people are wary of vaccines, maybe only stressing the super
important ones, like the MMR, DTP, and polio vaccines are a good first step.

Donvito, Tina. “Anti-Vaccination Named a Global Health Threat for 2019.” ​Yahoo! News​,
Yahoo!, 18 Jan. 2019
Summary:
The World Health Organization (WHO) now says that hesitancy and refusal to vaccinate
children is causing more people to get sick and reverse progress that occured to almost
eradicated diseases. The WHO says that vaccines prevent about two to three million deaths per
year. Vaccines effect more than just the children whose parents do allow them to get them, they
affect many more people. The WHO has just added it to the lists of health risks as they find it
affects everyone across all ages. The more children that were vaccinated for pneumonia the less
pneumonia they saw in people over the age of 65. Undervaccination is also an issue. Doctors
blame the internet for this era of no to little vaccination among parents. The parents who don’t
vaccinate their children have a reach on the internet and that tends to be a big source of
information for new parents. They recommend talking to pediatrician about vaccines if you are
unsure whether or not to vaccinate.
Application to Research:
The WHO would not be concerned about this if was not harming people. Vaccines save lives by
making sure that they don’t get sick. Kids now can be protected from many fatal diseases and
can live their lives. These diseases are going back into circulation and they are killing children.
As mentioned in the the summary, it saves millions of lives.
Duff, Beth Longware. "Ten Fast Facts About Shingles: More is known about shingles--and more
can be done to help patients--than ever before." ​Drug Topics​, Sept. 2018, p. 28.
Professional Collection
Summary:
The Shingles virus is a serious virus. It is in anyone who has had chickenpox, as it lies dormant
in the spine for years after the initial interaction. The virus mainly affects nerves. It can lead to
chronic pain and mostly occurs in people over the age of 60. If someone has had the chickenpox
vaccine, they would not be as susceptible to Shingles, but if they have a compromised immune
system could get the virus. If someone presents with the virus, then they can be treated with
antivirals and the rashes associated with the virus can be treated using steroids and some over the
counter ointments. There are also two different shingles vaccines that are recombinant that have
been 90% effective in healthy adults over the age of 50. It was approved by the FDA in 2017.
Application to Research:
I thought that this article was important as the shingles virus is for adults. I stress the fact that we
need parents to be aware of vaccines, and that is true because the chickenpox vaccine can help
prevent the virus from ever getting to the person and prevents truly two diseases in one. This also
is a reminder that even adults need vaccines as vaccines are still relatively new. I definitely want
to add something about vaccinating everyone who needs to be vaccinated. That mostly applies to
children, so my whole project is still relevant, but just a simple reminder at the end. This vaccine
is also advertised on TV, so those would be a good source to look at for promoting the vaccine.

Edwards, Diane D. "Human test of AIDS vaccine approved." ​Science News​, 22 Aug. 1987, p.
116. ​Student Resources In Context
Summary:
They are now testing a vaccines for AIDS. It will be given to men who tested negative to AIDS
to see if there any any side effects, if the immune system is changed, and will be compared to a
placebo. To get the genetic coding for the virus to be applicable to vaccines, they are putting it in
a baculovirus. This is a human run trial, but they did run some similar trials on chimpanzees.
There was the virus in both vaccinated and unvaccinated chimps, so they are being watched to
see if they get AIDS. Even though they have the virus, not all of them might get AIDS.
Application to Research:
The article just reminds me that all viruses are not the same and that immunization from all of
them is nearly impossible. It is cool to see the genetic material being made in the lab and
transferred over, which might be applicable to other vaccines as it's not the disabled virus itself,
just the genetic coding. The AIDS virus is strange as you can have it and not show symptoms, so
it also lets me wonder about detection of this and if there could be a method to create antibodies
for the virus and inject that.

