Oceanic climate

An oceanic climate, also known as a marine or

maritime climate, is the Köppen classification of
climate typical of west coasts in higher middle
latitudes of continents, and generally features
mild summers (relative to their latitude) and mild
winters, with a relatively narrow annual
temperature range and few extremes of
temperature, with the exception for transitional
areas to continental, subarctic and highland
climates. Oceanic climates are defined as having a
monthly mean temperature below 22 °C (72 °F) in
the warmest month, and above 0 °C (32 °F) (or
−3 °C (27 °F)) in the coldest month.
World map showing oceanic climate zones

It typically lacks a dry season, as precipitation is Cfb

more evenly dispersed throughout the year. It is Cfc
the predominant climate type across much of Cwb
Western Europe including the United Kingdom, Cwc
the Pacific Northwest region of the United States
and Canada, portions of central Mexico,
southwestern South America, southeastern Australia including Tasmania, and New Zealand, as well as isolated locations elsewhere.
Oceanic climates are generally characterised by a narrower annual range of temperatures than in other places at a comparable
latitude, and generally do not have the extremely dry summers ofMediterranean climatesor the hot summers of humid subtropical.[1]
[2]
Oceanic climates are most dominant inEurope, where they spread much farther inland than in other continents.

Oceanic climates can have considerable storm activity as they are located in the belt of the stormy westerlies. Many oceanic climates
have frequent cloudy or overcast conditions due to the near constant storms and lows tracking over or near them. The annual range of
temperatures is smaller than typical climates at these latitudes due to the constant stable marine air masses that pass through oceanic
climates, which lack both very warm and very cool fronts.

Contents
Precipitation
Temperature
Causation
Locations
Europe
The Americas
Africa
Asia and Oceania
Indian Ocean
Varieties
Subtropical highland variety (Cfb, Cwb)
Marine west coast (Cfb)
 Subpolar variety (Cfc, Cwc)
See also
References
External links

Precipitation
Locations with oceanic climates tend to feature cloudy conditions with precipitation, though it can experience clear, sunny days.
London is an example of an oceanic climate. It experiences reliable and constant precipitation throughout the entire year
. Despite this,
thunderstorms are quite rare since hot and cold air masses meet infrequently in the region. In most areas with an oceanic climate,
precipitation comes in the form of rain for the majority of the year. However, some areas with this climate see some snowfall
annually during winter. Most oceanic climate zones, or at least a part of them, experience at least one snowfall per year. In the
poleward locations of the oceanic climate zone ("subpolar oceanic climates," described in greater detail below), snowfall is more
frequent and commonplace.

Temperature
Overall temperature characteristics of the oceanic climates feature cool temperatures and infrequent extremes of temperature. In the
Köppen climate classification, Oceanic climates have a mean temperature of 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (27 °F)) or higher in the coldest
month, compared to continental climates where the coldest month has a mean temperature of below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (27 °F)).
Summers are cool, with the warmest month having a mean temperature below 22 °C (72 °F). Poleward of the latter is a zone of the
aforementioned subpolar oceanic climate (Köppen Cfc),[3] with long but relatively mild (for their latitude) winters and cool and
short summers (average temperatures of at least 10 °C (50 °F) for one to three months). Examples of this climate include parts of
coastal Iceland, and Norway, the Scottish Highlands, the mountains of Vancouver Island, and Haida Gwaii in Canada, in the Northern
Hemisphere and extreme southern Chile and Argentina in the Southern Hemisphere (examples include Ushuaia and Punta Arenas),
the Tasmanian Central Highlands, and parts of New Zealand.

Causation
Oceanic climates are not necessarily always found in coastal locations on the aforementioned parallels; however, in most cases
oceanic climates parallel higher middle latitude oceans. The polar jet stream, which moves in a west to east direction across the
middle latitudes, advances low pressure systems, storms, and fronts. In coastal areas of the higher middle latitudes (45–60° latitude),
the prevailing onshore flow creates the basic structure of most oceanic climates. Oceanic climates are a product and reflection of the
ocean adjacent to them. In the fall, winter, and early spring, when the polar jet stream is most active, the frequent passing of marine
weather systems creates the frequent fog, cloudy skies, and light drizzle often associated with oceanic climates. In summer, high
pressure often pushes the prevailing westerlies north of many oceanic climates, often creating a drier summer climate (for example in
the Northwest coast of America, bathed by the Pacific Ocean).