Foerster, Andrew, director. ​Why Do You Need to Get a Flu Shot Every Year?​ ​YouTube,​
YouTube, 20 Nov. 2017
Summary:
The flu vaccine is constantly being observed. The flu vaccine only covers about 4 different
strains of the flu, but there are over 12 different strains. Scientists look at data from flu patients
to try and predict which strains are going to be most common that season. That is why people
have to get the flu shot every season and can not just have one shot and be immune from the flu
like with many other diseases, like measles and rubella. Also, the flu virus mutates a lot, which
poses a problem as the antibodies the body produces look for specific markers on the virus, and
if it is mutated, then the antibodies might not recognize it and attack it. That being said, it is still
super important to get the flu shot because even if someone does get the flu, then they get
symptoms that are not as strong and for a smaller duration of time then if they were not
vaccinated. It can also help people who can not get vaccinated as it can create herd immunity.
They are currently working towards a universal flu vaccine.
Application to Research:
Flu shots are great to look at because production of them changes every year. It stays up to date
and can have many innovations. It still looks like a good base vaccine to look at because it
campaigns for vaccination, but i also need to look at the one and done vaccines that are important
to get in early development.

Francis, Karl F. "Vaccines." Encyclopedia of Contemporary American Social Issues, edited by

Michael Shally-Jensen, vol. 4: Environment, Science, and Technology, ABC-CLIO,
2011, pp. 1649-1656. Gale Virtual Reference Library
Summary:
The article explains how vaccines are still controversial, though save millions of live annually.
Vaccines are used so much, that they could be causing diseases mutate. There has been lots of
research on making vaccines better, such as adding strains to the influenza vaccine to protect
people from more than one strain. The two major concerns with the efficiency of vaccines is in
the chemicals in vaccines with the various inactive viruses and the idea of mutations of viruses
cause by vaccines. Diseases can sometimes be picked up by animals, and are not inevitable. The
first cases of vaccines were by taking pus from lesions of cowpox and inoculating them into
people. There have been some incidents of improper vaccinations which has cause some
suspicion. The major concept is that vaccines have had issues in the past, but vaccinations are
still very necessary.
Application to Research:
This clearly states issues people have with vaccines and explains some of the past issues with
vaccines. I plan on using this to help with the ignorance side of my hypothesis as if people have
these issues, they don't know about more modern vaccines. Very in depth article, and probably
the best I have read.

Hall, Harriet. "Diving into the VAERS Dumpster: Fake News about Vaccine Injuries." ​Skeptical
Inquirer​, Nov.-Dec. 2018, p. 28+. ​Science in Context
Summary:
The article is about the U.S. Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) and what it
really does. Anti-vaxxers use it as evidence that vaccines are very harmful, when in reality, it is
just submitted stories from people about their experiences with vaccines. It is not a verified
source of information, therefore some of the information could be false. VAERS can be a useful
tool as when people were suffering from intussusception after reviewing the rotavirus vaccine,
the situation was looked into and the vaccine was taken off the market, but more often than not,
the investigated stories prove vaccines were not the cause of their illness or death. Only a quarter
of the reports were probable and with known effects of vaccines, like allergic reactions, and only
3% were proven and those were not serious. Also, vaccine court does not pay people to lie about
vaccines, it is used to help people who were injured from a specific vaccine that is no longer
used or the rare cases when something does go wrong and then it is legally proven, not
scientifically.
Application to Research:
This gives me some room to discredit statements that are being made from the VAERS as it is
not valid information. It goes with the loss of correct information about vaccines. I hope on my
infographic to say something about VAERS as I can see how it can be a legitimate source of
information for people who do not know the information is not valid.

Hall, Harriet. "Vaccines and autism: a deadly manufactroversy." ​Skeptic​ [Altadena, CA], vol. 15,
no. 2, 2009, p. 26+. ​Science In Context
Summary:
The article explains the controversy over vaccinations and the different scares that lead to the
discussion today. Dr.Wakefield, the man who brought up the idea the vaccines cause autism,
used faulty methods of testing when reaching his conclusion. He also was a bad scientist overall
as he kept messing with the results of his testing to get what he wanted out of it, as he was being
paid to find a link between autism and the MMR vaccine for a class action lawsuit. There was
also a scare where they found some mercury in vaccines, though the amount was not harmful.
Some people thought that mercury poisoning would lead to autism, so the preservative in the
vaccines that contained the mercury was taken out. Jenny McCarthy, an actress, was the next
person to help perpetuate that vaccines give children autism. She believes that because her son
got vaccinated, that is why he has autism, and has spoken about it publically many times. He also
talk about all the invasive treatments that parents are doing to get rid of autism instead of looking
at it as a psychological disorder.
Application to Research:
I know know more about what is inside of vaccines, what the people who do not like vaccines
are scared of, and the science behind vaccines. I can use this to help me understand the different
components in vaccines that could be changed and help parents vaccinate their children. There is
slight bias in the article as the author is passionate about the science and believes that vaccines
are very safe. They seem legitimate as they use a lot of science to refute the claims.

Hooker, Brian, et al. "Methodological issues and evidence of malfeasance in research purporting
to show thimerosal in vaccines is safe." ​BioMed Research International,​ 2014.
Summary:
The article takes a look at Thimerosal, a preservative in vaccines with ethyl-mercury that the
CDC says does not cause autism. The author explores the CDC’s studies to see if these claims
are accurate. The author points out that the studies conducted by the CDC had control report on
the notion that vaccines do not cause autism. He then explains that many independent researchers
have found links between Thimerosal and neurological disorders in children. He also calls out
the CDC for vaccine promotion and says that they would keep promoting it even if it does have
harmful neurological effects.
Application to Research:
This article give insight as to this chemical, Thimerosal, and how it has been tested. I don’t know
how much validity I put into independent researchers, but it does raise awareness to the chemical
from the studies done by the CDC. I am now more aware of the possible issues with vaccine
ingredients. There is a bias as they do not trust the CDC and think that vaccine cause autism.
They also call out the CDC on methodology, but vaguely mention the independent researcher.
But not what they did methods wise.

“Immunization Schedules.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 6 Feb. 2018
Summary:
This is a chart and description of the schedule of vaccinations. It goes from birth to 18 years old.
It lays out all of the different time frames and different doses for different vaccines. It also talks
about if the child has any diseases the different vaccines they should get as well as that schedule.
It also talks about how to make up vaccines if the child did not get them at the proper time or
there was a gap between the scheduled times of doses of specific vaccines, like rotavirus.
Application to Research:
I think that this is a good look at when vaccines are needed to be given. Some parents do not
know how much time in between vaccines is necessary, so these could be a good addition to the
graphic. I do not really know how much why they must be this way, but it is recommended by
the CDC to do them in this manner. It is also a great layout and the information is presented
clearly.

“Influenza (Flu).” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, 24 Sept. 2018
Summary:
There are three types of methods for flu vaccine production, egg based, cell based, and
recombinant. Egg based is the most common method of making the flu vaccine and is used in the
injection as well as the mist. The CDC or other certified organization provides the manufacturers
with the candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs) grown in egg and inject them into fertilized chicken
eggs where they are left to let the virus replicate itself. Then the fluid that contains the virus is
taken and the virus itself is deactivated. The antigen is purified and then tested before being sent
out. This process requires a lot of eggs and can take more time. The cell based vaccines are new
to the world of vaccines with the most recent method of production being approved by the FDA
in 2016. They grow the CVVs in animal cells instead of eggs, which are then put inside of a
cluster of animal cells to replicate, then the antigen is purified, testing is done, and then the
vaccine can be shipped out. Recombinant vaccines uses genes, specifically the hemagglutinin
(HA) Gene, from a recommended virus. The genes are then combined with portions of a virus
that is grown in insect cells, and then the extraction process and rest of method are the same.
Application to Research
These applications outline the different methods that vaccines could be made in. Specifically it
looks at the flu vaccine, which is a popular and ever changing vaccine. I can use this to see the
difference of responses people have to them as well as see if the cell based or recombinant
vaccines are better for compromised immune systems and if people with egg allergies were not
allowed to be vaccinated until about 2013.

Jordan, Caitlin. “How Designers Do It: 15 Easy Steps to Design an Infographic from Scratch –
Learn.” ​About Canva​, Canva, 26 Oct. 2018
Summary:
The article is about how to create an effective infographic. They suggest processing the data to
find the most important data. Make sure the information is credible to keep the validity of the
infographic in tact. Make a skeleton of the basic design before putting information in it. Be
purposeful in selecting a design and try to be as creative as possible. Have a clear purpose with
the infographic and the information on it. Make sure the tone of the infographic matches the tone
of the information. Try to be more visual when possible as humans are more visual learners.
Make sure the typography is purposeful and legible. Make sure your colors are not too bright and
fit theme. They suggest sticking to three colors. Use white space to let the information breathe. It
is helpful to take breaks to get a clear head when working on the infographics. Do not overload
the infographics with information, only the information that is relevant. Make sure to proofread.
Test the infographic with different people along the way to keep tabs on what is effective. Make
revisions after it was being published if applicable.
Application to Research:
I need to know how to make an infographic for my final project. These tips are pretty helpful and
I did not even think about all of these. I will save the article to refer back to because it is super
important. I will be using these when I finally create my infographic.