The North Atlantic Gulf Stream, a tropical oceanic current that passes north of the Caribbean and up the East Coast of the United
States to North Carolina, then heads east-northeast to the Azores, is thought to greatly modify the climate of Northwest Europe.[4] As
a result of the Gulf Stream, west-coast areas located in high latitudes like Ireland, the UK, and Norway have much milder winters (for
their latitude) than would otherwise be the case. The lowland attributes of western Europe also help drive marine air masses into
continental areas, enabling cities such as Dresden, Prague, and Vienna to have maritime climates in spite of being located well inland
from the ocean.

Locations
London, United Kingdom
Europe Climate chart ( explanation )
Oceanic climates in Europe occur mostly in Northwest J F M A M J J A S O N D
Europe, from Ireland and Great Britain eastward to
central Europe. Most of France (away from the
Mediterranean), Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, 21
24 23
18 20
Germany, Norway, the north coast of Spain (Basque 14 16
11 10
Country, north of Navarre,[6] Galicia, Asturias and 8 8 14 14
8
12 11
9 8
Cantabria), the western Azores off the coast of Portugal, 4 6 5
2 2 3
the south of Kosovo and southern portions of Sweden,
also have oceanic climates. Examples of oceanic
climates are found in Glasgow, London, Bergen,
Amsterdam, Dublin, Berlin, Bilbao, Donostia-San
55 41 42 44 49 45 45 50 49 69 59 55
Sebastian, Biarritz, Bayonne, Zürich, Copenhagen,
Skagen and Paris. With decreasing distance to the Average max. and min. temperatures in °C

Mediterranean Sea, the oceanic climate of Northwest Precipitation totals in mm

Europe gradually changes to the subtropical dry-summer Source: Met Office [5]
or Mediterranean climate of southern Europe. The line
Imperial conversion
between Oceanic and Continental climate in Europe runs
J F M A M J J A S O N D
in a generally north to south direction. For example,
western Germany is more impacted by milder Atlantic
air masses than is eastern Germany. Thus, winters across
74 74
70 68
Europe become colder to the east, and (in some 64
58 60
locations) summers become hotter. The line between 52 50
47 47 57 47
53 57 53
oceanic Europe and Mediterranean Europe normally runs 48 47
39 42 41
west to east and is related to changes in precipitation 36 36 37

patterns and differences to seasonal temperatures.

2.2 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.7 2.3 2.2

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F

Precipitation totals in inches

The Americas
The oceanic climate exists in an arc spreading across the Vancouver, Canada
north-western coast of North America from the Alaskan
Climate chart ( explanation )
panhandle to northern California, in general the coastal
areas of the Pacific Northwest. It includes the western J F M A M J J A S O N D

parts of Washington and Oregon, the Alaskan panhandle,

western portions of British Columbia, and north-western
22 22
California. In addition, some east coast areas such as 20 19
17
14 14
some higher elevations along the southern Appalachian 11 9
7 8 14 14 7
Mountains as well as Block Island, Cape Cod, Martha's 12 12
10 8
7 5
Vineyard, and Nantucket have a similar climate.[7] The 3 3 5 3

oceanic climate is found in isolated pockets in eastern

Mexico. The White Mountains of Northern Arizona have
an oceanic cfb climate. An extensive area of oceanic
climates distinguishes the coastal regions of southern 179 184 156 118 87 70 53 51 73 148 239 231

Chile and extends into borderingArgentina.

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
All mid-latitude oceanic climates are classified as humid. Precipitation totals in mm
However, some rainshadow climates feature thermal Source: Environment Canada
régimes similar to those of oceanic climates but with
Imperial conversion
steppe-like (BSk) or even desert-like (BWk) scarcity of
J F M A M J J A S O N D
precipitation. Despite the oceanic-like thermal regimes,
these areas are generally classified as steppe or desert
climates. These arid versions of oceanic climates are
72 72
found in eastern Washington and Oregon to the east of 67 66
62
56 57
the Cascade Range in the United States, in the Okanagan 47 51 49
44 57 58 44
54 53
Valley in British Columbia in Canada, Patagonia in 49 47
40 44 41
37 38 37
southern Argentina, and the Atacama Desert in northern
Chile.