King, Charlotte. “Personalised Vaccines Offer Children Better Protection.” ​New Scientist​, vol.
204, no. 2737, Dec. 2009, p. 11
Summary:
The article is about how some children are not affected by vaccines and therefore are susceptible
to those diseases. Their genes are not able to produce the proper antibodies needed to fight off
the diseases that are in the vaccines. Berran Yucesoy of the US National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health is working on looking at cytokines to help recrute antibodies to
fight off the diseases in the vaccines. It was only a preliminary study though, so it has to be run
with more children to get a more accurate result, but it looks promising. If it turns out to be an
accurate assessment, then doctors can test the genes and if they have the genes that lack
antibodies, they can then add the cytokines to the vaccine so they actual get eh benefits of the
vaccine.
Application to Research:
Learning about the new types of research going on is very helpful to me. I can now stay up to
date on the new advancements. I also now know that vaccines do not work for some people, so
that could be a factor as to why some people are uncomfortable with vaccines. It also helps give
insight as to how vaccines can be modified to help people get proper effectiveness of them.

Klaus, Sybil. Personal Interview. 19 Nov. 2018

Summary:
Sybil Klaus is a pediatrician who works at Johns Hopkins Bayview in the pediatric
Emergency Room and is also supervises innovation projects at MITRE. We discussed her
experiences with vaccines as a pediatrician and she said that they are the most innovative
piece of technology in the medical field. She said that they have helped to limit the amount
of diseases that children get and has not had to worry about specific diseases, like polio.
She also said it is easier to figure out what is wrong with a child when you know what
diseases they cannot have, especially when symptoms are similar. She was know;egable in
the process of making vaccines and said they were still making strides with them today.
Application to Research:
This interview was helpful as I understood where actual medical professionals who are
doing this job regularly think of vaccines. She knew what was in vaccines and could tell me
why a child should get one. This is the type of doctor I want to be as well as the doctor I
want to showcase so that no one thinks doctors do not know what they are giving children.

Mandal, Ananya. “Vaccine Production.” ​News-Medical.net,​ News Medical, 23 Aug. 2018

Summary:
Producing vaccines in large quantities are difficult and is a challenge for vaccine producers.
There are 3 steps in vaccine production: inactivation, purification, and formulation. Inactivation
is when they prepare the antigen. They take a microbe and grow in in either egg cells or animal
cells. They can be weakened or inactivated by chemicals or heat. The antigen is then taken from
the cells that made it, this is purification. Then in formulation, the inactivated antigens are
combined with adjuvants, stabilizers, and preservatives. Adjuvants enhance immune responses to
the vaccine. Stabilizers allow for a longer shelf life and allow for multi-dose vials to be
produced. Preservatives help preserve the vaccine so that it is effective. Vaccines need to be
protected from many outside contaminants.
Application to Research:
I wanted to know if all vaccines are made the same way as the flu vaccine. For the most part they
are, I now know more about the formulation. I will be looking into the specific adjuvants,
stabilizers, and preservatives in the future.

Marx, Jean L. "Making antibodies without antigens." Science, vol. 228, 1985, p. 162+. Student
Resources In Context
Summary:
Vaccines could be made to not use the genetic materials from viruses and just use antidiotype
antibodies. Immune regulatory networks are functions in the body that allow antibodies to
respond to foreign antigens and those antibodies can form antibodies against it which then can
help protect from a virus. Instead of injecting the disabled virus into the body, they will be able
to inject the antidiotype antibodies instead. Some autoimmune diseases like Graves’ disease
could be a result of a non-functional immune regulatory network. The antidiotype antibodies can
act like antigens and create antibodies to go against the antigen embedded in the antidiotype
antibodies. Not all antidiotype antibodies have antigens in them though, so research is being
devoted to see which antigens are in the different antidiotype antibodies.
Application to Research:
One thing that makes people uncomfortable about vaccines is the fact that the virus is going into
their bodies. They think that they are basically just contracting the disease, but in reality, they are
getting a disabled version of that virus instead so the body can make antibodies against it. This
theory is interesting as it takes out that fear of getting the disease as there is no disease being put
in.