Africa 7 7.2 6.1 4.6 3.4 2.8 2.1 2 2.9 5.8 9.4 9.1

The only noteworthy area of Maritime Climate at or near Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
sea-level within Africa is in South Africa from Mossel
Precipitation totals in inches

Bay on the Western Cape coast to Plettenberg Bay,

Valdivia, Chile
with additional pockets of this climate inland of the
Climate chart ( explanation )
Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal coast. It is usually
J F M A M J J A S O N D warm most of the year with no pronounced rainy
season, but slightly more rain in autumn and spring.
The Tristan da Cunha archipelago in the South
23 23 21 Atlantic also has an oceanic climate.
21 19
17 17
14 15
11 11 12

9 9 7 7 8
6 6 5 4 4 5
4

54 55 71 133 295 297 312 247 162 109 73 63

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C

Precipitation totals in mm
Source: [1]

Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D

73 73 71
69 66
63 62
56 58
52 51 54

48 47 45 44 47
42 43 40 40 39 41
39

2.1 2.1 2.8 5.2 12 12 12 9.7 6.4 4.3 2.9 2.5

 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

Asia and Oceania

The oceanic climate is prevalent in the more southerly Muroran, Japan
parts of Oceania. A mild maritime climate is in existence
Climate chart ( explanation )
in New Zealand. It occurs in a few areas of Australia,
namely in the southeast, although average high J F M A M J J A S O N D

temperatures during summers there tend to be higher and

the summers drier than is typical of subtropical highland
23
climates, with summer maxima sometimes exceeding 21 21
18 16
14
40 °C (104 °F),[9] Tasmania, Victoria and southeastern 10 19
16 15 9
New South Wales. It can also be found along the western 4 12 10 3
0 1 7
areas of the south coast of Western Australia, parts with 3 3
−2 −2
steppe-like (BSk) or even desert-like (BWk) scarcity of −4 −4

precipitation.

This climate is found on the Asian mainland in 55 43 48 75 101 108 165 193 164 93 75 64
mountainous areas of the tropics, such as the foothills of
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
the Himalayas and south-west China.
Precipitation totals in mm
Within Japan, the port city of Muroran is the only part of [8]
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency
Hokkaido with an oceanic climate.[10] Parts of the
Imperial conversion
northeastern coast of Honshu, from Mutsu, Aomori
towards Miyako, Iwate, also feature this climate.[11][12] J F M A M J J A S O N D

Indian Ocean 70
74
70
64 60
Île Amsterdam and Île Saint-Paul, both part of the 58
49 65 48
60 60
French Southern and Antarctic Lands, are located in the 39 53 37
33 33 49
45
subtropics and have an oceanic climate (akin to Tristan 37 38
29 29
da Cunha; see above). 24 25

2.2 1.7 1.9 3 4 4.2 6.5 7.6 6.5 3.7 3 2.5

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F

Precipitation totals in inches

Varieties

Subtropical highland variety (Cfb, Cwb)

The subtropical highland variety of the oceanic climate Mexico City
exists in elevated portions of the world that are within
Climate chart ( explanation )
either the tropics or subtropics, though it is typically
found in mountainous locations in some tropical J F M A M J J A S O N D

countries. Despite the latitude, the higher altitudes of

these regions mean that the climate tends to share 23
26 27 27 25 23 23
21 22 22 22 21
characteristics with oceanic climates, though it can
experience noticeably drier weather during the lower-sun
11 12 12 12 12 12
"winter" season. In locations outside the tropics, other 9 10 8
6 7 7
than the drying trend in the winter, subtropical highland
climates tend to be essentially identical to an oceanic
climate, with mild summers and noticeably cooler
winters, plus, in some instances, some snowfall. In the
11 4.3 10 26 56 135 175 169 145 67 12 6
tropics, a subtropical highland climate tends to feature
spring-like weather year-round. Temperatures there Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
remain relatively constant throughout the year and Precipitation totals in mm
snowfall is seldom seen. Source: WMO

Areas with this climate feature monthly averages below Imperial conversion
22 °C (72 °F) but above −3 °C (27 °F) (or 0 °C (32 °F) J F M A M J J A S O N D
using American standards). At least one month's average
temperature is below 18 °C (64 °F). Without their
78 80 80 76
elevation, many of these regions would likely feature 70 73 73 74 72 72 71 69
either tropical or humid subtropical climates.

51 53 54 53 53 53
This type of climate exists in parts of east, south and 49 50 46
42 45 44
southeastern Africa, interior southern Africa and
elevated portions of eastern Africa as far north as
Mozambique and of western Africa up to the
southwestern Angola highlands also share this climate
0.4 0.2 0.4 1 2.2 5.3 6.9 6.7 5.7 2.6 0.5 0.2
type. The exposed areas of High Atlas, some
mountainous areas across southern Europe, mountainous Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
sections of North, Central and South America and in the Precipitation totals in inches

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Climate chart ( explanation )

J F M A M J J A S O N D

23 24 25 25 25 23
21 22 23 23 22
20

Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka

11 12 13 12 12 12 12
9 9 10 8 8

highest parts of the states of Minas Gerais, Rio Grande

do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná and São Paulo, in Brazil,
some mountainous areas across Southeast Asia, parts of
the Himalayas and parts of Sri Lanka.
17 36 68 89 76 124 259 278 174 41 8.3 10

A climate type similar to this exists in the Northern Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Tablelands and Central Tablelands region of New South
Precipitation totals in mm
Wales in Australia, with more uniform rainfall
Source: NMAE
distribution, and would have characteristics of the Cfa
climate. They would also have a high diurnal Imperial conversion
temperature variation and low humidity, owing to their J F M A M J J A S O N D
inland location and relatively high elevation.
Marine west coast (Cfb) 74 76 76 77 77 74 73 73 72
69 68 71
Temperate oceanic climates, also known as "marine mild
winter" climates (themselves)[13] or simply oceanic 54 55 54 54 53 53
48 49 51 50 47 46
climates, are found either at middle latitudes. They are
often found on or near the west coast of continents;
hence another name for Cfb, i.e. "marine west coast"
climates. In addition to moderate temperatures year-
round, one of the characteristics is the absence of dry
0.7 1.4 2.7 3.5 3 4.9 10 11 6.9 1.6 0.3 0.4
season. Except for the western part of Europe, this type
of climate is confined to narrow ranges of occurrences Average max. and min. temperatures in °F

mainly in the low latitudes and to the east of the Precipitation totals in inches
continents where it appears in the form of "arch"
accompanying elevations, as plateaus in the São Joaquim, Brazil
subtropics.[14][15] It arises in both hemispheres between Climate chart ( explanation )
35° and 60°: at low altitudes between Mediterranean,
J F M A M J J A S O N D
humid continental climates and subartic, although the
latter usually are also grouped in marine climates limited
by the east border of the ocean basins.[16] The west
23 21 22 22
19 19 21
winds ease temperatures, even if there is a partial 16 15 17 17
15
participation of warm sea currents. With the air coming
13 14 13 12
10 10 11
from the ocean predominates the cloudy weather with 8 7 6 7 7
constant precipitation even in the colder months and the
temperature is strongly enlivened. Depending on the
continent its distribution is greater due to the absence of
mountains in the north and south direction.[17] Without a
186 183 126 107 144 127 200 143 186 183 167 137
deep layer of snow and sufficient moisture the entire
year the vegetation is usually always seeing under Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
normal conditions. The vegetation is temperate with the Precipitation totals in mm
presence of spruce, pine and cedar. As well as fruit, e.g.:
Source: INMET
apples, pears and grapes.[15]
Imperial conversion
In the hottest month the average temperature is below J F M A M J J A S O N D
22 °C, but it's in minimum four months with
temperatures above 10 °C. The average temperature of
the coldest month must be -3 °C or 0 °C (eastern United 73 71 71 72
66 66 69
States) to avoid falling into a continental climate in 60 58 62 62
58
interior areas or of less influence of the adjacent 56 56 55 54
51 49 51
ocean.[14][18] The average temperature variations in the 46 44 43 45 45

year are between 10 and 15 °C with average annual

temperatures between 7 °C and 13 °C if it is not a
mountainous place. Rain values can vary from 50 cm to
10 times the minimum value by the orographic factor. It
7.3 7.2 5 4.2 5.7 5 7.9 5.6 7.3 7.2 6.6 5.4
is dominated by frontal cyclones, where there are places
where rainy days exceed 150 times a year. But contrary Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
to popular belief, there are few storms and yes they at Precipitation totals in inches
occurrences of the precipitation are in constant
quantities. Another feature is the very reduced visibility Plymouth, United Kingdom
in the winter.[16] Climate chart ( explanation )