Multiplayer, BuzzFeed, director. ​What Deadly Diseases Look Like On Your Body.​ ​YouTube​,
YouTube, 4 Feb. 2017, ​www.youtube.com/watch?v=6WL5jy2Qa8I​.
Summary:
The video consists of women putting makeup on a model to show what different diseases look
like when a human has contracted that disease. It also give information about the disease and if
there is a vaccine for it, which there are for most of them, then it lists the date it was created. We
start out with Hepatitis B, which symptoms include jaundice of the eyes and skin, and there was
a vaccine created for it in 1982. Shingles is next with symptoms being painful rashes with
blisters. A vaccine was created for it in 2006. Smallpox symptoms include blindness and small
lesions. The disease has been eradicated in the US since 1940. Tuberculosis causes luminous
eyes, pallid skin, and causes the patient to cough up blood, but the vaccine was created in 1921.
Diphtheria causes skin lesions and there was a vaccine created in 1913. The plague causes
pustules on flea bites, swollen lymph nodes, tissue can turn black, hence the term the black
plague. The vaccine for this was created in the late 1800, but antibiotics also help.
Application to Research:
I didn’t know that vaccines had such a long history dating to the 1800s. I thought they were more
recent. I also like this as it advertises vaccines by showing what would happen to your body if
you contracted that disease. The moral was get vaccinated so this doesn't happen because
vaccines prevent this.

“Remembering Evan.” ​Voices For Vaccines,​ 30 May 2013

Summary:
This is a submission from a website from a mother whose son died from meningitis. He was a
healthy boy who suddenly contracted meningitis and then twenty-six days later died. Meningitis
is a disease that is preventable by a vaccine. This mom is advising other parents to make sure
their children get vaccinated so they do not have to suffer through watching their child die. The
whole website is full of anecdotal evidence of vaccines effectiveness and resources for people
who are unsure of vaccines.
Application to Research:
This is a great example of how vaccines save lives. The horrors this mom had to watch happen to
her son from a preventable diseases is very upsetting. I feel that this story is very impactful to
reference in my research because it is very personal and the vaccine could have prevented all of
it from happening.

Ruland, Claudia Daileader, M. A. “Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine.” Salem Press

Encyclopedia of Health, 2018. EBSCOhost
Summary:
Human papillomavirus, HPV, is a virus that affect the genital area of both men and females.
Sometimes it can be asymptomatic, but other times it can result in cervical cancer, other cancers
of genitals, and genital warts. There are two different HPV vaccines. It is mostly given to
children ages 11-12, but the range is from 9-26 years old. The vaccine is most effective if the
person does not have HPV. The vaccine is given in three stages, and there is a minimum time
between each of the shots. The whole series should not be completed in less that 24 weeks. The
vaccine is safe, though some people have moderate reactions like itching, fever, and bruising
near the injection site. If one is pregnant or allergic to yeast, they should not get the vaccine. The
HPV vaccine is the first preventative cancer vaccine. There was controversy over the vaccine as
some parents and religious groups though that it would allow children to have more sex, though
there has not been a proven correlation. This vaccine is mandatory in Rhode Island, Virginia, and
Washington D.C. and are the only states to make it mandatory.
Application to Research:
This is a very interesting vaccine that also is advertised. I will be looking at those advertisements
to see how they try and promote the vaccine. Also, this vaccine may bolster my point because it
can help prevent cancer,which is a very serious disease. I may add a list of vaccines to my
infographic about what ages and vaccines go with those ages as I forgot were age sensitive. I also
now want to take a look at making vaccines mandatory as it came up in this article and I
personally find that an interesting way to encourage vaccines.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. “Vaccines Protect You.” Vaccines.gov, U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, 11 Oct. 2006
Summary
Vaccines work by helping the immune system fight diseases. The immune system is a group of
organs and biological processes that keeps the body safe from foreign substances. These
substances are usually in the forms of germs, bacteria and viruses, which all multiply while in the
body; this is called an infection. When the immune system encounters a foreign substance, it
sends out messages that there is a foreign substance present, then it releases antibodies that fight
the substance. After the antibodies fight the substance, they remember the substance using B
cells, so the next time you are exposed to that germ, the immune system already know which
antibodies to make, which is called immunity. Vaccines work by putting the weakened
substances in the body so that the immune system can make antibodies to fight the substances if
they are ever present in the body.
Application to Research
I have never explained why vaccines work as I knew it before going into this project. I felt it
necessary to explain it before I go into the more specifics of the ingredients and mechanism of
vaccines.