J F M A M J J A S O N D
Cfb climates are predominant in central parts of Western
Europe, including northern Spain, Northwestern Portugal
(mountains), Belgium, Britain, France, Ireland and the 18 20 20 18
16 15
Netherlands. They are the main climate type in New 11 13 12
10
9 9
13 13
Zealand and the Australian states of Tasmania, Victoria 9
11 12
9
5 6 6 5
and southeastern New South Wales (starting from the 4 4

Illawarra region). In North America, they are found

mainly in Washington, Oregon, Vancouver Island and
neighbouring parts of British Columbia, as well as many
coastal areas of southwest Alaska. There are pockets of 108 84 78 67 64 57 62 67 74 113 113 119

Cfb in most South American countries, including many

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
parts of Southern Chile, parts of the provinces ofChubut,
Precipitation totals in mm
Santa Cruz and Buenos Aires in Argentina. In Western
Source: Hong Kong Observatory
Asia small pockets are found close to sea level on the
Black Sea coast of northern Turkey and Georgia. While Imperial conversion
Cfb zones are rare in Africa, one dominates the coastline J F M A M J J A S O N D
of the Eastern Cape in South Africa.

The climate subtype can also be found in Nantucket,

Massachusetts (in the immediate west and northwest in 64 68 68 65
60 59
55 53
transition for humid continental, the remainder of Cape 48 48 51 49
52 56 56 53
Cod [19] )[20] and northeastern Georgia both in the 48 49
41 43 44 40
39 38
eastern United States.[21]

Subpolar variety (Cfc, Cwc)

Areas with subpolar oceanic climates feature an oceanic 4.3 3.3 3.1 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.9 4.4 4.4 4.7

climate but are usually located closer to polar regions. As Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
a result of their location, these regions tend to be on the
Precipitation totals in inches
cool end of oceanic climates. Snowfall tends to be more
common here than in other oceanic climates. Subpolar oceanic climates are
less prone to temperature extremes than subarctic climates or continental
climates, featuring milder winters than these climates. Subpolar oceanic
climates feature only one to three months of average monthly temperatures that
are at least 10 °C (50 °F). As with oceanic climates, none of its average
monthly temperatures fall below -3.0 °C (26.6 °F) or 0 °C depending on the
isotherm used. Typically, these areas in the warmest month experience daytime
maximum temperatures below 17 °C (63 °F), while the coldest month features
highs near or slightly above freezing and lows just below freezing. It typically
carries a Cfc designation, though very small areas in Yunnan, Sichuan and São Joaquim, Brazil
parts of Argentina and Bolivia have summers sufficiently short to be Cwc with
fewer than four months over 10 °C (50 °F).[22] El Alto, Bolivia, is one the few
confirmed towns that features this rare variation of the subpolar oceanic climate. The more warm summer/cool winter variation of
this climate type is also sometimes known as a "continental maritime climate" as it often has more in common with continental
climates than with tundra climates, a great example of this would be Harstad, Norway, which like nearby Tromso has moderately
cold, snowy winters and mild to warm summers making this somewhat of a cool summer version of a four-season climate. Mountain
summits of Scotland, the South Island of New Zealand, Vancouver Island of Canada, Tasmania, Tierra del Fuego, and Patagonia
expirence the sub polar variety, meaning that they have moderate to cool summers, and snowy winters.
This variant of an oceanic climate is found in parts of coastal Iceland, the Faroe Islands, parts of Scotland, northwestern coastal areas
of Norway such as Lofoten and reaching to 70°N on some islands,[23] uplands near the coast of southwestern Norway, the Aleutian
Islands of Alaska and northern parts of the Alaskan Panhandle, the far south of Chile and Argentina, and a few highland areas of
Tasmania, and the Australian and Southern Alps.[24] This type of climate is even found in the very remote parts of the Papuan
Highlands in Indonesia. The classification used for this regime is Cfc.[3] In the most marine of those areas affected by this regime,
temperatures above 20 °C (68 °F) are extreme weather events, even in the midst of summer. Temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) have
been recorded on rare occasions in some areas of this climate, and in winter temperatures down to −20 °C (−4 °F) have seldom been
recorded in some areas.

Punta Arenas, Chile

Climate chart ( explanation )

J F M A M J J A S O N D

14 14 12 14
10 12
10 8
7 5
4 4
7 7 5 6
3 3 5
1 0 1
−1 −1

42 31 38 40 41 27 29 30 27 27 30 33

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C

Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Dirección Meteorológica de Chile [25]

Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D

58 57 54 56
50 54
49 46
44 41
39 39
44 44 41 43
38 37 40
34 32 34
30 30

1.6 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.2 1 1.1 1.2 1.3

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F

Precipitation totals in inches

Tórshavn, Faroe Islands

Climate chart ( explanation )

J F M A M J J A S O N D
 9 11 13 13 12 9
6 6 6 7 7 6
7 9 9 8
5 5 3
2 1 2 3 2

158 115 132 90 63 58 74 96 120 147 139 135

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C

Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Danish Meteorological Institute [26]

Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D

52 55 56 53
45 49 49 45
42 42 43 43
45 48 49 46
41 42 38
35 34 35 37 36

6.2 4.5 5.2 3.5 2.5 2.3 2.9 3.8 4.7 5.8 5.5 5.3

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F

Precipitation totals in inches

See also
Climate classification
Temperate climate
Polar climate

References
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2. Climate (19 June 2009)."Oceanic Climate" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110209211850/http://www .meteorologycli
mate.com/Oceanic-climate.htm). Archived from the original (http://www.meteorologyclimate.com/Oceanic-climate.ht
m) on 9 February 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
3. Tom L. McKnight & Darrel Hess (2000).Climate Zones and Types: The Köppen System. Physical Geography: A
Landscape Appreciation. Prentice Hall. pp. 226–235.ISBN 978-0-13-020263-5.
4. "The Gulf Stream" (http://geography.about.com/od/physicalgeography/a/gulfstream.htm). About Education –
Geography. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
5. http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcpsvf37b
6. "Standard climate values for Pamplona"(http://www.aemet.es/en/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclim
atologicos?l=9263D&k=nav). Aemet.es. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
7. M. C. Peel; B. L. Finlayson & T. A. McMahon (11 October 2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate
classification" (http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/30/50/98/PDF/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf)
(PDF). Hydrology and
Earth System Sciences. 11 (5): 1638–1643. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007(https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-11-16
33-2007). Retrieved 30 January 2011.
 8. Japan Meteorological Agency(http://www.data.jma.go.jp)
9. Bureau of Meteorology(2011). "Climate of Canberra Area"(https://web.archive.org/web/20110320222445/http://ww
w.bom.gov.au/nsw/canberra/climate.shtml). Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from the original (http://www.bom.
gov.au/nsw/canberra/climate.shtml)on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
10. "Average Weather in Muroran, Japan, Year Round - Weather Spark" (https://weatherspark.com/y/144081/Average-W
eather-in-Muroran-Japan-Year-Round). weatherspark.com. Retrieved 2018-07-28.
11. むつ 平年値（年・月ごとの値） 主な要素 (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_n
o=31&block_no=47576&year=&month=&day=&view=)
. jma.go.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2018-10-28.
12. 小本 平年値（年・月ごとの値） 主な要素 (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_amd_ym.php?prec
_no=33&block_no=1212&year=&month=&day=&view=)
. jma.go.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2018-10-28.
13. Michael Pidwirny, 2017, Appendix 3: Köppen Climate Classification: Single appendix from the eBook Understanding
Physical Geography. Kelowna BC, Canada; Our Planet Earth Publishing, pp. 8, 24.
14. "Temperate oceanic climate"(https://www.mindat.org/climate-Cfb.html). www.mindat.org. Retrieved 2018-10-11.
15. Team, Glogster. "Marine West Coast: climate, coast, marine, west | Glogster EDU - Interactive multimedia posters"
(https://edu.glogster.com/glog/marine-west-coast/2bdok2vx9es). edu.glogster.com. Retrieved 2018-10-11.
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External links
University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point: Marine (Humid) W est Coast Climate
EPIC Data Collection On-line ocean observational data collection
NOAA In-situ Ocean Data Viewer Plot and download ocean observations
https://web.archive.org/web/20061206100140/http://www .ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Climate/Older/Maritime_Climate.html

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