“Vaccines.” ​Cleveland Clinic​, Cleveland Clinic, 2017.

Summary: Infographic
The infographic depicts facts about vaccines. About 33,000 lives and 14 million cases are
prevented because of vaccines. It makes certain diseases a non-issue. No autism link as more
than 45 research studies have shown no link between vaccines and autism. If there are any
effects from the vaccine, it is rare and they are minor symptoms like a fever or rash. It can help
people who have weakened immune systems and can not take vaccines because of herd
immunity. Hippocratic Oath says doctors must promote vaccines and tell people why there are
no actual links to autism. It is safe for children as most studies with vaccines are done with
children. There is no supporting research that suggests multiple vaccines overwhelm the immune
system.
Application to Research:
This is a wonderful illustration of something I hope to create. Infographics are a great way to
convey information. I want to create something similar to this to hang in doctors offices as
parents can see them there and get their children vaccinated. It also has a lot more general facts
about vaccines, which can be useful for talking to a bigger audience. This also addresses a lot of
the issues people have with vaccines, so I now have it all condensed into one source.
Wadman, Meredith. ​Vaccine Race​. Doubleday, 2017.
Summary: Book
Until the late 1960s, thousands of children suffered crippling birth defects, especially if their
mothers had rubella while they were pregnant. Rubella was popularly known as German
measles. This was during a time when vaccines were not around and so many people were dying
from these various illnesses. In June 1962, Maurice Hilleman, used tissue extracted from an
aborted fetus from Sweden,and produced safe, clean cells that were used to create the first sense
of vaccines, especially against rubella.Two years later, his colleague developed the vaccine that
would get rid of rubella. The rubella vaccine and others been administered and have helped save
millions of lives, especially children’s. The new methods of making vaccines also led to
“vaccines that have protected billions of people around the world from polio, rabies, chicken
pox, measles, hepatitis A, shingles and adenovirus”. In 2003, the CDC said that rubella was
eliminated from America.
Application to Research:
I now know a bit more about the history of vaccines. I know more about rubella especially and
how that one biologist, Maurice Hilleman, really changed the game. This goes to show how
incredible vaccines are and how many lives they are saving. I can use this to show parents the
power of vaccines and how much we as a society really need them.

ZDoggMD, director. ​Vaccine Myths, Debunked (w/ Paul Offit).​ ​ZDoggMD - Vaccine Myths,
Debunked (w/ Dr. Paul Offit),​ 2018
Summary: Video
ZDoggMD talks to Dr. Paul Offit, through protesters banging on the windows of the studio they
are in, about Offit’s journey as the creator of the rotavirus vaccine and a speaker about the
validity of vaccines. He wrote a book all about his journey on trying to prove that vaccines are
safe and effective. The video mostly demonstrates his life and experiences instead of the science
behind it, but Offit is definitely a smart man. They also talk about the importance of vaccines
that are not the rotavirus vaccine, but the flu vaccine. They say even if the vaccine is not 100%
effective, whatever effectiveness it has is still more than you body can naturally produce. They
also talk about the ingredients in vaccines and how they are all safe.The video digs at
anti-vaxxers that ask questions to Offit, but do not listen to anything he says.
Application to Research:
I like the conversation that is happening. This scientist really goes on about how he wants to save
children. I also liked how this man would stand up against anything do spread his truth about
vaccines. I know have more people to look into about their accomplishments in the vaccine
world. I also have an understanding that it will be incredibly hard to convince parents that do not
want to vaccinate their children, that they should. If they did not listen to a professional, why
would they listen to me.